Bo him hng ha

Chng iv

bo him hng ho

I. Gii thiu chung v bo him hng hi Bo him hng ha vn chuyn l mt trong nhng nghip v trng yu trong hot ng thng mi quc t v l nghip v bo him truyn thng ca ngnh bo him. Trong bo him hng ha th bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin chim t trng ln nht. y cng l nghip v phc tp nht do hng ha vn chuyn phi lnh nh trn bin nhiu ngy, chu s e da ca nhng ri ro hng hi. V vy, khi nghin cu v bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin, cn phi nm vng nhng kin thc v bo him hng hi ni chung. 1. Ri ro trong bo him hng hi Ri ro trong bo him hng hi bao gm trc ht l nhng ri ro c trng ca hot ng hng hi nh chm m, mc cn, m va... Bn cnh cn c nhng ri ro khc cng rt d pht sinh trn bin nh: Trm cp, chy n, mt tch... Theo lch s pht trin ca bo him hng hi, ban u Cng ty bo him ch nhn bo him 4 ri ro him ho ln l chm m, mc cn, chy n, m va. Cng vi s pht trin thng mi quc t v cc i tu, nhiu ri ro pht sinh, thu ht khch hng Cng ty bo him ngy cng nhn thm nhiu ri ro. Tuy nhin nhn chung cc ri ro vn c chia thnh cc nhm sau. 7

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Bo him hng ha 1.1. Nhm ri ro chnh Nhm ri ro chnh l nhng ri ro c bo him ngay t nhng ngy s khai ca bo him hng hi. Nhng ri ro thng gy nn tn tht ln, gm c: Mc cn: l hin tng y tu st lin vi y bin hoc nm trn mt chng ngi vt khc lm cho tu khng chy c v cn nh n ngoi lc tu mi ni ln thot khi mc cn c. Mc cn phi l hin tng bt bnh thng (bt ng v khng lng trc c). V d v ri ro lng trc: Tu b mc cn do i qua khu vc y bin nng vo gi thu triu xung - hoa tiu bit v thu triu - hay do i qua knh o sng rch. V d v ri ro bt bnh thng: B mc cn do ging bo, hoc b ch ui buc phi ra khi hnh trnh. Mt s ri ro c th lng trc, nhng c bo him nh tu b mc cn do tu c nguy c m, thuyn trng ra lnh m vo ch cn cu tu. Bo him bi thng tt c nhng tn tht ca hng ha khi tu b mc cn, cho d tn tht c trc tip do mc cn gy ra hay khng v khng k tn tht xy ra trc, trong hay sau khi mc cn. Sau mt hnh trnh di ngoi bin, khi d hng xung trong tnh trng b h hng rt kh phn bit hng no hng do mc cn, hng no hng do cc ri ro khc gy ra. Cho nn Cng ty bo him ng khng t iu kin nguyn nhn trc tip v tn tht vn c bi thng nu c quy hp l cho mc cn. Tuy nhin, nu trng hp c nhng chng minh r rng c th v nguyn nhn tn tht th vn s gii quyt khc Chm m: L hin tng phng tin vn chuyn chm hn xung nc, khng chy c v hnh trnh b chm dt. Nu tu b thng hay do sng gi d di lm bp bnh khng chm hn, chy c hay nh vo phng tin lai dt tip tc hnh trnh th khng c coi l m. Nu tu chm dt hnh trnh nhng khng chm hn hon ton 8 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha xung nc do chuyn ch cc ti sn l vt th ni nh nt chai, thng rng, g dim...th vn c coi l chm m. Chy: L hin tng xy ho hay vt th khc trn tu c to nhit lng cao. Bo him ch bi thng chy do cc nguyn nhn khch quan nh do thin tai, do s sut ca con ngi khng phi l Ngi c bo him; do buc phi thiu hu trnh ch bt hoc trnh ly lan dch bnh. Nu chy t pht do ni t hng ho m Cng ty bo him chng minh c l do qu trnh bc xp hng ln tu khng thch hp th h c quyn t chi bi thng. Chy ly lan sang hng ho khc hay hng b hng do bm nc cha chy th nhng tn tht ny vn thuc trch nhim ca bo him. m va: L hin tng phng tin vn chuyn va chm vo cc vt th chuyn ng hay c nh. m va gia tu vi tu c m rng bao gm: Tu thuyn, s lan, cn cu ni, tu ko, tu lai dt, tu mi h thu, tu b m di bin, m neo v thuyn ca con tu. Tai nn m va cn m rng m va vi vt th khc nh tng bng tri, ngm, cc cng trnh ca cng, cng trnh kin trc trn sng bin, my bay, v tinh nhn to... 1.2 Ri ro thng thng c bo him y l nhm ri ro m rng thm sau thi k s khai ca bo him hng hi v ngi ta quen gi l ri ro thng thng c bo him. Nhm ri ro ny bao gm ri ro sau: Hnh vi phi php ca thuyn trng v thu th on l nhng ngi khng ng s hu vi ch tu hoc ch hng i vi con tu hoc hng ho chuyn ch. Hnh vi phi php bao hm xo tr, la gt hay c gy nn tn tht vi con tu v hng ho chuyn ch, c hi cho ch tu hoc ngi thu tu. Hnh vi phi php bao gm bun lu, li tu chch hng, lm chm tr hnh trnh, lm m tu, bm nc lm hng hng, t chy hng, vt hng Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 9

Bo him hng ha xung bin, t ph lut l hi quan, ph bao vy... Tuy nhin, nhng sai lm v cch xt on, cch gii quyt vn hay bt cn khng l hnh vi phi php. Nu thuyn trng v thu th on lm theo lnh ca ch tu, ch hng th nhng hnh vi ny khng gi l hnh vi phi php. Ngi c hnh vi phi php lm hi quyn li ca cc c ng khc th vn c coi l hnh vi phi php (tr tn tht gy ra cho c phn ca chnh h). Mt tch l khi mt con tu khng n cng quy nh v sau mt thi gian hp l vn vn khng nhn c tin tc ca con tu ny th c coi l tu mt tch. Theo lut hng hi Vit nam thi gian hp l tuyn b tu mt tch l 3 ln thi gian hnh trnh nhng khng ln hn 3 thng (nu chin tranh l 6 thng). Vt xung bin l hnh ng nm hng ho hoc mt phn thit b ca tu xung bin lm nh tu, lm cn i tu hay cu tu khi b nn. Vt xung bin phi xut pht t nguyn nhn c nguy c e do thc s n hnh trnh v phi c thc hin tun t: Hng trn boong, hng gn ni b chy vt trc. Vt xung bin v l do chnh ng th khng cn thit phi c lnh ca thuyn trng. Hnh ng vt xung bin c bi thng khng ph thuc vo kt qu xem xt phn x c thuc tnh cht tn tht chung hay khng. Hng b nc cun tri, sng gi lm ln xung bin, t dy chng buc ln xung bin cng c coi mt phn ca iu kin vt hng xung bin vi tn gi l nc cun hng khi tu. Vt nhng hng ho h hng: Do ni t, do thi tit xu, do chm tr hnh trnh khng thuc ri ro vt hng xung bin. Hng b vt xung bin vn thuc quyn s hu ca ch hng, nu thy khng nh hng n gi tr s dng h c Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 10

Bo him hng ha quyn b chi ph cu vt hng v c bi thng chi ph b ra nhng khng c bi thng gi tr hng vt xung bin. Mt cp, giao thiu hng: Mt cp bao hm mt nguyn kin hoc b cy ph bao b, kin hng ly i hng ho bn trong. Giao thiu hng l hin tng ton b l hng, mt s kin hng khng c giao ti cng n v khng c dn chng v nguyn nhn tn tht. Giao thiu hng c th do s xut, lm ln gia ch hng v ngi vn ti trong khi giao nhn. Mun bi thng ch hng phi chng minh trn b chng t hp l ch ra s hng thiu trn c xp ln phng tin chuyn ch trc khi khi hnh. Hng giao thiu do tn tht thng mi, hao ht t nhin do bao b rch v km phm cht khng chu ng c trong qu trnh vn chuyn th khng thuc ri ro ny. Ri ro cp bin - Trc y ri ro cp bin c coi l mt phn ca ri ro chin tranh v c xp vo loi ri ro ring. Ngy nay ngi ta coi tn tht ca hnh ng cp bin l s m rng quy m ca mt cp, giao thiu hng. 1.3. Ri ro ph L nhng ri ro c th c bo him theo iu kin bo him mi ri ro. Nhng tit kim ph bo him, ch hng c th mua bo him vi iu kin bo him hp hn cng thm bo him ri ro ph. Ri ro ph rt d ln ln vi ri ro loi tr nh tn tht do ni t ca hng ho hay nh hng ca thi tit bnh thng. Ri ro ph bao gm mt s ri ro sau: Hp hi l s thot hi nc t bn thn hng ho, phng tin chuyn ch hng ho khc ly lan sang khi hng c xp trong hm tu, h thng thng gi ca container km. Hp hi s lm cho hng ho b m mc, km phm cht.. Nng l hin tng bn thn hng ho b lm nng ln (tng nhit ) hay t hng ho khc, t phng tin ly Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 11

Bo him hng ha nng sang (do xp gn khoang my tu). Do tng nhit lm h hi hng ho c bit l i vi hng ti sng, lng thc thc phm hoc hng ng lnh. Ly hi l hng ho b h hi km phm cht t hng ho khc hay phng tin chuyn ch ly sang. Cc dng ly hi bao gm mt mi hng v, nhim mi hng v khc, b mi mt nm mc ly sang. Nu su, mt, mi t bao b ng hng ho ph hoi bao b ny lm h hi n chnh hng ho bn trong s b loi tr, hng ho khc b ly hi th vn c bo him. Ly bn l hng ho b lm bn dn n km phm cht (t hng ho khc ly sang theo th t thm qua bao b v t ngoi vo trong). Nu hng ho b ly bn t bn trong sang bn ngoi l ni t ca hng ho khng c bo him. R, xi ha l hin tng hng ho bng kim loi b n mn ha hc. R c th do tc ng ca ly hi, do m cao, do nc ma, nc bin, hi axit hoc do ri ro bo him khc em li. Nu hoen r do iu kin t nhin bnh thng th khng c bo him. Mc cu l s thiu ht hng ho do qu trnh mc cu trong khi xp d hng ti cng gy nn lm mt nguyn ai kin hay rch v bao b. Trng hp rch v bao b trong mc cu vi rch v bao b trong cy ph ly cp hng thng kh phn bit c. Ri ro ny c bo him hay khng tu thuc vo tng loi hng ho, bao b v trong tng hon cnh c th. Ngoi ra cn mt s ri ro khc tu theo tng loi hng ho. 1.4. Ri ro ring L nhng ri ro khng c bo him vi iu kin bo him thng thng tr khi Ngi c bo him chp nhn tham gia thm ri ro ny. Ph bo him cho ri ro ny thng rt 12 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha cao. Vic Cng ty bo him tch chng ra thnh ri ro ring cn tng thm ngha thng mi nhm thu ht khch hng (v khng phi tt c cc tuyn ng chuyn ch u b ri ro ny e do). Ri ro chin tranh: Chin tranh c th dn n hu qu l ti sn b chim gi, bt gi, cm gi, kim ch, tch thu hoc ti sn b trng mn, thu li, bom, n, pho, hoc do bt k mt th v kh chin tranh no khc hu hoi. Trch nhim ca bo him ri ro chin tranh c gii hn phm vi trn mt nc. Nu hng ho chuyn ti ti mt cng no th thi gian chuyn ti ti a l 15 ngy k t ngy bt u d hng xung cng chuyn ti n khi xp hng ln phng tin vn ti khc v ri cng. Gii quyt bi thng ri ro chin tranh cn lu ri ro ny phi l nguyn nhn trc tip v khng tnh mc min thng. V d: V chin tranh, tu chy ban m khng dm bt n, gy m va vo tu khc v b tn tht th chin tranh l nguyn nhn gin tip. nh cng: nh cng l hnh ng khng lm vic mt cch c t chc xut pht t nhng quyn li kinh t, chnh tr. Sau ny ri ro nh cng c m rng thm c trong trng hp cng nhn b cm xng, gy ri lon lao ng, ph ri trt t, bo ng khng b v l do chnh tr dn n vic khng hoc khng c ngi lao ng m ng cng vic theo tin bnh thng. Thi hn hiu lc ca bo him ri ro nh cng l 30 ngy k t khi d xong hng cui cng ti cng n. 1.5. Ri ro loi tr Ri ro loi tr l nhng ri ro khng c bo him trong mi trng hp, bao gm: * Hnh vi s sut, li lm c ca ngi c bo him. 13

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Bo him hng ha y l vn c tnh cht nguyn tc v cng ty bo him v ngi c bo him cng c chung mt quyn li bo him l ti sn bo him. Mt mt, h hi v chi ph lin quan thuc bn cht ca i tng (tu, hng ho) c bo him (tc l do ni t): Bao b ng gi khng tiu chun, vit k m hiu sai dn n giao nhm hoc khng giao c hng, hng bc chy, mi mt su bnh t pht, my mc thit b b gy v do khuyt tt ca vt liu ch to nn chng.. Hao ht t nhin, hao ht thng mi ca hng ho: L s hao ht v trng lng, gim st v th tch hoc hao mt thng thng khc thuc bn cht t nhin ca hng ho: Than cm, khong sn, lng thc... nu ri d thm nc hoc bc hi nc lm thay i trng lng. Cht lng d bay hi, d thay i th tch theo nhit . Chm tr hnh trnh: L s ko di thi gian hnh trnh so vi hnh trnh bnh thng khng phi v l do cu nn, lnh nn, b tai nn dn n tn tht cho i tng bo him. S chm tr s dn n h hng hng ho nng sn, vt ti sng, mt th trng vo thi im tiu th tt.. * Ti sn b bt, tch thu, cm gi, cu thc, cu lu Hng ho b bt, b tch thu do nguyn nhn ch yu l ch tu hoc ch hng vi phm lut l hi quan, lut l xut nhp khu, xut nhp cnh v lut l khc ca nc s ti (ni xy ra s c trn). Bun lu: L hnh vi bun bn hng cm, hng khng c giy php theo lut l ca nc xut, nhp khu hoc bun bn ln lt, gian ln thng mi nhm trn thu. Nh vy, bun lu l hnh vi vi phm php lut theo quy nh ca mi nc.

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Bo him hng ha Ph bao vy l hnh vi vi phm lut l ca nc ra tuyn b bao vy, cm vn i vi vic bun bn trao i mt loi hng ho no . Tu khng kh nng i bin: l tu khng my mc trang thit b, i ng s quan thu th thuyn vin, nhin liu thc phm d tr do hnh trnh quy nh. Tu i chch hng l tu i sai hnh trnh quy nh khng v nguyn nhn cu nn, lnh nn hay trnh gp ri ro. Ngoi nhng tiu thc trn ngi ta cn phn bit ri ro ca bin v ri ro trn bin. Ri ro ca bin bao gm cc ri ro mang bn cht t nhin ca bin (chm, m, mc cn, m va v.v..). Ri ro trn bin bao hm c nhng ri ro khc xy ra trn hnh trnh (thin tai khc, tai nn khc, chy n, mt cp, hnh vi phi php...)

2. Tn tht trong bo him hng hi Tn tht trong bo him hng hi c nhiu dng, cn c quy m, mc tn tht c th chia tn tht thnh tn tht b phn v tn tht ton b Tn tht b phn: L s mt mt hoc gim mt phn gi tr v gi tr s dng ca ti sn. i vi hng ho cc dng tn tht b phn bao gm: Gim gi tr, gi tr s dng do b ly hi, ly bn, mt mi, ln men gim v trng lng do ri vi, mt mt, gim v s lng, gim v th tch. Tn tht trng lng do gim v th tch hng ho mang tnh cht hao ht t nhin cn c loi tr khi xt bi thng. Trong thc t cc cng ty bo him thng p dng iu khon min thng i vi trng hp tn tht b phn. Tn tht ton b: L tnh trng ti sn b tiu hu hon ton, b mt hoc tc quyn s hu, b mt hon ton gi tr s dng. 15 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha Cc dng tn tht ton b bao gm: - Tn tht ton b thc t: l tnh trng ti sn b mt hon ton gi tr v gi tr s dng. Cc dng ca tn tht ton b ton thc t l ti sn b chy, n, chm m, b chim ot, b mt tch, b mt hon ton gi tr s dng. - Tn tht ton b c tnh: L dng tn tht d c dng mi bin php v chi ph hp l vn khng trnh khi tn tht ton b thc t, hoc nu b ra chi ph hp l cu vt ti sn th chi ph ny s ln hn gi tr cn li ca ti sn cu c. Khi xy ra tn tht ton b c tnh th ch hng phi thng bo t b i tng c bo him cho cng ty bo him bit, ng thi tip tc lm cc bin php cn thit hn ch tn tht tip theo cho n khi nhn c chp thun ca cng ty bo him. Khi chp thun cng ty bo him bi thng tn tht nh i vi tn tht ton b thc t v c quyn s hu ti sn b t b tm bin php tn thu gi tr cn li ca chng. Trong khi iu nh t b hoc cha chp thun cng ty bo him c quyn lm tip cc cng vic chm sc, bo qun, hn ch tn tht nhng khng v hnh ng ny m ngi c bo him coi nh cng ty bo him chp thun vic t b hng. Vic a thng bo t b v chp thun t b cng nhanh th ngi c bo him c bi thng nhanh, ng thi cng ty bo him c s hu ti sn b t b sm, mc tn tht ti thi im s gim i. Tuy nhin, nu i tng c bo him b tn tht ton b thc t hay ngi c bo him nhn c thng bo qu chm v vic ti sn tn tht ton b thc t th khng cn phi gi thng bo t b. Nu phn loi theo trch nhim bo him th tn tht bao gm tn tht ring v tn tht chung: 16

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Bo him hng ha Tn tht ring: L tn tht ch gy ra thit hi cho ring quyn li ca tng ch s hu i vi cc ti sn trn hnh trnh m khng lin quan n cc ch s hu ti sn khc c mt trn hnh trnh. Nh vy tn tht ring c th l tn tht ton b hay b phn. Bo him khng nhng bi thng tn tht ring thuc ri ro bo him m cn bi thng chi ph hp l pht sinh ca v tn tht ring (chi ph tn tht ring). i vi hng ho tn tht, chi ph tn tht ring l nhng chi ph nhm bo tn hng ho khi b h hi thm hay gim bt h hi khi xy ra tn tht thuc ri ro bo him trn hnh trnh. Nhng chi ph phng hn ch trc khi xy ra tn tht hoc khi hng v ti bn cng cui cng khng c coi l chi ph tn tht ring. Chi ph tn tht ring khng c cng vo tn tht ring t mc min thng. - Tn tht chung: Tn tht chung l nhng tn tht do hnh ng tn tht chung gy ra. Hnh ng tn tht chung l hnh ng xy ra trong trng hp v an ton chung bo tn s ti sn cn li trong mt hnh trnh gp tai nn nn buc phi hy sinh c ch mt s ti sn hoc chi ph bt thng mt cch hu ch v hp l. Nh vy tn tht chung l s hy sinh quyn li ca mt s t (mt vi ch hng hoc ch tu) do hnh ng tn tht chung gy ra nhm cu vn tt c quyn li ca cc ch hng v ch tu trn hnh trnh gp tai nn. Ta c bng so snh tn tht chung v ring nh sau:

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Bo him hng ha

Mc so snh
Tnh cht Nguyn nhn Hu qu

Tn tht chung
Hy sinh Hnh ng c V an chung cho tu ton li

Tn tht ring
Ngu nhin Thin tai tai nn Tn tht quyn ca ai ngi chu

cc quyn li trn

xc nh tn tht chung ngi ta da vo 4 nguyn tc sau: Mt l: Phi c nguy c e do tht s cho ton b hnh trnh, s hy sinh phi trong tnh trng bt thng. Tai ho e do phi thc s c tnh cht cp bch, e do tt c cc quyn li c mt trn hnh trnh ti thi im . Trng hp khng c tai ho hoc nghe phong phanh s c tai ho hoc tai ho ch e do mt s quyn li th khng c coi l tn tht chung. Hai l: Phi l hnh ng hi sinh t nguyn c dng ca con ngi trn tu. Ti thi im c nguy c e do thc s th cha c tn tht. Ch khi c hnh ng hy sinh t nguyn c ca con ngi i vi mt s ti sn th mi c tn tht hoc chi ph pht sinh thm. Nguyn nhn trc tip gy tn tht l hnh ng ca con ngi. Trc khi thc hin hnh ng ny con ngi lng trc c tn tht xy ra. Ba l: S hy sinh ti sn v cc chi ph b ra phi hp l, ti sn b hy sinh trong tn tht chung phi cn nguyn vn. Ti sn b tn tht ring (chy, ngm nc mn) lm h hi ri mi hy sinh th khng c coi l tn tht chung. Khi vt hng xung bin lm ni tu th ch vt trng lng v vt cc hng ln lt t trn boong trc mi c coi l hp l. 18

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Bo him hng ha Bn l: V an ton chung ca cc quyn li trn tu. y l nguyn tc th hin ch ca s hy sinh c mc ch t quyn li ca tt c cc ch hng v ch tu ln trn ht v phi thc s em li an ton chung cho tt c cc quyn li trn hnh trnh. Nhng hnh vi thit hi do hnh ng tn tht chung gy ra c gi l tn tht chung. V d: tu c nguy c b m, thuyn trng buc phi ra lnh lao vo ch cn; y l hnh ng tn tht chung; nhng thit hi do vic lao tu vo ch cn l tn tht chung. Khi xy ra tn tht chung thuyn trng phi bo co kp thi vi ch tu h thng bo cho ch hng bit. Ch hng mun nhn c hng phi k qu ng gp tn tht chung hoc k bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung. Ch tu s ch nh ngi c kh nng ng ra tnh ton phn b tn tht. Nu ch tu tuyn b t b hnh trnh v tn tht chung th cng khng c quyn b mc hng ho cha b h hi ang trn hnh trnh. C ngha l h phi c trch nhim chuyn ti, cu tr hng ho gi hng v bn cui cng ghi trn vn ti n. Phn b tn tht chung: Tn tht chung c phn b cho tt c cc quyn li c mt trn hnh trnh, vic phn b c tin hnh qua 5 bc nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh gi tr tn tht chung: bao gm gi tr ti sn v chi ph hy sinh do hnh ng tn tht chung. Bc 2: Xc nh gi tr chu phn b: L gi tr ti sn c mt trn tu ca tt c cc quyn li trc khi c hnh ng tn tht chung. Nhng ti sn b mt mt h hi thuc tn tht ring xy ra trc hnh ng tn tht chung s khng phi tnh vo gi tr phn b, nhng nu tn tht ring xy ra sau tn tht chung th vn tnh. Nhng ti sn hy sinh v chi ph hy sinh v hnh ng tn tht chung cng phi tnh vo gi tr chu phn b nh gi tr hng vt xung bin, chi 19 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha ph sa cha tm thi cho tu hnh trnh tip. Gi tr chu phn b c tnh nh sau:
Gi tr chu phn b tn = tht chung Gi tr con tu, hng ho khi cha c tn tht Gi tr tn tht ring xy ra tr c khi c tn tht chung (nu c)

Ti thi im kt thc hnh trnh, gi tr chu phn b c tnh nh sau:

Gi tr ca Gi tr v + chu = tu hng khi phn b v n tn tht bn chung

Gi tr ti sn hy sinh tn tht chung

Gi tr tn tht + ring xy ra sau tn tht chung (nu c)

Bc 3: Tnh t l phn b tn tht chung.

T l phn b tn tht chung

Gi tr ti sn v chi ph TTC ccxccchung Gi tr chu phn b chung

x 100%

Bc 4: Tnh s tin ng gp tn tht chung ca cc bn (s tin ca cc bn phi c trch nhim ng gp v tn tht chung)
S tin ng gp = tn tht chung Gi tr chu phn b tn tht chung ca tng quyn li trn hnh trnh T l phn b tn tht chung

Bc 5: Tnh kt qu ti chnh l s tin thc s thu v hoc b thm ca tng ch hng hay ch tu sau khi tr 20

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Bo him hng ha phn gi tr ti sn hoc chi ph h t b ra trong hnh ng tn tht chung

S tin thu v hoc b ra sau khi ng gp tn tht chung S tin gp tht Gi tr ti sn hoc chi ph t b ra trong hnh ng tn tht chung

= ng
tn chung

Cu hi rn luyn - lin h thc t Anh/ch hy tm hiu cc n bo him hng ho ang c trin khai n v mnh. Tm hiu tnh hnh doanh thu, t l bi thng v th phn bo him hng ho ti a bn. II. Bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin 1. c im qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho Vic xut nhp khu hng ho c thc hin thng qua hp ng mua bn gia ngi mua v ngi bn cc quc gia khc nhau. Trong qu trnh mua bn hng ho thng c vn chuyn qua bin gii quc gia, phi chu s kim sot ca hi quan, kim dch, theo thng l quc t v quy nh ca mi nc, ng thi, c vn chuyn (ra hoc vo) qua bin gii phi mua bo him theo tp qun thng mi quc t. Ngi mua bo him c th l ngi bn hng (ngi xut khu), hoc ngi mua hng (ngi nhp khu). Nu ngi bn hng mua bo him cho hng ho th phi chuyn nhng quyn li bo him cho ngi mua hng khi hng v n nc nhp, nu b tn tht c th i cng ty bo him bi thng. Hng ho xut nhp khu thng c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin khc nhau theo phng thc vn chuyn a phng tin, trong c tu bin. Ngi vn chuyn hng ng thi cng l ngi giao hng. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 21

Bo him hng ha Qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho c lin quan n nhiu bn, trong c bn bn ch yu l: ngi bn, ngi mua, ngi vn chuyn v Cng ty bo him (theo tp qun thng mi quc t, hng ha xut nhp khu phi mua bo him). V vy phi phn nh r trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan. 2. Trch nhim ca cc bn trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho 2.1. Trch nhim ca ngi mua v ngi bn Hng ho xut nhp khu c thc hin thng qua hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Vic mua bn c iu chnh trn c s hp ng thng mi v cc lut l xut nhp khu, hi quan, kim tra cht lng, kim nh ca cc nc v ca quc t. Tn hng, k m hiu, bao b ng gi, n v tnh, s lng, quy cch phm cht, phng tin v cc ph vn ti, ph bo him, a im, thi gian giao hng, phng thc v ng tin thanh ton phi c m t c th, y . Trong hp ng ngi ta vn thng dn chng p dng iu kin thng mi quc t (Incoterms 2000). Theo Incoterms 2000, c 13 iu kin giao hng, trong s thng dng nht l nhng iu kin giao hng (hng c bn) theo gi FOB; gi CFR v gi CIF. Ngi bn hng c trch nhim giao hng theo hp ng thng mi k kt hoc theo th tn dng (L/C) ngi mua m thng qua Ngn hng v c trch nhim vi hng ho n khi hng qua khi lan can tu ti cng nc ngi bn. Giao hng xong ngi bn cn lp b chng t sau y v gi ngay thng bo cho ngi mua: 1Vn ti n (B/L), cc ph tr trc (nu bn theo gi C v F hay CIF) cc ph tr sau (nu bn theo gi FOB), giao theo lnh ca ngi mua hay ngn hng nc ngi mua m L/C. 22

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Bo him hng ha 2tr gi. Ho n thng mi ghi s tn hng, s lng,

3Bng k ng gi s kin, s hng nm trong mt kin. 4ng. 5678Giy chng nhn xut x ca hng ho. n bo him nu ngi bn theo gi CIF. Giy chng nhn kim nh, kh trng. Cc giy t cn thit khc. Giy chng nhn phm cht, s lng, trng l-

Tt c cc chng t trn phi hon ho, ng b, hp l. Ngi nhn c thng bo giao hng v b chng t trn cn lm th tc xut nhp khu v tip cn hng ho c giao theo lnh ca i l tu. Nu mua theo gi CFR hoc FOB th ngi mua mua bo him cho l hng ngay sau khi nhn c thng bo giao hng v trc khi tu hnh trnh. Nu mua theo gi FOB ngi mua phi tr tin cc ph mi c nhn hng. Khi pht hin thy hng ho v n cng c ri ro tn tht, ngi mua phi mi gim nh ca bo him, gim nh ca quc gia (Vit Nam l Vinacontrol), gim nh ca quc t (SGS). Cc bin bn gim nh tn tht trn cng vi giy chng nhn kim m (v s lng, trng lng) bin bn hng v do tu gy nn, bin bn kt ton giao nhn vi tu c lp gia c quan cng vi thuyn trng hoc i l ca ch tu ngay sau khi d hng ln cng. 2.2. Trch nhim ca ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch Trch nhim ca ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch c th hin trn hp ng thu tu (c con tu) hoc lu cc tu (hng l) biu hin trn vn ti n ng bin. 23

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Bo him hng ha Ngi thu tu c th l ngi bn (theo iu kin CIF, C v F) hoc l ngi mua (theo iu kin FOB). Ngi thu tu phi chn mt con tu thch hp iu kin chuyn ch hng ho k kt trong hp ng thng mi (hng Container, hng ri, hng bao, hng ng lnh) tip nhn hng ti cng i theo ng thi gian quy nh, hnh trnh hp l, ra vo ph hp vi nng lc bc xp ti cng i v n. Ngi chuyn ch c trch nhim cung cp mt con tu iu kin trn, c kh nng i bin, c tham gia bo him thn tu v bo him trch nhim ca ch tu, tip nhn hng t ngi bn hay t i l v giao hng cho ngi mua hay i l. Khi tip nhn hng nu ngi chuyn ch pht hin hng c h hi, tn tht hay c iu nghi ngi v hng ho c th b h hi tn tht th phi ghi nhn xt ca mnh ln vn ti n thot trch. Khi giao hng nu thy c tn tht mt mt th phi lp bin bn kt ton giao nhn vi tu hoc bin bn v do tu gy nn gii hn trch nhim ca mnh nu sau trong thi gian hng cn nm ti cng li pht sinh thm tn tht. 3. Phm vi bo him Trong lnh vc bo him hng hi ni chung v bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring, hu ht cc nc trn th gii u vn dng nhng b iu khon do U ban k thut v iu khon - Hc hi bo him London son tho. Hin nay, hai b iu khon ca Anh ban hnh vo cc nm 1963 (ICC 1963) v 1982 (ICC 1982) ang c p dng rng ri trn th gii. K tha nhng ni dung c bn ca ICC 1982, cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam son tho Quy tc chung v bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin. Quy tc chung u tin c B Ti chnh ban hnh vo nm 1990. Da vo , cc doanh nghip bo him thc hin mt s 24 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha ln sa i cho ring mnh (c ng k vi B Ti chnh) song v c bn vn gi nguyn nhng ni dung chnh. Vic ban hnh Quy tc chung v bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin nhm to iu kin thun li cho cc doanh nghip bo him v cc ch hng Vit Nam giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him hng ho. Do , nhng quy tc ny thng c p dng trong cc hp ng bo him hng nhp khu m ch hng Vit Nam trc tip k kt. i vi cc l hng xut khu c bo him ti cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam hoc cc l hng nhp khu v Vit Nam theo gi CIF hoc cc loi gi tng ng th p dng cc iu kin bo him trong ICC 1982 3.1. Gii thiu ni dung c bn ca ICC 1-1-1963 * iu kin bo him min tn tht ring (FPA): FPA l iu kin bo him tn tht chung; ch bo him tn tht ring cho bn ri ro chnh gy ra v mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti, c th trch nhim bo him bao gm: - Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng trn bin v d hng ti cng lnh nn thuc tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng v d hng ti cng lnh nn gy nn bi cc ri ro chnh. - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti bng phng tin cn cu v ri hn xung bin khng cu vt ni. Cng ty bo him bi thng cc chi ph sau: - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung ca ch hng. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng c bo him. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht thuc phm vi c bo him gy nn do ngi th ba khng phi l ngi c bo him hay ngi lm cng ca h tin hnh. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 25

Bo him hng ha - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni i ngi th ba nhm gim bt s tin bi thng cho cng ty bo him. * iu kin bo him tn tht ring WA (With particular Average): iu kin bo him WA khng nhng bo him ton b ri ro tn tht v chi ph ca iu kin FPA m cn m rng thm vi tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng gy ra khng gii hn trong 4 ri ro chnh v khi d hng ti cng lnh nn. Ngi mua bo him theo iu kin WA cn c th tham gia bo him cc loi ri ro ph, tu thuc vo tnh cht ca hng ho nhm bo v an ton cho hng ho nh sau: WA + ri ro ph (rch v, chy, cong, h, bp, cu mc, hp hi, ly hi, dy bn, nc ma, nc bin, nc ngt, han r). Trong iu kin bo him WA, Cng ty bo him ra mc min thng v gii quyt theo nguyn tc sau: - Khng cp n mc min thng tn tht cho 4 ri ro chnh, ri ro chin tranh, nh cng v cc ri ro ph do con ngi gy ra. - Khng cng cc chi ph t mc min thng, ch tnh tn tht thc t. - c tnh cc tn tht lin tip xy ra t mc min thng. - Mi x lan c coi l mt con tu tnh mc min thng. - Ngi c bo him c quyn chn cch tnh min thng c li nht cho mnh i bi thng c nhiu hn - V bo him theo iu kin WA ngi ch hng c th chn mt s ri ro ph nht nh bo him nn khc vi FPA trch nhim chng minh tn tht thuc ri ro bo him l ca ch hng. * iu kin bo him mi ri ro AR (All Risk): Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 26

Bo him hng ha Phm vi bo him ca iu kin ny bao gm cc ri ro tn tht v chi ph c bo him ca iu kin WA. M rng thm l bo him cho tn tht do cc ri ro ph gy nn. AR khng ra mc min thng v trch nhim chng minh tn tht thuc v cng ty bo him. 3.2. Gii thiu ni dung c bn ca ICC 1-1-1982 Khc vi ICC 1-1-1963; ICC 1-1-1982 khng dng t ng t tn cho iu kin bo him m gi tn cc diu kin bo him xp theo vn ch A, B, C. * iu kin bo him A: Bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri ro, tn tht h hi xy ra cho i tng bo him vi iu kin: Loi tr chung bao gm cc ri ro tn tht khng c bo him sau: - Do hnh vi c ca ngi c bo him. - Do hao ht t nhin, hao ht thng mi, hao ht thng thng. - Do bao b ng gi khng thch hp vi hng ho v vn chuyn. - Do chm tr hnh trnh ngay c chm tr ri ro bo him gy ra. - Do bt lc ti chnh ca ch tu khng p ng nhu cu chi tit bt thng trn hnh trnh m ch tu buc phi bn hng vi gi h. - Do v kh, v n ht nhn. Loi tr ring bao gm cc ri ro tn tht khng c bo him sau: - Do tu khng kh nng i bin, khng thch hp vn chuyn hng ho. - Do ri ro chin tranh. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 27

Bo him hng ha - Do ri ro nh cng. - Trch nhim chng minh tn tht thuc ri ro c bo him l ca Cng ty bo him. * iu kin bo him B: Bo him chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt h hi gy nn cho i tng bo him c th quy cho l: - 4 ri ro chnh (chm m, mc cn, chy n, m va). - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn. - Phng tin vn chuyn ng b b lt hoc trt bnh. - Mt nguyn kin do ri khi tu hoc trong khi xp d chuyn ti. - Nm hng xung bin, nc cun tri. - Nc bin sng, h trn hnh trnh xm nhp vo phng tin chuyn ch. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. - Cc thin tai khc: ng t, ni la, st nh. Loi tr bo him: - Loi tr chung: + Nh iu kin A + H hi hoc ph hu hng ho do ch tu hoc hnh ng phi php ca bt k ngi no. - Loi tr ring: Nh iu kin A. * iu kin bo him C: Bo him chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt h hi gy ra cho i tng bo him c th quy cho l:

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Bo him hng ha - 4 ri ro chnh (chm m, mc cn, chy n, m va). - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn. - Phng tin vn chuyn ng b b lt hoc trt bnh. - Nm hng xung bin. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. Cc ri ro loi tr bao gm manh tm ca thu th on v ch tu, cp bin, thin tai khc, nc cun tri, nc sng h bin trn vo phng tin chuyn ch. Trn c s cc iu kin bo him ca ICC 1982, Bo Vit trin khai Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin (QTCB - 2004) p dng cho vic bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin, quy tc ny c nhng sa i, b sung ph hp vi th trng bo him Vit Nam. 4. Hp ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu Hp ng bo him hng ha xut nhp khu gm c 2 loi: Hp ng bo him chuyn: l hp ng bo him cho mt l hng trn mt chuyn hnh trnh t a im ny n mt a im khc c ghi trong hp ng. Hp ng bo him bao: l hp ng bo him trong ngi c bo him cam kt tham gia bo him v cng ty bo him cam kt bo him cho tt c hng ho xut nhp khu ca ngi tham gia bo him trong mt thi gian nht nh, thng l mt nm. Trong hp ng bo him bao cn c thm 3 iu kin c bn sau: - iu kin v con tu c thu chuyn ch hng ho l tu c cp hng cao v tui tu thp. 29 Trung tm o to Bo Vit C bn bo him phi nhn th

Bo him hng ha - iu kin v khai bo hng ho trong tng chuyn: Tn hng, s lng, tr gi, cng i, cng n, cng chuyn ti tnh ph bo him cho l hng v nu l hng c gi tr ln Cng ty bo him c th ti bo him. - iu kin v tinh thn thin ch: Ngi c bo him cam kt khng tham gia bo him ti hng khc trong thi hn hiu lc ca hp ng v ng ph bo him y theo quy nh ca hp ng. Hiu lc ca hp ng Hiu lc ca hp ng trc ht ph thuc vo loi hp ng bo him (bao hoc chuyn). i vi tng chuyn hng hiu lc hp ng b chi phi bi hai yu t l thi gian v khng gian. Ri ro ch c bo him khi xy ra vo thi im v a im hp l so vi hnh trnh c bo him. V d: nu hp ng bo him ch c iu khon T kho n kho (iu khon ny c t nm 1963 c p dng trn phm vi quc t) th hiu lc ca hp ng b quy nh bi thi im bt u c hiu lc, iu kin duy tr hiu lc v kt thc hiu lc. C th l: Trch nhim bo him bt u c hiu lc t khi hng ho c bo him ri kho hoc ni cha hng ti a im ghi trong hp ng bo him bt u vn chuyn v tip tc c hiu lc trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn bnh thng (trong qu trnh vn chuyn nu xy ra chm tr m ngi c bo him khng th khng ch c hoc nhng trng hp tu i chch hng, d hng bt buc, chuyn ti ngoi l, hoc thay i hnh trnh th bo him vn gi nguyn hiu lc vi iu kin l phi thng bo ngay cho Cng ty bo him v tr thm ph bo him nu c yu cu. Trch nhim bo him kt thc ti mt trong cc thi im sau (tu theo trng hp no n trc): 30

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Bo him hng ha - Khi hng c giao vo kho hay ni cha hng cui cng ca ngi nhn hng hoc ca mt ngi no khc ti ni nhn c tn trong hp ng bo him. - Khi hng c giao cho bt k kho hay ni cha hng no khc d trc khi ti ni nhn ghi trong hp ng bo him m ngi c bo him chn dng lm ni chia hay phn phi hng hoc ni cha hng ngoi qu trnh vn chuyn bnh thng. - Khi ht hn 60 ngy sau khi hon thnh vic d hng ti cng d hng cui cng ghi trn n bo him. 5. Gi tr bo him, s tin bo him 5.1. Gi tr bo him (GTBH): GTBH l gi tr thc t ca l hng, thng l gi CIF. C th bo him thm li d tnh (ti a 10% gi CIF). C+ F Khng bo him d 1 -li R GTBH =
tnh

Hoc GTBH =

(C + F)x(a+1) 1-R

Bo him c li d tnh

Trong :

F - Cc ph vn chuyn C - Gi FOB ca hng ho a - % li d tnh R - T l ph bo him

5.2. S tin bo him STBH l s tin ng k bo him, c ghi trong GCNBH. Xc nh STBH: Cn c vo GTBH. 6. Ph bo him Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 31

Bo him hng ha Ph bo him c xc nh trn c s t l ph v s tin bo him. P = STBH x (a+1) x R T l ph bo him (gm c t l ph c bn v ph ph) ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Loi hng ho c bo him: My mc, hng ri, hng bao, hng ti... - iu kin bo him. - Qung ng chuyn ch chia theo khu vc: ng Nam , Bc u, Chu Phi, Chu M... Ngoi ra cn c quy nh nh sau: - Hng ng trong container c gim mt t l ph nht nh. - Hng chuyn ch trn tu cao tui, thp tui c tng hoc gim mt t l ph nht nh. 7. Th tc khiu ni khi xy ra tn tht Trng hp hng ho b tn tht, ngi c bo him hoc i din ca h cn thc hin cc bc chnh sau y: i vi hng ho b tn tht ring: - Khi pht hin hng ho b tn tht phi thng bo v yu cu cng ty bo him hoc i l ca h gim nh ngay bng cch gi Giy yu cu gim nh (theo mu) trong vng 60 ngy k t khi hng c bc d khi tu bin ti cng c ghi tn trn n hoc giy chng nhn bo him. - Gi ngay Th khiu ni (hoc Bo lu quyn khiu ni) cho ngi chuyn ch hoc chnh quyn cng v tn tht do h gy ra. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 32

Bo him hng ha i vi tn tht chung: - K vo cc vn bn lin quan n tn tht chung theo yu cu ca ch tu. - Thng bo cho cng ty bo him lm th tc bo lnh hoc k qu tn tht chung. Lu : i vi cc tn tht di 200 USD, nu c y chng t xc nhn tnh trng tn tht do ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi th ba gy ra th khng cn yu cu gim nh. i vi hng ho b tn tht ton b - Thng bo ngay cho cng ty bo him bit mi tin tc thu thp c. - Cng vi cng ty bo him tin hnh mi th tc v bin php gii quyt c hiu qu kinh t nht. i vi nghi ng hng ho c tn tht - Gi ngay th d khng (Letter of Reservation) cho thuyn trng trong vng 3 ngy k t khi l hng c d khi tu. - Yu cu v t chc gim nh i tch (ch hng, bo him, tu) ngay trong thi gian ni trn. B h s khiu ni bo him: - Hp ng hay giy chng nhn bo him gc. - Vn n gc. - Bn sao ho n gc hoc cc ho n chi ph. - Chng t xc nhn s lng, trng lng hng. - Th km tnh ton s tin khiu ni. - Giy yu cu bi thng hng ho tn tht (theo mu). Tu tng trng hp khiu ni c th, cn km thm cc chng t sau: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 33

Bo him hng ha i vi hng ho h hng hay mt mt: - Bin bn gim nh do cng ty bo him hoc i l ca cng ty bo him cp. - Bin bn v do tu gy ra (COR). - Bin bn v do cng gy ra. - Th t khiu ni hoc bo lu quyn khiu ni lin quan ti trch nhim ca ngi th ba (nu c). i vi hng ho b thiu nguyn kin: - Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (ROROC). - Xc nhn hng thiu ca i l hng tu (CSC). - Kt ton bo li ca cng (CA). - Th khiu ni hng tu (nu c). i vi tn tht chung: - Vn bn tuyn b tn tht chung ca ch tu. - Bn tnh ton phn b tn tht chung ca l ton s. - Cc vn bn c lin quan khc. i vi hng ho b tn tht ton b - Th thng bo ca ngi chuyn ch cho ngi nhn hng v tn tht ton b. - Xc nhn ca ngi chuyn ch v l hng c xp ln tu. H s khiu ni phi c gi trc tip cho Cng ty bo him hoc i l ca h trong thi gian sm nht nhng khng c chm qu 9 thng (nu khiu ni tn tht c lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi th ba) k t khi hng c d khi tu bin ti cng c tn ghi trong hp ng bo him tr khi c tho thun khc.

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Bo him hng ha 8. Gim nh v bi thng tn tht 8.1. Chp nhn yu cu gim nh - Cng ty bo him cn c vo loi tn tht v phm vi bo him ca n bo him xc nh dng tn tht c thuc phm vi bo him hay khng. Trong trng hp khng thuc phm vi bo him, cng ty bo him cn phi c kin ngay ngi nhn hng c th nhanh chng yu cu c quan gim nh ngoi thng gim nh m bo vic i ngi bn hng hoc ngi th ba c trch nhim trc tip. - Trng hp tn tht thuc phm vi trch nhim ca Cng ty bo him, yu cu gim nh c chp nhn khi c cc iu kin sau: a. V giy t ti liu cn phi c: - Vn n ng bin (B/L) - Giy chng nhn bo him - Giy k chi tit hng ho V mt s giy t sau (ty tng trng hp): - Giy chng nhn hng h hng - Th d khng - Bo co hi s b. Chun b hin trng: - Thi gian v a im yu cu gim nh - Yu cu sn sng gim nh (hng xu, hng ring hay cn ln vi hng tt). - S c mt ca cc bn lin quan. 8.2. Trnh t tin hnh gim nh a. Kim tra bao b - Xem li bao b v k, m hiu ngoi bao b xc nh ng i tng gim nh. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 35

Bo him hng ha - K hiu phng tn tht ghi ngoi bao b (pht hin kh nng tn tht xy ra do thiu loi k hiu ny). - Vt liu lm bao b. - Vn bao b c/mi (c ph hp vi tp qun v iu kin mua bn yu cu khng?). - Khuyt tt ca bao b... b. Kim tra bn trong kin hng - Cch xp hng trong kin, bao b, vt chn lt (c ph hp vi tnh cht ca hng ho khng?) - Tnh cht ca hng ho. - Pht hin du vt nt, mc, ch trng, vt l... - Cc hin tng kh nghi khc c. Phn loi tn tht v xc nh mc tn tht c1. Trng hp thiu s lng - Xc nh trn c s s liu ghi trong giy ng gi v ho n bn hng. - Ch r kch c, th loi mt hng thiu ht so vi giy ng gi. - Xt kh nng ng thiu hng hoc nhm hng t kin n sang kin kia - Kh nng c gian ln vi nhng mt hng nh xe c, my mc cn xem xt kh nng c nhng b phn ngi bn hng khng gi km theo ho n. c2. Trng hp thiu trng lng - Xt ti hao ht t nhin, thu phn v tp cht. - Xc nh thiu ht trn c s giy chng nhn ca ngi bn hoc trng lng trung bnh ca mi kin hng tnh theo s liu ghi trn ho n hay vn ti n.

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Bo him hng ha - Hng ho c trng lng ng u hay c chnh lch gia cc bao, kin. - Bao b c trng lng ng u hay chnh lch. - Kim tra cn. c3. Trng hp hng hng - Xc nh s lng v trng lng hng hng. - Xt ti gi tr s dng v kh nng s dng vo vic khc trong trng hp hng hng nhn mc. - Hng c thay th b phn, chnh l, sa cha theo yu cu ca gim nh vin s c tnh gim gi sau khi chnh l, thay th b phn hoc sa cha. - Khi mc tn tht ca hng ho trong cng mt l hng c khc nhau th nh mc ring cho tng loi v nu cn ly mu ring tng loi. - Vi cc mt hng thit b, my mc cn xt ti nh hng cng sut v bn ca hng ho. c4. Xc nh nguyn nhn tn tht Thng qua vic kim tra k hin trng, thu thp y chng t v ghi nhn cc vn lin quan, vic kt lun v nguyn nhn tn tht nhm vo cc nguyn nhn c bn sau: - Do tnh cht hng ho v bao b hng ho. - Do phng tin vn chuyn v c im hnh trnh ca hng ho. - Tnh hnh bc d, cht xp, lu kho, chuyn ti. - Tnh hnh giao nhn ca cc bn lin quan. - Tai nn, s c trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 8.3. Lp bin bn gim nh 37

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Bo him hng ha - Bin bn gim nh l ti liu chnh xt duyt bi thng cho ngi c bo him v s dng khiu ni ngi th 3. V vy ni dung bin bn phi m bo tnh trung thc chnh xc v r rng, c th: - Bin bn gim nh c lp trn mu in sn. Ngoi yu cu tr li y nhng mc in sn trong bin bn gim nh cn phi km theo: + Ti liu s dng tham kho, i chiu hoc dn chng. + Nhng pht hin ring ca gim nh vin trn c s nghin cu, quan st hin vt, hin trng... + kin ca cn b chuyn mn v mt hng chuyn vin, cn b k thut). + Dn chng bng ti liu kim nghim nu c (chng nhn phn tch). + Dn chng bng nh chp ngoi hin trng. B nh chp phi m bo yu cu: * Chp ng hng b tn tht, th hin y mu m ca hng b tn tht, hoc kin hng, l hng. * nh chp m bo gc , r v c trnh t theo cc mc tn tht. Nu hng b tn tht cn nm trong hm tu th cn chp r v tr ni hng b tn tht. Cn c nh chp r i din ca tu vi hng b tn tht ti v tr hm tu. 8.4. Phn tch cc dng tn tht v nguyn nhn a. Hng hng do t nc: a1. Hng t nc trong hm tu: - Do ma bo, m va, mc cn, lm nc trn vo khoang cha hng hoc hp hi nc v phi ng thng gi trnh bo. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 38

Bo him hng ha - Do nc r chy vo hm hng: V ming hm tu khng kn nc, h thng ng nc ca tu b v hoc r chy... - Do m hi: ngng t hi nc cc b phn kim loi, h thng thng gi b hng, do cht hng sai nguyn tc. - Do nc r chy t cc thng phuy cha hng lng, nc t hng n r chy sang hng kia. - Do hot ng ca cn trng trong hng ho c bit l hng ng cc (sinh trng v h hp ca cn trng lm nng hng, phn hng nng bc hi ln b mt ni c nhit thp hn dn n hin tng ngng t hi nc lm cho phn hng pha trn d mc v mc mm). a2. Hng t trong qu trnh bc d, chuyn ti: V d: Nguyn nhn t do chuyn ch bng s lan, ma t trong qu trnh bc d. a3. Hng t sau khi vo kho: Do ma dt, sn kho m thp, thiu khong cch gia mt sn vi hng ho. b. Mt mt, hao ht hng ho: - Do mt cp (vn hm b ny v, ng inh li, khu li v bao, mt cp ch, hng bn trong c hin tng bt thng nh b vi, c ch trng hoc vt l). Cn thng qua cc tnh hung giao nhn, vn chuyn, kt hp vi cc ti liu v hin vt, hin trng xc inh thi gian v a im xy ra mt cp. - Do v bao b: do bao b khng thch hp (trch nhim ngi gi hng): cht xp sai quy cch trn tu (trch nhim ngi vn chuyn)... - Do hao ht t nhin - Do sai st trong giao nhn. c. Hng b nt, v, bp, gy: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 39

Bo him hng ha Nguyn nhn ch yu do: - B chn ng mnh do va chm mnh, ri t trn cao, b nng hoc b chn p. - Bao b khng thch hp: Cht liu bao b gin, d v, chn lt qu lng hoc qu cht, thiu du hiu phng tn tht. - Do tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - Do cht xp hng trn tu sai quy cch (nng trn nh, xp ngc chiu, chn lt qu cht, p thnh tu...). - Do bc d nng tay - Tnh cht bao b (vt liu cha kh, d ht m, thiu giy chng m). - Xp hng sai quy cch - Nhit bo qun khng ph hp. d. nhim mi v hoc ly bn: Nguyn nhn: - Hm hng bn, hi thi ( nh hng ca chuyn hng trc). - Thit b trn tu h hng (hm cha, ng dn nc thi..) - Cht xp sai quy cch (hng nng mi xp gn hng d ly mi) - Khuyt im ca bao b (cht liu...) e. Hng b mc, mc, thi hng: - Nc, m, nhit l nguyn nhn ch yu ca dng tn tht ny. - m cao trong hng ho hoc trong khng kh - Do hng b ngm nc. f. Hng b chy: - Chy t pht - Do tia la v ngn la bn ngoi Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 40

Bo him hng ha g. Hng b g: - Do ngm nc c bit l nc mn - Do nhim ho cht hoc hi ho cht nng (cn phi tm ngun gc ho cht quy trch nhim). - Thiu st ca bao b (vt liu, thiu giy chng m). - Do rch v bao b. 8.5. Hng container a. c im: - Container khng phi l bao b ca hng ho m ch n thun l mt phng tin ph tr vn ti - Chuyn ch hng container thng phi thng qua nhiu phng thc vn ti v vy vic xc nh tn tht xy ra ti cung on no, ti khu no l mt vic lm khng d dng. - L phng thc vn ti kh ph bin v c xu hng pht trin nhanh trn th gii. - Vn ti container i hi phi c cng ph hp v tu chuyn dng. - Ngi gi hng c th gi trn container hoc c th gi hng l cha y container. b. Mt s yu cu khi xp hng trong container: - Xp hng phi m bo yu cu v trng tm v s lch trng tm s lm gia tng ri ro phn container b lch v gy ra hu qu trong khi nng, bc xp container. - K, chn, lt hng trong container phi cht gim n mc ti a khong trng gia cc gi hng trong container. - C h thng thng gi v vt liu chng m. - Phi c nim phong, cp ch v ch hng phi nm gi k thut cp ch bn. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 41

Bo him hng ha c. Cc dng tn tht thng gp trong vn ti hng container: c1. B bp v cc thng kim loi do vic xp hng khng cht c2. Cc cun giy c xp thng ng nhng vn c khong trng gia cc cun gy rch nt. c3. Lp hng pha trn container b xp ln xn khng chn lt cht b chuyn ng lm hng c lp v lch trng tm c4. Hng b hng do s ngng ng hi nc - C ch: + Nhit khng kh cng cao th lng hi nc ti a cha trong khng kh cng ln v ngc li. Nhit (Co) Lng nc bo ho trong 1m3 khng kh (grams) 0 5 10 9.5 20 17 30 30 40 51

+ Thng thng khng kh ch chim mt phn ca lng hi nc bo ho. Phn ny gi l m khng kh tnh bng t l %. Nh vy s thay i khng kh trong container l nguyn nhn lm cho cc thnh vch v trn ca container b m hi. Phng php x l: S dng vt liu ht m nh g, giy, si g, len d... 8.6. Bi thng tn tht Trn c s th khiu ni v h s i bi thng ca ngi c bo him cng vi bin bn gim nh ca bo him, cng ty bo him s tnh ton bi thng tn tht v cc chi ph hp l gy nn bi ri ro c bo him bao gm: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 42

Bo him hng ha Gi tr thit hi thc t ca hng ho Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung Chi ph cu nn Chi ph hn ch tn tht Chi ph gim nh. Cu hi rn luyn - lin h thc t Anh/ch tm hiu v lp bo co m t qu trnh x l ca n v mnh khi c ri ro xy ra i vi hng ho xut nhp khu ca khch hng tham gia bo him ti n v mnh? III. Bo him hng ho vn chuyn ni a 1. i tng bo him Nhng hng ho vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st v ng thu thuc phm vi lnh th Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, i tng bo him cn m rng i vi hng ho t Vit Nam i cc nc ln cn v t nc ngoi v c php qu cnh qua Vit Nam bng cc phng tin ni trn 2. Nhng ri ro c bo him - Chy hoc n. - ng t, bo lt, gi lc, sng thn, st nh. - Phng tin vn chuyn b m, lt , ri, mc cn, m va vo vt th khc, trt bnh. - Cy gy , cu cng, ng hm v cc cng trnh kin trc khc b sp . - Phng tin ch hng mt tch. - Cc chi ph sau: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 43

Bo him hng ha + Cc chi ph hp l cho vic phng trnh, gim nh tn tht. + Cc chi ph hp l cho vic d hng, lu kho, gi i tip hng ho c bo him ti mt ni dc ng i do hu qu ca ri ro thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him.. + Cc chi ph hp l cho vic gim nh tn tht thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him. 3. Nhng ri ro loi tr - Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng, khi ngha, phn lon, - Hu qu ca phng x hay nhim phng x. - Hnh ng xu, c hay hnh vi phm php ca ngi c bo him hay ngi lm cng cho h. - Mt mt, h hng do khuyt tt vn c hoc ni t ca hng ho. - Xp hng qu ti hoc sai quy cch an ton v hng ho nguy him. - ng gi sai quy cch, bao b khng thch hp hoc b hng trc khi xp hng ln phng tin vn chuyn. - Hao ht t nhin ca hng ho. - Phng tin vn chuyn khng kh nng lu hnh, khng m bo an ton giao thng. - Tn tht c nguyn nhn trc tip do chm tr, d chm tr do mt ri ro c bo him gy ra. - Trm cp, giao thiu hng, khng giao hng. 4. Gi tr bo him, S tin bo him - Gi tr bo him v s tin bo him c xc nh tng t nh hng ho xut nhp khu. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 44

Bo him hng ha - Ph bo him c xc nh theo cng thc: P = Sb x R Nu l hng thng mi: P = Sb x (a+1) x R Trong : Sb - S tin bo him R - T l ph bo him a - Phn trm li d tnh 5. Ph bo him Ph bo him gm 2 phn: - Ph chnh: Tnh theo phng thc vn chuyn (ng st, ng sng, ven bin, ng b). T l ph bo him chnh i vi ng b l thp nht, i vi ng ven bin l cao nht - Ph ph: Tnh theo tuyn ng (Bc Nam, min ni, sang cc nc ln cn...) 6. Trch nhim bi thng ca bo him i vi hng ho vn chuyn ni a, h s khiu ni bi thng bao gm cc giy t sau: - n bo him gc. - Bn chnh hp ng vn chuyn hoc giy vn chuyn do ch phng tin cp. - Ho n bn hng km theo bn k chi tit tn hng ho, phiu ghi trng lng v s lng hng. - Bin bn iu tra tai nn. - Bin bn gim nh. - Chng t chng minh tnh trng hng ho vo lc d hng khi phng tin vn chuyn. Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 45

Bo him hng ha - Th d khng, th khiu ni ngi th ba v th tr li ca cng ty bo him. - Bin lai, ho n cc chi ph khc. - Th khiu ni... Cng ty bo him sau khi xc nh tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him s tin hnh tnh ton bi thng. Tn tht ca hng vn chuyn ni a ch yu c chia lm hai loi l tn tht b phn v tn tht ton b. Tn tht ring v tn tht chung ch c p dng i vi vn ti bin. Cch xc nh, bi thng tn tht ca hng ho vn chuyn ni a tng t nh i vi hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin... C th nh sau: i vi tn tht b phn: S tin bi thng = S tin bo him x T l tn tht Trong t l tn tht c xc nh ti ni d hng theo cng thc sau:

Tng gi tr Tng gi tr T l hng khi cn hng cn li khi = tn nguyn vn b tn Tng gi tr hnghng khi cn tht tht nguyn vn i vi tn tht ton b:

x 100

C th l tn tht ton b thc t hoc tn tht ton b c tnh. Trong trng hp tn tht ton b c tnh, sau khi Ngi tham gia bo him gi thng bo t b hng v Cng ty bo him chp 46

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Bo him hng ha nhn thng bo t b hng , Cng ty bo him s bi thng nh tn tht ton b thc t. S tin bi thng = S tin bo him Trong bo him hng ho vn chuyn, Cng ty bo him c min trch nhim quy nh trong hp ng bo him bng cch khc t quyn li v hng ho c bo him v quyn khiu ni ngi th ba, ng thi bi thng ton b s tin bo him cho Ngi tham gia bo him.

Cu hi rn luyn - lin h thc t Anh/ch tm hiu v lp bo co m t qu trnh cp n v cng tc gii quyt quyn li bo him ca n v mnh khi c ri ro xy ra cho hng ho vn chuyn ni a ca khch hng tham gia bo him ti n v mnh?

Cu hi v bi tp I. Cu hi la chn Hy la chn phng n tr li ng nht: Cu 1: Bn ri ro chnh trong bo him hng hi l: a. Mc cn, chm m, chy, m va; b. Mc cn, m va, mt tch, vt hng xung bin; c. Mt cp, giao thiu hng, hng b nc cun tri; Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 47

Bo him hng ha d. Ri ro chin tranh, nh cng, cp bin, mt tch. Cu 2: Ri ro chin tranh v nh cng trong bo him hng hi l: a. Nhng ri ro chnh b. Nhng ri ro thng thng c bo him c. Nhng ri ro ring d. Khng thuc cc nhm trn Cu 3: Tn tht ring trong bo him hng hi l: a. Tn tht do nhng ri ro khng lng trc ngoi mun ca con ngi v lin quan n mt hoc mt s quyn li trn tu b. Tn tht do hnh ng c ch ca con ngi cu nhng ti sn khc cn li trn tu c. L nhng chi ph nhm bo tn hng ho khi b h hi thm hay gim bt h hi khi xy ra tn tht thuc ri ro bo him trn hnh trnh Cu 4: Tn tht chung l: a. Nhng tn tht bt ng i vi tu, hng ho do nhng ri ro hng hi trong qu trnh vn chuyn. b. Nhng tn tht do mt hoc mt s ch hng hoc ch tu phi gnh chu c. Nhng tn tht do hng ng c v an ton chung cho tt c cc quyn li trn tu. d. Tt c cc trng hp trn Cu 5: Tn tht chung s c phn b: a. Ch hng no phi hy sinh tn tht chung th ch hng chu; b. Phn b cho ch tu; c. Phn b cho tt c cc quyn li lin quan trn tu

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Bo him hng ha Cu 6: Theo iu kin giao hng FOB, vic mua bo him do: a. Ngi bn thc hin b. Ngi mua thc hin c. Ngi chuyn ch thc hin d. Bt k ngi no trong ba ngi trn Cu 7: iu kin giao hng no di y ngha v mua bo him v thu tu chuyn ch thuc v ngi nhp khu: a. iu kin CIF; b. iu kin CFR; c. iu kin FOB d. iu kin CPT. Cu 8: Gi tr chu phn b tn tht chung l: a. Gi tr ti sn ca tt c cc quyn li c mt trn tu khi di cng i; b. Gi tr ti sn ca tt c cc quyn li c mt trn tu trc khi c tn tht chung; c. Gi tr ti sn ca tt c cc quyn li c mt trn tu khi tu n cng cui cng ca hnh trnh; d. Tt c cc cu trn u sai. Cu 9: Trong 3 iu kin bo him ca ICC 1982, iu kin bo him rng nht l: a. iu kin A b. iu kin B c. iu kin C d. C 3 iu kin u tng ng nhau Cu 10: Gi tr bo him ca hng ho xut nhp khu bao gm: a. Gi FOB ; Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 49

Bo him hng ha b. Gi FOB cng thm chi ph vn chuyn c. Gi FOB cng thm ph bo him d. Gi FOB cng thm ph bo him, cc ph vn chuyn v li d tnh (nu c). Cu 11: Thi hn bo him trong bo him hng ho kt thc ti thi im: a. Khi hng c giao vo kho hay ni cha hng cui cng ca ngi nhn hng hoc ca mt ngi no khc ti ni nhn c tn trong hp ng bo him. b. Khi hng c giao cho bt k kho hay ni cha hng no khc d trc khi ti ni nhn ghi trong hp ng bo him m ngi c bo him chn dng lm ni chia hay phn phi hng hoc ni cha hng ngoi qu trnh vn chuyn bnh thng. c. Khi ht hn 60 ngy sau khi hon thnh vic d hng ti cng d hng cui cng ghi trn n bo him. d. Tt c cc trng hp trn, tu trng hp no xy ra trc II. Cu hi lp lun Cu 1: Th no l tn tht ton b c tnh? Cu 2: Nhng ri ro c bn trong bo him hng hi, phn bit ri ro chnh, ri ro thng thng c bo him v ri ro ring? Cu 3: S khc nhau gia ICC 1963 v ICC 1982? Cu 4: Phn bit tn tht chung v tn tht ring? Nguyn tc xc nh tn tht chung? Cu 5: Nhng ri ro loi tr trong bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin? Cu 6: Hiu lc ca hp ng bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin? III. Bi tp Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 50

Bo him hng ha Bi 1: Mt chic tu thu tr gi 2.000.000 USD, ch hng tr gi 500.000 USD. Trn hnh trnh tu b mc cn. thot ra khi cn, thuyn trng ra lnh nm mt s hng xung bin (tr gi 65.000 USD) v cho my tu chy ht cng sut lm n ni hi. Chi ph sa cha ni hi l 34.600USD. Cc chi ph lin quan l 400 USD. Tu v hng u c bo him. a. Xc nh mc ng gp tn tht chung ca ch tu v ch hng? b. Tnh ton s tin phi chi thm hoc thu v ca ch tu v ch hng?

Bi 2:
Gi bn 1 tn cph: 1.800 USD, FOB cng Si gn, cc ph vn chuyn 6 USD/tn, t l ph bo him l 0,3%. Hy xc nh STBH v ph bo him cho l hng 1.000 tn c ph vi mc li d kin l 10%.

Bi 3:
Vinafood nhp 10.000 tn bt m tr gi 1.650.000 USD. Hp ng chuyn ch t Hamburg v Hi Phng. Theo yu cu ca ch hng, l hng trn bo him ti Bo Vit theo iu kin A (QTC 1998), s tin bo him ghi trn giy chng nhn bo him l 1.600.000 USD. Khi tu ch hng v gn ti Hi Phng th gp bo ln lm mt phn hng b t nc Yu cu: Tnh s tin bi thng ca Bo Vit trong v tn tht trn bit rng: - Bin bn gim nh ti Hi Phng c ghi: + 8.500 bao b t nc, trong 7.200 bao b b mc en;1.300 bao gim gi tr 30% (mi bao 50 kg).

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Bo him hng ha + 1.500 bao b rch v, trng lng hng tt qut ht c ng gi li l 800 bao, trng lng hng ln tp cht gim gi qut ht c gim gi tr 20% l 20 tn. - Bin bn kt ton giao nhn hng vi tu ghi nhn pha tu giao thiu 280 bao. - Chi ph qut ht, ng gi li : 2.200.000 ng - Chi ph gim nh : 2.500.000 ng

Bi 4:
Tng Cng ty vt t nng nghip (VIGECAM HANOI) nhp 10.000 tn UREA ng bao (50kg/bao) theo gi CFR l 2.560.000 USD. Theo yu cu ca ch hng, l hng trn c bo him ti Bo Vit theo iu kin bo him A (QTC 98). S tin bo him ghi trong Giy chng nhn bo him m Bo Vit cp, bao gm c 10% li d tnh. Yu cu: a. Xc nh ph bo him m ch hng phi ng nu t l p dng cho l hng ny l 0.25%? b. Tnh s tin bi thng ca Bo Vit cho ch hng nu qu trnh bc d cng Hi Phng c 3.500 bao b rch v do bc d nng tay. Trong s lng hng tt thu gom v ng gi li c 1.200 bao; Trng lng hng qut ht c ln tp cht gim gi tr 20% l 10 tn. Chi ph thu hi v ng gi li l 1.600.000 ng. Chi ph gim nh 2.500.000 ng?

Bi 5:
Tu Vn n ch hng nhp khu cho Vit Nam b mc cn ngoi khi bin ng do gp bo ln. a tu ra khi cn ch tu phi thu s lan d hng, thu tu ko ng thi thc my tu chy ht cng sut lm mt my tu b hng. V n cng Si Gn, hng tu thng bo tn tht chung v yu cu cc bn cam kt ng gp. Hy tnh ton phn b tn tht chung v xc nh s tin bi thng ca cng ty bo him cho cc ch hng, bit rng: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 52

Bo him hng ha a. Tn tht v chi tiu ca ch tu: : 20.000 : 10.000 15.000

- Tn tht v v tu do mc cn USD - D kin chi ph sa cha my tu 15.000 USD

- Tin thu s lan, d hng v xp tr li tu : USD - Tin thu tu ko USD b. Tn tht ca cc ch hng: :

- Hng phn m UREA b hng do bo v mc cn 50.000 USD

- Hng bch ho hng do phi d hng bt buc, lu kho s lan v xp tr li tu : 5.000 USD c. Gi tr n bn ca tu trong trng thi tn tht : 985.000 USD d. Gi tr n bn ca hng trong trng thi tn tht: - Hng phn m UREA USD - Hng bch ho USD : : 350.000 145.000

e. Hng phn m bo him di gi tr (STBH = 80% gi tr hng). Hng bch ho bo him ng gi tr. p n: Bi 1: a. Mc ng gp tn tht chung ca mi bn: Ch hng : 20.000 USD Ch tu : 80.000 USD b. Quyt ton tn tht chung: Trung tm o C bn bo him phi nhn th to Bo Vit 53

Bo him hng ha Ch tu phi ng thm : 45.000 USD Ch hng thu v Bi 2: Bi 3: Bi 4: STBH: 1.992.578 USD Ph BH: 5.978 USD Bi thng tn tht hng ha: 68.063 USD Cc chi ph: 4.700.000 VN a. Ph bo him: 7.058 USD b. S tin bi thng: Tn tht hng ho : 30.172 USD Chi ph lin quan : 4.100.000 VN Bi 5: - Phn b tn tht chung: S tin phi ng gp tn tht chung ca: + Ch tu : 30.000 USD + Ch hng phn m : 10.500 USD + Ch hng bch ho + Hng phn m + Hng bch ha : 4.500 USD : 48.400 USD : 4.500 USD - S tin cng ty bo him bi thng: : 45.000 USD

Ti liu tham kho

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Bo him hng ha

1. Incoterms 2000. 2. Cc n bo him hng ho ang trin khai ti n v. 3. Cc ti liu hng dn nghip v ca Bo Vit (Bo Vit Vit Nam). 4. Ti liu Gim nh hng ho (Ch bin: GSTS Trng Mc Lm). 5. Cc b iu khon ICC. 6. Nhng vn c bn v bo him hng ha (Ch bin: GSTS Trng Mc Lm).

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