1115

igs.nigc.
ir
IEEE Std 1115-2000

(Revision of IEEEStd 1115-1992)
IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications
Sponsor
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 29

on
Stationary Batteries
Approved 30 March 2000
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstrae!: The sizing of nickel-cadmium batteries used in full float operation fer stationary applications is covered in this recommended practica. Keywords: nickel-cadmium batteries, stationary applications
The lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc. 3 Park Avenue, NewYork, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2000 by the lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc. All rights reservad. Published 11 September 2000. Printed in the United States of America.
Print:
PDF"
ISBN 0-7381-1950-4 ISBN 0-7381-1951-2
SH94818 SS94818
No part of th;s pubHcaon may be reproduced ;n any form, ;n an e/ectron;c retdeval system or otherw;se, wfthout the pr;or written permission of the publisher.
Copyright by the lnstitute O! Electrical & Electronics Engineers !ne Sun Dec 19 13:54:10 2010
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without cornpensation. They are not necessarily rnembers of the Institute. The standards deveJoped within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside ofIEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is v.1holly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard <loes not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, ineasure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Fu1ihennore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to reviev.1 at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. \Vhen a docu111ent is n1ore than ti ve years old and has not been reaffinned, it is reasonab1e to conclude that its contents, a1though still of son1e va1ue, do not wholly reftect the present state of the art. Users are caucioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Com111ents for revision of IEEE Standards are v.1elco111e from any interested party, regardless of 111e111bership affiJiation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in docun1ents should be in the fonn of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions n1ay arise regarding the ineaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific apphcations. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute wi 11 initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards representa con sensus of all concerned interests, it is itnportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the 111e111ben; of its societies and Standards Coordinating Co1nmittees are notable to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Co1nments on standards and requests for interpretations shou1d be addressed to: Secretary. IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, N.I 08855-1331 USA
Note: Attention is called to the possibility that itnple1nentation of this standard inay require use of subject n1atter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license n1ay be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal va1idity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.
IEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of ce1iification 1narks, trade1narks, or other designations to indicate compliance with the materials set forth herein. Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of ElectricaJ and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, plea5e contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (978) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroo111 use can also be obtained through the Copyright CJearance Center.
igs.nigc.ir
lntroduction
(This intro<luction is not part ofTEEE l l 15-2000, TEEE Reco1nn1ende<l Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cad1niun1 Batterie" for Stationary Applications.)
The storage battery is of pritnary nportance in ensuring the satisfactory operation of generating stations, substations, and other stationai)' applications. This recom1nended practice is based on comn1onJy accepted methods used to define the load and to ensure adequate battery capacity. The method described is applicable to all installations and battery sizes. The installations considered herein are designed for operation v.1ith a battery charger serving to maintain the battery in a charged condition as well as to supply the norn1al de load. Alternate energy syste1ns (e.g., windnlllls and photovohaic syste111s) inay provide only pmiial or intennittent chmging, and me beyond the scope of this document. See IEEE Std 1144-1996[B6]1 for details. This recommended practice was prepared by the Nickel-Cadmium Sizing Working Group Standards Coordinating Committee 29 (SCC29). It may be used separately, but when combined Std 1106-1995, it will provide the user with a general guide to desi,b'lling, placing in service, m1d a nickel-cadmium battery installation. At the time this standard was approved the members of Cad1niu1n Sizing Working Group \Vere as follov.1s: of IEEE with IEEE inaintaining the Nickel-
James A. McDowall, Clur

Richard T. Bolgeo Jay L. Chainberlin Anthony Green Jos Marrero Leif Olsson Lesley \'arga Graham Walker
The following persons were on the balloting conunittee:

Curtis Ashton Terry Bostian Jay L. Chan1berlin John K. Coyle Thon1as G. Croda Peter J. DeMar Harold E. Epstein Tin1othy Furlong Richard A. Greco Paul E. Hellen Robert M. Herritty Daniel S. Levin JoelA. Long Jos A. Marrero James A. McDowall Bansi Patel Robert S. Robinson Saba N. Saba Martin M. Stanton Frank L. Tarantino Kurt W. Uhlir Les ley Varga
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 30 March 2000, it had the following tnetnbership: Donald N. Heinnan, Chair James T. Cario, Vice Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary
Satish K. Aggarwal Mark D. Bow1nan Gary R. Engn1ann Harol<l E. Epstein H. Landis Floyd Jay Forster* Ho1rvard M. Frazier Ruben D. Garzon Ja1nes H. Gurney Richard J. Hollen1an Lowell G. Johnson Robert J. Kennelly Joseph L. Koepfinger* Peter H. Lips L. Bruce McClung Daleep C. Mohla Ja1nes W. Moore Robert F. Munzner Ronal<l C. Peter..,en Geral<l H. Peterson John B. Posey Gary S. Robinson AkioTo.io Donald W. Zipse
*Me1nber E1neritus
1 The nun1bers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex D.
Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.
iii
igs.nigc.ir
Also included is the fol lowing nonvoting TEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:
Alan Cookson, N!ST Representative Donald R. Volzka, TAB Representative
Andrev. D. k:ko\vicz
IEEE Standards Project Editor
iv
igs.nigc.ir
Contents
1. Outline ....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. ............... l 1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................... 1
2. References ...............................................................................................................................................................1 3. Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 2
4. Defining loads ....................................................................................................................................... 2

4.1 General conslderations ....................................................................................................................... 2 4.2 Load classifications ....................................................................................................................... 2
4.3 Duty cycle diagram ........................................................................................................................ 3 5. Cell selection ......................................................................................................................................... 5

5.1 Cell designs ................................................................................................................................... 5 5.2 Selection Factors .................................................................................................................................. 5 6. Deternning battery size ............................................................................................................................. 5
6.1 Numberofcells.................................................................................................................. 6 6.2 Additional considerations.............................................................................................................. 7 6.3 Effect uf constant potential charging ............................................................................................ 7 6.4 Cell size ......................................................................................................................................... 8 6.5 Cell sizing worksheet .................................................................................................................. 10
Annex A (info1 11ative) Duty cyc1e ........................................................................................................................ 12 Annex B (informative) Converting constant power loads to constant current loads ............................................17 Annex C (infonnative) Calcu1ating capacity rating factors ...................................................................................... 19
Annex D (informative) Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 20
igs.nigc.ir
vi
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications
1. Overview
Thls recommended practice describes methods for defining the de load and for slzing a nlckel-cadmium battery to supply that load. So1ne factors relating to cell selection are provided for consideration.
1.1 Scope
This reco1nmended practice covers the sizing of nickel-cad1niu111 batteries used in full float operation for stationary applications. Installation, maintenance, qualification, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than nickel-cad111iu111 batteries are beyond the scope of this reco111mended practice. Design of the de syste111 and sizing of the battery charger(s) are also beyond the scope of this recom1nended practice.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this recomtnended practice is to provide a proven and standardized sizing technique for nickel-cad111iu111 batteries. This sizing 111ethod takes non_nal usage factors into account, and fonns the basis for rellable battery operation.
2. References
This standard shall be used in conjunction v.1ith the follov.1ing publications: IEEE Std 1106-1995, IEEE Recon1111ended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, an<l Replace111ent ofVented Nlckel-Cadmlum Batteries for Statlonary Appllcations. 1
IEEE Std 1184-1994, IEEE Guide for the Selection ami Sizing of Batteries for Uninterruptible Power
Systems.
1 lEEE publications are available fron1 the lnstitute of Electrical and E!ectronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://standardsieee.org/).
Copyright by the lnstitute O! Electrical & Electronics Engineers lnc Sun Dec 19 13:54:40 2010
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING
3. Definitions
The fo11ovving definitions appJy specificalJy to this reco1nn1ended practice. For terms not defined in this clause, plea5e refer to the documents listed in Clause 2.2
3.1 available capacity: The capacity for a given discharge tin1e and end-of-discharge voltage that can be
withdrawn fro1n a ceH under the specific conditions of operation. 3.2 battery duty cycle: The loads a battery is expected to supply for specified time periods. 3.3 full float (constant potential) operation: Operation of a de system with the battery, battery charger, and load all conneeted in parallel and v.1ith the battel)' eharger supplying the normal de load plus any selfdiseharge or charging current required by the battery. (The battery v.1ill deliver current only when the load exceeds the charger output.) 3.4 period: An interval of time in the battery duty eycle during whieh the load is assu1ned to be eonstant for purposes of cell sizing calculations. 3.5 rated capacity (nickel-cadmium cell): The capacity assigned to a nickel-cadmium cell by its manufacturer for a specitic eonstant current discharge, with a given diseharge titne, at a specified electrolyte ten1perature, to a given end-of-discharge voltage. The conditions used to establish rated capacity are based on a constant current charge, in accordance with IEC 60623 ( 1990-03) [B2]3 .
4. Defining loads 4.1 General considerations

The duty cyele imposed on the battery by any of the eonditions deseribed here will depend on the de systen1 design and the re4uire1nents of the installation. The battery inust supply the de power re4uire1nent when the following conditions occur: a) b) e) The load on the de syste1n exceeds the inaxin1un1 output of the battery charger. The output of the battery charger is interrupted. The ae power is lost [may result in a greater de pov.1er de1nand than in ite111 b) above].
The most severe of these conditions, in terms of battery load and duracion, should be used to detennine the battery size for the installation.
4.2 Load classifications

The individual de loads supplied by the battery during the duty cycle may be classified a.;;; continuous or noneontinuous.
4.2.1 Continuous loads

Continuous loads are energized throughout the duty cycle. These loads are those normally carrie<.l by the battery charger and those initiated at the inception of the duty cycle. Typical continuous loads are
2Infonuation on references can be found in Clause 2. :>-rhe nun1bers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex D.
igs.nigc.ir
NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
IEEE Std 1115-2000
a) b) e) d) e)
f)
g)
Lighting Continuously operating tnotors Converters (e.g., inve11ers) lndicating lights Continuously energized coils Annunciator loads Communication systems
4.2.2 Noncontinuous loads Noncontinuous loads are energized only during a portion of the duty cycle. These loads may switch on at any tne \Vithin the duty cycle and may be on for a set length of tin1e, be removed auto1natically or by operator action, or continue to the end of the duty cycle. When several loads occur simultaneously within the sanie sho11 period of tin1e anda discrete sequence cannot be established, the load should be assun1ed to be the sum of all loads occurring within that period. Jf a discrete sequence can be established, the load for the period should be assu1ned to be the maxin1un1 load at any instant. If a load lasts for less than one second, it is normally considered to last for a full second. Typical noncontinuous loads are a) b) e) d) e)
f)
g) h) i)
Emergency pump 111otors Critica! ventilation syste111 n1otors Fire protection systems Switchgear operations Motor-driven val ve operations Jsolating S\Vitch operations Field flashing of generators Motor stm1ing currents Jnrush currents
4.2.3 Other considerations The lists of typical loads appearing in 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 are nota full catalog of the de loads at any particular installation. Loads applied to the battery are norn1ally typed as constant povver, constant re istance, or constant cu1Tent. However, for sizing purposes, Joads are treated as constant power or constant current. The designer should review each system carefully to be sure all possible loads and their variations are included (see Annex B). 4.3 Duty cycle diagram A duty cycle diagra111 showing total load at any tne during the cycle is an aid in the analysis of the duty cycle. To prepare such a diagram, all loads, expressed as either power or current expected during the cycle, are tabulated along with their anticipated inception and shutdown titnes. The total titne span of the duty cycle is detern1ined by the requiren1ents ofthe installation. 4.3.1 Known loads Loads that have inception and hutdown tin1es that are known are plotted on the duty cycle diagra111 as they would occur. If the inception time is known, but the shutdown tin1e is indefinite, it should be assumed that the load will continue through the remainder of the duty cycle.
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
4.3.2 Random loads Noncontinuous loads that occur at random should be shown at the most critica! time of the duty cycle in order to snulate the v.1orst case load on the battery. To deternline the most critica! tne, it is necessary to size the battery \.vithout the ran<lo111 loa<l(s) an<l to identify the section uf the <luty cycle that controls battery size. Then the rando111 load(s) should be superhnposed on the end uf that controlling section as shown in Figure 1 (see al so 6.4.4).
320 280 240
-
1 1
L2
'L
L5
1 1
1 1 '1 1 1
200 (/)
w o: w o.. :::; <o:
120 180 80 40
Ls
L4
L5
L,
'8 .0
3'0
6'0
9'0
MINUTES
'0 12
'0 15
'.4 180 179

min
Figure 1-Diagram of a duty cycle 4.3.3 Duty cycle example Figure 1 is a diagra111 of a duty cycle inade up of the following hypothetical loads expressed in a111peres. When the duty cycle includes both constant pov.1er and constant current loads, it is usually more convenient to convert the pov.1er loads to current loads (see Annex B). L1
L1
L3
L4
L5 L6
40 A for 3 h-continuous load 280 A for 5 s-staiting current to load L3 60 A fron1 5 s through the 120th 111inute 100 A from the 30th min through the 120th minute 80 A from the 30th min through the 60th minute load at the end of the duty cycle, with known sequence of: 40 A far the first 5 s 80 A for the next 10 s 30 A for the next 20 s Por sirnplicity, this can be conservatively considered to be an 80 A load for 35 s. 100 A for l 111in-random load. This consists of four 25 A loads for l 111in that can occur at any time within the duty cycle. Therefore, the assumption is that they all occur simultaneously.
L7
This exmnple is \.Vorked out in detail in Annex A. There it will be found that the first 120 min is the controlling section of the duty cycle. Therefore, the randon1 load is located on the duty cycle so that the randon1 load ends at the end of the 120th minute. This is indicated by dashes.
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
Std 1115-2000
5. Cell selection
This section surrnnarizes so111e factors that should be considered in selecting a ce11 type for a particular application. Various cell designs have different charge, discharge, and aging characteristics. Refer to IEEE Std 1184-1994 or vendor literature for a discussion of cell characteristics.
5.1 Cell designs

All nickel-cadmium cells used in applications covered by this recommended practice are categorized by the different plate thicknesses. Generally, cells ,.:vith thin plates are used for loads requiring high-discharge currents of sho1i duration. Cells with thick plates are used for loads of long duration. Cells with inediu111 plate thickness are used for loads requiring combined performance. Any plate thickness can be utilized for any of these load require111ents, but generally the economics \Vill deter111ine the correct plate thickness to be used. Cells designed for use in full float operation are either vented or fitted with low-pressure valves. Hermetically sealed cells of the type used in portable appliances are not suitable for operation v.1ith constant potential chargers (see 6.3).
5.2 Selection Factors

The following factors should be considered in the selection of the cell type: a) b) e) d) e)
f)
g) h)
Physical characteristics such as dimension and weight of the cells, container material, intercell connectors, and tenninals Planned life of the installation and expected life of !he cell Frequency and depth of discharge Ambient temperanlfe Charging characteristics Maintenance requiren1ents Ventilation require111ents Shock and vibration
The battery manufacturers should be contacted for detailed cell design and performance characteristics to allov.1 proper selection and sizing of a battery for a specific application.
6. Determining battery size

Severa! basic factors govem the size (nu111ber of cells and rated capacity) of the batte1)'. fucluded are the maximum system voltage, the minimum system voltage, the duty cycle, correction factors, and design tnargin. Since a battery string is usually co111posed of a ntnnber of identical cells connected in series, the voltage of the battery is the voltage of a cell inultiplied by the nu1nber of cells in series. The ainpere-hour capacity of a battery string is the same as the an1pere-hour capacity of a single cell. If cells of sufficiently large capacity are not available, then two or inore strings, of equal nutnber of seriesconnected cells, inay be connected in parallel to obtain the necessary capacity. The ainpere hour capacity of such a battery is the sum of the ampere-hour capacities of the strings. The manufacturer should be consulted for any li111itation on paralleling.
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
Operating conditions can change the available capacity of the battery. Por example: a) b) e) d) The available capacity decreases as its te1nperature decreases. The available capacity decreases a5 the discharge rate increa5es. The nlinilnum specified cell voltage at any time during the battery discharge cycle limits the available capacity. The char,6'1.ng inethod can affect the available capacity.
6.1 Number of cells

The maximu111 and n1inin1un1 allowable systen1 voltages dete1mine the number of cells in the battery. It has been common practice to use 9-10, 18-20, 36-40, 92-100, or 184-200 cel Is for system voltages of 12, 24, 48, 125, or 250 V, respectively. In sorne cases, it may be desirable to vary from this practice to match the battery more closely to system voltage litnitations. It should be noted that the use of the \Videst possible vo1tage windovv, \vithin the confines of individual load requirements, vviH result in the inost econo1nical battery. Furthermore, the use of the largest number of cells allows the lowest minimum cell voltage and, therefore, the smallest size cell for the duty cycle. Subclause A.! illustrates the application of the following techniques. 6_ 1.1 Calculation of number of cells and minimum cell voltage When the battery voltage is not aHovved to exceed a given inaximu111 system voltage, the nun1ber of ceHs will be limited by the manufacturer's recommended cell voltage required for satisfactory charging. That is, Maxnum allo\vable system voltage _ Number of cells Cell voltage required for satisfactory charging The inhlin1un1 battery vohage equals the ininhnun1 system voltage plus any vohage drop between the battery terminals and the load. The minimum battery voltage is then used to calculate the allowable minimum cell voltage Minimum battery voltage Number of cells Minnu111 cell voltage
6.1.2 Charging time as limiting factor The ti111e available to charge the battery can affect both the nu111ber of cells and the cell size. The titne required for a charge decre<IBes as the charging voltage per cell increases, assu111ing that the charging equip1nent can supply the high current necessary early in the recharge cycle. If the maxilnu1n charging voltage is limited, it is necessary to select the number of cells that can be charged in the time available. This, in tum, tnay require using a larger cell than would otherwise have been necessary. Linlits are supplied by the battery inanufacturer for charging cu1Tent and voltage. 6.1.3 Rounding off If the resuhs of calculations shown in 6.1.1 indicate a need for a fractional ce11. round that result off to the nearest whole number of cells. The minimum cell voltage and charge voltage should then be recalculated and verified for adequacy of operation.
igs.nigc.ir
Std 1115-2000
6.2 Additional considerations

Before proceeding to calculate the cell size required for a particular installation, the designer should consider the following factors that will infiuence cell size.
6.2.1 Temperature derating factor (T1 )

The available capacity of a cell is affected by its operating te1nperature. The standard te1nperature for stating ceH capacity is 25 C. If the Jowest expected e1ectrolyte te1nperature is below standard, se1ect a ce111arge enough to have the required capacity available at the lowest expected temperature. The battery manufacturer should be consulted for capacity derating factors for various discharge titnes and ten1perahues. If the lowest expected electrolyte te1nperature is above 25 C, generally there is no noticeable increase in the available capacity.
6.2.2 Design margin

Tt is prudent design practice to provide a capacity margin to allow for unforeseen additions to the de system, and less-than-optin1UI11 operating conditions of the battery due to itnproper maintenance, recent discharge, ambient te1nperatures lo\ver than anticipated, or a co1nbination of these factors. A inethod of providing this design margin is to add a percentage factor to the ceH size determined by ca1cu1ations. If the various loads are expected to grow at different rates, it may be more accurate to apply the expected growth rate to each load for a given time and to develop a duty cycle from the results. Note that the "margins" required by 6.3.1.5 and 6.3.3 of IEEE Std 323-1983 are to be applied during "qualification" and are not related to "design inargin." The cell size calculated for a specific app1ication wiH seldo111 inatch a co1nmercia1Jy avaiJable ceH exactly, and it is normal procedure to select the next higher cell size. The additional capacity obtained can be considered part of the design inargin.
6.2.3 Aging factor

Capacity decreases gradually during the life of the battery, with no sudden capacity loss being encountered under non.na! operating conditions. Since the rate of capacity Joss is dependent upon such factors as operating temperature, electrolyte-specific gravity, and depth and frequency of discharge, an aging factor should be chosen based on the required service life (see IEEE Std 1106-1995). The choice of aging factor is, therefore, essentially an economic consideration. In the sizing calculation shown in Figure A.1, an aging factor of 1.25 is u sed, ineaning that the battery is sized to caiTy the Joads until its capacity has decreased to 80% of its rated capacity. For an application involving continuous high temperatures and/or frequent deep discharges, it may be desirable to use a factor of, say, 1.43, and replace the battery when its capacity falls to 70<'/c of rated capacity. Por apphcations involving sho1i, high-rate discharges such as engine starting, the rate of fa11-off in short-rate performance is slower anda lower aging factor may be used. Por example, in an uninterruptible po\ver supply (UPS) application with a 15 inin discharge titne anda 15 year desired service life, it tnay be appropriate to use a 1.11 aging factor, so that the battery vvould be replaced when its perforn1ance falls to 90% of the published value. The battery inanufacturer shouJd be consulted for additional inforn1ation on aging factors.
6.3 Effects of constant potential charging

Prolonged ftoat charging of a nickel-cadmium battery will cause a lowering of the average voltage on discharge. Depending on the discharge rate and 1ninimun1 battery voltage, the available capacity n1ay be affected.
Copyright
2000
IEEE.
All
rights
reservad.
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 111 5-2000
The designer should make sure that capacity rating factors, K 1 (see 6.4.3) obtained from the manufacturer are based on constant potential operation.
CAUTION Hennetically-sealed nickel-cadmium batteries should not be used in constant potential charging appllcations (see 5.1).
6.4 Cell size

This section describes and expJains a proven inethod of calculating the ceH capacity necessary for satisfactory performance on a given duty cycle. Annex A demonstrates the use of this method for a specific duty cycle in a stationary ftoat application. An optional preprinted \Vorksheet (Figure 3) is used to snplify the ca1cu1ations. Instructions for the proper use of the vvorksheet are given in 6.5.
6.4.1 lnitial cell size

Equation (l) (see 6.4.2) requires the use of a capacity rating factor Kt (see 6.4.3) that is based on the discharge characteristics of a particular range of cell types. Thus, the initial calculation must be based on a nial selection of cell range. Depending on the results of this initial calculation, it inay be desirable to repeat the calculation for other cell ranges to obtain the optnu111 cell type and size for the particular application. Use the capacity from the first calculacion as a guide for selecting additional ranges to size.
6.4.2 Sizing methodology

The cell selected for a specific duty cycle must have enough capacity to carry the combined loads during the duty cycle. To deter1nine the required cell size, it is necessary to calculate, fro1n an analysis of each section of the duty cycle (see Figure 2), the inaxin1un1 capacity required by the co111bined load den1ands (current versus tin1e) of the vaiious sections. The first section analyzed is the first peiiod of the duty cycle.
A2-A1
{I
1 1 ' 1
As-A2{
A(N--1)
A,,--A(N--1)
q
1 1 1 ' 1
AN
t
f-
'' '
1 1 '
..
' , , '1'1
'' '1
1 ' 1
z w
==
=r-P2
S3
:1
Psj
a: a:
::i
s<N--11
'' "f '"]
SN
TIME-
Figure 2-Generalized duty cycle diagram

Using the capacity rating factor (see 6.4.3) for the given cell range and the applicable te1nperature derating factor T1, a cell size is calculated that will supply the required current for the duration of the tirst period. For the second section, the capacity is ca1cu1ated assuming that the current A 1 required for the first peliod is continued through the second period; this capacity is then adjusted for the change in current (A2 - A 1) during the second period. In the saine tnanner, the capacity is calculated for each subsequent section of the duty
igs.nigc.ir
Std 1115-2000
cycle. This iterative process is continued until all sections of the duty cycle have been considered. The calculation of the capacity Fs required by each section S, where S can be any integer from 1 to N, can be expressed inathe1natically as follows:
1' =
s
(1)
}; [Ap-A(P-l)]K,T,
p
=1
The maximu1n capacity (111ax f s) ca1cu1ated detennines the ceH size that can be expressed by the fo11owing general equation:
S=N
cell size = max
f"s
(2)
s= 1
where
S
N
P
Ap Kr Tt
rs
is the section of the duty cycle being analyzed. Section S contains the first S periods of the duty cycle (for example, section S 5 contains periods 1 through 5). See Figure 2 for a graphical representation of 'section." is the nun1ber of periods in the duty cycle is the period being analyzed is the amperes required for period P is the titne in minutes fro111 the beginning of period P through the end of section S is the capacity rating factor (see 6.4.3) for a given cell type, at the t 111inute discharge rate, at 25 C, to a definite end-of-discharge voltage is the temperature derating factor at t minutes. based on electrolyte te1nperature at the start of the duty cyde is the capacity required by each section s
If the cu1Tent for period P + l is greater than the current for period P, then section S = P + 1 \vill require a larger cell than section S =P. Consequently, the calculations for section S = P can be 0111itted. 6.4.3 Capacity rating factor, K 1 The capacity rating factor, K 1, is the ratio of rated ampere-hour capacity (ata standard time rate, at 25 C, and to a standard end-of-discharge voltage) of a cell, to the amperes that can be supplied by that cell for t nlinutes at 25 C and to a given end-of-discharge voltage. K1 factors are available from the battery rnanufacturer, or may be calculated fro111 other published data (see Annex C). Equation (l) and Equation (2) can be combined as follows:
S=N S=NP=S
cell size
1nax
Fs S=l
max
[Ap-A(P-l)]K,T,
s = 1 i' = l
6.4.4 Random load calculations When equiprnent loads that occur at randorn are included as part of the battery duty cycle, it is necessary to calculate the cell size required for the duty cycle without the rando111 load(s) and then add thb: to the ceH size required for the random load(s) only.
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
6.5 Cell sizing worksheet

A worksheet, Figure 3, has been designed, and may be used to simplify the manual application of the procedure described in 6.4. Exan1ples of its use \:vill be found in Annex A, specifically in Figure A.3. lnstructions for proper use of the vvorksheet areas are as foHows: a) Fill in necessary information in the heading of the 1orksheet. The te1nperature and voltage recorded are those used in the calculations. The voltage used is the nlinitnum battery voltage divided by the nu1nber of ceHs in the battet)'. FiH in the ainperes and the 111inutes in c0Jun1ns (2) and (4) as indicated by the section heading notations. See Annex B for the method of converting power loads to current loads. Calculate and record the changes in mnperes as indicated in c0Jun1n (3). Record whether the changes are positive or negative. Calculate and record the amount of time in minutes from the start of each period to the end of the section as indicated in column (5). Record in column (6) the capacity rating factors K1, and in column (7) the temperature derating factors Tt, for each discharge titne calculated in column (5). colun1ns for po ;itive and negative values. g) h)
i)
b) c) d) e)
f) Calculate and record the cell size for each period as indicated in colunm (8). Note the separate sub-
Calculate and record in cohnnn (8) the subtotals and totals for each section as indicated. Record the inaxitnun1 section size [the largest total fro111 colunm (8)] in iten1 (9), the rando111 section size in item (10), and the uncorrecte<l size (US) in iten1s (11) aIRl ( 12). Enter the design margin (;,1.0) in item (13) and the aging factor (;,1.0) in item (14). Combine items (12), (13), ai1<l (14) as in<licated aIRl record the result in ite1n (15). required. Show the resuJt in ite1n (16).
j) When item (15) does not match the capacity of a con1mercially available cell, the next larger cell is
k) Fro1n the value in ite1n (16) and the inanufacturer's literature, deternline the co1nmercial designation of the required ce11 and record it in ite111 ( 17).
10
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Std 1115-2000
Projecl: Lowe,,;L EApeCled ElecLrolvle Temp(1) (2)
Datt:: FfC l\iinimum Cdl VollageCdl f'l.1Ig

(4)
Page: Cdl TvpeSized By (7) Temperalure Derating Factor for l f'l.1in (T1) (8) Retuired &clion Siz.e (3) X (6) X (7) = RaLed Amp Ilrs Pos. Values 1 Nerr. Values
(3J
Change in
(SJ
(6 Capacity Rating Faclor al L Min Rale (Kr)
Time to End Duration or Period uf Section ra res) (am1'l<':reSI (minutes! (minutes) Period Sect1011 1 - FJrst Penod Only - 1t A2 1s greater than A 1, go to Sect1011 2
LooJ
L""1
Sec 1 Section 2 - First Two Periods Onlv - if A3 is l:'reater thtm A2 l:'O to Section 3 1 IAl= IAl-0= IMI= IL=l\1l+M2= 2 IA2= IA2-Al= IM2= IL=l\12=
Tu tal
1 1
Sec
1 1
Sub Total
2
Section 3 - First Three Periods Only - if A4 is greater than A3, go to Section 4 Al= Al-{I= MI= t=Ml+M2+M3= A?t=l\/T2+M3A2-AI= A3= A3-A2= M3=
Tu tal
"'* *
'
Sec Sect1011 4 - F1rst Four Penods Onlv - 1f A5 1se crreater than A.4 g o to Sect1011 5 1 Al= Al-0= MI= l=Ml+ ..M4= 2 A2= A2-Al= M2= L=r...i2+1\13+M:4= IJ= A3-A2= M3= L=l\13+M4= 3 A4= A4-A3= M4= L=l\14= 4 Sec
Suh Total
..
Tu tal
*" * *
Sub Total Total
4
Seclion 5 - Firsl Five Period Onlv - if A6 i irrealer than AS. 1ro to Section 6 Al-{I= Al= MI= t=Ml+ ...M5= 1 2 A2= A2-AI= M2= t=M2+ ...M5= 3 A3-A2= M3= t=r...f3+1\14+f'l.f5= IJ= 4 A4= A4-A3= M4= t=M4+M5= 5 A5-A4= AS= M5= t=M5= Sec
"' * *
5
Seclion 6 - First SiA Period1; Onlv - if A7 i1; <JTI->alt:r Ulan A6, gu Lo Seclion 7 Al= Al--0= MI= t=r...fl+ ..M6= 2 A2= A2-Al= M2= l=M2+ ...M6=
Sub Tul.al Total
>;-
**
3
4
IJ=
A4= A5= A6=
5 6
A3-A2= A4-A3= A5-A4= A6-A5=
M3= M4= M5= M6=
L=r...i3+ ...M6= t=J\.14+M5+M6= t=M5+M6= t=f'l.16= Sec
6
Sect1011 7 FJrst Seven Penods Onh 1t A8 Al-{I= 1 Al= 2 A2= A2-Al= 3 A3= A3-A2= 1s greater than A? "'to Sect1on 8 MI= t=Ml+. .M?= M't=M2+ ..M7= M3= t=M3+. .M?= M4= M5= M6= M7= t=M4+ ..M7= L=r...i5+1\16+f'l.17= t=M6+f\.17= L=f'l.17= Sec 7 Random E1.1uipmenl Load Onlv (if needed) IAR-()= R IAR= MR= t=MR=
Sub Total Total
>;-
**
4 5 6
7
A4= AS= A6= A7=
A4-A3= A5-A4= A&-A5= A7-A6=
Sub Tul.al Total
"'* *
1
_
...
Maxirnurn Section Size (9) + Randorn Section Size (10) = Uncorrected Size (US) (11) US (12) x Design Margin (1:1) _I_. x Aging Factor (14) _I_. = (15) _ When the cell J:dze <15) is greater than a standard cell size, the next larger cell is required.
Required cell size <16)
Ampere Hours. Therefore cell (17)
is required.
Figure 3-Cell sizing worksheet
11
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
AnnexA
(informative)
Duty cycle
In the following example, the duty cycle used is that of Figure A.! and the lowest expected electrolyte te1nperature is O C. Subclause A. l provides an exa1nple of a calculation selecting the nu1nber of cells to be used in the battet)'. Subclause A.2 shows how the cell sizing worksheet can be used to calculate the required cell size.
A.1 Required number of cells

Example: The de system voltage limits are from 105 V to 140 V; for the particular cell type being considered
(see subclause A.2), the 111anufacturer recon1n1ends a cell voltage of 1.47 V for satisfactot)' charging. The battery and charger n1ust re111ain directly connected to the de system at aH thnes. Number of cells = 140 V/ 1.47 V per cell = 95 .2, therefore 95 celis End-ofdischarge voltage = 105 V! 95 cells = 1.10 V per cell
A.2 Required cell capacity

From the battery duty cycle diagrain, Figure A.l, V1 e can construct Table A.1, vvhich V1 ill be of value in filling in the ceH sizing worksheet. The last colu111n of Table AJ shows the capacity ren1oved for each peliod. The total ampere-hour capacity removed may be used to detennine the initial cell size (see 6.4.1) for the calculation. Table A.2 shows hypothetical tabular discharge data for the KM 1nectiu111 perfonnance cell range i11m1ufactured by the ABC Co111pany. The table gives current values for dischmges started at 25 C m1d terminated when the average cell voltage reaches 1.1 O V. In this example, the total capacity removed is 433 Ah and the next larger cell size is KM438P. Therefore, the capacity rating factors (K1 ) for the initial calculation are derived fron1 the data for this cell type. These factors are shown in Table A.3.
1 1
Figure A.2 shows hypothetical temperature derating factors (Tt) for KM cells over a wide range of te1nperatures.
12
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Std 1115-2000
320 280 24-0 200 180 120 80 4-0
- L, L;
r,
IL1I
U )
w a: w
"-
1 1
"-<'
"
Lo
.08
't'
SECTION 1 SECTION 2
30
t'
T-;;;,00
j
60
,,
120 90 MINUTES
J'
150
179.4 180
r .
..J L.. R
SECTION3
14--- SECTION 4
14------ SECTION 5 ------.-
'4------ SECTION 6
Figure A.1-Battery duty cycle diagram
Table A.1-Sample cell sizing data

Capacity removed
(Ali)
Period
l
l,oads
L 1 +L2
L1 +L3 L1 +L3+L4+L5 L1 +L3 +L4
Total amperes
320 100 280 200 40 120 100
Duration (min)
0.08 (5 s)
0.43 49.87 140.00 200.00 39.61 1.16 1.67 432.74
2
3 4 5 6 7
29.92
30
60
59.42 0.58 (35 s) 1
L1
L1 + L
L7
Total
13
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
Table A.2-Hypothetical discharge currents for KM cell range manufactured by ABC Company (Discharge amperes to 1.10 V/cell after prolonged float charging)
Rated Ah
Cell type KM369P KM392P KM415P KM438P KM461P KM505P KM555P KM625P KM690P KM740P KM830P KM920P KM965P KM1040P KM1150P KM1220P KM1390P
ls
878 927 984 1041 1090 1197 1317 1480 1635 1756 1968 2181 2287 2464 2726 2896 3299
60 s
15min
30min
60min
90min
120 min
180 min
300min
480min
369 392 415 438 461 505 555 625 690 740 830 920 965 1040 1150 1220 1390
627 666 705 743 786 857 942 1062 1175 1260 1409 1565 1643 1770 1954 2074 2365
334 355 375 396 417 457 502 565 624 669 754 833 876 941 1041 1106 1257
266 282 299 315 332 364 400 450 497 533 598 663 695 750 831 882 1000
207 220 233 246 258 283 311 350 387 415 465 516 541 583 645 684 776
166 177 187

198
138 147 155 164 173 189 208 234 258 277 311 345 361 390 431 457 521
107 l 13 120 127 133 146 161 181 200 214 240 266 279 301 333 353 402
72.0 76.4 80.9 85.4 89.9 98.5 108 122 135 144 162 179 188 203 224 238 271
45.4 48.2 51.0 53.9 56.7 62.1 68.3 76.9 84.9 91.0 102 113 119 128 141 150 171
208 228 250 282 31l 334 374 415 435 469 519 550 627
The Kr factor for ti111e t is calculated in the following table by interpolation using the forn1ula
2 -K, 1 )x(t 2 -t) K _ (K,
K,
,,
(t,-t,)
Note that interpolation n1ust be pe1for111ed onJy on the K 1 factors. Inte1p0Jation of current va1ues will yieJd incorrect results.
14
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Std 1115-2000
Table A.3-Calculation of capacity rating factors (K1 ) for KM438P Cell Type
(1)
(2)
Discharge timet
(min)
Time/1 from dat.a

(min)
Time 12 from data

(min)
Amperes for time t1

(A)
Amperes for time t2

(A)
Factor K 11 for time t1

438 + (1) 0.421 0.421 1.390 1.390 1.780 2.212 2.212 2.671 2.671 2.671 3.449
Factor K 1 2 for time t2

438 + (2) 0.590 0.590
-
Factor K1 for time t
0.083 0.583 30 59.92 60 90 119.92 120 150 179.92 180
0.017 0.017 30 30 60 90 90 120 120 120 180
1 1
-
1041 1041 315 315 246 198 198 164 164 164 127
743 743
-
0.432 0.518 1.390 l.779

1.780
60
-
246
-
1.780
-
2.212 2.670 2.671 3.060 3.448 3.449
120
-
164
-
2.671
-
180 180
-
127 127
-
3.449 3.449
-
1.00 1.10 1.20

% OFRATED
90
80
5 ,hr
1.30 CORRECTlON FACTOR (TJ
PERFORMANCE
70
1.40
'"'
60 60 rnin ao rnin
1.60
1.BO
2.00
50
1 sec-
10.'!"Jin
40 - 20 -30
2.40
' ..
,- f
o 10 ,-,-,-T
10
so
so
ro
20
2.80
-
80
20
10
TEMPERATURE
Figure A.2-Hypothetical temperature derating curves for KM cell manufactured by ABC Company
15
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
The data in Table A.3 and Figure A.2 are entered in Figure AJ. Jn this case, the calculation yields a required cell size of 905 Ah. Since the original K, factors were derived for a cell with a rated capacity of 438 Ah, it is necessary to check that these are co1npatible with the K1 factors for the larger cell. In this case, an exannation of the data in Table A.2 shows that the K 1 factors for the KM920P are essentially the same as for the KM438P, so no further work is necessary. Tf the K1 factors are different, the calculation should be repeated with the new values. This iterative process should be continued until the Kr factors for the calculated cell type are compatible with those used in the sizing worksheet.
Pro"cct 1:-:xam kDut e de Lowestl::ixj>e(:re<l o Elcccrolytc Tcmp

(1) (2)
Date: 2'2'98
PH Sizc<l Bv J :vicD (7) T<-mperature Deraring Factor for r :vtin

(8) Require:I S<-crion Sil<"
e
0)
Minimurn Cdl Voltage:
110 V
(4)
Cdl Mfg
ABC Co
(5)
Cdl Tvpc' y
(6)
Chang.e in Duration Lood or Pcriod Peliod lanu:ietesl lainoeu::s) iminutesl Sccrion 1 First Pcriod Otilv if A2 is l'(Catcr than Al, e-o 10 Sccrio11 2 1 Al320Al-O= 320Ml0.08t=M1Section 2 - First Two Periods nlv - if AJ is crreater !han A2 "to S.Xtion 3 IAI= IAlO= IMI= IA2IA2-Alllv12-
Time ro F.nd of Sccon iminut.es) 0.08
Capacity Raring factor at t Min Rate ( K 1) OA32 Sec 1
(1)' (t'i) < (7) = Ratcd Anl" Hrs Pos. Values

1
o;;
Total 1
Ne2. Values
'
1 1
1.23
170.0 170.0
'
lt-:'\lll+M2= lt=M2-
1 1
Sec 2
Suh To .tl Total
Secrion 3 - Fin;r Three Periods Only - it A4 is weater tlrnn A3, go to Secrion 4 1AI 3201Al-O= 3l01MI 0.081t=:\11+M2+:\13 1 A2= IOOI A2-A 1-220 IM229.921 t=:\12+M3IAJ2801A3-A21801M3JOlt=MJ-
00
59.921
1.780 1.779
:;:n
1 1
'
1.15 1.1.'i Sub Total Total 12 1.12 1.13 1.15 Suh Total Total
655.0 450.1 655.0 205.0 957.:i 6 7 .9 449.9

lfi3.H
s
3 Secrion 4 - Fint Four Periorl1; Onlv - if A.'i i1; e:remer than A4. e:o tD Section .'i Al= .l20 Al-O= :UO MI= 0.08 t=Ml+ ..:\14= IOO A2-AI-220 M229.92 t:=M2+1vB+M4280 A3-A2rno MJ= 30 t=:'\113+M4= 4 200 A4-A3-80 M460 t:=M4120 9.92 l.f.71 2.fi70 2.212
1.780
450.l
"' "'
Sec 4
1407 .2 585.6
821.6
Secrion 5 - First Five Periods 0111;. Al-
i A0 is grearer 1ha11 A5, go ro Section o Al-O= A2-AIA3-A2A4-A3= A5-A4= MIM2MJM4= M5= t=Ml+ ...:\15t=M2+ ...:\15t=:'\113+M4+:'\115t=:\14+Jl.15= t=1vl5= Sec
A"
4
.AJ-
A4= A5=
Suh Total
Total
Secrion fi - Fir't Six Period' Onlv - if A 7 is <ll'eater than Afi, l!f.> m Section 7 Al= 320 Al-O= 320 MI= 0.08 t=Ml+ ..:vt6= A2100 A2-AI -220 M229.92 t:=M2+ .\-16 A34 280 A3-A2= 200 A4-A340 A5-A4= 120 A6-A5A4= A5
180 179.92 ISO 12()
-lw
''
M3-
30 t=M3+ . .:\-1660 t=:'\114+M5+:'\116= 59.4l t=:\15+M0 0.58 t=M6=
>O M4=
l\.[5
w
0.58
A6"
80 M6=
3.449 3.448 3.0fiO 2.671 1.780 0.518 Sec
1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.15 1.23 Suh To .tl Total
1225.1 842.0 616.9 239.3 3l7 .5 51.0 1893.0 484.1 1408.R
Section 7 - FirM Seven Period:; nl - if A8 is 0reater !han A7. "'-' to Sex:tion 8 Al= Al-O= MI= Al-Al= l'.12= M3A3A3-A2= M4= 4 A4-A3= A5 A5-A4= Afi-A5 M' A7A7-A6'n-
'
t-Ml+. :vt7t=M2+. :\17= t=M3+. :\>f7t=M4+. :\>f7= t=:\15+M6+:\17 t=:\1fi+M7 t=M7-
s
7 R !AR IOO!AR--0 100 li>.fR 1 lt=:\1R
Sub Total Total 1.23 72.6
11
O.'i90 filB l
j_fil ,fi_ + Ramlom Section Si1 (10) ]_1_,Q = Crn.:orrected Size (llSl (11) US (121 .....fS..2._ x Design Margin (131 x Aging Factor (141 = (15)--2Qi.Q. When the cell size ( 15) is greater than a standard cell size. the next larger cell is required. Required cell siz.e (161 ---2QL Ampere Hourn. TherefOJe cell (l7) M22Q_ is required. Maximum Section Size (9)
Figure A.3-Sample worksheet
16
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE Std 1115-2000
Annex B
(informative)
Converting constant power loads to constant current loads

Loads applied to the battery are nor1nally typed as constant power, constant resistance, or constant current. The designer should revievv each syste111 carefully to ensure all possible loads and their variations have been incJuded. Battery voltage decreases as the battery discharges. The a1nount by which the battery voltage decreases depends on the inten1al battery resistance and the load placed on the battery. Tnverten; and de/de power supplies are usually constant power loads. For constant power loads, the battery's discharge current increases as its voltage decreases. The voltage drop may be increased by the cable resistance and the resuhing discharge cu1Tent wiH be higher. It is desirab1e to consider the increase in discharge eurrent a5 battery voltage declines. This can be calculated as follows:
p
E"
where
lav P
Ea
is the average discharge current in amperes for the diseharge period is the discharge load, in W is the average discharge voltage for the discharge period
Since the average battery voltage is dependent on a number of factors, infonnation is not readily available from the battery inanufacturer. A conservative inethod of converting \A.1atts to a1nperes assun1es a constant current for the entire load duration which is equal to the current being supplied by the battery at the end of the discharge period (1ninhnu1n volts, n1axitnun1 ainperes). Thus,
p
where
lmw:
P
Emin
is the diseharge current at the end of the diseharge period is the discharge load, in W is the minimum permissible battery voltage
E.xa1nple: For a nominal 48 V system with a minimum battery voltage of 42 V and a voltage drop from the battery to the load of 2 V, a eonstant power load of 5000 W \A.1ill discharge the battery at a eurrent no greater than
5000W 40 V
125 A
For constant resistance loads, current decreases as the voltage decrea5es. De motor starting, emergency lighting, relays, eontactors, and indicating lights are usually constant resistanee. A constant resistance load may be conservativeJy estimated as a constant current load with the foHowing for1nuJa:
Copyright
2000
IEEE.
All
rights
reservad.
17
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
[max
Enom
Ra
or
[max
where
lma.x
h"nom
Rav
WR
is the maxin1un1 discharge current is the nominal system voltage is the resistance of the load(s) is the discharge power at the non1inal systen1 voltage
Simi larly, as for power loads, the load current can be calculated using the average battery voltage. System voltage drop to the loads can also be considered. Por constant current Joads, current is approxitnateJy constant as the voltage decreases. Running de motors can be approximated a5 constant current. Within the normal battery voltage range, the flux is fairly constant in the n1otor. Modeling a de tnotor as a constant current is conservative if the voltage tnaintains the n1otor in saturation.
18
igs.nigc.ir
Std 1115-2000
Annex C
(informative)
Calculating capacity rating factors

Under certain circu1nstances, it may be necessary to calculate capacity rating (K1) factors from other data published by the 1nanufacturer. For exainple, K1 factors 111ay not be available for a specitic end-of-discharge vo1tage and/or for a pai1icu1ar discharge tin1e. Published discharge data for nickel-cad1niun1 cells are n1ost con1111only available in tabular fonn, in which the current available fro111 each cell type is stated for a given dischaige time and end-of-discharge voltage. Por intermediate times and voltages, it is necessary to interpolate between the kno\'111 values. The charging tnethod used as a basis for the published data is an importai1t factor. For a stationary fioat appJication, data based on pro1onged constant potentiaJ charging shou1d be used. If constant current charging ha5 been used to establish the discharge data, appropriate ftoat correccion factors should be obtained from the tnanufacturer. These fioat charging correction factors, which express the proportion of the constant-currentchaiging-based pe1i"or111ance that is available after prolonged operation on fioat charging, aie published for specific discharge ti111es and end-of-discharge voltages. To calculate a K1 factor fron1 discharge data for prolonged fioat charging, the rated capacity of the cell is divided by the discharge cu1Tent for the specified tne and end-of-discharge vohage: K, Rated capacity in ampere hours Discharge current in atnperes
Using discharge data derived from constant current charging, the fonnula becomes Rated capacity in a1npere hours Discharge current in ainperes x FJoat co1Tection factor It is nportant to note that K1 factors calculated by this 111ethod are specific to the cell type in question ai1d may not be applicable for all cell types in a particular range. If the calculated cell type from item (17) of the cell sizing \Vorksheet (Figure 3) is not the same as the cell type used for K 1 factors, it may be necessary to calculate new Kt factors for a inore appropriate cell type (see 6.4.1).
19
igs.nigc.ir
IEEE
Std 1115-2000
Annex D
(informative)
Bibliography
[Bl] Hoxie, E.A., "Sorne discharge characteristics of lead-acid batteries;' AJEE Transactions (Applications and lndustry), vol. 73, pp. 17-2, 1954. [B2] IEC 60623 (1990-03), Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells. [B3] IEEE Std 323-1983 (Reaff 1990), IEEE S1andard for Qualifying Class JE Equipment for Nuclear
Power Generating Stacions.
[B4] IEEE Std 627-1980 (Reaff 1996), IEEE Standard for Design Qualification of Safety System Equipment
Used in Nuclear Power Generating Stations.
[B5] IEEE Std 946-1992, IEEE Recommendect Practice for fhe Design of DC Auxiliary Power Systems for
Generating Stations.
[B6] IEEE Std 1144-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.
[B7] The /Ht,'E Standard Dictionary { f t,'[ectrical and t,'[ectronics Tern1s, Sixth Edicion.
20

1115

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1115

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

igs.nigc.

IEEE Std 1115-2000

IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 29

Approved 30 March 2000

IEEE-SA Standards Board

ISBN 0-7381-1950-4 ISBN 0-7381-1951-2

James A. McDowall, Clur

The following persons were on the balloting conunittee:

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE Standards Project Editor

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

4. Defining loads ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Annex D (informative) Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 20

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

4. Defining loads 4.1 General considerations

4.2 Load classifications

4.2.1 Continuous loads

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS

IEEE Std 1115-2000

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

320 280 240

w o: w o.. :::; <o:

'.4 180 179

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS

5.1 Cell designs

5.2 Selection Factors

6. Determining battery size

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

6.1 Number of cells

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS

6.2 Additional considerations

6.2.1 Temperature derating factor (T1 )

6.2.2 Design margin

6.2.3 Aging factor

6.3 Effects of constant potential charging

Std 111 5-2000

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

6.4 Cell size

6.4.1 lnitial cell size

6.4.2 Sizing methodology

'' "f '"]

Figure 2-Generalized duty cycle diagram

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS

cell size = max

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

6.5 Cell sizing worksheet

Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reservad.

NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS

IEEE Std 1115-2000

Projecl: Lowe,,;L EApeCled ElecLrolvle Temp(1) (2)

Datt:: FfC l\iinimum Cdl VollageCdl f'l.1Ig

(6 Capacity Rating Faclor al L Min Rale (Kr)

Sub Total Total