Industrial microbiology, the mayor foundation of biotechnology; arose out of empirical developments in the production of wine, vinegar, beer

and sake and with the traditional fungai fermentations used in Asia and Africa for the production of food. An experimental approach to the production of microbial metabolites only began at the beginning off the 20th century. Up until the time of World War II, the main microbial products that had been developed from this experimental approach were enzymes such as proteases, amylases and invertase. Mikrobiologi Industri, dasar walikota bioteknologi; muncul dari perkembangan empiris dalam produksi anggur, cuka, bir dan sake dan dengan fermentasi fungai tradisional yang digunakan di Asia dan Afrika untuk produksi pangan. Pendekatan eksperimentaluntuk produk si metabolit mikroba baru mulai pada awal dari abad ke-20. Sampai saat Perang Dunia II, produk mikroba utama yang telah dikembangkan dari pendekatan ini percobaan enzim seperti protease, amilase dan invertase

A mayor breakthrough in biochemical and microbial engineering occurred after world war II as a result of the large scale production of the first antibiotic, penicillin. In order to produce this antibiotic economically, important engineering development of techniques for large-scale sterilization, aeration, and growth of microorganisms. In addition, genetic methods for microbial strain improvement were perfected. Sebuah terobosan walikota dalam biokimia dan rekayasa mikroba terjadi setelah perang dunia II sebagai akibat dari produksi skala besar dari penisilin antibiotik pertama,. Untuk menghasilkan ini pengembangan rekayasa antibiotik ekonomis, yang penting teknik untuk sterilisasi skala besar, aerasi, dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.Selain itu, metode genetik untuk perbaikan strain mikroba yang disempurnakan.

From word war II up until about 1960, the major new biotechnology products were antibiotics. Through intense efforts of the pharmaceutical industry, numerous new antibiotics were discovered and of these around 20 were put into commercial production. In addition, in this early post-World-War-II period, processes were developed for the chemical transformation of steroids and the culture of animal cells for the production of virus vaccines was perfected.

Dari kata perang II sampai sekitar tahun 1960, produk-produk bioteknologi utama baru antibiotik. Melalui upaya intens dari industri farmasi, antibiotik baru banyak ditemukan dan dari jumlah ini sekitar 20 telah dimasukkan ke dalam produksi komersial. Selain itu, dalam periode pascaPerang Dunia-II awal, proses dikembangkan untuk transformasi kimia steroid dan budaya sel hewan untuk produksi vaksin virus disempurnakan.

In the period from 1960 through 1975, new microbial processes for the production of amino acids and 5 nucleosides as flavor enhancers were developed, primaly in japan. In addition, numerous processes for enzyme production for industrial, analytic and medical purposes were perfected. During the same period, successfull techniques for the immobilization of enzymes and cells were developed. During this time a further development was the use of continuous fermentation for the production of single-cell protein from yeast and bacteria for use as human and animal food. Single-cells protein processes were developed using microorganisms capable of using petroleum-based starting materials such as gas oil, alkanes and methanol. In this same period, microbial biopolymers such as xanthan and dextran, used as food additives, were also developed into commercial processes. Somewhat distinct processes that were advanced during this period were the use of microorganisms for tertiary oil recovery (an aspect of geomicrobiology) and the perfection of techniques for anaerobic cultivation of microorganism,derived out of studies on the sewage treatment processes Dalam periode 1960 sampai 1975, proses mikroba baru untuk produksi asam amino dan 5 nukleosida sebagai peningkat rasa dikembangkan, prima di Jepang. Selain itu, berbagai proses produksi enzim untuk keperluan industri, analitik dan medis disempurnakan. Selama periode yang sama, teknik yang sukses untuk imobilisasi enzim dan sel

dikembangkan. Selama waktu ini pengembangan lebih lanjut adalah penggunaan fermentasi sinambung untuk produksi protein sel tunggal dari ragi dan bakteri untuk digunakan sebagai makanan manusia dan hewan. Single-sel proses protein tersebut dikembangkan dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme mampu menggunakan bahan awal berbasis minyak bumi seperti minyak gas, alkana dan metanol. Dalam periode yang sama, biopolimer mikroba seperti xanthan dan dekstran, digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan, juga dikembangkan ke dalam proses komersial. proses Agak berbeda yang maju selama periode ini adalah penggunaan mikroorganisme untuk pemulihan minyak tersier (aspek Geomikrobiologi) dan kesempurnaan teknik untuk budidaya anaerobik mikroorganisme, berasal dari penelitian tentang proses pengolahan limbah