1.

0 Piles

Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity or pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface.

Piles Foundation is used when: i. ii. iii. iv. The soil near the surface doesnt have sufficient bearing capacity (weak) to support the structural loads. The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits. Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural loads is excessive. Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil are difficult or expensive.

Pile failure

2.0 Deep Foundation

A deep foundation is used to transfer loads from a structure above ground through upper weak strata of soil to a more competent one at depth, beyond which shallow foundations become both impractical and uneconomic. The most common form of deep foundation is provided by using piles which can be categorised as either replacement or displacement. Deep foundations penetrate through upper layers of incompetent soil in order to transfer load to competent bearing soil or rock deeper within the earth. These foundations penetrate incompetent soil until a satisfactory bearing stratum is reached. This is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. Deep foundations usually L/B > 5 L = pile length, B = dia. or breadth of pile

3.0 Type of Deep Foundation

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES :Based on material Concrete Steel Timber Based on method of construction/installation. Driven /Displacement Pre cast Piles Driven/Displacement Cast in Situ Piles Bored/ Replacement Pre cast piles Bored/ Replacement Cast in situ piles. BASED ON LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM End bearing piles Friction/Floating piles Bearing cum Friction piles

4.0 Material
4.1 STEEL

PIPE PILE

H-PILE

Pipe piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for battered piles. Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil is allowed to enter the bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet of water or an auger can be used to remove the soil inside following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering the bottom of the pile with a steel plate or cast steel shoe. In some cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional moment capacity or corrosion resistance. In the United Kingdom, this is generally not done in order to reduce the cost. In these cases corrosion protection is provided by allowing for a sacrificial thickness of steel or by adopting a higher grade of steel. If a concrete filled pipe pile is corroded, most of the load carrying capacity of the pile will remain intact due to the concrete, while it will be lost in an empty pipe pile. The structural capacity of pipe piles is primarily calculated based on steel strength and concrete strength (if filled). An allowance is made for corrosion depending on the site conditions and local building codes. H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the ground for deep foundation application. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit splicer. If the pile is driven into a soil with low pH value, then there is a

risk of corrosion, coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to slow or eliminate the corrosion process. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way the corrosion process can be prolonged up to 50 years.

4.2 TIMBER

As the name implies, timber piles are made of wood. Historically, timber has been a plentiful, locally-available resource in many areas. Today, timber piles are still more affordable than concrete or steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete), and depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not be suitable for heavier loads. A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they should be protected from rotting above groundwater level. Timber will last for a long time below the groundwater level. For timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen. Below the groundwater level, oxygen is lacking even though there is ample water. Hence, timber tends to last for a long time below groundwater level. It has been reported that some timber piles used during 16th century in Venice still survive since they were below groundwater level. Timber that is to be used above the water table can be protected from decay and insects by numerous forms of wood preservation using pressure treatment (ACQ, CCA, creosote, etc.). Splicing timber piles is still quite common and is the easiest of all the piling materials to splice. The normal method for splicing is by driving the leader pile first, driving a steel tube (normally 60100 cm long, with an internal diameter no smaller than the minimum toe diameter) half its length onto the end of the leader pile. The follower pile is then simply slotted into the other end of the tube and driving continues. The steel tube is simply there to ensure that the two pieces follow each other during driving. If uplift capacity is required, the splice can incorporate bolts, coach screws, spikes or the like to give it the necessary capacity. In simple words we can conclude that timber is:i. ii. iii. Have been used since ancient times Easy to cut and splice. Requires no special handling.

iv. v. vi.

The pile length is usually limited to less than 100 feet. Timber piles have a limited load-carrying ability. Subject to insect attack and organic decay.

4.3 CONCRETE

4.3.1 Precast Concrete

Precast reinforced concrete piles are common nowadays. These piles are commonly in square sections ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m. Other pile sections may include hexagonal, circular, triangular and H shapes. Maximum allowable axial loads can be up to about 1 000 57kN. The lengths of pile sections are often dictated by the practical considerations including transportability, handling problems in sites of restricted area and facilities of the casting yard. These piles can be lengthened by coupling together on site. Splicing methods commonly adopted in construction include welding of steel end plates or the use of epoxy mortar with dowels. Specially fabricated joints have been successfully used in other countries, e.g. Scandinavia. This type of pile is not suitable for driving into ground that contains a significant amount of boulders or core stones.

4.3.2 In-situ Concrete

Formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground to the desired depth and cavity of shell is filled with fluid concrete. Driven cast-in-place concrete piles are formed by driving a steel tube into the ground to the required set or depth and withdrawing the tube after concrete placement. The tube maybe driven either at the top or at the bottom with hammer acting on an internal concrete or compacted gravel plug. A range of pile sizes is available, up to 600 mm in diameter. The maximum allowable axial load is about 1 400 kN. The maximum length of such piles constructed in Malaysia is about 30 m. In this method, the steel tube is provided with a loose conical or flat cast-iron shoe which keeps the tube closed during driving. Light blows are usually imparted to the tube during extraction, thus assisting concrete compaction. For bottom-driven, cast-in-place piles with an expanded base, the tube does not have to withstand direct impact and can be of a smaller thickness. Also, the piling rig does not need to be as tall as rigs for other driven cast-in-place piling systems. When pile driving is completed, the tube is held against further penetration and the bottom plug is driven out by the hammer within the tube. An enlarged pile base is formed using 'dry' mix concrete, with a water/cement ratio of approximately 0.2, which is rammed heavily with the internal hammer.

5.0 Load Transfer

5.1 End Bearing

Pile will transmit load into the firm soil layer of the ground such as rock, gravel, very dense sand.

5.2 Friction Skin

Pile transmits the load from the structure to the penetrable soil by means of skin friction or cohesion between the soil & the embedded surface of the pile.

6.0 INSTALLATION
6.1 Displacement

Deep foundation tapped, pushed, vibrate or screw into the ground where it can change the position of the soil around and under it without transferring or removing the soil.

6.2 Non-displacement

Deep foundation which the hole formed in the ground with the transfer or removed from the ground and replaced with concrete that formed in the soil.

7.0 FACTORS FOR DEEP FOUNDATION

STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS o Weight of the building, which allowed deposition etc.

STATE UNDERGROUND o Types of soil strata, bearing capacity of soil, groundwater levels, etc. Bedrock depth

PROJECT SIZE o Big or small, localized or separate.

STRENGTHS PILE o Pile load bearing strength, resistance from water, chemical effect, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS o Noise, vibration and ground movement

 COST and economically o Material prices, transportation, machinery used, the skills / expertise required

IMPLEMENTATION OF WORK o It is easy or difficult to use, quick or delayed

8.0 Installation of Deep Foundation

Implementation cultivation or perlantakan pile can be divided into a number of methods: Driven

This means using heavy knocker like Pile 'a' frame has a hammer-be released on the pile according to the specified height knock up to a level 'set' which can no longer penetrate the pile into the ground. Pressure

This means using hydraulic machinery hydraulic machine will be pressing in the pile into the ground up to the specified depth. Depth is determined based on the workload of a pile through meter readings on machinery for example, according to the design pile load is 12 tonnes then the set will be reached when readings reach 24 tons, which is 2 times the work load usually pile type "precast micro injection Pile" and "v-Pile" of length 3m and 4.5m not interfere with the surrounding circumstances in terms of noise and vibration.