Chng 2: Hnh thanh va luan giai van e nghien cu

Chng nay se i sau ve viec hnh thanh va luan giai van e nghien cu- gm cc van e sau ay: 2.12.1-Vat lon hay tran tr vi van e nghien cu 2.22.2-Mc o ly thuyet va thc nghiem, nghien cu va kien thc 2.32.3-Cac khai niem: Cac khoi c xay dng trong nghien cu 2.42.4-Cac mo hnh trong nghien cu 2.52.5-Vai tro cua tong quan ly thuyet, tai lieu qua kh 2.62.6-Ket luan-Phng php lun NC

2.1 2.1-Vat lon hay tran tr vi van e nghien cu

Nghien cu la vat lon vi van e nghien cu. e tra li hay giai quyet van e nghien cu, ngi nghien cu can phai co kha nang tra li hai cau hoi sau: (1) Cai g la van e can nghien cu? (2) Toi phai tien hanh e giai quyet van e ay nh the nao? Chien lc hu ch e nam c van e nghien cu la at ra cac cau hoi.

2.1 2.1-Vat lon hay tran tr vi van e NC

Cac cau hoi tot thng co cac ac tnh sau: No bieu hien c moi quan he gia mot hoac nhieu bien so; No ro rang, tc hoi cai g, van e g la co the hieu c. Th du 1: Ngi quan ly tiep th muon biet xu hng mua hang cua cong ty hng vao cac ho gia nh ln hay nho. Cau hoi co kha nng la: Co hay khong moi quan he gia quy mo ho vi thien hng mua hang?, Hoac cu the hn: Cac ho ln thch mua hang cua cong ty hn la cac ho nho?.

Trong trng hp nay co hai bien so la quy mo ho va thien hng mua hang

Bieu 2.1: Kiem nghiem ket qua khao sat marketing

Quy mo ho Ho ln Ho nho Tong so So lng ho theo loai ho 200 300 500 So ho mua hang theo loai ho 50 30 80

NHAN XET
Ket qua tren cho thay thien hng mua hang cua nhom ho ln la ln hn nhom ho nho (50/200=0.25 cho ho ln va 30/300=0.1 cho ho nho), va tng ng la co moi quan he dng (thuan) gia qui mo ho va thien hng mua hang Th du 2: Van e at ra nghien cu ban au thng la m ho va chung chung. Chang han mot ngi quan ly kinh doanh cong ty gap kho khan e hieu cai g tac ong en hoat ong cua cong ty trong thi gian qua. Lam sao van e m ho (cha ro) nay co the c nam bat, tiep can?.

T mot phep tnh ke toan nh sau: Li nhuan= (gia-cac chi ph bien oi)x so lng SP SP-cac chi ph co nh Da vao cong thc hay mo hnh tnh toan tren co the nay sinh mot so cau hoi nh sau: Lieu gia ca co lam cho san xuat cua cong ty giao ong? Lieu cong ty s dung mot loai nguyen lieu tho au vao co tac ong lam gia tang cao? Co phai do tac ong t pha cau lam cho san xuat cua cong ty b giao ong hay khong? Cau hoi at ra: Toi a a ra c nhng cau hoi quan trong cha?

Th du 2:

2.2 2.2-Mc o ly thuyet va thc nghiem, nghien cu va kien thc

Theo s o ve cac bc nghien cu chng 1, bc 1 va 2 co the c phan loai nh nhng hoat ong mc o ly thuyet, cac hoat ong lien quan en bc 33-6 la mc o thc nghiem. Kien thc co the c phan loai qua nhieu cach khac nhau, chang han nh: Cac ly thuyet/cac mo hnh; Cac khai niem; Cac phng phap/ky thuat; va Cac d kien.

2.2 2.2-Mc o ly thuyet va thc nghiem, nghien cu va kien thc (tt)

Cai g la ong gop mong i trong nghien cu cua toi? Trong cac tai lieu nghien cu, iem khac biet thng c tao ra gia hai chien lc hay hai cach tiep can sau: Ly thuyet trc nghien cu; va Nghien cu trc ly thuyet

S o 2.1: Trnh bay va s dung ly thuyet

Kien thc (ly thuyet); Cac ly thuyet/mo hnh; Cac quan niem (nhan thc); Cac phng phap/ky thuat; Cac s kien Van e Cac quan sat/ menh e

Giai thch s o
S o tren mo ta hai chien lc nghien cu. Trong trng hp 1 nhiem vu chnh la phai nhan biet cac khai niem, ly thuyet co lien quan, va phai chnh sa nhan thc hay quan niem (ly thuyet) oi vi van e c xem xet ky lng. Trong trng hp sau cung, nhiem vu chu yeu la phai nhan biet cac nhan to thch hp va xay dng cac giai thch (ly thuyet).

Giai thch s o
Chien lc th hai, nghien cu trc ly thuyet, bat au vi nhng quan sat/thu thap d lieu. Hai iem can c chu y trc khi la chon chien lc nay la: Phai can co ly do cho viec la chon mot cach tiep can nh vay. Neu nh kien thc thch hp a co san th ieu nay la ket thuc de dang. g. Cach tiep can nay ap dung xay dng ly thuyet, ieu nay la khac vi kiem nh ly thuyet. . Kien thc/ky nang yeu cau cho mot nghien cu nh vay la khac vi cac nghien cu thc hien e kiem nh ly thuyet, nhng eu co yeu cau ve s dung cac phng phap thong ke.

2.3 2.3-Cac khai niem: Cac khoi c xay dng trong nghien cu
Cac khai niem la phan cot yeu trong tu tui cong cu cua ngi nghien cu. Chung ap ng mot loat cac chc nang quan trong bao gom: Cac khai niem la nen tang cua thong tin truyen at. Khong co cac khai niem/quan niem ong tnh th viec thong tin truyen at la khong the co y ngha.

Chc nang cua cac khai niem (tt)

Cac khai niem/quan niem gii thieu mot vien canh: mot phng cach cua viec quan sat the gii thc nghiem. Cac khai niem la phng cach phan loai va khai quat hoa. Cac khai niem ap ng nh nhng thanh phan cua cac ly thuyet/mo hnh va v the la cua ca nhng giai thch va nhng d oan.

3-Cac khai niem: Cac khoi c xay dng trong nghien cu (tt)
S ro rang va chnh xac cua cac khai niem at c thong qua cac nh ngha. Co hai loai nh ngha c phan biet o la nh ngha thuoc ve nhan thc va nh ngha thuoc ve hanh ong (hoac thong qua cac phep tnh). Nhng nh ngha mo ta cac khai niem qua s dung cac khai niem khac la nhng nh ngha nhan thc hay nh ngha ly thuyet.

Th du nh ngha ly thuyet
Th du khai niem ve th trng c xac nh trong cac tai lieu marketing Trong o cac khai niem ve khach hang, can mua, mua, co the s dung e xac nh khai niem th trng Hoac khai niem ve cong nghiep xac nh trong cac tai lieu chien lc nh mot nhom cac cong ty san xuat cac san pham la nhng vat thay the lan nhau nhau. . ay cong ty, san pham, va vat thay the la nhng khai niem cot yeu e giai thch khai niem cong nghiep.

e s dung c, cac nh ngha can co cac ac tnh sau:

Chung phai vach ra cac quan iem thong nhat (duy nhat) hoac cac ac tnh cua bat c cai g c xac nh Chung khong c vong quanh. quanh. Chang han xac nh thay oi th trng nh la thay oi a iem trong th trng, cach nh ngha nh vay la khong lam noi bat s truyen at Chung phai c xac nh mot cach xac thc ro rang, tc la bao gom nhng ac tnh cua mot khai niem c xac nh Chung phai s dung nhng li le, ngon t ro rang. g.

nh ngha hoat ong (thc hanh)

nh ngha hoat ong la tap hp nhng chuoi hanh ong mo ta cac hoat ong e thiet lap thc nghiem mot thc the hoac cap bac cua thc the ve mot cai g o c mo ta bang mot khai niem Cac nh ngha hoat ong co vai tro cot yeu trong o lng. g. Chang han th phan co the c xac nh hoat ong nh : mc ban cua cong ty theo SP loai X tai khu vc A trong thi gian t/tong mc ban san pham X tai a iem A, trong thi gian t -yeu cau nh ro mc ban, san pham loai X, a iem va thi gian ban. Mc ban= Kiem ke tai thi iem t0 + so mua trong thi gian (t0-t1) Kiem ke tai t1

2.3 2.3-Cac khai niem: Cac khoi c xay dng trong nghien cu (tt)
Ly thuyet co the c xem xet nh mot he thong cho cac khai niem ch dan vi muc ch em lai s hieu biet. Ly thuyet bao gom ln hn mot khai niem hoac cac khai niem co lien he vi nhau. nhau . Can chu y rang muc ch cua ly thuyet la e giai thch, no co lien quan en s hieu biet cung nh la d oan Cac khai niem nao c s dung e vach ra van e nghien cu cua toi? Cac khai niem a c xac nh xac ang cha?

2.3 2.3-Cac khai niem: Cac khoi c xay dng trong nghien cu (tt)
Mot tap hp cac khai niem, nh ngha, cac gi y co lien quan lan nhau, no gii thieu mot tam nhn mot cach he thong cua cac moi quan he cu the trong cac yeu to (bien so) vi muc ch giai thch va d oan cac hien tng Khi chuyen t mc o nhan thc sang mc o thc nghiem trong nghien cu, cac khai niem c bien oi thanh nhng bien so bang viec vach ra mot tap hp cac gia tr. Th du: Von: 1000 ty, 20.000 ty, 40.000 ty ong; Nganh cong nghiep la 1, cac nganh khac khong phai cong nghiep la 0.

2.4 2.4-Cac mo hnh trong nghien cu

Trong nghien cu, cac mo hnh chiem vai tro noi bat. No lien he chat che vi khai niem cua ly thuyet, cung nh bao ham mot to chc he thong cua khai niem. Cac ac tnh cot loi cua mo hnh gom: Mieu ta, tc oi tng hoac hien tng c mo ta, dien giai bang mo hnh. hnh. Mo hnh t no khong phai la oi tng hay hien tng n gian hoa: Mot mo hnh c n gian hoa bang viec giam cac bien so Moi quan he:Ton tai moi quan he gia cac bien so

Muc ch cua mo hnh

Khi trnh bay cac mo hnh nghien cu, van e co lien quan can lam ro bang cau hoi sau sau: : Nhng khai niem (bien so) nao co trong mo ta van e cua toi? Mo hnh co the c s dung cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau mc tong quan, co the phan biet gia cac loai: Mo ta Giai thch D oan/d bao Ch dan hoat ong

Mo hnh mo ta
Mot s mo ta se noi vi chung ta s viec nh the nao. Th du mot mo hnh mo ta la s o to chc, no cha ng mot lp cac bien o la cac v tr trong s o to chc. Thc hien mo ta tot yeu cau phai co ky nang

Mo hnh giai thch

Nhieu nghien cu c thc hien e giai thch cac hien tng Chang han mo hnh c gii thieu qua cong thc tnh li nhuan se giai thch vi mot so muc ch Trong mo hnh nay li nhuan c giai thch bang s khac biet gia n v gia ca va cac chi ph bien oi (kha bien) tren so n v san pham tr i chi ph co nh (bat bien) Ngi nghien cu can phai giai thch tai sao mot so cong ty thanh cong trong luc cac cong ty khac lai that bai (thua lo).

Mo hnh d bao
Nhieu nghien cu kinh te c tien hanh nhng nhng d oan, d bao (d bao tang trng, d bao bien ong gia, lam phat). Nh mo hnh d bao tang trng g: : Y= f( K,L, A, A,) , trong o Y=GDP, K=Von au t, L=Lao ong, A= Dien tch at ai. ai. Yeu to au ra GDP phu thuoc vao tang giam yeu to au vao K,L,A K,L,A . Khi xac nh c moi quan he nay qua mot ham cu the chung ta se d bao c tang GDP khi tang, giam cac au vao von, lao ong, at ai ai

Khi cac mo hnh c s dung e hng dan thc hien quyet nh trong cac hoat ong kinh doanh hay ban hanh chnh sach, thc hien au tmoi mot mo hnh hoac la mo hnh mo ta, hoac la mo hnh giai thch can phai c bo sung vi mot nguyen tac la chon. Chang han: (a)Giam san xuat neu (gia-chi ph bien oi) < tong so k (b)Giam san xuat neu (gia-chi ph bien oi)x khoi lng san pham < ong gop c (c)Sau khi mo ta qui mo th trng, tham nhap th trngg- m rng SX neu tong mc cu la ln hn san xuat.

Mo hnh hng dan thc hien

2.5 2.5-Vai tro cua tong quan ly thuyet, tai lieu qua kh
(1) Muc tieu hang au cua viec xem xet, tong quan tai lieu la e: Trnh bay mot van e phai co s xem xet ky lng Nhan biet cac khai niem,mo hnh/ky thuat va d kien thch hp Xac nh v tr (e ra luan iem) nghien cu (bat ky mot nghien cu nao phai lam tang them cai g m mi).

5-Vai tro cua tong quan ly thuyet, tai lieu qua kh

(2) Da vao cac hoat ong tren, iem (1) ngi nghien cu can phai co kha nangnh ro tieu chuan cho cai g c tnh en trong viet tong quan ve tai lieu ly thuyet (3) Da vao (2), mot s tm kiem co he thong cho nhng ong gop thch hp phai c thc hien. Chang han, s dung dch vu th vien in t va cac nguon t lieu thu thap bo sung cho tm kiem ban au

5-Vai tro cua tong quan ly thuyet, tai lieu qua kh

(4) Trong viet tong quan ve ly thuyet, s an can, tan tuy can phai trao cho cai g e nhan manh, lam noi bat. Neu tieu iem la ve phac thao van e th tam quan trong co the la ve cac khai niem co trc. Nhng, neu tieu iem chnh la ve lam the nao cac bien so co the o c, th tieu iem co the la ve trnh t o lng c s dung trong cac nghien cu trc

5-Vai tro cua tong quan ly thuyet, tai lieu qua kh

(5) Tong quan ly thuyet can phai bao ham ca s lng gia va y kien phe bnh oi vi cac tai lieu ly thuyet c xem xet Da vao s lng gia va phe bnh nh vay, viec la chon cua ngi nghien cu ve khai niem va phac thao nghien cu se phai c lap luan co ly le Muc nh chnh cua tong quan ly thuyet la e hoach nh (cau truc) van e nghien cu va e xac nh v tr nghien cu.

6-Ket luan-Phng phap luan nghien cu

Nghien cu thng lien ket vi xay dng va phac thao bang hoi, cac phep o lng, trnh t thong ke, cac mo hnh phan tch va vv ma co the c gop vao di cai o - khai niem phng phap luan nghien cu. Phng phap luan nghien cu co the c dien at nh la mot he thong cac quy tac va thu tuc trnh t e thc hien nghien cu Nghien cu am bao tieu chuan chat lng oi hoi co kha nang lap luan va phan tch logich. V vay ngi nghien cu can thong thao phng phap luan nghien cu e s dung vao nghien cu tng van e cu the.

6-Ket luan-Phng phap luan nghien cu(tt)

Tnh logich c the hien trong phng phap luan nghien cu khoa hoc. Co hai loai logich, o la logich hnh thc va logich ng dung Logich hnh thc la loai logich ch nghien cu nhng hnh thc nh nhng khai niem, phan oan, suy luan va quy luat cua t duy ma khong nghien cu noi dung cua t duy o. Logich ng dung la loai logich nghien cu nhng van e thuoc noi dung cua tng nganh khoa hoc

6-Ket luan-Phng phap luan nghien cu (tt)

Da tren ly thuyet logich ta co the a ra gia thuyet khoa hoc ve van e nghien cu. Cac gia thuyet khoa hoc thng mang tnh d bao, va qua trnh nghien cu la tm ra cac ket qua e kiem chng cac gia thuyet c neu ra Tom lai, nghien cu thc nghiem nh nghien cu kinh te, xa hoi phai am bao chat lng yeu cau hieu biet thau ao ca hai phng dien khai niem va phng phap luan.

Cac cau hoi at ra thao luan chng nay la: 1)Cach la chon va at van e nghien cu nh the nao? Anh hay ch hay chon mot van e nghien cu va a ra cac cau hoi nghien cu. 2)Co may cach tiep can trong nghien cu? Va nghien cu kinh te thch hp vi cach tiep can nao? 3)Co can nam vng cac khai niem, va s dung no trong vach ra van e nghien cu hay khong? Cho mot th du khai niem va nh ngha nao c s dung trong luan giai vach ra van e nghien cu cua ban?

Cac cau hoi at ra thao luan chng nay la: 4) Nhng mo hnh nao c s dung trong nghien cu? Th du tng loai? 5) Tong quan ly thuyet co can thiet khau luan giai van e nghien cu hay khong? V sao? 6) Phng phap luan nghien cu la g?. g?.

Bi tp 1: 1:
(1) Chn ch NC; (2) M t vn , nu l do la chn; (3) Nu cu hi nghin cu; (4) Nu cc l thuyt, khi nim, m hnh c lin quan n ch la chn