CHNG 8: PHN TCH S LIU

Muc ch cua chng nay la phai a ra cach the hien n gian ve viec phan tch so lieu nh the nao. ap ng muc tieu tren, cac noi dung trnh bay trong chng nay bao gom: 8.1. Ma hoa va lu gi cac quan sat 8.2. Phan tch mot bien 8.3. Lap bang cheo trong phan tch so lieu 8.4. Phan tch hoi quy tuyen tnh n 8.5. Phan tch hoi quy a bien 8.6. Cac bien gia trong phan tch hoi quy 8.7. Gii thieu quy trnh x ly so lieu nh lng trong nghien cu xay dng ch so canh tranh cap tnh (CPI)

8.1 8.1-Ma hoa va lu gi cac quan sat

Thng cac d lieu c lu gi theo dang ma tran. Ma hoa co ngha la nh ro cac loai va ch nh ch so cho moi loai. Chang han nh ma so theo gii, trong o n la 1, nam la hai hai; ; hay ma so theo vung: g: vung Bac bo la 1, Trung bo la 2, Nam bo la 3

8.1 8.1-Ma hoa va lu gi cac quan sat

Hoac ma so theo thang o mc o ong tnh co 7 mc o: hoan toan ong tnh la 1, ong tnh phan ln la 2, ong tnh mot phan la 3, khong ong tnh la 4, khong ong tnh phan ln la 5, khong ong tnh 1 phan tnh la 6, rat khong ong tnh la 7. Ngay nay co nhieu chng trnh phan mem e x ly va lu gi so lieu ieu tra nh chng trnh SPSS, ACESS, SAS SAS

Phan tch thng da vao mot dang nao o cua phan loai va so sanh h. . Gia s chung ta muon biet s hu xe hi theo ho trong tong so dan c hay tong so ho. Moi ho sau o co the c phan loai da vao so xe hi c s hu Cac quan sat theo mau ngau nhien vi kch thc mau n=100 ho co the c phan loai theo phan bo tan suat mot bien theo bieu 8.1 di ay

Phn tch nh lng 8.2-Phan tch mot bien

BNG 8.1: S hu xe hi theo ho trong mau ngau nhien

x=So xe hi s hu 0 1 2 3 4 Tong so

h=tan so tuyet oi=so lng ho theo s hu xe hi

h/n= quan he tan suat 0,03 0,45 0,37 0,11 0,04 1,00

Ty le

3 45 37 11 4 100

3 45 37 11 4 100

8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)

Ngoai ra, t ket qua khao sat tren, nh vao may tnh co the tnh cac so trung bnh, so trung v, phng sai, o chenh lech chuan, he so bien thien. ay la cac ch so kiem nh thong ke ve ket qua khao sat e am bao o tin cay cua so lieu thu thap. So trung bnh:

x =

x
n

8.2 8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)(tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

Trong cong thc tren, xi la gia tr quan sat th i, n la so lan quan sat. Trung bnh so hoc (mean) lax la ky hieu cua so trung bnh trong th du nay bang 1,68, tc trung bnh co 1,68 xe hi tren 1 ho Tan so h va tan suat f c tnh bang he so h/n, trong o h la tan so tuyet oi (trong th du cua chung ta h so ho theo so xe s hu

8.2 8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)(tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

So trung v (median) la gia tr nam gia cua giay so Neu gia tr quan sat la le th so th t cua so trung v (median) la (n+1)/2. Trong th du nay (0,1,2,3,4), so trung v nam v tr th 3 co gia tr =2 Neu so gia tr quan sat la chan, so trung v la so nam gia hai gia tr trung tam. Gia s so bien quan sat x trong th du cua chung ta la t 0 en 5 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), khi o so trung v trong th du nay co gia tr la (2+3)/2= 2,5.

8.2 8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)(tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

Khoang bien thien R = XmaxXmax-Xmin, the hien o on nh cua day so lieu (khoang bien thien cang nho the hien day so at o on nh cao, ngc lai khoang bien thien ln the hien ai lng ngau nhien b phan tan) Xmin la gia tr nho nhat cua quan sat trong th du nay =0,000 000; ; Xmax la gia tr ln nhat cua quan sat trong th du nay=4 =4,000 Nh vay khoang bien thien trong th du nay R= 4,000000-0,000 000= =4,000

8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

o lech chuan (standard deviation). o lech chuan la cong cu e so sanh s ong nhat cua hai day phan phoi, day nao co o lech chuan nho c coi nha ong nhat hn o lech chuan la can bac hai cua phng sai cua mau quan sat. Phng sai cua mau quan sat c tnh theo cong thc sau:

2 x

x )

n 1

8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

o lech chuan = trong th du cua chung ta = 0,836. c lng so trung bnh tong the Da vao o lech chuan co the c lng so trung bnh cua tong the Da vao cac kiem nh thong ke e co the rut ra rang xu hng tm c qua kch thc mau la 100 ho (th du tren) co u e ai dien cho xu the cua toan bo so ho hay khong?.
2

8.2 8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)(tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

Gia s cho rang so xe hi theo ho la phan bo chuan, tc 95 95% % gii han o tin cay, so trung bnh xe hi cho tong the toan bo N ho, ky hieu so trung bnh cho tong the la , va co the tnh c qua bang phan bo Student t Vi xac suat o tin cay cho trc, tra bang phan bo student t, tm thay co hai gia tr tren va di, gia tr tren =1,8513; gia tr di =1,5087. V vay chung ta co the ket luan rang d oan tot nhat cho la 1,68 xe hi cho mot gia nh

Gia s chung ta can phai kiem nh gia thuyet H: c lng so trung bnh tong the =1,55 xe cho mot ho. Ly do s dung gia tr gia thuyet gia tr 1,55 co the c biet qua thc te t day tong the tng t Neu nh ta khong co thong tin trc chung ta se s dung hai la chon la khac 1,55 va ln hn 1,55. Xac suat tin cay =0,95, khoang tin cay tnh c t 1,5 en 2,0, s dung khoang tin cay e kiem nh gia thuyet, gia tr 1,55 la nam trong khoang tin cay la chon, nh vay khong can phai loai bo gia thuyet H. Neu gia tr gia thuyet tm c nam ngoai khoang 1,51,5-2,0 tc gia thuyet H b loai bo.

8.2 8.2-Phan tch mot bien (tt)(tt)-Cac kiem nh thong ke

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo

Th du chung ta can nghien cu kha nang quan he gia trnh o giao duc cua khach hang va s quan tam ve san pham nao o So lieu co the c lap bang cheo c trnh bay trong bang 8.2 di ay. Trong o Trnh o giao duc c phan theo hai mc (cao va thap) va mc o quan tam san pham a c phan thanh hai loai (cao va thap). ).

Bng 8.2: Bang cheo the hien moi quan he cua hai bien
Mc o quan tam san pham Cao Thap Tong Trnh o giao duc Thap 53% (40) 47% (35) 100% (75) Cao 48% (60) 52% (65) 100% (125) 50% (100) 50% (100) 100% (200) Tong

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo -Giai thch bng 8.2

Trong bng 8.2, mc o quan tam san pham c coi la bien phu thuoc va trnh o giao duc la bien oc lap Ket qua dong 1 bng s thay 53 53% % ngi co trnh o giao duc thap co mc o quan tam san pham cao, trong khi ch co 48 48% % so ngi co trnh o giao duc cao vi mc quan tam san pham cao Xu the dong 2 trong bang th ngc lai. V vay, co moi quan he gia trnh o giao duc va mc o quan tam san pham

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo (tt)

Neu bien oc lap th hai c them vao trong phan tch th mot bang mi c thiet lap va tnh hnh co the khac. Gia s them vao bien oc lap la gii, ket qua so lieu c the hien qua bng 8.3 di ay.

Bng 8.3: Bang cheo the hien 3 bien

Mc o quan tam san pham

Gii N Trnh o giao duc

Thap Cao

Tong Nam

Trnh o giao duc

Thap Cao

Cao Thap Tong

80% (20) 20% (5) 100% (25)

80% (20) 20% (5) 100% (25)

40% (20) 60% (30) 100% (50)

40% (40) 60% (60) 100% (100)

50% (100) 50% (100) 100% (200)

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo-Giai thch bng 8.3

Theo bng 8.3 th trnh o giao duc hnh nh khong co tac ong en mc o quan tam san pham. Gii bay gii a cho giai thch tat ca nhng khac biet Th du nay rat ac biet. Trong hau het cac trng hp ca hai bien oc lap dng nh co tac ong en bien phu thuoc. ay co the co moi quan he tng tac gia cac bien oc lap

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo (tt) ))-Nhieu bien va kiem nh thong ke

Bang cheo co the cha nhieu bien, nhng thng s dung cho 3 en 4 bien. Vi bat ky so loai dong va cot nao chung ta thng c chu y en kiem chng gia thuyet, H, rang co hay khong s oc lap thong ke ve moi quan he gia phan loai theo dong va phan loai theo cot. Thng c kiem nh qua ChiSq (xem giao trnh xac suat-thong ke).

8.3 8.3-Lap bang cheo (tt)(tt)-Nhieu bien va kiem nh thong ke

Khi s dung y ngha mc o 0,05 (sai so), gia tr ti han cho 1 o t do la 3,533 (tra theo bang cho trc ve kiem nh thong ke) T ket qua so lieu bng 8.1, s dung cong thc tnh ChiSq ta co the tnh ChiSq moi quan he gia cot va dong, va ChiSq=0 ChiSq=0,533 So sanh vi ket qua tra bang cho thay 0,533 < 3,841, 841, tc gia thuyet H khong can phai loai bo va ket luan la ay co s oc lap. Thu tuc kiem nh nay c goi la kiem nh oc lap.

8.4 8.4-Hoi quy tuyen tnh gian n

Mot trong nhng cac phng phap thong ke hu ch la phan tch hoi quy tng quan quan. . Phng trnh bieu dien tng quan hai bien (oc lap va phu thuoc) goi la phng trnh hoi qui n n. . Gia s X la bien oc lap, Y la bien phu thuoc, tng quan gia X va Y la hoi qui tuyen tnh, tc: Y=AX+B. Y=AX+B . Bng 8.4: So lieu thu nhap quoc dan va von trong 10 nam (ty ong)

Nam
Nam th nhat Nam th hai Nam th ba Nam th t Nam th nam Nam th sau Nam th bay Nam th tam Nam th chn Nam th mi

Thu nhap quoc dan (Yi)

20 22 25 27 30 32 33 35 36 37

Von au t (Xi)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

So lieu bieu tren co the bieu dien tren o th di ay:

40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 Series1

8.4 8.4-Hoi quy tuyen tnh gian n(tt)

S o tren the hien moi quan he gia X va Y la quan he ng thang (tuyen tnh). tnh). Giai phng trnh hoi qui tuyen tnh tren may tnh vi cac so lieu bang tren cho ta ket qua he so A= A=1 1,945 va B=1 B=1,491 491, , phng trnh tuyen tnh the hien moi quan he gia Y va X nh sau sau: : Y= 1,945 X+ X+1 1,491 Ket qua hoi qui cho biet he so tng quan gia X va Y c ky hieu la r.

8.4 8.4-Hoi quy tuyen tnh gian n(tt)

Trong trng hp nay he so tng quan hieu chnh gia X va Y la 0,972 la so dng the hien tng quan thuan, va r gan bang 1 the hien co moi quan he tng quan cao cao. . Ngoai ra he so tng quan bnh phng r2=0,975 con noi len la 97 97, ,5% bien thien trong thu nhap quoc dan co the c giai thch t s bien thien cua au t von. Gia tr p=10-07<0,05 sai so cho trc, nh vay la cac bien so la co y ngha thong ke. Tat ca ket qua tren noi len rang yeu to von co tac ong manh en tang trng kinh te

8.5 8.5-Hoi qui tng quan boi

Hoi quy tng quan boi la mot ky thuat rat co u the. ay la dang phan tch mo hnh hoi qui a bien, co dang tong quat: Y= (Xi), Trong o Y la bien phu thuoc, Xi = X1, X2, X3.la cac bien oc lap. Neu la quan he tuyen tnh th ham hoi quy boi tuyen tnh co dang: g: Y= A1X1+A2X2+A3X3++AnXn+B

Neu la quan he phi tuyen th thng c bieu hien di nhieu dang nh dang luy tha, , . Trong trng hp ham phi tuyen co the chuyen ve dang c thang bang viec logarit hoa. Chang han dang ham mu Y=BXiai co the chuyen ve dang ng thang: g: logY= A1 logX1+A2 logX2+A3 logX3++An logXn+logB Gia s bang so lieu thong ke di ay mo ta cac bien so ve thu nhap quoc dan, von au t, lao ong, ty trong cong nghe hien ai. Bieu 8.5: So lieu thu nhap quoc dan, von, lao ong, ty le cong nghe cao qua 10 nam

8.5 8.5-Hoi qui tng quan boi(tt)

Nam Nam th nhat Nam th hai Nam th ba Nam th t Nam th nam Nam th sau Nam th bay Nam th tam Nam th chn Nam th mi

TNQD (Y)Tyong

Von (X1) Tyong 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Lao ong (X2) Tr. ngi

Ty trong cong nghe cao (X3)-%

20 22 25 27 30 32 33 35 36 37

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.17 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.28

10.00 11.05 11.60 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.40 14.00 14.50 15.00

A1=1,459 459; ; A2=30 30, ,69 69; ;A3=-0,818 818; ; va B= B=-17 17, ,103 103, , tc phng trnh hoi quy co dang: g: Y= 1,459 459X X1+30 30, ,69 69X X2-0,818 818X X3-17 17, ,103 He so tng quan boi R= R=0 0,996 rat cao the hien moi quan he chat che gia cac bien oc lap vi bien phu thuoc. He so hoi qui ieu chnh bnh phng bang 0,993 cho thay co ti 99 99, ,3% bien thien trong thu nhap quoc dan co the c giai thch t cac bien thien cua von, lao ong va trnh o cong nghe. Cac he so tng quan gia TNQD va von r1, TNQD vi lao ong r2 va TNQD vi trnh o cong nghe r3 rat cao, t 0,982 en 0,987 987. . Gia tr p cua cac bien eu nho hn sai so cho trc 0,05 05, , tc cac nhan to eu co y ngha thong ke.

8.5 8.5-Hoi qui tng quan boi(tt)

8.6 8.6-Cac bien o (gi) trong phan tch hoi qui

Cac bien oc lap ao Bien gi (Dummy) la mot bien nhan tao, thng no co hai gia tr 0 va 1. Di ay se xem xet mot th du s dung bien oc lap ao. Co hai nhom ban hang. Nhom A gom nhng nhan vien a qua mot chng trnh huan luyen, trong khi o nhom B gom nhng ngi ch c gii thieu mot cach tom lc ve cong viec ban hang.

8.6 8.6-Cac bien gi (o) trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt) - Cac bien oc lap gi
Chung ta can hoan thanh mot phan tch hoi qui, trong o bien oc lap la so thang ma ngi ban hang thc hien cong viec ban hang hay la kinh nghiem qua so thang ban hang, va bien phu thuoc la doanh thu ban hang trong mot thang Chung ta, tat nhien co the phan tch theo hai nhom mot cach oc lap. Bang viec phan tch ca hai nhom ong thi qua s dung cac bien gi chung ta co the so sanh ket qua thc hien cua hai nhom.

8.6 8.6-Cac bien o (gi) trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt) - Cac bien oc lap gi
Ta goi:X1j la so thang kinh nghiem ma ngi th j ban hang co c qua thi gian ban hang g; ; X2j la bien gia vi gia tr =0 cho tat ca nhng ai nhom B, va =1 cho tat ca nhng ai nhom A; X3j la moi tng tac= san pham cua X1j va X2j; Yj la tong mc ban=la doanh so mot thang thang cuoi cung cua ngi th j Chung ta co 10 quan sat cho nhom B c the hien phan tren trong bng 8.6 va 12 quan sat cho nhom A at di so lieu cua nhom B

Bng 8.6: So lieu the hien cac bien o

So TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X1j=So thang

X2j=bien ao 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 5 7 10 13 15 20 23 25 29

X3j=S tng tac 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Yj=Doanh thu thang 3 1 4 2 4 6 5 9 7 8

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

4 6 7 13 15 21 22 25 30 33 32 28

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 6 7 13 15 21 22 25 30 33 32 28

8 11 15 14 20 18 22 28 26 33 26 22

8.6 8.6-Cac bien o (gia) trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt) - Cac bien oc lap gia
Chung ta se c tnh tng quan hoi qui gia Y vi X1, X2, X3. Ket qua hoi qui tren may tnh cho ta ham: Y(doanh so)= 1,21 + 0,248 X1(thang ban) +6,18 X2(ao) + 0,406 X3(tng tac) R2=0,947; 947; R2 (chnh)= (chnh)=0 0,938; 938; p1=0,012; 012; p2=0,010; 010; p3=0,022 022. . Ket qua nay cho thay tat ca cac he so eu co y ngha khac vi zero, R2 phan anh moi tng quan cao gia cac bien oc lap va bien phu thuoc.

8.6 8.6-Cac bien o (gia) trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt) - Cac bien oc lap gia
Bay gi chung ta xem xet nhng ngi thuoc nhom B. T ket qua bng 8.6 cho thay ca bien so gi va bien so tng tac eu =0 cho nhng ngi thuoc nhom nay. V vay, chung ta i en vi ham hoi qui n gian Y= 1,21+ 0,248 X1(so thang ban hang) cho nhom B. Ghi chu rang cho nhom A, bien tng tac chnh la so thang ban hang. g. Tng t c tnh ham hoi qui cho nhom A nh sau sau: :

8.6 8.6-Cac bien o (gia) trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt) - Cac bien oc lap gia
Y(doanh so)=1,21+0,248 X1(so thang ban hang)+ 6,18 X2(ao) + 0,406 X3(tng tac)=1,21+0,248 X1(so thang ban hang)+6,18(1)+ 0,406 X3(so thang)=7,39+(0,248+0,406) X1 (so thang)= 7,39+ 0,654 X1 (so thang ban). Lai mot lan na chung ta co ham tuyen tnh n gian. Ket qua cho thay nhom A co ng hoi qui doc hn nhom B. Gia tr p ch ra rang cac bien eu co y ngha thong ke

8.6 8.6-Cac bien gia trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt)Bien phu thuoc gia
e cho bien phu thuoc tr thanh bien gia la mot tro loi keo hap dan. S thch hp va d bao tng ng sau o co the c hieu nh la xac suat Th du bien Y=Mua san pham P la bien phu thuoc, trong o co gia tr=0 tr=0 cho nhng ai khong mua san pham P va =1 cho nhng ngi mua san pham nay. Bien oc lap X=Mc thu nhap. Ket qua hoi qui t so lieu khao sat cho ket qua sau sau: : Y(Mua san pham P)= -1,24 24+ +0,0064 X(thu nhap)

8.6 8.6-Cac bien ao trong phan tch hoi qui(tt)qui(tt)Bien phu thuoc ao
Bang viec a thu nhap cua mot ngi vao mo hnh c lng tren chung ta tnh toan c xac suat c lng rang ngi nay se mua san pham P. S dung bien phu thuoc ao la hu ch khi chung ta can tm xem tai sao mot so ngi la that nghiep, mot so khac la khong, tai sao mot so phu n i lam viec, so khac lai khong g .Ket qua nay cho phep chung ta co the d bao c xac suat cua cac thanh vien cua mot trong hai nhom.

8.78.7-Th d: ANH GIA O LNG LI THE CANH TRANH VA KHA NANG CANH TRANH CAP O QUOC GIA/NEN KINH TE
Theo bao cao nang lc canh tranh toan cau cua Dien an kinh te the gii(WEF), kha nang canh tranh cap quoc gia c da tren 8 nhom nhan to bao gom: (1) Mc o m ca nen kinh te (thng mai va au t); (2) Vai tro cua chnh phu; (3) Tai chnh; (4) C s ha tang; (5) Cong nghe; (6) Quan ly doanh nghiep; (7) Nguon nhan lc; va (8) The che

ANH GIA O LNG LI THE CANH TRANH VA KHA NANG CANH TRANH CAP O QUOC GIA/NEN KINH TE
anh gia nang lc canh tranh cua quoc gia da vao khao sat cho iem cac nhan to tren, sau o moi nhan to c gan cho mot trong so. Phng phap anh gia nay la do nhom nghien cu cua ai hoc HarvardHarvard-Hoa Ky e xuat, theo o trong so cua moi nhom yeu to c gan nh sau: nhom 1 co trong so la 16%, nhom 2: 17%, nhom 3: 17%, nhom 4:11%, nhom 5: 11%, nhom 6: 6%, nhom 7: 16%, va nhom 8: 6%. C s e xac nh cac trong so nay, theo cac tac gia la da vao he so tng quan cua cac nhom yeu to vi ch so phat trien kinh te

ANH GIA O LNG LI THE CANH TRANH VA KHA NANG CANH TRANH CAP O QUOC GIA/NEN KINH TE
Cung theo cach tiep can nay, TS. Edmund Malesky, chuyen gia t van cua d an Nang cao Nang lc Canh tranh Viet nam (VNCI) a thiet ke o lng ch so canh tranh cap tnh ve moi trng kinh doanh cua Viet nam (PCI) gom chn ch so thanh phan di ay: (1) Chi ph gia nhap th trngg-o lng thi gian mot doanh nghiep can lam cac thu tuc ang ky kinh doanh, vi trong so c xac nh la 17,1%; (2) Tiep can at aiai-tnh trang doanh nghiep co giay chng nhan quyen s dung at, mc o ap ng nhu cau mat bang san xuat va gia at, vi trong so la 1,4%;

ANH GIA O LNG LI THE CANH TRANH VA KHA NANG CANH TRANH CAP O QUOC GIA/NEN KINH TE
(3) Tnh minh bach va tiep can thong tintin-kha nang doanh nghiep co the tiep can c qui hoach, ke hoach cua a phng, tnh, cac van ban phap ly lien quan en kinh doanh, vi trong so la 16,1%; (4) Chi ph thi gian e thc hien cac quy nh cua nha nc-thi gian ma doanh nghiep phai bo ra e thc hien cac thu tuc hanh chnh, vi trong so la 9,6%; (5) Chi ph khong chnh thc-nhng chi ph khong chnh thc ma doanh nghiep phai tra khi thc hien cac thu tuc kinh doanh, vi trong so la 7,6%; (6) Thc hien chnh sach cua trung ngng-o lng mc o phoi hp gia trung ng va a phng. Vi trong so la 0,2%;

ANH GIA O LNG LI THE CANH TRANH VA KHA NANG CANH TRANH CAP O QUOC GIA/NEN KINH TE
(7) u ai vi doanh nghiep nha nc-o lng mc o u tien, u ai cua chnh quyen a phng vi doanh nghiep nha nc, vi trong so la 13,1%; (8) Tnh nang ong va tien phong cua lanh ao tnhtnho lng tnh sang tao trong thc thi chnh sach va cac sang kien cua chnh quyen a phng, vi trong so la 16,8%; (9) Chnh sach phat trien khu vc kinh te t nhananh gia chnh sach cua tnh thuc ay hoat ong thng mai, cung cap thong tin, tm kiem oi tac, ho tr ao tao.cho khu vc t nhan, vi trong so la 11,1%

Cau hoi at ra thao thuan cua chng nay la:

1) Phng phap nh tnh, s khac biet vi phng phap nh lng va pham vi ap dung g; ; 2) Cac dang cua phng phap phan tch nh tnh; tnh ; 3) Phan tch so lieu nh tnh 4) Cac phng phap phan tch so lieu nh lng. g. ( phan tch mot bien, lap bang cheo, hoi qui n, hoi qui boi, phan tch bien ao) ). . Ban chat va pham vi ng dung cua moi phng phap.

BI TP 7
Xy dng m hnh nh lng cho vn nghin cu ca bn, xc nh cc bin, a ra cc gi thuyt S dng s liu gi nh v cc bin, p dng m hnh phn tch nh lng hc kim nh gi thuyt Bnh lun, m hnh phn tch nh lng no ph hp trong nghin cu ca bn