Chng 5: Thu thap so lieu va nguon so lieu

Cac noi dung chnh tap trung thao luan trong chng nay bao gom: 5.1-So lieu th cap 5.2-So lieu s cap 5.3-Phng phap quan sat 5.4-Phng phap ieu tra khao sat va thiet ke bang hoi 5.5-Phng phap phong van

Chng 5: Thu thap so lieu va nguon so lieu

Muc ch cua chng nay la xem xet: (1) chung ta muon noi g qua thu thap so lieu; (2) nguon so lieu thu thap la g g; ; (3) tm au ra so lieu ung, va (4) lam the nao e thu thap c so lieu phu hp cho cac loai nghien cu khac nhau va cho van e nghien cu Nguon d lieu la nhng bo phan (phan t) cha ng hoac chuyen tai so lieu (thong tin) tin). . Co the phan biet gia hai nguon so lieu th cap va s cap.

5.1 5.1-So lieu th cap

So lieu th cap la nhng thong tin c thu thap qua ngi khac cho cac muc ch co the la khac vi muc ch nghi nghin n cu cua chung ta Co nhieu nghien cu sinh vien anh gia thap nguon so lieu th cap san co. Chung ta phai bat au xem xet tnh hp ly cua nguon so lieu th cap oi van e nghien cu cua chung ta trc khi tien hanh thu thap so lieu cua chnh mnh Cac cuoc tong ieu tra ve dan so, nha , ieu tra doanh nghiep, ieu tra mc song dan c, ieu tra kinh te xa hoi ho (a muc tieu) do Chnh phu yeu cau la nhng nguon d lieu quan trong cho cac nghien cu kinh te xa hoi.

Ngoai ra, mot so nguon so lieu di ay co the la quan trong cho cac nghien cu bao gom: Cac bao cao cua Chnh phu, Bo nganh, so lieu cua cac c quan thong ke ve tnh hnh KT KT-XH, ngan sach, XNK, au t nc ngoai, so lieu cua cac DN ve bao cao ket qua hoat ong SXKD, nghien cu th trng g . Cac bao cao NC cua cac c quan, Vien, Trng g; ; Cac tap ch khoa hoc chuyen nganh va tap ch mang tnh han lam co lien quan; quan; Tai lieu giao trnh hoac cac xuat ban khoa hoc lien quan en van e nghien cu;

5.1 5.1-So lieu th cap (tt)

Cuoi cung, nhng khong kem phan quan trong la cac bai bao cao hay luan van cua cac sinh vien khac (khoa trc) trong trng hoac cac trng khac Li the cua so lieu th cap la tiet kiem tien, thi gian. Tuy nhien, chung ta cung co nhng bat li trong s dung nguon so lieu th cap:Th nhat, so lieu th cap nay a c thu thap cho cac nghien cu vi cac muc ch khac va co the hoan toan khong phu hp vi van e cua chung ta. Th hai, trach nhiem cua ngi nghien cu la phai am bao tnh chnh xac cua so lieu; V vay ieu quan trong la phai kiem tra so lieu goc

5.1 5.1-So lieu th cap (tt)

5.2 5.2-So lieu s cap

Khi so lieu th cap khong co san hoac khong the giup tra li cac cau hoi nghien cu cua chung ta, chung ta can phai t mnh thu thap so lieu cho phu hp vi van e nghien cu at ra Cac so lieu t thu thap nay goi la so lieu s cap So lieu s cap la so lieu goc c thu thap chnh chung ta cho van e nghien cu sap ti c thu thap qua cac phng phap quan sat, ieu tra, phong van

5.3 5.3-Phng phap quan sat

Quan sat la phng phap thu thap thong tin qua viec s dung cac giac quan va cac thiet b ho tr e ghi nhan cac hien tng hoac hanh vi cua con ngi giup cho phep thc hien mot so phan tch lam sang to Cc hnh thc quan st c th hin qua s 5.1 di y u iem chnh yeu cua phng phap quan sat la chung ta co the thu thap thong tin mot cach trc dien mat thay, tai nghe trong hoan canh khach quan, t nhien

S o 5.1: Cac hnh thc quan sat

Cac quan sat

Bang ngi

Bang may

Phong th nghiem

Hien trng

Phong T/N

Hien trng

5.3 5.3-Phng phap quan sat (tt)

Nhc iem c ban cua phng phap quan sat la hau het cac quan sat eu do cac ca nhan thc hien e quan sat va ghi lai cac hien tng mot cach he thong, va ieu o la kho e chuyen dch cac s kien, hien tng xay ra thanh cac thong tin hu ch ve mat khoa hoc. ieu nay ac biet quan trong khi ma muc ch la e khai quat hoa van e t cac quan sat Phng phap quan sat thng c van dung trong nghien cu marketing (quan sat hanh vi ngi tieu dung) hoac quan sat bam gi trong nghien cu to chc san xuat, to chc lao ong, hoac mot so nghien cu to chc he thong giao thong, van tai

5.4 5.4-Phng phap ieu tra khao sat va thiet ke bang hoi
ieu tra khao sat va bang hoi la phng phap thu thap so lieu thong dung nhat trong nghien cu kinh te Cac dang bang hoi chnh la mo ta va/hoac phan tch. tch . Khi van e nghien cu c hnh thanh, muc ch nghien cu c xac nh ro chung ta se xac nh c dang ieu tra tien hanh la mo ta hay phan tch. Theo Johnson va Gill (1991) th ke hoach ieu tra se phai theo mo hnh e ngh di ay (s o 5.2).

S o 5.2: Ke hoach ieu tra

Khai niem hoa va cau truc van e nghien cu 1/Xem xet muc ch cua nghien cu 2/Tong quan xem xet lai lai tnh trang kien thc hien tai 3/anh gia cac nguon lc khac nhau san co

S o 5.2: Ke hoach ieu tra

ieu tra phan tch? Nhan dang cac bien so oc lap, bien phu thuoc va ngoai tac

ieu tra mo ta? Nhan dang cac hien tng ma ban muon mo ta s khac biet cua no

S o 5.2: Ke hoach ieu tra

nh ro chien lc chon mau bang viec xac nh lng oi tng nghien cu va phac hoa phng cach tiep can mau ai dien (ngau nhien) Cac so lieu c thu thap qua mot cach tiep can oi vi nhng ngi tra li? Hay ban chat cua van e nghien cu yeu cau tiep xuc lap lai mau n le hoac mot so mau tng ng?

S o 5.2: Ke hoach ieu tra

Ngi phong vanNgi tra liBang hoi c hoan thanh/ Bang hoi Phan phat/lch trnh c phan phat qua bu ien

ieu tra phan tch

Trong ieu tra phan tch chung ta phai lam noi bat ch ro cac bien so phu thuoc, oc lap va ngoai tac. Muon lam c ieu nay chung ta can phai am hieu ly thuyet. Trong ieu tra phan tch, cac bien phu thuoc, oc lap va ngoai tac c kiem nh qua cac ky thuat thong ke cung nh phan tch hoi quy tng quan boi. Cac cau hoi va cac bien c thc hien trong ieu tra nay can phai c chia o o lng mot cach can than.

ieu tra mo ta
ieu tra mo ta co lien quan en nhan dang cac hien tng ma chung ta mong muon mo ta s khac biet cua no ieu tra nay lien quan en cac ac tnh cu the cua tong the cac oi tng nghien cu, hoac mot thi iem co nh, hoac cac thi gian khac nhau nham muc ch so sanh Trong dang ieu tra nay, can tap trung tm cac mau ai dien cua mot tong the phu hp cung nh s quan tam nhieu hn oi vi o chnh xac cua cac ket qua nghien cu va kha nang khai quat hoa cac ket qua o.

5.4 5.4-Phng phap ieu tra khao sat va thiet ke bang hoi (tt)
S o 5.2 cung mo ta rang ca hai hnh thc ieu tra phan tch va mo ta eu lien quan en nhan dang oi tng nghien cu oi tng nghien cu se cho cac cau tra li ma se giup chung ta tra li c cac cau hoi nghien cu at ra T tong the oi tng nghien cu, chung ta phai xac nh so mau ai dien Van e va muc tieu nghien cu cung se yeu cau xem so lieu can thu thap nh the nao, gi cac bang hoi i bang cach nao

Xay dng bang cau hoi

Yeu cau thiet ke bang hoi trc tien la nham muc ch thu thap cac thong tin phuc vu van e, muc tieu nghien cu Th en la can phai xem xet xem bang hoi can c cai trang hay khong Tiep theo can xem xet xay dng cac cau hoi mang tnh ca nhan, nhay cam Co can hay khong at mot so cau hoi cho cung mot van e? Can thiet co cau hoi chac chan khong? Cac bien gia va lap bang nh the nao? Cac cau hoi co c giai thch khac nhau hay khong?

Xay dng bang cau hoi (tt)

oi tng nghien cu co san sang tra li cac cau hoi khong? Ho phai mat bao lau e tra li? Ho v tr nao e tra li cau hoi ac thu? Co phai ay la van e nhay cam hay khong? Cuoi cung chung ta cung se phai xem xet xem cac cau hoi c tra li nh the nao. . Chang han nh tra li cho cau hoi ong/ba bao thu nhap bao nhieu 1 thang co ngi se tra li khong biet.

e thu c thong tin nay can c ra cac khoang thu nhap e ngi tra li anh dau vao o tng ng nh: Di 300.000 ong 300.000-500.000 ong 500.000-700.000 ong 700.000-1.000.000 ong 1.000.000-1.500.000 ong Tren 1.500.000 ong

Hoac e tra li cho cau hoi nhay cam nh: ong/ba co ong tnh vi cac chnh sach thu thu nhp c nhn kinh te hien nay?. Thiet ke bng hi theo thang o k thut chia Likert vi cau tra li co th la chn theo bng hi la: Rat khong ong tnh (1) ong tnh (2) ong tnh mot phan (3) Khong ong tnh (4) Hoan toan khong ong tnh (5)

Xay dng bang cau hoi (tt)

T nhng van e neu tren chung ta co the a ra mot so hng dan cho viec thiet ke bang hoi di ay: 1. Cau hoi can phai c hoi rat n gian va suc tch ngan gon 2. Can xem xet trnh o, kien thc cua oi tng c hoi e can thiet tra li c cau hoi at ra 3. Chung ta can phai chac chan rang bat c ngi nao cung hieu c cau hoi vi cung mot kieu, tc moi ngi eu hieu y ngha nh nhau cho cung mot cau hoi

Xay dng bang cau hoi (tt)

4. Moi cau hoi ch lien quan en mot kha canh, h, hay khong the hoi mot cau hoi cho ln hn mot bien cua nghien cu 5.Cac cau hoi phai c hnh thanh theo phng cach ma khong co loi thoat nh tra li khong biet hay khong bnh luan . 6.Cac cau hoi c hnh thanh can s dung ngon ng lch s va mem deo nh xin ong/ba vui long cho biet 7.Ngon ng va cac t s dung trong cac cau hoi phai ro rang, de hieu, va khong can mang y ngha kep.

Xay dng bang cau hoi (tt)

8. Cac cau hoi phai c sap xep theo th hang va the hien logic t cau hoi tong quan en cau hoi cu the 9. Cach trnh bay bang hoi cung rat quan trong g. . Sap xep, trnh bay sach se, ngan nap s c tac ong en san sang tra li cua ngi c hi 10. Cuoi cung, nhng khong kem phan quan trong o la can co c cac li bnh, phe phan ve bang hoi t cac chuyen gia, ong nghiep. Tot hn het la can tien hanh ieu tra th e xem xet chnh sa cac cau hoi, bang hoi trc khi tien hanh ieu tra chnh thc

TH D O LNG: M HNH NGHIN CU MC HI LNG DCH V .

H1

S tin cy ca khch hng iu kin thun li Nng lc nhn vin Thi phc v
H2

H3

H4

Cht lng dch v

Mc hi lng ca khch hng

S cm thng

H5
25

THANG O
Thang o: Thang o Likert: 11-Hon ton khng ng ; 22-Khng ng ; 33-Trung tnh; 44- ng ; 55-Hon ton ng . Mc hi lng chung ca khch hng (Y): 1- Rt khng hi lng; 22-Khng hi lng; 33Trung tnh, 44- Hi lng; 55- Rt hi lng

Th d: Xy dng bng hi o lng mc hi lng cht lng dch v-Xin vui lng cho bit mc ng tnh ca ng b qua pht biu di y
Thang o Cng ty A ha vic g h s thc hin ng li ha (X1) Cng ty A cung cp dch v ng thi im Nhn vin cng ty A gii thch cn k cc thc mc (X2) Nhn vin cng ty A phc v nim n (X3). Mc hi lng chung ca khch hng (Y) 1 2 3 4 5

Th d 2: Xy dng bng hi o lng chi ph ca chnh sch u i thu TNDN

S dng phng php ca Wells v Allan (2001) S dng phng php ca Wells v Allen (2001) Chi ph ca u i thu thu nhp doanh nghip c o bng lng thu t thu b mt i to ra mt ng u t thm Nu k hiu: u: T- Thu sut thu thu nhp doanh nghip Y- T sut sinh li bnh qun trn vn u t (ROA (ROAreturn on Asset) R-T l u i tha (t l nh u t vn u t cho d khng c u i thu) N- S nm min thu I- Tng vn u t

Th d:Xy dng bng hi o lng chi ph ca chnh sch u i thu TNDN

Lng thu b mt i mt cch khng cn thit do u i thu (u i khng cn thit) bng ng: : RxIxYxTxN Lng u t tng thm do tc dng ca u i thu l l: : (1-R) I T l tr thu cho u t (lng thu mt i to ra mt ng u t thm) bng: ng: RxIxYxTxN = RxYxTxN (1 R)I (1 R)

Th d: Kho st o lng chi ph ca chnh sch u i thu TNDN

T l u i tha R Hi hai cu hi trong bng phng vn Cu hi 1) ng b c thc hin mt khon u t

nh c khng nu khng c u i thu TNDN?

Mi doanh nghip c th chn mt trong nm cu tr li sau: sau: i) c c; ; ii) c l c c; ; iii) c l khng khng; ; iv) khng khng; ; v) khng bit T l u i tha c th xc nh t nhng doanh nghip tr li c hoc c l c Cu hi ny dnh cho cc doanh nghip nhn u i thu TNDN.

Th d: Kho st, o lng chi ph ca chnh sch u i thu TNDN

Cu hi th hai chng ti hi tt c cc doanh nghip (c nhn v khng nhn u i) l l: : ng/B ng hay khng ng vi kin sau Khng c u i thu TNDN, ti s khng u t vo bt c u Mi doanh nghip s chn mt trong nm cu tr li sau sau: : i) Hon ton ng tnh tnh; ; ii) ng tnh tnh; ; iii) Khng kin; n; iv) Khng ng tnh; tnh; v) Rt khng ng tnh T l cc doanh nghip (c nhn u i v khng nhn u i) la chn cu tr li khng ng tnh v rt khng ng tnh l s o t l u i tha

5.5 5.5-Phng phap phong van

Trong nghien cu thng s dung hai loai phong van Dang th nhat la phong van ieu tra nghien cu (phong van vi bang hoi viet san) ap dung vi mot kch c vi cac cau hoi phong van chuan mc co s nhan manh en cac loai tra li co nh (nhom co nh) Chon mau co he thong, cac thu tuc tien hanh gom ket hp ca cac o lng nh lng va cac phng phap thong ke.

5.5 5.5-Phng phap phong van (tt)

Dang th hai la phong van khong cau truc (phong van khong co bang hoi trc) ap dung ni ma ngi tra li hoan toan t do thao luan nhng phan ng, quan iem va hanh vi ve mot van e ac thu Ngi phong van a ra cac cau hoi va ghi lai cac tra li e ve sau co the hieu nh the nao va tai sao Cac cau hoi va tra li thng la khong cau truc va khong c ma hoa mot cach he thong qua s chuan b trc.

5.5 5.5-Phng phap phong van (tt)

Trong cac tai lieu ly thuyet co e cap en loai phong van ban cau truc, no khac vi phong van phi cau truc cho chu e va van e phai mang tnh bao trum; c mau, ngi c phong van, va cac cau hoi phai c nh ro san sang trc Phong van phi cau truc (khong chuan b bang hoi trc), ngi phong van phai kheo leo biet loi keo, dan dat cuoc tro chuyen mot cach linh hoat, hieu qua, con goi la phong van sau

5.5 5.5-Phng phap phong van (tt)

e tien hanh ieu tra phong van phai qua 4 bc: chuan b phong van, phong van th , tien hanh phong van va phong van sau Bc 11-Chuan b phong van. Nhng bc au tien trong chuan b phong van la (1) phan tch van e nghien cu cua ban, (2) hieu ro thong tin nao ban can co c t cuoc phong van, va (3) ai la ngi co the cung cap cho ban nhng thong tin nh vay. Tiep theo la phai phac thao hng dan phong van va cac cau hoi phong van

5.5 5.5-Phng phap phong van (tt)

Bc 2: Phong van th e xem xet lai bang hoi, thi gian tra li bang hoi, nhng van e phat sinh trong phong van (cau hoi kho hieu), quan sat cac ieu tra vien thc hien phong van (ung, sai, phong cach hoi), co thc hanh ung theo yeu cau hng dan phong van hay khong g.... .... Bc 3: Tien hanh phong van Bc 4: Sau phong van.

Cau hoi thao luan:

1) Cac nguon so lieu trong nghien cu? Nguon s cap va th cap, trng hp s dung cac nguon nay? 2) Phng phap quan sat va tnh ng dung cua phng phap nay? 3) ieu tra khao sat, cac dang ieu tra phan tch va ieu tra mo ta, cac ng dung cua no 4) Cac bc tien hanh phong van va ieu tra khao sat?

BI TP 4
T CC BI TP TRC LM XC NH: (1) S liu cn thu thp cho ti ca bn l g? Ngun s liu no? (2) Nhng s liu ly t u? Bng cch no? (3) Gi s cn s liu th cp, hy thit lp bng hi ngn gn thu thp thng tin, xc nh i tng hi