Casas Grandes - Di Peso

A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca
by Charles C. Di Peso
John B. Rinaldo
Gloria J. Fenner
Illustrated by Alice Wesche
THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC. 1 DRAGOON
NORTHLAND PRESS 1 FLAGSTAFF
Ti
C0l'f0
.. :. D. f.,
'foL 2.2 35 16
NUMBER 9
OF THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC., SERIES
Reference volumes 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 contain the detailed
source material and basic scientific data upon which the evaluations
and conclusions in the first three volumes are based.
Copyright 1.974 by The Amerind Foundation, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIRST EDITION
ISBN 0-87358-D56-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-8201.8
Composed and Printed in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Casas Grandes Bone Artifacts
Changes Through Time
Paticipants and Credits
Analytical Standards and Procedures
CHAPTER 2: Viejo Period Bone Artifacts
lntroduction
Artifact Classification
Awls
CHAPTER 3: Medio Period Bone Artifacts
Introduction
Raw Materials
Manufacturing and Decorative Techniques
Artifacts .
Ruin, Unit, and Phase Distribution
Comparisons
Flakers
Plaiting Tools
Fine Coi! Basketry A wls
Coarse Coi! Basketry Awls
Awl Blank
Unclassified Pointed Too! Fragments
Hair Ornaments
Skewers
Pins
Beads
Pendant
Finger Ring
Whistles
Rasps
Tu bes
Human Trophy Skulls
Wands
Long Bone Troves
Dish
Carved Effigies .
Objects Ornamented with Turquoise Mosaic
Necklace
Miscellaneous Objects
Miscellaneous Worked Bone
Unclassified Artifacts
CHAPTER 4: Espaoles Period Bone Artifacts
lntroduction
Coarse Coi! Basketry Awl
Generalized Pointed Too!
CHAPTER 5: lntroduction to Casas Grandes Perishables
Participants and Credits
CHAPTER 6: Medio Period Perishable Artifacts
Textiles and Basketry, Mary Elizabeth King
lntroduction
4
4
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4
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76
Manufacturing Techniques
The Loom
Fiber Use
Oyes
Techniques
Costume
Blankets
Skirts
Breechcloths and Penis Sheaths
Other Garments
Belts
Leggings
San dais
Headgear
Bags
Ornaments
Use
Comparisons
Cordage
Braiding
Knotted Netting
Matting
Baskets
Woven Textiles
Raw Materials
Miscellaneous Perishable Artifacts
Wood and Cane
lntroduction
Artifacts
Comparisons
Hair Ornaments
Pendant(?)
Pahos
Ceremonial Arrows
Anvil
Unclassified Worked Fragments
Leather Strips
Unidentified Material
CHAPTER 7: Espaoles Period Perishable Artifacts
Cordage
CHAPTER 8: lntroduction to Casas Grandes Commerce
CHAPTER 9: Viejo Period Commerce
lntroduction
Trade Ceramics
Upper Little Colorado River Drainage
Snowflake Black-on-white .
1
Kiatuthlanna-Iike Black-on-white
76
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78
80
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125
127
127
-127
133
133
133
Puerco Black-on-white
Upper Gila Drainage
Reserve Black-on-white
Tularosa Black-on-white
Mimbres Valley
Three Circle Red-on-white
Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-white
Mimbres Classic Black-on-white
Mimbres Polychrome
Rio Grande Valley
Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta
Lincoln Black-on-red
Galisteo Black-on-white
San Pedro- Santa Cruz Valleys
Dragoon Red-on-brown
Rillito Red-on-brown
Santa Cruz Polychrome
Medanos Area
Medanos Red-on-brown
Guasave Area
Guasave-like Polychrome
Culiacn Area
Aguaruto Exterior Incised
South of Tropic of Cancer
Banco de las Casas Incised
Totoate-like Polychrome
Totoate-like Black-on-white
Unidentified Pottery Wares
Unidentified Red Ware
Unidentified Red-on-brown
Unidentified Black-on-white
Unidentified Red:on-white
Unidentified Black-on-red
Unidentified Polychrome
Unidentified Pattern Scored
Unidentified Hand Drum Sherds
Trade Ceramic Artifacts
Ceramic Hand Drums
Marine Shell
CHAPTER 10: Medio Period Commerce
Introduction
Trade Ceramics
Ceramic lmports
Ceramic Exports
Trade Wares
White Mountain Area
White Mountain Red Ware
Tularosa Black-on-white
Tularosa White-on-red
St. Johns Black-on-red, Sub-glaze Variant
Pinedale Black-on-red
St. Johns Polychrome
St. Johns Polychrome, Sub-glaze Variant
Pinedale Polychrome
Springerville Polychrome
Heshotauthla Polychrome
Zui Area
Kwakina Polychrome
Kechipawan Polychrome
Eastern Middle Gila Drainage _
Gila Polychrome Analysis, Ray N. Rogers
Gila Plain
Gila White-on-red
Gila Black-on-red
Gila Black-on-red/ Polychrome
Tucson Polychrome, Hatched Variant
Pinto Polychrome
Gila Polychrome
Gila Polychrome, Pink Variant
Tonto Polychrome
Southern Arizona
Tanque Verde Red-on-brown
Tucson Polychrome
Rio Grande Drainage
133
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134
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151
!53
153
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154
Galisteo Black-on-white
Chupadero Black-on-white
Lincoln Black-on-red
El Paso Polychrome
Jornada Polychrome
Medanos Area
Carmen Red-on-gray
Durango-Guadiana Area
Mercado Red-on-cream
Jalisco Area
Totoate-like Black-on-red, White-on-red
Cerro Colorado Polychrome
Rancho Reparo-like Polychrome
Nayarit Area
Amapa White-on-red
Early Nayarit Polychrome
Unidentified Pottery Wares
Unidentified Plainware
Unidentified Red Ware
Unidentified Polished Red Ware
Unidentified Red-on-brown
Unidentified Black-on-white
Unidentified Red-on-white
U nidentified Brown-on-white
Unidentified White-on-red
Unidentified White-on-brown
Unidentified White-on-gray
Unidentified Black-on-red
Unidentified Black-on-brown
U nidentified Polychrome
Unidentified Black Engraved
Trade Ceramic Artifacts
Modeled Spindle Whorls
Ceramic Hand Drum
Marine Shell Imports
lntroduction
Modern Distribution of Panamic Marine
Mollusk Species Found at Casas Grandes .
Panamic Province Marine shell Trade in Mesoamerica
Shell Species Distribution in the Gran Chichimeca
Unworked Shell
Imported Birds
Scarlet Macaw Exports
Mining lmports
Turquoise
Alibates
Serpentine
Chrysotile Asbestos
Obsidian
Sepiolite (Meerschaum)
Thenardite
Domestic Commerce and Export Trade
Salt
Copper
Paint Pigments
Mined Deposit Materials
CHAPTER 11: Tardio Period Commerce
Sporadic Spanish Contact Phase
CHAPTER 12: Espaioles Period Commerce
San Antonio Phase
Materials and Designs
Trade Ceramics
Introduction
Summary of the Majolicas
Majolicas
San Luis Blue-on-cream Majolica
Puebla Blue-on-white Majolica
Tallahassee Blue-on-white Majolica
San Agustn Blue-on-white Majolica
Unclassified Blue-on-white Majolica
Puebla Lace Polychrome
Fig. Springs Polychrome Majolica
155
155
156
156
157
157
158
158
158
158
158
!58
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159
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16-1
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197
198
198
198
Ab Polychrome Majolica 198 Cross 2;23
Castillo Polychrome Majolica 199 Dough 224
Guadalajara Polychrome Majolica 199 lntroduction 224
Unclassified Brown-on-white Majolica 199 Artifact Classification 224
Unclassified White Majolica 199 Bead 224
Glazed Wares 199 Glass 224
Spanish Olive Jar, Middle Style 199 lntroduction 224
Unidentified Glaze Ware 200 Artifact Classification 225
Slipped Wares 200 Beads 225
Spanish Burnished Red Ware 200 Goblets 230
Aztec Black-on-red 200 "Gin" Bottle Fragment 231
Unidentified Pottery Wares 200 Mirror 231
Unidentified Plainware 200 S lag 232
Late Glazed Wares 200
CHAPTER 13: Functional Classification and
Huejotzingo Banded Ware 200
Medio Period Composite Artifacts 235
Aranama Polychrome Majolica 200
Crude Green-on-yellow Majolica 201
Functional Classification 235
Tonal Glazed Ware 201
Composite Artifacts 235
Guanajuato Sgraffito 201
Earrings 236
Late Intrusive Wares 201 Necklaces 236
Blue-on-white Chinaware 201
Bracelets 239
Plain White Chinaware 201 Finger Rings 239
Oriental (Chinese?) Porcelain 201 Miscellaneous Composites 239
Shell 201
Medicine Man's Kit 240
lntroduction 201
Troves 240
Artifact Classification 202
Storerooms 240
Cross 202
CHAPTER 14: lntroduction to Casas Grandes Subsistence
Bone 202
242
lntroduction 202
Changes Through Time 242
The American Bison 243
Beads 202
Mammalian Remains from Casas Grandes
Metals 202
Charmion Randolph McKusick 243
Wrought !ron 202
Bison 245
Introduction 202
Artifact Usage 245
Participants and Credits 246
K ni ves 204
Analytical Standards and Procedures 246
Axes 205
Scissors 205 CHAPTER 15: Viejo Period Subsistence 247
Fork 206
Mammal Remains 247
Brad-awl 206
Hinges 208
Bird Remains 247
Nails 208
Plant Remains 247
Braces 209
Corn 247
Handle or Pull 209
CHAPTER 16: Medio Period Subsistence 248
Muleshoe 210
Unidentified Objects 211 Fish, Reptiles, and Mammals 248
Scrap !ron Workshop Material 211 Fish 250
Copper and Copper Alloys 212 Reptiles 250
Introduction 212 Mammals 250
Artifact Classification 213 Butchering Marks 251
Copper Kettle Fragments 213 Horn Cores, Antlers, Claws, and Tails 251
Copper Sieve (Colander) 214 Orders 251
Copper Spoons 214 Notes on a Collection of Reptile Eones from
Brass Buttons 214 the Casas Grandes Ruins, John S. Applegarth 251
Copper Pendant 216 Notes on the Mammalian Collection,
Copper Tubular Bead 216 Charmion Randolph McKusick 252
Copper Wire 217 Lagomorpha - Hares and Rabbits 252
Brass Crotals 217 Rodentia - Rodents 252
Brass Medallion 218 Canis sp. - Dogs and Coyotes 252
Copper Scabbard Tip(?) 218 Urocyon cinereoargenteus - Gray Fox 252
Copper Workshop Material 219 Ursus sp. - Bears 252
Lead 219 Procyon lotor - Raccoon 252
lntrodudion 219 Mephitis sp. - Striped and Hooded Skunks 252
Artifact Classification 219 Felidae - Cats 253
Musket Ball 219 Odocoileus sp. - Deer 253
Cross 220 Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn Antelopes 253
Bale Clip (Sea!) 220 Bison bison - American Bison 253
Workshop Material 221 Ovis canadensis - Desert Bighorn 253
Perishable {\rtifacts 221 Bird Remains 267
Textiles 221 Common Turkey 269
Introduction 221 The Macaw 272
Artifact Classification 221 Mesoamerican Macaw Concepts 273
Woven Textiles 221 Gran Chichimecan Macaw Concepts 273
Wood 223 The Casas Grandes Avan Report,
1
Introduction 223 Charmion Randolph McKusick 273
Artifact Classification 223 Discussion of the A vian List 273
Domestic Fowl: Common Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo)
Captive Birds: Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)
Captive Birds: Military Macaw
(Ara militaris)
Other Captive Birds
Wild Birds
Bird Bone Artifacts
Pathology
Anomalous Fenestrae
Eggshells
Additions to the Osteology of the Mexican
Macaws and Their Known Status in Archaeology
Classification of Bird Remains
Type 1, Articulated Plaza Burials
Type 2, Articulated Burials Below Plaza Pen Floors
Type 3, Articulated Room Subfloor Burials
Type 4, Remains of Birds Killed Accidentally
Type 5, Articulated Btirials With Human Remains
Type 6, Headless and Associated Burials
Type 7, Miscellaneous Remains
Plant Remains
Corn from Casas Grandes, Hugh C. Cutler and
Leonard W. Blake
Races of Corn Grown at Casas Grandes
Discussion
Cotton
Squashes and Gourds
Uncultivated Plant Remains
Unidentified Plant Remains
CHAPTER 17: Tardio Period Subsistence
Plant Remains
CHAPTER 18: Espaoles Period Subsistence
Reptiles and Mammals
Notes on the Mammalian Collection,
,'";harmion Randolph McKusick
Equidae - Horses and Related Forms
Sus seroja- Domestic Swine
Ovis aries and Capra hirca -
Domestic Sheep and Goats
Bos taurus - Domestic Cattle
Espaoles Period Bird Remains
Recent Bird Remains
Plant Remains
Corn, Hugh C. Cutler and Leonard W. Blake
Peach
CHAPTER 19: lntroduction to Casas Grandes Burials
Vital Statistics
Death Ratios
f..ge/Sex Ratios
Burial Practices
Pit Burials
Grave Covers
Body Position
Body Orientation
Multiple Burials
Grave Furniture
Burial Jypes
Room Burials
Type 1 - Subfloor Room Burials
in Sealed Pits
~ p e 4 - Subfloor Room Burials
in Sealed Tombs . . .
Type 11 - Subfloor Room Burials
in Unsealed Pits
Plaza Burials
Type 3 - Subfloor Plaza Burials
in Sealed Pits
Type 12- Subfloor Plaza Burials
in Unsealed Pits
Miscellaneous Burial Types
273
276
278
279
279
280
280
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281
283
284
290
296
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298
300
301
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329
329
329
329
332
333
333
333
335
335
Type 5 - Secondary Urn Burials
in Surface Tombs
Type 6- Nonsepulchered Secondary Urn Burials
Type 7 - Burials Superimposed on
Older, Abandoned Architecture
Type 8 - Human Sacrifices
Type 2- Unburied Bodies
Type 9 - Accidental Deaths
Type 13 - Miscellaneous Human Bone
Type 13 A - Bone from Unsealed Fill
or Floor Proveniences
Type 13 B - Bone from Sealed Fill
Proveniences
Type 13 C- Bone from Trash Construction
of Architectural Features
General Morphology
Physical Appearance
Cranial Deformation
Pathology and Disease
Analytical Standards and Proct:dures
CHAPTER 20: Viejo Period Burials
lntroduction
Demography
Subadults
Adults
Cranial Deformation
General Morphology, Robert A. Be1ifer and
Thomas W. McKern
Cranial
Postcranial
Summary
Grave Pits
Funeral Furniture
Body Position
Orientation
Convento Phase Burials
Pilon Phase Burials
Perros Bravos Phase Burials
CHAPTER 21: Medio Period Burials
lntroduction
Vital Statistics
Crude Death Rates
lntracity Variables
Phase Differentials
AgejSex Ratios
Mortality Rates
Age Structure
Sex Structure
Burial Practices
Body Position
Body Orientation
Grave Furniture
Nonperishable
Perishable
Cranial Deformation
Pathology and Disease
Unit Descriptions
Unit 1, The House of the Ovens
Unit 4, The Mound of the Offerings
Unit 6
Unit 8, The House of the Well
Unit 11, The House of the Serpent
Unit 12, The House of the Macaws
Unit 13, The House of the Dead
Unit 14, The House of the Pillars
Unit 15
Unit 16, The House of the Skulls
Unit 18
Unit 19
Unit 20
Unit 21
Unit 22
Unit 23 o 1
335
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335
336
337
337
337
337
337
337
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341
341
342
343
343
343
343
343
344
344
344
344
344
344
346
347
347
347
349
350
355
355
355
355
356
357
359
359
359
359
359
361
362
363
364
366
366
368
368
368
371
372
376
380
384
387
396
401
402
405
405
406
406
407
408
Central Plaza, The Marketplace
East Plaza
Reyes Site No. 1 (CHIH:D:9:13)
Reyes Site No. 2 (CHIH:D:9:14)
CHAPTER 22: Tardio Period Burial
409 CHAPTER 23: Espaioles Period Burials
410
lntroduction
410
Burial Descriptions
411
412 INDEX
The numbering for illustrations in each volume is bipartite. The first number refers
to the figure number, while the digit following the hyphen indica tes the volume. E.g.,
Fig. 3-7 is the third figure in Vol. 7.
413
413
413
417
>
BONE
*
~
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
CASAS GRANDES
BONE ARTIFACTS
CHANGES THROUGH TIME
During the course of excavations a total of 885 bone artifacts was
recovered. Four (0.5%) of these were in Viejo Period association, 877
(99.1 %) belonged to the Medio Period, and four (0.5%) to the San
Antonio Phase of the Espaoles Period.
All ofthe Viejo Period spei:imens were utilitarian implements.and
included a plaiting tool, a coarse coi! basketry awl, and two other awls
with broken tips. These were simply made, undecorated items-three
were splinter tools and one was a split gro o ved too l. Two of them were
made of the bones of the popular Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus),
which presently inhabits the local mountains.
As was true for other artifact categories, the vast majority and
greatest variety of bone artifacts belonged to the Medio Period. There
were sorne 25 classes of artifacts including utilitarian stone-working
tools and weaving implements; nonutilitarian items of personal
adomment, like hair ornaments, beads, and a finger ring; socio-
religious paraphernalia ranging from the simple sucking tube of the
shaman to such esoteric priestly goods as human trophy skulls, wands,
and a trove of over a hundred long bones; and finally, the remnants of
various bones in the process of manufacture into finished objects. Both
bird and mammal bones were used, and bone identifcations included
two classes, two orders, one subfamily, three genera, 14 species, and
five subspecies. Among the more interesting materials were 20 artifacts
of human bone and 132 of carnivores, including Black Bear ( Ursus
americanus), Grizzly Bear ( Ursus nelsom), and Mountain Lion (Felis
concolor). The sources for the raw material ranged from the mountain
habitat ofthe Mule Deer and bears to the open plains ofthe Pronghom
Antelope (Antilocapra americana) and American Bison (Bison bison).
Of sorne interest, too, was the presence of Beaver (Castor canadensis),
for its present-day occurrence in northern Mexico represents the
"extreme fringe" of its range (Leopold, 1959, p. 381).
With the diversity of artifact forms represented, it was not
surprising that the techniques of manufacture were so much more
varied. Still present, though very few in number, were splinter tools,
while other artifacts were highly and cleverly worked (see Figs. 8-10-
8) and polished toa high gloss. In addition, nota few were decorated by
incising, carving, painting, or the addition of pseudo-cloisonn or
turquoise mosaic work.
No bone artifacts were recovered from the limited Tardo Period
excavations and only four from the Espaoles Period site. The latter
however, also produced a trade piece of black painted, carved rosary
beads (see Ch. 12, this volume, p. 202). Like the artifacts of the Viejo
Period, the indigenous San Antonio Phase specimens wete all
utilitarian implements. They included a coarse coi! basketry awl,,a
generalized pointed too!, and fragments of two other pointed tools.
One was a mere splinter, two others were well-finished shaped
splinters, and one was a split bone. None ofthem were identified below
the leve! of class.
In summary, the simpler utilitarian weaving tools continued to be
used through all of the three time periods represented, as did splinter
and split bone coarse coil awl forms. Plaiting tools were present only in
the Viejo and Medio periods, which also saw the use of Mule Deer as a
raw material. The artifacts of the Viejo and Espaoles periods were
vastly simpler, in terms of manufacture, the lack of decoration, and
function, than were those of the rniddle period. The latter were
characterized by not only a greater range of utilitarian designs, but also
by a number of omaments and larger quantity of socio-religious
items.
PARTICIPANTS AND CREDITS
The analysis and classification of Viejo Period bone artifacts was
carried out by John B. Rinaldo, while those of the Medio and
Espaoles periods were done by Gloria J. Fenner, with the guidance of
Charles C. Di Peso. Preliminary ordering and sorting, as well as
measuring, were done by J ohn Grahm, a Beloit College student.
Fenner was latter assisted by S usan Glowski, another Beloit student.
Identifications of bird bones were made by Dr. Lyndon L. Hargrave
and Mrs. C. Randolph McKusick, both then at the Southwest
Archeological Center in Globe, Arizona. Mr. Thomas W. Mathews
began the identification of animal bone while at the same institution,
but over half the mammal bone artifacts were identified by McKusick
under the auspices of her Southwest Bird Lab of Globe. The primary
so urce of information for the human bone artifacts was Mr. Walter H.
Birkby, Human Identification Laboratory, Arizona State Museum,
and additional information was taken from the Ph. D. dissertation of
Dr. Robert A. Benfer, then of the University of Texas Anthropology
Department. Under Benfer's direction, Mr. Thomas Ellzey, then a
graduate student at the University of Texas, identified, from a
photograph, the bones of the necklace described herein.
ANALYTICAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
The over-all dimensions of the bone artifacts ha ve been given as
maximum measurements-length, width, thickness, diameter.
Incomplete measurements are designated with a plus(+) sign. The tips
of the Medio and Espaoles Period pointed tools were pressed into
clay to their maximum extent and the impressions thus made were
measured (see Di Peso et al., 1956, p. 412). No incomplete
measurements were included in group averages.
Terrninology employed for pointed bone artifacts (see Fig. 1-8)
includes (!) butt, the base or blunt end, which may be the natural
articular condyle (head) or highly modified and shaped; (2) shaft, the
central portian ofthe too!; (3) tip, the pointed end; (4) shoulder, where
the butt joins the shaft, may be natural or artificially shaped; (5)
gro ove, the concave side of the shaft and/ or tip, which may be dueto
splitting and may be deepened artificially or almost abraded away.
51-\ ... F

.
.
.
.
:
. '1: '
f

SI-\OUL.PEI2
surr
Fig. 1-8. Terminology for Pointed Bone Tools.
Following analysis and description of the bone artifacts, computer
classifications were set up to include each of the various typologies.
The pointed artifacts were in one program, the unpointed ones in
another. Unfortunately, the former was felt to be one of the least
satisfactory of the computer programs, partly due to the nature of
sorne of the individual typologies, which were perhaps too limited in
their specific features.
The program for pointed tools is illdstrated in Fig. 2-8, while that
used for the unpointed artifacts can be easily explained verbally, as
2 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8

o HEAD (BUTT)
o
o
OBJECT
SHOULDER
o MODIFICATION O PRO FILE o WIDTH
o
SECTION o o
01. Flaker OO. Unknown O. Unknown O. Unknown !0. Unknown

01. Not l. Not O. Not l. Not l. Not
Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable
'/
13. Unclassified Awls

2. Straight l. Narrow 2. Natural 2. Natural
n

\
)

14. Unclassified Too! 03. Whole, 3. Straight or 2. Broad 3. Round/ 3. Natural,
Fragments Unmodified
n,n,n
Rounded Oval Modified
r;; 00
\ !

04. Coarse Coi! Awl 1S. Generalized Too! 04. Whole, Slight- 4. Tip Taper 3. Thick 4. Rectanguloid 4. Not

ly Modified
D
Shouldered

rJ
o
\
1
OS. Awl Blank OS. Whole, S. Butt Taper S. Flattened S. Single Acute

Modified
n
Shoulder
rJ

\(

06. U nclassified 06. Y, Split 6, Spatulate 6. Irregular 6. Double Acute

PJ n
Shoulder
Fragment
o

07. Y, Split, 7. Irregular 7. Double Obtuse
Unmodified
o
Shoulder
PJ
\;

08. Y, Split, Slight- 8. Blunt End 8. Double Convex
ly Modified Shoulder
n \ 1
09. Pin 09. Y, Split, 9. Pointed End 9. Double
Modified Straight

10.Wand 10. Split
..
f11

..

11. No Head
e
n
follows: The four categories coded were object, shape, bone, and
modification. Fifteen types of objects were included, 01 beads, 02
pendant, 03 finger ring, 04 whistles, 05 rasps, 06 tu bes, 07 trophy skulls,
12. Unclassified
12. Modified
08 long bone trove material, 09 dish, 10 carved effigies, 11 an artifact
Awl Tips
or Missing
ornamented with mosaic work, 12 a necklace, 13 miscellarieous
objects, 14 miscellaneous worked bone, and 15 unclassified artifacts.
Shapes were coded in a double column system whereby the second
number was dependent u pon the first, specifically for the tubular, long
and narrow, and representative artifacts. Unknown shapes were codtld
as 00 sha es not a licable to the t olo ies as 10 unsha ed as 20 and , P PP YP g P ,
Fig. 28. Computer Program Key for Pointed Bone Tools. artifacts with only slight modification of the natural shape of the bone
FENNER-INTRODUCTION TO CASAS GRANDES BONE ARTIFACTS 3
....
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DECORATION
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1. Not 01. Not 01. Not l. Not l. Not 01. Not O. Not
Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable
2. Wbole 02. Wavy 02. Round/ 13. Flattened, 2. Blunt, 2. Round 02. Undecorated l. Bone
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for Decoration
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as 30; tubular artifacts were 40, with detailed features coded as 41 (very
(
short (ring), 42 short and narrow, 43 short and broad, 44 long and
narrow, 45 long and broad;,_rectangular objects were 50, tabular ones
12. Flattened,
60; long and narrow (solid) bone artifacts included 71 rounded and 72
Shallow
faceted; while representaive effigies were 81 anthropomorphic and 82
Groove
zoomorphic. Coding for the type of bone from which these artifacts
were made included O unknown, l not applicable, 2 skull, 3 long bone,
c:-=:=J
4 rib, 5 scapula, 6 mandible, 7 tooth, and 8 appendage. Modifications
were coded as O unknown, l not applicable, 2 split, 3 perforated, 4
channeled, 5 cut/ sawed, 6 ground, 7 sawed/ cut and ground, 8 scraped,
or 9 polished.
CHAPTER 2
VIEJO PERIOD
BONE
ARTIFACTS
INTRODUCTION
Four bone awls believed to be personal tools primarily used for
weaving were recovered from Viejo Period contexts. These were sorted
out into splinter awls-those with the end opposite the point broken
off roughly-and a single awl with the shaft hol!owed out lengthwise,
thus emphasizing the gutter-like groove. These tools were then further
subdivided n the basis of the shape of the tip.
With the possible exception of the grooved bone awl, they were too
unspecialized in form for el ose comparison. However, and in general,
both types had a wide distribution throughout the Gran Chichimeca.
Consequently, their significan ce was primarily a local one of their use
in the Viejo Period 'culture.
ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION
Awls
Use
No direct evidence was recovered as to the use of the bone awls at
the Convento site. These were probably personal tools, as one was
found with a burial (Burial54). By analogy these implements were used
in weaving basketry and for punching holes in leather. Di Peso (Di
Peso et al., 1956, pp. 412-413) has determined on the basis of certain
kinds of wear on the points that those tips round in cross-section were
used in weaving coiled baskets, those with a flat tip for twilled baskets
or plaiting. Although the series from the Convento site was too small
for accurate comparison, they appeared to correspond to three types:
(1) a splinter type of awl witha stout shaft and short, sharp tip polished
only three millimeters of its length, which appeared suitable for making
holes in hides. (2) Another splinter with a thin delicate shaft and a tip of
small diameter which was rounded in cross-section; the extreme tip was
broken off. This corresponded to the type used to make fine coiled
baskets. (3) A specimen with a beveled, flattened tip which was like
those used for plaiting.
Manufacture
These awls were made from fragments of limb bones ground down
on a coarse abrasive material, such as sandstone or pumice, which left
scratches on the shafts. The points were then sharpened and polished
on a stone of finer texture.
Classification
The four bone awls of the Viejo Period were divided into two
categories, splinter (Type I) and grooved (Type II) awls. None ofthem
were wel!-made, the grooved awl being the best finished. This awl, an
incomplete specimen, had a rounded point. It was at least 13.7 cm. in
length and 1.8 cm. in width; the thickness was 1.5 cm. Two ofthe three
splinter awls had round points, the third a flat point. The two complete
specimens were 9.2 cm. and 9. 7 cm. in length; the width of the three
specimens ranged from 1.0 cm. to 1.5 cm., the thickness from 0.4 cm. to
0.6 cm. One was found with Pilon Phase Burial 54.
AWLS. 4 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 - SPLINTER AWLS. 3 SPECIMENS. FJG. 38/1.
No. L. W. Th. Material Provenlence Remarks
.......... cm ............. ..
CG/2930 9.2 1.2 0.6 Mammalla sp.; large adult House T, Fill Flat
point.
CG/2935 7.5+ 1.0 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial House S, Fill Round
3-4, par! of shaft; adu lt point.
CG/3143 9.7 1.5 0.5 Odocofleus hemionus; Rmeta- "Burial 54 Raund
tarsal 3-4, port of proximal point.
head, shaft; medium adult
TYPE 11 - GROOVED AWL. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 3-B/2.
CG/2870 13.7+ 1.8+ 1.5 o. hemlonus; R metacarpo) 34, Hause A, Fill Raunded
port of distal shoft; Jorge point.
young adult; mole
Distribution
Alkali Ridge (Brew, 1946, p. 243, Figs. 176-181)
Cahone Canyon (Martn, 1939, pp. 426, 430, Fig. 123)
Williford Si tes (Martn, 1938, p. 256)
Johh Milis Site (Peckham, 1963, p. 109, Fig. 48 a-e)
Shabik'eschee Village (Roberts, 1929a, pp. 127-128, PI. 19-23)
Tseh So (Brand el al., 1937, p. 94, PI. 18)
Red Mesa Sites (Gladwin, 1945, PI. 32)
White Mound Village (/bid., p. 26, PI. 19 d-g)
Vernon (Martn and Rinaldo, 1960a, pp. 88-90, Fig. 52)
Bear Ruin (Haury, 1941, pp. 113-114, Fig. 40 a-h)
Starkweather Ruin (Nesbitt, 1938, p. 107, PI. 48 a-e)
Reserve Phase Sites (Martn and Rinaldo, 1950b, p. 492, Fig. 189)
Nantack Village (Breternitz, 1959a, pp. 51, 66, Fig. 42)
Crooked Ridge Village (Wheat, 1954, p. 160, Fig. 58)
Turkey Foot Ridge Site (Martn and Rinaldo, 1950a, p. 350, Fig. 133)
Mogollon Village (Haury, 1936b, p. 48, PI. 20)
Snaketown (Giadwin el al., 1937, p. 154, PI. 125)
Harris Village (Haury, 1936b, p. 76, PI. 34)
San Simon Village (Sayles, 1945, p. 57, PI. 53)
Apatzingn (Kelly, 1947, pp. 111-112, 114, Fig. 65 a, PI. 18 a)
Tlamimilolpa (Linn, 1934, pp. 132-133, Figs. 249,262. Carbon-14dates indicate that this
site was occupied earlier than the beginni9g date of the Viejo Period.)
Xolalpn (/bid., p. 157, Figs. 328-329)
Kaminaljuy (Kidder el al., 1946, p. 153, Fig. 66 a)
CHAPTER 3
MEDIO PERIOD
BONE ARTIFACTS
INTRODUCTION
Sorne 877 bone and antier artifacts are herein listed for the Medio
Period. While the majority of these were fragmentary specimens and
unidentifiable as to the type cif too! or ornament, there was still a
considerable variety of objects.
Raw Materials
A total of 837 of the 877 bone artifacts was identified (see Fig. 4-8);
excluded were field discards, missing specimens, and those returned to
Mexico before study began. Birds accounted for 4.5% (38) of the
artifacts, mammals for 95.3% (798), and one was either (0.1 %). Birds
unidentified beyond A ves sp. made up about a fifth of these bones
(21.1 %), while the remainder were classified to the species or subspecies
leve!. Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) accounted for the greatest
number of bird bone artifacts, with ten or 26.3%, while Golden Eagle
(Aquila chrysaetos) was second with nine or 23.7%. Following these
were Common Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo, 15.8%), Canada Goose
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Common Name
Aves sp. Unknown Bird
Branta canadensis Cenada Goose
B. canadensis moffitti Cenada Goose
cf. Chen hyperborea Snow Goose
Aquila chraesytos Golden Eagle
A. chraesytos or Golden Eagle or
Grus canadensis tabida Greater Sandhill Crane
Meleagris gallopavo Common Turkey
Gros canadensis canadensis Lesser Sandhill Crane
G. canadensis tabida Greater Sandhill Crane
Aves/Mammalia sp. Unknown Bird or Mammal
Mammalia sp. Unknown Mammal
H omo sapiens Man
Lepus sp. Hare
Castor canadensis Beaver
Carnvora sp. Carnivore
Ursus sp. Bear
Ursus americanos Black Bear
Ursus nelsoni Grizzly Bear
Felis concolor Mountain Lion
Lynx rufos Bobcat
Artiodactyla sp. Artiodactyl
Odocoileus sp. Deer
Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer
Odocoileus virginianos Whitetailed Deer
O. virginianos cf. couesi Whitetailed Deer
Antilocapra americana Pronghorn Antelope
Bovine sp. Bovine
Ovis canadensis Mountain Sheep
Bison bison Bison
O. canadensis cf. mexicana Desert Bighorn Sheep
Fig. 48. Species List for Medio Period Bone Artifacts.
(Forty unidentified artifacts are excluded.)
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(Branta canadensis, 3, 7.9%), Snow Goose (cf. Chen hyperborea, I,
2.6%); one bone was either Golden Eagle or Sandhill Crane. (Also see
Ch. 16, this volume, p. 280.)
Over a third (34.2%) of the animal bone artifacts were unidentified
beyond the mammalian leve!. The artiodactyls provided most of the
mammalian raw material, with 371 artifacts (46.5%), including deer
(130, 16.3% of the mammal bone), Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra
americana, 66, 8.3%), and Mountain Sheep ( Ovis canadensis, 2, 0.3%).
Assurning that the artifacts identified as Bovinae sp. were in
undisturbed context (and are therefore Bison and not Bos), these and
the Bison (Bison bison) bones numbered 14 (1.8% of the mammals.)
The remainder (159) were unidentified artiodactyls. The next largest
group was the carnivores, with 132 artifacts ( 16.7% of the mammal
bone), including bear (110, 13.8%), cats (20, 2.5%), and unidentified
carnivores (2). It might be mentioned here that only three specimens of
carnivores (all bear) were not long bones. The remainder of the
mammalian material was made up of human bone (Hamo sapiens, 20,
2.5%), hare (Lepus sp., 1, 0.1 %), and Beaver (Castor canadensis, 1,
0.1%).
In comparison the the unworked mammal bone (see this volume,
Ch. 16), only two of the species identified in Fig. 4-8 were not also
found among the trash material. These were Beaver and Mountain
Lion. In contrast, five animals (excluding bats and small rodents)
found in trash were not found worked-rabbit (Sylvilagus sp.), Gray
Fox (Urocyon cinereoargentus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Domestic
Dog ( Canis Jamiliaris), and Muskrat ( Ondatra zebithecus).
To determine if there was any correlation between the types of raw
material and broad functional artifact groups, most of the artifacts
were put into the categories of utilitarian and nonutilitarian, the latter
with two subdivisions, personal ornaments and socio-religious
paraphernalia. Artifacts not used in this study were most of the .
miscellaneous objects, worked bone, and unclassified specimens.
Utilitarian artifacts included the flakers, plaiting tools, fine and coarse
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coi! basketry awls, and the awl blank. Ornaments encompassed the
hair ornaments, skewers, pins, beads, the pendant, and the finger ring,
while the socio-religious group was made up of whistles, rasps, tu bes,
human trophy skulls, long bone trove material, a dish, the carved
effigies, objects with turquoise mosaic, and the necklace. Also included
in the latter group were a number of other artifacts that were recovered
from what were considered to be socio-religious proveniences, such as
the Unit 16 trove material. These were a plaiting too!, coarse coi!
basketry awls, unclassified pointed too! fragments, hair ornaments,
skewers, and miscellaneous objects and worked bone. The results of
this compilation for certain groups of bone, was as follows (bird,
bird/ mammal, and mammal percentages are based on the total atthe
bottom; percentages below mammal are based on the mammal total):
UTILIT ARIAN NONUTILIT ARIAN
Personal Adomment Socio-religious
Bird 23 22.5'7c 14 4.4'7c 37 8.8'7.
Blrd/Mamma1 1 1.0')'. 1 0.2')'.
Mammal 147 100.0'7. 78 76.5'7o 303 95.6'7c 381 90.9')'.
Human 1 0.7'7. 1 1.3')'. lB 5,91J'c 19 5.0')'.
Camivore 1 0.7'7c 1 1.3')'. 128 42.2'7c 129 33.9"Jc
Artiodactyl 111 75.5"/o 39 50,0'7c 98 32.3'7c 137 36.0?'a
Total 147 102 317 419
The first observation to be mentioned is that all of the utilitarian
implements were made of mammal bone, while the majority of bird
bone was used for ornaments. Further, three-quarters ofthe utilitarian
artifacts were made of artiodactyl bone. Deer, in fact, accounted for
29.3% of these tools, and this was overwhelmingly Mule Deer
( Odocoileus hemionus). The only two implements that did not fit this
pattern were made of human and Mountain Lion bone; both were
coarse coi! basketry awls. In contrast to the tools, half of the mammal
bone ornaments were made of artiodactyl bone; again, M u! e Deer was
predominant. Unfortunately, however, 37 of the 78 mammal bones
were not identified beyond the leve! of Mammalia sp. One of the hair
ornaments was made of Grizzly Bear ( Ursus nelsoni), and the pendant
was made of human bone, while one of the beads was mammal bone.
While over 95% of the socio-religious artifacts were made of mammal
bone, the unusual feature about these was that most of these were
carnivores, including both Black ( Ursus americanus) and Grizzly Bear,
Mountain Lion (Felis concolor), and Bobcat (Lynx nifus). The highest
percentage of human bone for any ofthe three groups was also in this
. category. Looking at these occurrences another way and using the
same totals as those abo ve, 90.0% of the human bone was in the socio-
religious category, with only 5.0% in each ofthe other two; 98.5% of the
carnivore bone was in the same group, with 0.8% in each of the others;
and 44.8% of the artiodactyl bone was used for utilitarian artifacts,
15.7% for ornaments, and 39.5% for socio-religious paraphernalia.
A compilation of bone identifications by unit also resulted in sorne
concentrations of certain kinds of bone or particular species (see Fig. 5-
8). In Unit 14, for example, were 19 of the 38 bird bones (50.0%), while
13 of the 20 human bone artifacts (65.0%) were recovered from Unit
16, as was the vast majority of the carnivores, 128 of 132 artifacts
(97.0%). Mule Deer had its highest counts in Units 16 and 8, while the
greatest number of Pronghorn Antelope artifacts was also recovered
from Unit 16. The main reason for the numerous bone artifacts in U nit
16 was the presence of an amazing trove of bone in Room 23-16, which
included such esoteric items as the six human trophy skulls and over a
hundred long bones. When upper story walls collapsed, a number of
the artifacts tumbled into the adjacent Room 22-16, where they were
listed as Trove l. This trove accounted for 249 of the bone artifacts
(28.4%), and included a plaiting too!, six coarse coi! basketry awls, 70
unclassified pointed too! fragments, two hair ornaments, four skewers,
the six trophy skulls, 42 wands, 109 long bones, a carved effigy, four
miscellaneous objects, and four pieces of worked bone. As mentioned
above, certain species were concentrated in Unit 16, and specifically in
this trove, including 100% ofthe Ursus sp. (3), 97.9% ofthe Black Bear
(92), 92.3% of the Grizzly Bear ( 12), 89.5% of the Mountain Lion ( 17),
and 50.0% of the human (1 O) and the Lesser Sandhill Crane (1) bones.
Other identifications for this trove were Mammalia sp. (49),
Artiodactyla sp. (31), M u! e Deer (21), Whitetail Deer ( Odocoileus
virginianus, 3), Pronghorn Ante! o pe (7), and Bovinae sp. ( 1). lt might
be of interest to note that a mnimum fauna! count of this trove
revealed the presence of at least 32 Black Bear (27 long bones, 5 other
artifacts), seven Grizzly Bear ( 4 long bones and 3 other artifacts), and
eight Mountain Lion (8 long bones).
Specie s
Aves sp.
Unit
Branta canadensis
B. canadensismoffitti
cf. Chen hyperborea
A quila chraesytos
A. chraesytos or
Grus canadensis tabida -
Meleagris gallopavo
Grus canadensis
canadensis
G, canadensis tabida
Ave s/Mammalia sp,
Mammalia sp,
Hamo sapiens
Lepus sp.
Castor canadensis
Camivora sp.
Ursus sp.
Ursus americmus
Ursus nelsonl
Fe lis concolor
Lynx rufus
Artiodactyla sp.
Odocoileus sp.
1 -
Odocoi!eus hemlonus 3 -
Odocolleus virginlanus 1 -
o. virginianus cf.
couesi
Antilacapra americana
Bavinae sp.
Ovis canadensis
O. canadensis cf.
mexicana
Bison blson
11 12 13 14
1 -
1 -
7
1
108 7 16 42
2 -
1 -
1 -
1 -
1 -
49 5 10
1 1
24 6 13
3 - 1 -
24
1
14
1
12
4
Central East
16 19 20 22 Plaza Plaza
1 -
1
1
1 -
67 4 - 17
13 -
1
3
93
12
19 -
47 2 - 10
1
30 4 1
5 1 - -
18
1
1
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Total
'7
6 10 24 205 19 29 47 120 317 13 1 2 38 4
0.7 1.2 2.9 24.6 2.3 3.5 5.6 14.4 38.0 1.6 0.1 0.2 4.6 0.5
Fig. 5-8. Unit Distribution for Medio Period Bone Artifact ldentifications.
(F orty unidentified artifacts are excluded.)
Primary manufacturing techniques observed among the bone
artifacts-or deduced on the basis of finished shapes-included
splintering, splitting, and sawing. The first was accomplished by
smashing or battering a long bone to obtain small, narrow fragments
which were further worked to complete the too! (see Fig. 6-8/ 1).
Splitting was done by sawing a long bone along its length (see Fig. 6-
8/2). Sawing, on the other hand, was used not only to obtain a piece of
bone the desired size, but to further shape objects by cutting off
irregularities along edges, parts of condyles, or the like (see Fig. 6-8/ 3).
Further shaping of objects was accomplished by abrading. The
majority of the Medio Period bone artifacts gave sorne evidence of
abrading in the form of minute scratches and/ or smoothed facets on
the surfaces of the specimens. This manufacturing technique was
observed in a number of stages from rough shaping to a smooth
finished surface (see Fig. 6-8/ 4).
Burnishing or polishing was a finishing technique that appeared to
be relatively limited in use, although severa! of the artifacts were badly
pitted. Preservation was necessarily a factor in the observation of this
technique on any object. (See Fig. 6-8/5.) Other manufacturing
techniques were perforating and notching. All perforations were
drilled instead of being cut out (see Fig. 6-8/ 6). Notching was
accomplished by partially sawing through bone in a series of short cuts
(see Fig. 6-8/7). (Also see Figs. 7-9-8.)
Severa! decorative techniques were observed on the bone artifacts,
and sorne of them were processes also used in manufacture. Carving
was seen on a few objects, most notably two human effigies whose
facial features were carved in Iow relief by removing the compact bone
in one case and by cutting into it, but not through it, in the other (see
Fig. 10-8/ 1). Another example of Iow relief was found on a few
specimens in the form of nonrepresentational patterns (see Fig. 10-
8/ 1).
Irrcising was also used to make simple geometric designs (see Fig.
10-8/2), as well as to delineate an area to be covered by pseudo-
cloisonn or mosaic. Such patterns were en tire! y rectilinear. N otching
was used to ornament objects by modifying their outlines. Broad
notches were used to give sorne hair ornaments a serpentn e form along
their lengths (see Fig. 10-8/ 3). While most ofthe perforations included
as examples of decorative techniques were not ornamental, they were
not thought to be necessaryto the use ofthetools as, for example, hales
are necessary for whistles. These perforations were also drilled instead
of being cut out (see Fig. 10-8/ 4).
While severa! specimens of different types had remnants of red
paint, only one was painted with a recognizable design (see Fig. 10-
8/ 5). The paint was in all cases red. Additional objects had small areas
ofunidentified green (pseudo-cloisonn?) and green copper stains, but
most of these merely indicated proximity to the material that
discolored them.
FENNER-MANUFACTURING AND DECORATIVE TECHN1QUES 7
Abrading was utilized in ornamentation by pseudo-cloisonn and
mosaic to roughen the surface of the area to be so decorated in arder to
pro vide better adhesion (see Fig. 10-8/ 6). Only two examples of
pseudo-cloisonn work were found (see Figs. 551-7/2, 10-8/7). While
fragmentary, the material had original! y covered the butt of the skewer
Iike a knob. Four examples of the use of turquoise tesserae were
recovered, three done on f!at surfaces (see Fig. 10-8/ 8) and one
covering a condyle. The butts of severa! objects were discolored,
indicating that sorne material had once adhered to them. Nearly al! of
these stains were reddish-brown.
Artifacts
A total of 114 (13.0%) specimens were classified as objects of
personal adornment. These included 55 hair ornaments, 17 skewers, a
finger ring, a pendant, 24 beads, 13 pins, and three pegs. It is possible
that sorne of these items, particular! y the hair ornaments, skewers, and
pins, might have been used for more practica! activities that required
piercing tools.
Weaving tools included !59 (18.1 %) specimens-23 plaiting tools,
35 fine coi! basketry awls, 90 coarse coi! basketry awls, one awl blank,
and ten awl fragments unclassified as to type. It is likely that many of
these implements were used for chores other than making mats and
baskets. The plaiting tools, with their flattened tips (see Fig. 11-8/ 1),
could ha ve been used in smoothing operations. The fine coi! basketry
awls, having smaller, more sharply pointed tips, would have been
useful for making small hales or rents in materials other than those
used in basketry, and a variety of use wear was observed on their tips
(see Fig. 11-8/ 2). It is even more Iikely that the coarse coi! basketry
awls were used for multiple activities. Not only was there more than
twice the number of these tools than any of the other types of awls, but
their ti ps and shafts had a greater variety of use wear ( see Fig. 11-8/ 3).
Sorne 322 (36. 7%) bone artifacts were classified as socio-religious
objects. These included 15 rasps, two whistles, 57 wands, three carved
effigies, 12 tubes, six trophy skulls, a dish, two objects ornamented
with turquoise mosaic, a painted rib, a necklace, 84 unclassified
pointed too! fragments, 111 long bones, five skewers, the same number
of miscellaneous worked bone, eight coarse coi! basketry awls, four
miscellaneous bone objects, two each of hair ornaments and
unclas'sified artifacts, and one plaiting too!. It was thought that few of
these specimens could ha ve been categorized as secular tools, with the
exception of the last seven types of artifacts mentioned, along with the
whistles, used for hunting cal!s, and the bone and mosaic specimens,
which might have been items of personal adornment. Of particular
note were the numerous and varied specimens found in the Unit 16
trove, already discussed.
Relatively few of the tools were u sed for stone chipping. These were
six (0.7%) bone and antier flakers.
Thirteen (1.5%) pieces of miscellaneous worked bone were placed
in abone working category, as being workshop material in the process
of manufacture.
A total of 263 (30.0%) bone specimens were not given a functiona1
classification. The great majority-238 items-were parts of pointed
bone tools or ornaments. While most of these were short segmentsof
shafts, they were counted individually, although it was thought that
many which shared proveniences carne from the same too1s.
Additional mending was not possible, nor were there any mends
among these and classified implements. Of the remainder of the
unclassified tools, sorne were too fragmentary to identify; others were
unique, sorne being scrap or raw materials, perhaps; and additional
specimens.were 1ost or discarded in the field and could not be studied.
These included 16 miscellaneous objects and nine unclassified artifacts.
Fig. 6-8. Medio Period Btme Manufacturing Techniques.
(Note l. Splintering, CG/66670, Type VI fine coil basketry awl;
2. Splitting, CG/5684, Type lA miscellaneous bone object; 3.
Sawing, CG/3794, Type IIA plaiting tool, CG/6930, Type IIA
plaiting tool, CG/7994C, Type VII miscellaneous .bone object;
4. Abrading, CG/5727, awl bh1nk, CG/1195, Type VIIC coarse
coil basketry awl, Uc/540U, Type VIIF coarse coil basketry
awl, CG/6934, Type lA wand; S. Burnishing, CG/6052, Type
IVC ilaiting tool; 6. Perforating, <:!G/5343, whistle; 7. Notching,
CG/6741, Type 1 rasp, CG/8344, Type 11 rasp.)
8
21,2 CM,
1
THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
5
3
24.9 CM.
6
Fig. 7-8. Medio Period Bone Working and Utilization.
(Note l. Ursus americanus R radius, Type lA wand, CG/6934;
2. U. americanus R ulna, Type lA wand, CG/6948; 3, U. ame-
ricanus L radius, Type lA wand, CG/6958; 4. U. americanus R
humerus, Type lA wand, CG/6941; S. Ursus sp. R scapula, Type
IV miscellaneous worked bonq, CG/6996; 6. U. americanus R
fibula, long bone trove, CG/69650.)
FENNER-MANUFACTURING ANO DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES
2
1
4
(Note l. Ursus americanus R femur, Type V wand, CG/6927;
2. Antilocapra americana L tibia, Type lB wand, CG/6945; 3.
A. americana L metacarpal 3-4, Type IB2 plaiting too!, CG/-
3957; 4. Castor canadensis 1 incisor, Type V miscel!aneous
object, CG/2199; S. Odocoileus hemionus R humerus, Type IB
miscellaneous object, CG/6944.)
3
9
1
9.8 CM.
i
5.5 CM.
' j
10
6.8 CM.
1
AII the bone was recovered from the main ruin of CHIH:D:9: 1,
with none from the smaller Medio Period components at
CHIH:D:9:13 or CHIH:D:9:14.
The unit distribution of bone artifacts at Paquim is Iisted in Fig.
12-8. The 12 units that lacked such maferial were 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 O, 15, 17,
18, 21, 23, and the South Plaza. The unclassified fragments of pointed
tools were the most common type of bone artifact recovered from
seven units that had more than ten specimens (8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, and
the Central Plaza) and were the second most frequent artifact in one
other (Unit 6). Coarse coi! awls were the second most numerous bone
artifacts in six areas (Units 8, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, and 16) and the most
frequent in one (Unit 6). Hair ornaments carne in third in Units 6, 8,
and the Central Plaza, and second in Unit 19. In contrast to these units
and artifacts, Unit 4 had its highest count in beads, followed by two
specimens classified as a long bone trove, while Unit 16 produced a
long bone trove with mere artifacts than any other class, with bone
wands in third place. From Unit 16, in fact, carne more bone artifacts
than were in any other unit at the si te, a total of321, or 36.6%. Most of
this carne from the trove airead y mentioned. Unit 8 accounted for 215
4
(Note l. Felis concolor L fibula, Type II effigy, CG/7894; 2.
Ursus americanus L tibia, Type I ffigy, CG/6727; 3. U. ame-
ricanus L femur, Type I effigy, CG/8210; 4. Homo sapiens man
dible, Type II object ornamented with mosaic, CG/6876.)
bone artifacts, 24.5% of the Medio Period total, while Unit 14 was third
with 124, or 14.1 %. These were the three majar habitation areas of the
site, which produced most of aii of the arti{acts.
The 606 artifacts that were phase associated accounted f or 69. 1% of
the total of these Medio Period objects. Sorne of the artifacts had
specific phase assignment, while others were from proveniences that
could have been either of two phases-Buena F/ Paquim and
Paquim/ Diablo (see Fig. 13-8). Thirty-seven artifacts were recovered
from Buena F Phase association (6.1%), 12 were Buena F or
Paquim (2.0%), only five were Paquim (0.8%), 15 were Paquim or
Diablo (2.5%), and 537 were from the Diablo Phase (88.6%).
Coarse coi! awls accounted for the highest number of artifacts in
the Buena F Phase, with 21.6%, and were the third most numerous
class in the Diablo Phase, with 10.2%. Fragments of unclassifiable
pointed tools were second most numerous in the early time block, with
18.9%, and were the most frequently occurring artifacts in the last
phase, with 33.3%. Hair ornaments were third most numerous in the
Buena F Phase. Elements of long bone troves accounted for the
second highest pro portian of Diablo avtifacts; with 20. 7%, while wands
were fourth, with 9.5%. Each of the five Paquim Phase artifacts fell
into a different class of artifacts.
FENNER-RUIN, UNIT, ANO PHASE DISTRIBUTION 11
Fig. 10-8. Medio Period Bone Decorative Techniques.
(Note l. Carving, CG/6727, CG/8210, Type I carved effigies,
CG/37S7, Type. I hair ornament; 2. Incising, CG/6634, Type
IIA plaiting tool, CG/2380, Type IIIC hair ornament; 3. Notching,
Uc/S27B, Type IIB hair ornament; 4. Perforating, CG/6944,
Type IB miscellaneous object, CG/39S7, Type IB2 plaiting
tool; S. Painting, CG/1343, Type I hair ornament; 6. Abrad-
ing, CG/4428, Type IIIB hair ornament, CG/8298, Type IVB
hair ornament; 7. Pseudo-cloisonn, CG/6821, Type IB skewer;
8. Mosaic, CG/687S, Type II ornamented bone object.)
Fig. 11-8. Wear Facets on Medio Period Bone Weavers' Tools.
(Note l. CG/1332, Type IA plaiting tool; 2. CG/1704, Type IIB plaiting tool; 3. CG/1192, Type IVA plaiting tool; 4. CG/7820, Type !fine coil
basketry awl; S. CG/2367, Type IIIA fine coil awl; 6. CG/17S7, Type IV fine coil awl; 7. CG/804S, Type VB fine poil awl; 8. CG/2608, Type
IV coarse coil basketry awl; 9. CG/S844, Type VIIA1 coarse coil awl; 10. CG/7846, Type VIIA1 coarse coil awl; 11. CG/8003, Type VIIA1
coarse coil awl.)
12 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9--'-VOL. !5
UNIT 4 6 8 11 12
ARTIFACTS T % T % T % T % T % T %
Flakers 1 16.7 2 33.3
Plaiting Tools 2 8.3 7 29.2 - 2 8.3
Fine Coi! Awls 5.7 3 8.6 4 11.4 8.6 1 2.9
Coarse Coi! Awls 4 4.1 7 7.1 21 21.4 5.1 6 6.1
Awl Blank
Unclassified Pointed
Too! Fragments 4 1.2 132 41.0 6 1.9 12 3.7
Hair Ornaments 4 7.0 16 28.1 3 5.3
Skewers 8 36.4 1 4.5
Pins 7.7 7.7 1 7.7
Beads 6 25.0 1 4.2
Pendant
Finger Ring 100.0
Whistles
Rasps 6.7 2 13.3 4 26.7
Tu bes 8.3 16.7 8.3
Trophy Skulls
Wands 4 7.0 1.8
Long Bone Troves 2 1.8
Dish 100.0
Carved Effigies 33.3
Objects Ornamented with
Turquoise Mosaic
Necklace 100.0
Miscellaneous Objects 2 8.3 29.2 312.5
Bone 2 11.1 2 11.1 5.6
Unclassified Artifacts 4.8 3 14.3 4 19.0 2 9.5 4.8
TOTAL 8 0.9 11 1.3 31 3.5 215 24.5 21 2.4 30 3.4
Fig. 12-8. Unit Distribution of Medio Period Bone .4rtifacts at CHIH:D:9:1.
Buena F/ Paquim/
PHASE Buena F Paquim Paquim Diablo Diablo
ARTIFACTS .T % T % T % T % T %
Flakers - - - - - - - - 4 0.7
Plaiting Tools - - - - - - '1 6.7 12 2.2
Fine Coil Awls 4 10.8 1 8.3 - - 2 13.3 8 1.5
Coarse Coil Awls 8 21.6 2 16.7 1 20.0 3 20.0 55 10.2
Unclassified Pointed Too!
Fragments 7 18.9 7 58.3 1 20.0 3 20.0 179 33.3
Hair Ornaments 5 13.5 1 8.3 - - 2 13.3 20 3.7
Skewers 1 2.7 - - 1- - - - 11 2.1
Pins 2 5.4 - - - - - - 8 1.5
Beads 1 2.7 - - - - - 21 3.9
Whislles - - 1- - - - - - 1 0.2
Rasps 1 2.7 1- - 1 20.0 - - 8 1.5
Tu bes 2 5.4 - - - - 1 6.7 4 0.7
Trophy Skulls 1-
- - - - - 6 1.1
Wands 1 2.7 - - - - - 51 9.5
Long Bone Troves 1- - - - - - - 111 20.7
Dish - - 1 20.0 - - -
Carved Effigies 1- - - - - - - 2 0.4
Objects Ornamented With
Turquoise Mosaic - - - - - - - - 1 0.2
Necklace - - - - - - - 1 0.2
Miscellaneous Objects 2 5.4 - - - - - 12 2.2
Miscellaneous Worked Bone 2 5.4 1 8.3 - - - 9 1.7
Unclassified Artifacts 1 2.7 - - 1 20.0 3 20.0 13 2.4
TOTAL 37 . 99.9 12 99.9 5 100.0 15 100.0 537 99.9
Fig. 13-8. Phase Distribution of Medio Period Bone Artifacts from CHIH:-
D:9:1.
Comparisons
The survey of the selected list of comtemporary sites for bone
artifacts that were equivalen! to Medio Period types was a frustrating
chore, and the results were not often certain. This was dueto the fact
that detail was not usually complete enough in the illustrations and
written descriptions to determine whether the criterial on which the
Casas Grandes types were based were present in the comparative
material The distribution lists, therefore, are often of a tentative
nature. Detailed citations for comparative material are in the following
descriptive sections. It should be pointed out that artifacts that were
not, or did not appear to be, similar to the objects described and
illustrated in the sections that follow were not included in the
distribution Iists, with the exception of sorne ornamental items and
trophy skulls.
One ofthe Iatter exceptions was the group ofhair ornaments, which
were quite limited in their occurrence. Types 1, III, IV, and VIII of the
Casas classification were the only objects for which similar examples
were found, and they had a generally south central distribution in the
southwestern U nited S tates, in addition to their possiblc presence at
Guasa ve. Carved Mountain Sheep horns were found on objects at the
T
4
1
13
18
6
1
2
1
5
55
Central East
13 14 16 19 20 22 Plaza Plaza
% T '7o T '7o T % T '7o T '7o T '7o T % Total '7o
16.7 1 16.7 1 16.7 6 100.1
16.7 3 12.5 6 25.0 24 100.0
2.9 6 17.1 8 25.0 2.9 - 1 2.9 5 14.3 - 35 100.2
13.3 19 19.4 15 15.3 1.0 1 1.0 - 4 4.1 2 2.0 98 99.9
1 100.0 1 100.0
5.6 35 10.9 91 28.3 5 1.6 - 0.3 17 5.3 1 0.3 322 100.1
10.5 13 22.8 5 8.8 3 5.3 5 8.8 2 3.5 57 100,1
4.5 2 9.1 7 31.8 1 4.5 2 9.1 - 22 99.9
15.4 6 46.2 1 7.7 7.7 - 13 100.1
16 66.7 1 4.2 - 24 100.1
1 100.0 1 100.0
1 100.0
2 100.0 2 100.0
6.7 5 33.3 1' 6. 7 6.7 15 100.1
8.3 1 8.3 2 16.7 8.3- 16.7 1 8.3 12 99.9
6 100.0 6 100.0
1.8 2 3.5 48 84.2 1.8 - 57 100.1
109 98.2 111 100.0
1 100.0
2 66.7 3 100.0
2 100.0 - 2 100.0
1 100.0
4 16.7 7 29.2 4.2- 24 100.1
5.6 5 27.8 7 38.9 18 100.1
23.8 3 14.3 1 4.8 4.8- - 21 100.1
6.3 124 14.1 321 36.6 13 1.5 0.1 2 0.2 39 4.4 6 0.7 877
Swarts Ruin and the Grewe Si te. It was not possible to determine the
presence of butt roughening on comparative specimens, so that
additional hair ornaments could have been overlooked.
Skewers also had a limited distribution, but it was probable that
both Types 1 and II were present. It was unknown whether the paucity
of comparable objects was dueto an actual rarity of skewers or the Iack
of illustrative and descriptive detail.
Bone rings hada wider distribution, from the Tsegi Canyon on the
north to Gleeson in the south. The majority ofthe sites, however, were
Iocated in the south central portian of the Arizona-New Mexico Iand
area. Those specimens which appeared to be most similar to those from
Casas were from the Tsegi, Foote Canyon, Swarts Ruin, and Gleeson.
Bone pendants were few in number, and none were strictly
comparable to the Casas Grandes example, but were widely distributed
in the American Southwest.
Bone beads had a broad and fairly heavy distribution. While most
of these were equivalen! to the Types I and II tubular beads, a specimen
which was somewhat similar to the flat, rectangular Type III bead was
found at Aztec, W Ruin. This group of artifacts was also noted for
Zape.
Pins had a generally northern concentration in the area. While it
was difficult in sorne cases to determine the cross sections, both types
seemed to be represented. This group was also present at Cojumatln.
While having a broad distribution, plaiting tools seemed to cluster
in the north central and the south central portions of the American
Southwest. The northern group extended from the Mesa Verde area to
Pueblo del Arroyo, and the southern one from Carter Ranch Pueblo
southeastward to the Swarts Ruin. Most of the examples were
probably equivalen! to the Casas Types 1 and II, and no plaiting too!
butt fragments (Type V) were found in the descriptions or illustrations.
Fine coi! basketry awls were difficult to determine on the basis of
many of t.he illustrations. However, the result nonetheless showed that
they had a very broad and general distribution. Types that appeared
most often throughout the area were 1, II, III, and VI. Coarse coi!
basketry awls were found atan e ven greater number of si tes and hadan
equally wide distribution in the sites studied. Types 1, 11, 111, V, and VII
were the most numerous. This type of too! was also present at
Cojumatln and probably al Culiacn.
Awl blanks were described only for Aztec, E Ruin. It probably
would not ha ve been possible lo determine the presence of these objects
from photograplis alone, which may account for this Iimited
occurrence.
Rasps, too, were Iisted for one site, University Indian Ruin. The
Type 1 scapula rasp was the only example found.
Whistles were more widespread, mainly in a broad northern are
with a couple of centrally located examples. Least similar to the Casas
Grandes specimens were severa! found
1
at Lowry Ruin, Ridge Ruin.
and Carter Ranch Pueblo.
FENNER-COMPARISONS AND FLAKERS
While none of the three wands found in the literature were exactly
!ike Casas wands, the two from Ridge Ruin might be classified as Type
specimens, while the questionable example from Spur Ranch might
ha ve been a Type III wand. It is possible that these objects hada wider
distribution than was indicated, but that comparable artifacts were not
found dueto a lack of illustrationa and/ or descriptions. Or they may
ha ve more often been made of wood at other sites.
A bird's head from Cojumatln was the only example of effigies
carved from bone. However, it was of interest that the Type II animal
effigy was exactly duplicated at Hawikuh. The dating ofthis specimen,
however, was not given.
Bone tu bes were found at numerous si tes over a broad area. They
were similar to Types l and li at Casas, primarily the former group, the
shorter tubes. An example was also found at Cojumatln.
Guasa ve was the only one ofthe list of compara ti ve si testo produce
trophy skulls, though these were used as burial offerings, unlike the
Casas Grandes skulls. A number of Mesoamerican sites of various
periods have, however, produced additional skulls, almost always in
burials.
The long bone trove of Unit 16 was apparently unique. Dishes
made from human crania were not found at any of the contemporary
comparative sites, although occasional specimens of "cups" or "cut
brain cases" have been found elsewhere in Mesoamrica.
Bone with turquoise mosaic was found at Pueblo Bonito. As with
sorne of the other comparative material, these specimens were not like
those from Casas, but were included to illustrate the distribution of the
technique.
Flaking tools had a very broad distribution. Most of them were
antier tools (Type II), but objects identified as bone flakers (Type I)
were also observed. The latter might have been more frequent but due
to descriptions as other objects (e.g., punches) were not classifiable
according to the Casas' Grandes typology. An antier flaker was also
found at Cojumatln.
Of the miscellaneous bone objects, comparabl'e specimens were
found for the Type I split long bones in the Mesa Verde area. Another,
from Spur Ranch, appeared to be similar but it was not possible to
determine from the illustration whether or not it actually was split.
Another object, from Carter Ranch Pueblo, was analogous in form but
showed use as a beamer. No painted ribs (Type II) were found,
although the practice of painting bone was present in the Ridge Ruin-
Winona Village area, where nine Prairie Dog mandibles painted red
and blue or green were found.
In summary, those bone objects which were found to be most
widely and generally distributed were beads, fineand coarse coi! awls,
tubes, and flakers. Also having a wide distribition, though not at as
many sites, were rings, whistles, and trophy skulls. Pins and plaiting
tools, and possibly hair ornaments, had somewhat concentrated
occurrences, while bone pendants had a wide but sparse incidence.
Objects with a very limited occurrence were skewers, awl blanks, rasps,
wands, carved effigies, dishes, bone with turquoise mosaic, and
miscellaneous objects.
Flakers
Use
These tools were thought to ha ve been used in the manufacturing of
chipped stone implements, and have been found in association with
arrow-making kits (Di Peso el al., 1956, p. 494). The tip of one of the
antier specimens was beveled on one side.
Manufacture
The complete bone specimen was made by sawing and splitting a
long bone shaft and abrading it toa blunt ti p. In addition, the condyle
and cut edges of the shaft were ground down. The other bone fragment
was incomplete, consisting of only the tip, which was ground. The
antier flakers were also fragmentary, non e ofthem having the butt end.
Evidence of modification appeared to have been the result of use.
Classification
Type l flakers (2, 33.3% ) were made of bone. They were
subdivided into two groups: Type IA, a specimen with a complete,
slightly modified condyle, and Type lB, a tip fragment. The former was
13
11.1 cm. in length, 2.8 cm. in width, and 2.3 cm. in thickness. lt was
identified as White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). The latter
was 5.5 cm. in remnant length, 1.1 cm. in remnant width, and 0.9 cm. in
remnant thickness. It was an unidentified artiodactyl bone.
The Type li flakers (4, 66.7%) were made of antier tines; tips were
blunted and worn. They ranged from 4.0 cm. to 15.1 cm. in remnant
length; one was 0.9 cm. in remnant diameter; and the remainder ranged
from 1.4 cm. to 2.3 cm. in remnant width, and 1.0 cm. to 1.9 cm. in
remnant thickness. Al! were deer ( Odocoileus sp.).
FLAKE RS. 6 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1- BONE FLAKERS, GROOVED SHAFT. 2 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (01.04.1.0.1.1.1.01.15.1.1.01.1) - WHOLE HEAD, SLIGHTLY MODI-
FIED. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 14-8/1.
No. L. w. Th. Material Provenience
.................... cm ................... ..
CG/815 11.1 2.8 2.3 Odocoileua virjjinianus; Plaza 2-6, Fill
L radios, distal head,
part of shaft; large
adult; mole
TY PE lB (01.00. 1.0. l. 1.1.01. 15. 1.1.01.1) - TIP FRAGMENT. 1 SPECIMEN.
FIG. 14-8/2.
CG(b)/394C 5.5+ l. 1+ 0.9+ Artiodactyla sp.; L Rm 42-8, Flaor
metatarso! 3-4, part of
shaft near proximal head;
medium adult
TYPE 11 (01.01.1.0.1.1.1.01.02.1.1.01.2)- ANTLER TINE FLAKERS. 4 SPECI-
MENS. FIG. 14-8/3 (CG/5198).
CG/2078A 5.3+ 1.7+ 1.1+ Odocoileus sp. Rm 21C-8, Floor
CG/5198 15.1+ 2.3+ 1.9+ Odocoileus sp. Rm 29C-14, Fi 11
Diam.
CG/6575 4.0+ 0.9+ Odacoileus sp. Rm 10-16, Floar
w.
Uc/550 4.8+ 1.4+ 1.0+ Odocoileus sp. Rm 17-13, Flaar
Distribution
Similar artifacts were not found in Viejo Period association. The
Medio Period specimens, al! from CHIH:D:9: 1, had the following ruin
distribution:
lA lB ll Total %
Unit 6 1 1 16.7
8 2 33.3
13 1 16.7
14 1 16.7
16 1 16.7
1
The Type lB flaker and three ofthe Type Il examples werefrom Diablo
Phase association.
14 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-YOL. 8
The sites in this distribution Iist and those following are for
occupations more or less comtemporary with the interval of time
represented by the Medio Period-that is, they fall somewhere
between A.D. 1060 and A.D. 1340.
Lowry Ruin? (Martin, 1936, p. 71, Fig. 25 b)
Mesa Verde, Site 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 88, PI. 38 d)
La Plata, Site 39 (Morris, 1939, PI. 113 a)
La Plata, Site 41 (/bid., PI. 107 o-q, 113 e)
Aztec, E Ruin (Richert, 1964, p. 21, PI. 33 a-b)
Kin Kletso (Vivian and Mathews, 1965; p. 98)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, p. 133)
Na1akihu (King, 1949, p. !01)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (McGregor, 1941, p. 233)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin et al., 1964, p. !02, Fig. 44 b,e)
Showlow Ruin? (Haury and Hargrave, 1931, p. 25, Fig. 4 g)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 65, Fig., p. 66 upper)
Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin el al., 1956, pp. 117, 118-119, Figs. 62 1-m, 63 g,i)
Foote Canyon Pueblo (Rinaldo, 1959, pp. 264, 270, Fig. 117 b-f)
Los Muertos (Haury, 1945a, p. 160, Fig. 99 o-p)
Grewe Site (Woodward, 1931, p. 20)
Mattocks Ruin (Nesbitt, 1931, p. 93, PI. 40 i-j)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, pp. 59-61, Fig. 8 d-f)
Spur Ranch (Hough, 1914, pp. 34, 35, Fig. 67)
Ventana Cave (Haury et al .. 1950, pp. 379, 387, Figs. 88 a-d. 90 a-e)
University 1ndian Ruin (Hayden, 1957, p. 171)
Tres Alamas (Tuthill, 1947, p. 66, PI. 36 j-k)
Gleeson Site (Fulton and Tuthill, 1940, p. 40)
San Cayetano (Di Peso et al., 1956, p. 504, Fig. 73, PI. 133 a2)
Cojumatln (Lister, 1949, p. 84, Fig. 36 n)
Plaiting Tools
Use
These tools, which had blunt or relatively blunt tips with flattened
cross sections, were thought to have been used primarily in the
manufacture of plaited basketry (see Kissell, 1916, p. 156), of which
there were severa! examples at Casas Grandes (see pp. 98-104). Four
(16. 7%) ofthese objects had polished tips, while another hada tip that
was smooth and slightly beveled on one side (4.2%). Four other
plaiting tools had wear facets-two with a single facet on each side
(Type lA, Fig. 11-8/1), two with a facet on one side (Types lll, IVA,
Fig. 11-8/3), and one with severalfacets (Type IIB, Fig. 11-8/2). Ofthe
ll (45.8%) tools with minute wear scratches on thetip, one had random
CO.A.k!SE COIL. BONE .A.WL. FINE COIL. BONE .A.WL.
CG/1237 CG/29
Fig. 15-8. At Least Three Types of IVeaving Tools IV ere Use,d to Make Baskets and Mats.
(N o te fine and coarse coi! basketry aw ls and plaiting too!.)
FENNER-PLAITING TOOLS
scratches (Type lA, 9. l %); five had scratches ata 45 angle to the long
axis of the too! (Types IBl, IB2, IIC, IVA, IVB, 45.5%); one the latter
type of scratches in addition to lo"ng scratches above the tip following
the long edges of the too! (Type IB2, 9.1 %); three had scratches at right
angles to the long axis (Types IIA, 2; IVB; 27.3%), and one had
scratches that curved from a right angle orientation to almost parallel
with the long axis (Type IIA, 9.1%). One plaiting too! had
manufacturing scratches on the tip which were also observed on the
rest of the implement, and three had missing tips. The Type IIC too!
had numerous random scratches on the broken flat section ofthe mid-
shaft and on the butt, suggesting use in a scraping operation.
Manufacture
The Type IA plaiting tools were made by sawing and grinding the
shafts of ulnae to form a tapering, blunt-tipped shaft. The natural
articular heads were not modified.
Fourteen plaiting tools were manufactured by using the combined
techniques of splitting, sawing, and grinding. The remainder of the
Type I tools and the Type II specimens utilized a natural condyle, the
shaft being split, sawed, and ground for most of its length. The butt of
the Type IBI specimen was abraded on one side and was otherwise
unmodified. Two of the Type IB2 tools were half split the en tire length,
including the butt. One was hollowed a short distance into the lower
part of the butt, on the gro o ved side of the shaft. The gro ove of the
second was smoothed to sorne extent, though not channeled, and the
butt was highly abraded. The third specimen of this type was half split
to the distal condyle, which was cut down on the dorsal side (see
CT.G/3957; Figs. 8-8/3, 10-8/4). Theventral, medial, and lateral sides of
the head were highly abraded and burnished, while the upper
remaining part of the dorsal side was abraded and decorated with
incised lines. Further, the head was perforated laterally and vertically.
There were also traces of red paint on the butt.
Abundant sawing scratches were evident on the concave side on
one of the Type IIA plaiting tools, as well as on the butt of the convex
side (see Fig. 6-8/3, CG /3794), which resulted in a natural perforation
of the butt. The top of the head was sawed off straight (ata right angle
to the long axis), and there were traces of red paint on the upper third of
the too!. The butt was missing on the other three specimens of this type,
though the shafts were all half split (see Fig. 6-8/3, CG /6930). One was
decorated with an incised design on the convex surface of the shaft, and
the tip was cut down toa lower leve!, that is, it was offset in longitudinal
cross section (see Fig. 10-8/2, CG /6634). A remnant of an incised !in e
below the break on another of these tools suggested that the butt had
been incised or that the head of the long bone had been cut off. The
Type IIB plaiting too! was finished by burnishing. The butt was
missing, but had either been half split like the shaft or had been cut off.
The gro ove of the Type IIC example was channeled and the shaft was
curved; the butt was missing.
15
The Type III tools were shaped splinters manufactured by splitting,
sawing, and grinding. One was finished by burnishing.
The Type IV specimens were tips from plaiting tools, all
manufactured by splitting, sawing, and grinding. The single Type IVC
too! was finished by burnishing (see Fig. 6-8/5).
The Type V fragment was a plaiting too! butt which was half split
and lacked the condyle.
Classification
Type I plaiting tools (7, 29.2%) retained the natural head of the long
bone and had tips rectanguloid in cross section. They were divided into
three subgroups based on the modification of the condyle. Type IA (3)
specimens were made of ulnae, the heads of which were not modified;
tips of these tools were blunt. The dimensions of the two complete
specimens and the complete measurements of the incomplete too!
ranged from 9.2 cm. to 9.3 cm. in length (the third specimen had a
fragmentary length of 10.8 cm.), 3.1 cm. to 4.2 cm. in maximum width,
1.7 cm. to 2.3 cm. in maximum thickness, 0.9 cm. to 1.3 cm. in tip
width, and 0.2 cm. to 0.4 cm. in tip thickness. The bones were from
Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus), White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus
virginianus), and Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana). The
head of the single Type IBI too! was slightly modified and the tip was
pointed; it was from a Pronghorn Antelope (A. americana). It was 9.0
cm. long, 2. 7 cm. wide, 1.8 cm. thick, and hada tip 0.3 cm. wide and 0.2
cm. thick. The condyles of the Type IB2 examples (3) were modified by
splitting andf or abrading; they also had pointed tips. Measurements
ranged from 9.5 cm. to 14.7 cm. in length, 2.0 cm. to 2.7 cm. in width,
1.7 cm. in thickness, 0.4 cm. to 0.5 cm. in tip width, and 0.2 cm. to 0.4
cm. in tip thickness. Twowere Pronghorn Antelope (A. americana).
The Type 11 plaiting tools (6, 25.0%) had condyles which were
highly modified or missing, and the en tire too! was half split along its
length or remnant length;tips were rectanguloid in cross section.
Subdivisions of this group were based on the shape of the tip and the
shaft. Type IIA specimens (4) had flat rounded tips and shafts whose
edges were tapering toward the ti p. Only one was complete. It was 19. l
cm. in length, 1.6 cm. in width, 0.6 cm. in thickness, 0.7 cm. in tip width,
and 0.2 cm. in tip thickness. Complete tip measurements for all four
averaged 0.7 cm. in width and 0.3 cm. in thickness. All were Pronghorn
AnteJo pe (A. americana). The Type IIB too! hada shaft straight almost
to the flat, pointed ti p. While overall measurements were incomplete,
the tip was 0.6 cm. in width and 0.5 cm. in thickness. It was identified as
Mule Deer (O. hemionus). The incomplete Type IIC plaiting too! had
a channeled groove, curved shaft, and flat, rounded tip which was 0.8
cm. in width and 0.5 cm. in thickness. The bone was Mountain Bighorn
Sheep ( Ovis canadensis).
The Type III tools (2, 8.3%) were shaped splinters with rounded tips
which were 0.5 cm. and 0.6 cm. in width and 0.3 cm. and 0.4 cm. in
thickness. The bones were unidentified artiodactyls.
l6 THE AMERlND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. ~
TYPE 1- PLAITING TOOLS WITH COMPLETE HEADS, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION. 7 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (02.02.1,0.1.1.1.01.01.2.1.01.3)- ULNA PLAITING TOOLS, BLUNT TIPS. 3 SPECIMENS. FIG. 16-8/1 (CG/1736).
---- Ti p ----
No. Length Width Th. Width Th. Material Provenience Remarks
------------------- cm. -------------------
CG/1332 10.8+ 4.2 1.9+ 0.9 0.4 Odocoileus hemionus R ulna, Rm 10A-8, Fill
proximal head, part of shaft; large
adult; mole
CG/1736 9.2 3.1 1.7 1.0 0.2 Odocoi/eus virginianus L ulna, Rm 1 OB-8, Fi 11
proximal head, part of shaft; medium
adult; mole?
CG/7798 9.3 3.4 2.3 1.3 0.4 Antilocapra americana L ulna, Rm 30-16, Floor A
proximal head, part of shaft; medium
immature; mole?
TYPE lB- GROOVED LONG BONE PLAITING TOOLS. 4 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 161 (02.04.1.0.1,1.1.01.15.4,1.01.0)- SLIGHTLY MODIFIED HEAD, POINTED TIP. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 16-8/2.
CG/1980 9.0 2.7 1.8 0.3 0.2 A. americana; L metacarpal 3-4,
distal head, part of shaft; medium
adult; female?
Rm (Plaza} 19-8, Fill
TYPE IB2 (02.05.1.0.1.1.1.01.15.4.1.01.0)- MODIFIED HEAD, POINTED TIP. 3 SPECIMENS. FIG. 16-8/3 (CG/3957, CG/4722).
CG/3957 9.8 2.0 1.7 0.5 0.4 A. americana L metacarpal 3-4, part Plaza 2-13, F loor A Hales drilled laterally,
distal head, shaft; medium adult; vertically through head; sawed
mal e? decoration, traces of red
paint.
CG/4427 9.5 Mexica Bur. 43-13, Rm 3-13 02.06.1.0.1.1.1.01.15.4.1.01.0,
CG/4722 14.7 2.7 1.7 0.4 0.2 A. americana R radius, part Rm 16-14, Floor
proximal head, shaft; large adult;
mole?
TYPE 11 - SPLIT LONG BONE PLAITING TOOLS, HIGHLY MODIFIED OR MISSING HEADS, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION.
6 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE IIA (02.12.1.0.1.1.4.05.01,2.4.01.0)- PLAITING TOOLS WITH FLAT, ROUNDED TIP, NATURAL TAPERING SHAFT.
4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 17-8/1 (CG/3794, CG/6634).
CG/2569 17.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.5 A. americana L metatarsal 3-4, part Rm 1-12, Floor A Butt missing.
of distal neck shaft; medium adult
CG/3794 19.1 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 A. americana R metacarpal 3-4, part Rm 7-, 8-13, Fill Butt flat with square end, per-
of shaft; medium adult forated; traces of red pa int.
CG/6634 15.6+ 1.6+ 0.6+ 0.7 0.2 A. americana L? femur, part of Rm 15
7
16, Fill Butt missing; incised
sha-ft; small immature decoration.
CG/6930 17.8+ 1.8+ 0.7+ 0.5 0.1 A. americana R femur, part of shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butt missing.
medium adult
Average: 18.2 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.3
TYPE IIB (02.06.1.0.1.1.4.04.01.4.4.01.0)- PLAITING TOOL WITH FLAT, POit-lTED TIP, STRAIGHT SHAFT. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 17-8/2.
CG/1704 13.4+ 1.1+ 0.6+ 0.6 0,5 O. hemionus; metacarpal 3-4, distal Rm 17B-8, Floor Fill Butt sawed off or missing; tip
beveled from several angles. end, central shaft
TYPE IIC (02.00.1.0,1,1.4.07.01.2.4.01.0)- CHANNELED PLAITING TOOL WITH FLAT, ROUNDED TIP, CURVED SHAFT.
1 SPECIMEN .. FIG. 17-8/3.
CG/6635 21.3+ 2.5+ 1.1+ 0.8 0,5 Ovis canadensis R tibia, part of Rm 15-16, Floor Butt missing.
shaft, proximal neck; medium
adult; female?
TYPE 111 (02.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.01.2.1.01,0)- SHAPED SPLINTER PLAITING TOOLS, ROUNDED TIP. 2 SP!:CIMENS.
CG/2317C 15,8+
CG/5845 9.5+
FIG. 17-8/4 (CG/2317C).
0.7+ 0.5+ 0,5 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Rm 25C-8, Floor Fill Butt missing.
of shaft adu lt 1
0,7+ 0.6+ 0,6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp,; metapodial 3-4, part Plaza 4-14, Floor Butt missing.
of shaft; adult
FENNER-PLAITING TOOLS
Plaiting too! tips were classified as Type IV (8, 33.3%) and
subdivisions were based on tip shape and shaft and tip cross sections.
Type IVA tips (4) were pointed, and both shaft and tip were concavo-
convex in section. Tips ranged from 0.6 cm. to 0.7 cm. in width,
averaging 0.6 cm., and 0.3 cm. to 0.4 cm. in thickness, averaging 0.3 cm.
Three of the Type IV A tools were unidentified artiodactyl bones, one
was Mule Deer (0. hemionus). Blunt tips were grouped as Type IVB
(2); they had shafts concavo-convex in section and tips rectanguloid in
section. Tips ranged from 0.8 cm. to 0.9 cm. in width and 0.3 cm. to 0.4
cm. in thickness. One was Mule Deer (O. hemionus), the other
Mammalia sp. The Type IVC tip, !nade from an artiodactyl bone, was
rounded while the shaft and tip were concavo-convex in section. The
tip was 0.5 cm. in width and 0.2 cm. in thickness. The single Type IVD
fragment hada tip convex-convex in sectionand theshaft was thought
to have been the same. The end of the tip was missing.
The single butt fragment was classified as Type V ( 4.2%). It was flat
along its length; the butt was rounded in shape. Width was 1.6 cm. It
was made from a Pronghorn Antelope (A. americana) bone.
TYPE IV - PLAITING TOOL TIPS. 8 SPECIMENS.
TYPE IVA (02.00.1.0.1.1.1.01.14.4.5.01.0)- POINTED TIPS SHAFT & TIP CONCAVO-CONVEX CROSS SECTION.
4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 18-8/1 (CG/1192).
---- Tip ----
No. Length Width Th. Width Th. Material Proven ience Remarks
------------------- cm. -------------------
CG/909 3.0+ 1.2+ 0.5+ 0.7 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapoidal 3-4, part Plaza 2-6, Fill
of shaft; adult
CG/1192 7.9+ 1.6+ 0.9+ 0.6 0.4 O. hemionus; L femur shaft; large Rm 6B-8, Fill
young adult; male?
CG/1893 2.0+ 0.8+ 0.4+ 0.6 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Plaza 2-6, Water Pit
of shaft; adult 4-6, Level C
CG/7824A 7.0+ 1.1+ 0.6+ 0.6 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Rm 31-16, Fill
of shaft; adu lt
Average: 0.6 0.3
TYPE IVB (02.00.1.0.1.1.1.01.14.2.4.01.0)- BLUNT TIPS; SHAFT CONCAVO-CONVEX CROSS SECTION, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS
SECTION. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 18-8/2 (CG/79940).
CG/3676
CG/79940
6.5+
7.7+
1.1+ 0.6+
1.2+ 0.7+
0.9 0.3 Mammalia sp.
0.8 0.4 O. hemionus; R tibia,.tibial
crest; adult
Rm 1-13, Fill
Rm 45-14, Floor
TYPE IVC (02.00.1.0.1.1.1.01.14.2.5.01.0)- ROUNOEO TIP; SHAFT & TIP CONCAVO-CONVEX CROSS SECTION .
1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 18-8/3.
CG/6052 9.1+ 1.2+ 0.5+ 0.5 0.2 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial3-4, part Rm 4-16, Floor
of shaft; adult
TYPE IVD (02.00.1.0.1.1.1.01.00.0.6.01.0)- CONVEX-CONVEX TIP (& SHAFT?) CROSS SECTION. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 18-8/4.
CG/2234E 5.7+ 1.4+ 0.7+ Mammalia sp.; large young adult Rm 18C-8, Fill End of tip missing.
TYPE V (02.00.1.0.5.1.1.01.10.0.0.01.0)- BUTT FRAGMENT, FLAT ALONG LENGTH. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 18-8/5.
CG/3581 11.7+ 1.6 0.6+ A. americana; L tibia, part of
shaft; medium adult
Plaza 5-12, Fi 11
17
Distribution
Tools classified for use in plaiting and corresponding to Medio
types were not found in Viejo Period context, although one splinter awl
(CG/2930) may have been used for this activity. The Medio Period
specimens, al! from CHIH:D:9: 1, had the following unit distribution:
Unit 6 8 12 13 14 16
Type lA 2 1
IBI 1
IB2 2
I 3 2 1
IIA 1 2
IIB
IIC 1
Il 3
Ili
IVA 2
IVB
IVC
IVD
1.
IV 2 2 2
V
Total 2 7 2 4 3 6
% 8.3 29.2 8.3 16.7 12.5 25.0
Plaiting tools from proveniences that could be assigned to a specific
phase, or questionably to either of two phases, had the following
temporal distrubution:
Type IA
IB2
IIA
IIB
IIC
lii
IVA
IVB
IVC
Total
Paquim/
Diablo
Mesa Verde, Site 499 (Lister, 1964, Table 15)
Diablo
1
3
2
1
1
2
12
Mesa Verde, Site 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 35 a-b, 36 f, left)
La Plata, Site 39 (Morris, 1939, p. 123, PI. 109 d)
La Plata, Site 41 (!bid., PI. 109 a-b)
Hubbard Site (Vivian, 1959, p. 58, Fig. 47 lower right)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 146, PI. 34 w-x)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, PI. 37 h-i,q)
Nalakihu (King, 1949, p. 104, Fig. 75 h)
Big Hawk Valley, N.A. 6IBI(W. Smith, 1952a, pp. 138-142, Fig. 48 a, upper)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin et al., 1964, p. 101, Fig. 45 upper)
Canyon Creek Ruin (Haury, 1934, PI. 75 b, d-e)
Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin et al., 1956, p. 117, Figs. 621-m, 63 a)
Starkweather Pueblo (Nesbitt, 1938, p. 107, PI. 48 k)
Foote Canyon Pueblo (Rinaldo, 1959, pp. 264-265, Fig. 115 b,h)
ARIZ:W:10:51, Point of Pines (Wendorf, 1950, p. 77, PI. 13 d)
Cameron Creek Village (Bradfield, 1931, PI. 95, No. 502)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, p. 58, PI. 66 c-d)
Spur Ranch (Hough, 1914, p. 34, Figs. 59-60)
University lndian Ruin (Hayden, 1957, p. 170, PI. 39 e)
Fine Coi! Basketry A wls
Use
While these implements were thought to have been used primarily
in the manufacture of fine coi! basketry, they could have also been
utilized in the making of other objects where it was necessary to ha ve a
too! capable of making a small perforation. Measurements were made
of the sizes of hales made when tips were pressed into clay to the
furthest extent of the tip, that is, the maximum penetration of the
functional part of the too!. Nineteen hales (6l.Yff,) were 0.3 cm. in
diameter (Type 11, 3; lilA, 3; IV, 1; VA, 1; VB, 6; VD, 5); three (9.71/i,)
were 0.4 cm. in diameter (Type 1, 1; VB, 1; VD, 1); six (19.4%) were0.3
cm. in width and 0.2 cm. in thickness (Type IIIB, 1; VC, 1; VI, 3); and
three (9.7%) were 0.4cm. in width and 0.3 cm. in thickness (Type VC, 2;
VI, 1).
Additional data on use carne from a study of wear scratches on the
tips (see Fig. 11-81 4-7). Thirteen (39.1 %) ofthe intact tips were smooth
and/ or polished, although one of these had what probably were use
scratches above the tip at a 45 angle to the long axis of the too l. These
specimens included four awls each of Types VB and VD, and one each
of Types I (Fig. 11-8/ 4), Il, lilA (Fig. 11-8/ 5), IIIB, and V C. One ofthe
Type VB awl tips hada slightly "nibbled" appearance on one edge (see
Fig. 11-8/7). Fourteen other tips (40.0%) had use scratches which were
ata 90 angle to the long axis ( 1, 7.1 %; Type lllA); parallel and ata 45
angle to the long axis on the tip and abo ve it on the shaft ( 1, 7.1 %; Type
VD); parallel to the long axis (1, 7.1%; Type VD); at 45 angles in
different directions on the tip and just abo ve it ( 1, 7.1 %; Type VB);
parallel and at a 45 angle on the tip only (1, 7.1 %; Type VI); ata 45
angle to the long axis in two facets (Fig. 11-8/ 6; 1, 7.1 %; Type IV); and
ata 45 angle without use facets (8, 57%; Types VA, 1; VB, 1; VC, 2;
VD, 1; VI, 3). One awl (2.9%; Type lilA) had scratches ata 45 angle
just above the tip, while three others (8.6%; Types Il, 2; VD, 1) had
manufacturing scratches on the tip as well as the rest of the too l. F our
tips (11.4%; Types I, 1; IIIC, 2; VB, 1) weremissing or notavailablefor
study, although one of these had what appeared to be use scratches
parallel to and at a 45 angle to the long axis on the lower fifth of the
shaft. In addition, the awl with the use facets on the tip had a slight
bevel on the concave side of the butt and random scra:tches on the
convex side, both of which appeared to be the result of use.
Manufacture
Two tools were manufactured by sawing and grinding (Type I). The
shafts of long bones had been shaped to points while the remaining
heads were abraded.
The majority of tools were shaped by the processes of splitting,
sawing, and grinding. The Type II awls had been halfsplit the length of
the too!, the remaining section of the head being abraded. One of these
awls had a perforated butt, the hole having been drilled laterally from
both sides; the natural grooves of the condyle were also emphasized by
abrasion. The majority of the remainder of these awls were shaped
splinters made by sawing and grinding a long bone splinter to the
desired form. The Types III and IV awls retained part of a condyle
which, however, was highly abraded. The butt of the Type IV specimen
was spatulate. The fragmentary Type V awls included examples with
half split shafts (Types V A, VB, VC) and shaped splinter shafts (Type
VD). An incompletely sawed line on one of the Type VB fragments
suggested that the condyle had been cut off or that there was a gro ove
or incised decoration on the upper shaft.
The four Type VI awls were irregular splinters of bone, one end of
which had been abraded toa point (see Fig. 6-8/1, CG/6667D).
Classification
Type I fine coi! basketry awls (2, 5.7%) had butts formed of the
complete condyle, which had been slightly modified by abrading.
Shafts were split and the tips had round cross sections. One bone was
identified as White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), the other was
returned to Mexico befare study.
Both head and shaft of the Type II awls (3, 8.6%) were half split,
and the butts were abraded as in the case of the Type I specimens. Tips
were round in cross section. Maximum dimensions for these tools were
a length of 12.0 cm., a width of 1.8 cm., a thickness of 1.3 cm., and the
tip diameters were 0.3 cm. All were Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus).
Type III awls (6, 17.1 %) were shaped splinter implements with
grooved shafts. While the natural head had not been cut off, it was
highly modified by sawing and abrading. The butt of one specimen was
missing but the too! was included n this group as the remnant part was
similar to complete examples. Subdivisions were based on tip cross
sections which were round (Type IIIA, 3), rectanguloid (Type IIIB, 1),
or undetermined (Type IIIC, 2). Only two of the Type IIIA awls were
complete, and these ranged from 4.5 cm. to 5.4 cm. in length, 1.0 cm. to
1.4 cm. in width, 0.4 cm. to 0.7 cm. in thickness, and the tips were 0.3
cm. in diameter; Two were Mule Deer, one Mammalia sp. The Type
111 B a wl was at least 16.3 cm. long, w hile the larger of the Type 111 C
awls hada remnant length of 13.2 cm. anda width and thickness of 1.4
cm. and 0.7 cm. respectively. All of the Type lllB and lllC awls were
made from the bones of Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra
americana).
FENNER-FINE COIL BASKETRY AWLS
FINE COIL BASKETRY AWLS .. 35 SPECIMENS .
TYPE 1 (03.04.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.2.01.0)- AWLS WITH COMPLETE HEAD, SLIGHTLY MODIFIED; SPLIT SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS
SECTION .. 2 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 19-8/1 (CG/7820).
No.
CG/29
CG/7820
-------- Ti p ---------
Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th. Material
---------------------- cm. -----------------------
12.5 1.7 1.5
7 .0+ 2.3 1.4 0.4
- Mexico
- Odocoileus virginianus; R metacarpo!
3-4, distal head, part of shaft; small;
female
Provenience
Mound 1-1, Fill
Rm 31-16, Fill
Remarks
Tip missing.
TYPE 11 (03.08.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.2.01.0)- AWL WITH HALF SPLIT HEAD, SLIGHTL Y MODIFIED; SPLIT SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS
SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG.. 19-8/2 (CG/2378, CG/6306, CG/8113C),
19
CG/2378 5.0+ 1.8 1.3 0.3 - Odocoileus hemionus; L metacarpo! 4, Central Plaza, Pit 3, Ti p missing; butt
distal head, part of shaft; small adult; ST-2, Leve! 1 perforated.
female?
CG/6306 5.7 1.6 1.2 0.3 - O. hemionus; R radius, praxima 1 head, Rm 12-16, Fill
part of shaft; medium adult
CG/8113C 12.0 1.4 0.8 0.3 - O. hemionus; L metacarpo! 3-4; part Rm 33-8, Fill
of shaft
TYPE 111 - SHAPED SPLINTER AWLS WITH HEAD HIGHLY MODIFIED OR LACKING; GROOVED SHAFT.. 6 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE lilA (03.12.1.0.1.1.6.01.13.1.2.01.0) - TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG.. 20-8/1 (CG/1651, CG/2367, CG/5731).
CG/1651 13.3+ 1.2 0.7 0.3 - O. hemionus; R metatarso! 4, part Bur. 2-1, Rm 3-1
af proxima 1 head, shaft
CG/2367 5.4 1.0 0.4 0.3
-
Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Pit 3
CG/5731 4.5 1.4 0.7 0.3 - O. hemionus; L metatarso! 4, part Rm 42-14, Fill
of proximal shaft; large?
TYPE IIIB (03.12.1.0.1.1.6.01.14.1.4.01.0)- TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 20-8/2.
CG/3600 16.3+ 1.2+ 0.6+ 0.3 0.2 Antilocapra americana; R metacarpo!
3-4, part of shaft; small immature
Plaza 6-12, Floar A ~ S
Tip missing.
Butt missing.
20
THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INe.-eASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
TYPE IIIC (03.12.1.0.1.1.6.01.14.1.0.01.0)- TIP CROSS SECTION UNDETERMINED (FRAGMENTARY). 2 SPECIMENS ..
FIG. 20-8/3 (CG/8048).
-------- Ti p ---------
No. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th. Material Provenience
---------------------- cm. -----------------------
CG/3410 8.7+ 1.2 0.7 A. americana L metatarso! 3-4, part Rm 38-11, Fill
of shaft near distal head; adult; female?
CG/8048 13.2+ 1.4 0.7 A. americana; R metatarso! 3-4, part Central Plaza, Pit 7
of distal head, shaft; Jorge young
adult; mole?
The Type IV awl (2.9%) was a shaped splinter with an ungrooved
shaft of rectanguloid cross section. The butt was similar to Type III
specimens in being a highly modified condyle; the bone was an
unidentified artiodactyl. The tip cross section was round. This awl was
18.0 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, 0.5 cm. thick, and had a tip 0.3 cm. in
diameter.
Fragmentary fine coi! basketry awls which lacked the butt were
classified as Type V (19, 54.3%). Subdivisions were based on the
manufacture of the shafts and the cross sections of the tips. The Type
V A example had a shaft which was partly half split, the upper section
being intact. The tip was round in cross section and 0.3 cm. in diameter.
The remnant lengths ofthe Type VB awls (7) were en tire! y half split; tip
cross sections were round. All tips but one were 0.3 cm. in diameter; one
was 0.4 cm. and one was sent to Mexico City before detailed study.
Type ve awls (3) also had half split shafts, while the tips were
rectanguloid in section. Two tips measured 0.4 cm. by 0.3 cm. while one
was 0.3 cm. by 0.2 cm. Shaped splinter fragments were classified as
Type VD (8). Tips were round in section. All but one was 0.3 cm. in tip
diameter, one was 0.4 cm., and two were incomplete. Identifications
for bones from which the Type V awls were made included Pronghorn
AnteJo pe (A. americana), Type VA ( 1), Type VB (4), Type ve ( 1 );
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Type VB (!) and Ve (2);
Artiodactyla sp., Type VB (1), Type VD(!); and Mammalia sp., Type
VD (7).
Type VI awls (4, 11.4%) were irregular splinters of bone with
irregular tip cross sections. Three tips measured 0.3 cm. by 0.2 cm., and
one was 0.4 cm. by 0.3 cm. Bone identifications included Mule Deer
(1), Artiodactyl (2), and Mammalia sp. (1).
Remarks
Diagonal incised
line acrass top of
ground flat buft.
TYPE IV (03.11.1.0.1.1.6.01.07.1.2.01.0) - SHAPED SPLINTER AWL WITH HEAD HIGHL Y MODIFIED; UNGROOVED SHAFT
RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 21-8/l.
-------- Ti p ---------
No. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th.
---------------------- cm. -----------------------
CG/1757 18.0 2.5 0.5 0.3
Material
Artiodactyla sp.; R tibia, part
of shaft; adu lt
TYPE V - FRAGMENT ARY AWLS, BUTT MISSING. 19 SPECIMENS.
Provenience Remarks
Plaza 1-8, Fill
TYPE VA (03.00.1.0.1.1.4.01.16.1.2.01.0)- SHAFT PARTLY HALF SPLIT, UPPER SECTION WHOLE BONE SHAFT; TIP ROUND
CROSS SECTION. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 21-8/2.
CG/3330B 16.8+ 1.6+ 1.2+ 0.3 A. americana; L metacarpo! 3-4, part
of shaft; medium young adult; mole?
Rm 36-11, Floar
TYPE VB (03.00.1.0.1.1.4.01.14.1.2.01.0)- HALF SPLIT SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION. 7 SPECIMENS. FIG.. 21-8/3 (CG/4203A).
CG/907 14.2+ 0.7+ 0.8+ Mexico Plaza 2-6, Fill
CG/1627 7.6+ 1.4+ 0.8+ 0.4 A. americana; metacarpo! 3-4, part of Rm 15C-8, Fill
shaft; medium adult
CG/2023 8.4+ 1.3+ 0.7+ 0.3 O. hemionus; R metacarpo) 3-4, part of Plaza 2-6, Water Pit
shaft; large adult; mole? 4-6, Fill
CG/2523 7.6+ 1.3+ 0.7+ 0.3 A. americana; metacarpo! 3-4, part of Rm 20-11, Floor Butt cut off?
shaft; medium adult
CG/4203A 11.5+ 1.4+ 0.7+ 0.3 A. americana; R? metacarpo! 3-4, part Plaza 3-13, Floor A
of shaft; medium yaung adult
CG/5752 13.2+ 1.7+ 0.7+ 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; R tibia, part of Plaza 1-14 (Ball Court 111),
shaft; medium adult N End Field, Floor
CG/8045 13.5+ 2.0+ 1.2+ 0.3 A. americana; R tibia, part ofshaft; Plaza 1 - 1 6 ~ Fill, E
medium adult 1
Average: 0.3
FENNER-FlNE eOlL BASKETRY AWLS 21
TYPE VC (03.00.1.0.1.1.4.01.14.1.4.01.0)- HALF SPLIT SHAFT, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS.
FIG .. 21-8/4 (CG/6667B).
-------- Ti p ---------
No. Length Width Th. Diom. Width Th. Material Provenience Remorks
---------------------- e m. -----------------------
CG/5797 6.0+ 0.9+ 0.6+ 0.3 0.2 O. hemionus; L metotorsol 3-4, port of Plazo 3-14, Floor A, E
shoft; medium young odult
CG/66678 12.6+ 2.0+ 0.8+ 0.4 0.3 A. americana; L femur, part of shoft; Rm 18-16, Fill
medium odult
Uc/533 4.7+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.4 0.3 O. hemionus; R metocorpol 3-4, port of Rm 1-19, Fill
shoft; medium odult; femole?
TYPE VD (03.00.1.0.1.1.6.01.01.1.2.01.0)- SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION .. 8 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 21-8/5 (CG/81130).
Diom.
CG/1048 5.2+ 0.4+ 0.3 Mommolio sp. Plazo 2-6, Fill, E
CG/1783 O 1.6+ 0.2+ Mommolio sp. Central Plazo, Fill, E
Side Trove
CG/5333B 4.1+ 0.5+ 0.3 Mommolio sp. Rm 31C-14, Fill
Width
CG/7039 8.6+ 0.7+ 0.5+ 0.4 Artiodoctylo sp.? Rm 25-16, Fill
Dio m.
CG/78698 6.7+ 0.6+ 0.3 Mommolio sp. Plazo 1-16, Fill
Width
CG/81130 9.9+ 0.5+ 0.4+ 0.3 Mommolio sp. Rm 33-8, Fill
Diom.
Uc/525 4.9+ 0.4+' 0.3 Mommolio sp. Rm 1-22, Floor
Uc/553A 2.0+ 0.3+ Mommolio sp. Plazo 6-14, Floor A
Average: 0.3
TYPE VI (03.01.1.0.1.1.7.01.01.1.7.01.0)- SPLINTER AWLS, TIP IRREGULAR CROSS SECTION .. 4 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 21-8/6 (CG/66670, CG/7S69A).
CG/4269 5.2+ 0.6+ 0.5+ 0.3 0.2 Artiodoctylo sp.; oppendiculor long bone Central Plazo, Fill, SE
CG/5590 5.6+ 1.2+ 0.5+ 0.3 0.2 Mommolio sp. Rm 35-, 37-14, Floor
CG/66670 6.9+ 1.1+ 0.5+ 0.3 0.2 O. hemionus; L tibio, distal shoft Rm 18-16, Fill
CG/7869A 7.3+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.4 0.3 Artiodoctylo sp. Plazo 1-16, Fill
Average: 0.3 0.2
Distribution Lowry Ruin (Martn, 1936, p. 69, Figs. 16 a-d, 17 b-e,f-i, 18 a-b,d,g, 19 b,d,f, 20 b-c,g,i)
Viejo Period awLeG Jl43 was probably closest to Medio Period
Type lilA of the fine coi! series. The Medio implements had the
following unit distribution:
11 lilA IIIB IIIC 111 IV VA VB VC VD V VI Total ,
Unil 1 1 1 'l 5.7
6 u
H 11.4
11 K.n
12 ::!..9
13 VJ
14 17.1
16 12.9
19 2.9
22
Central Plazu
VJ
14. .1
Those fine coi! basketry awls from proveniences that could be given a
phase association had the following temporal distribution:
Type
Total
li
lilA
lllB
me
VA
VB
ve
VD
VI
Buena F
1
1
4
Buena F/ Paquim/
Paquim Diablo
2
Diablo
2
1
3
1
8
Mesa Verde, Si te 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 35-36)
Cliff Palaee (Fewkes, 1911, pp. 74-75, PI. 34)
Spruee Tree House (Fewkes, 1909b, pp. 48-49, Fig. 31 bottom)
La Plata, Site 39 (Morris, 1939, PI. 100 i, 107 a,e)
La Plata, Site 41 (/bid., PI. 102 1, 104 1, 105 j, 107 b,h)
Aztee, W Ruin (Morris, 1919a, pp. 39-40, Fig. 23 a,e)
Hubbard Site (Vivan, 1959, pp. 58-60, Fig. 47)
Kayenta, R.B. 568 (Beals eral., 1945, pp. 79-80, PI. 14 b)
Betatakin (Judd, 1930a, p. 62, PI. 38, Nos. 2-3)
Blaek Mesa, R. B. 551 (Beals eral., 1945, p. 56, PI. 13 e)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, pp. 140-145)
Kin Kletso (Vivan and Mathews, 1965, pp. 95-97, Figs. 56-58)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, p. 132, PI. 37 l,o)
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953, pp. 130-135, PI. 29 a, 30 b-e, 31 e, 32 b)
Nalakihu (King, 1949, p. 99, Fig. 75 f)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (McGregor, 1941, pp. 227-230, Fig. 74 d)
McDonalds Canyon (Hough, 1903, p. 305)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martn eral., 1964, pp. 97, 99, Fig. 45)
Showlow Ruin (Haury and Hargrave, 1931, p. 24, Fig. 4 c-d)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, pp, 63-65, Fig., p. 64 upper right)
Apache Creek Pueblo (Martn eral., 1957, pp. 82-84, Fig. 48 a,j,n)
Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martn eral., 1956, pp. 113-116, Fig. 62 d,h-j)
Starkweather Pueblo (Nesbitt, 1938, pp. 106-107, PI. 48 i,n)
Roosevelt:9:6 (Haury, 1932a, p. 107, PI. 30 a, Nos. 1-2)
Foote Canyon Pueblo (Rinaldo, 1959, pp. 264-266, Fig. 115 m,o)
ARIZ:W:I0:51, Point of Pines (Wendorf, 1950, pp. 77-79, PI. 13 n,p,r)
Los Muertos (Haury, 1945a, p. 160, Fig. 99 i-j)
Snaketown (Gladwin eral., 1937, p. 154, PI. 125 e,g-h)
Grewe Site? (Woodward, 1931, p. 19)
Casa Grande? (Fewkes, 1912, p. 145)
Gatlin Site? (Wasley and Johnson, 1965, p. 34)
Cameron Creek Village (Bradfield, 1931, p. 120, PI. 95)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, pp. 57-59, PI. 65 e,l)
Ventana Cave (Haury eral., 1950, pp. 375-379, Fig. rfl a)
University Indian Ruin (Hayden, 1957, p. 170, PI. 39 g)
Valshni Village? (Withers, 1944, p. 45)
22
THE AMER!ND FOUNDAT!ON, !NC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. !l
Coarse Coi! Basketry A wls
Use
Although these tools have been labeled as awls used in the
manufacture of coarse coi! basketry, they were certainly more
generalized perforating implements, as was indicated by the variation
in use scratches. As was done with the fine coi! basketry awls,
measurements were taken of the sizes of holes made when the tips were
pressed into clay. Diameters ranged from 0.2 cm. (Type V, 1, !.6%) to
0.7 cm. (Type VIIC, 1, !.6%) and averaged 0.4 cm. Nine diameters
(14.8%) were 0.3 cm. (Types Il, 1; V,!; VIIA2, !; VIID, 6); 39 (63.9%)
were 0.4 cm. (Types IA, 3; Il, 2; III, 1; IV, 1; V, 4; VI, 1; VIIAI, 7;
VIIA2, 3; VIID, 17); eight (13.1%) were 0.5 cm. (Types IA, 1; VI, 1;
VIIAI, 3; VIID, 3); and three (4.9%) were 0.6 cm. (Type VIIC). Fifty-
six awl tips (91.8%) fell into the 0.3 cm. to 0.5 cm. range. Tips measured
in width and thickness ranged from 0.2 cm. by 0.3 cm. (Type VIIC, 1,
3.4%) to 0.4 cm. by 0.6 cm. (Type VIIC, 3, 1 0.3%), and the average was
0.3 cm. by 0.5 cm. Other measurements were two (6.9%) 0.2 cm. by 0.4
cm. (Types VIIE, Vlll); seven (24.1 %) 0.3 cm. by 0.4 cm. (Types lB, 1;
VIIC, 2; VIIE, 3; VIIF, 1); five (17.2%) 0.3 cm. by0.5 cm. (Types VIIC,
1; V !ID, 4); two (6.9%) 0.3 cm. by 0.6 cm. (Type V!IE); one (3.4C/{) 0.4
cm. by0.4cm. (Type VI!F); and eight(27.6%) 0.4cm. by0.5 cm. (Types
V!IC, 3; VIIE, 5). Twenty awl tips (69.0%) fell into the 0.3 cm. to 0.4
cm. by 0.5 cm. to 0.6 cm. group.
The multiple uses to which these tools were put was suggested by
the use scratches and other wear marks observed on tips, shafts, and
butts, which showed greater variation than any other group of tools
(see Fig. 11-8/ 8-11). Thirteen (13.3%) coarse coi! awl tips were missing
and could not be studied for these details. Forty-fourtips (44.9%) were
smooth and/ or polished. Six ( 13.6%) of these had use scratches abo ve
the tip while 38 (86.4%) showed no use wear. The former group
included one with numerous and varied scratches on the concave side
of the shaft and butt and on the convex side above the tip (Type VI);
one with long scratches parallel to the long axis ofthe tooljust above
the tip (Type V liD); one with scratches para!! el to and ata 45 angle to
the long axis just above the tip (Type VIID); one with random
scratches just above the tip on the concave si de ofthe too! (Type VII E);
and two with short scratches at a 45 angle to the long axis on the shaft
(Type VIIE). Awls without wear marks included Types lA (1), II (1), V
(3), VI (1), VIIAI (4), VIIA2 (1), VIIB (2), VIIC (2), VIID (18), VIIE
(4), and VIII (1). Only one of the 98 awls (!.0%) had manufacturing
scratches on the tip as well as the rest of the too!.
Forty awls (40.8%) had use scratches on the tips: 16 (16.3%) had
scratches confined to the tips and 24 (24.5%) had scratches above the
tips as well. The first group included scratches ata 45 angle to the long
axis (8; Types lA, 1; IV, 1, Fig. 11-8/8; VIIAI, 1; VIIA2, 1; VIIB, 1; and
VIID, 3); two with 45 angle scratches and short scratches parallel to
the long axis (Types lA, VIIE); one with 45 scratches on the concave
side of the tip and the ec!gcs and random scratches on the convex side
(Type Il); one with 45 scratches forming severa! wear facets (Type
VII Al, Fig. 11-8/9); one with random scratches (Type VII E); one with
long scratches parallel to the long axis (Type VIIE); one with short
scratches that began at about a 45 angle to the long axis on the convex
side of the tip (Type VIl E); and one with scratches that began at about
a 45 angle and curved to an orientation parallel with the long axis
(Type lB). One ofthe Type VIIA1 awls had two slight concavities in the
profile of the edges of the tip as though from continua! rubbing in use
(see Fig. 11-8/ 10), somewhat similar to, although notas deep as, cloth
weaving tools (see Hodge, 1920a, pp. 102, 104, PI. 16-17).
The second group, those with wear on the tip and above it, showed
even greater variation in use scratches. The scratches were at a 45
angle on the tip, just above the tip, and/ or on the shaft (9; Types II, 1;
V, 1; VIIAI, 1; VIIB, 2; VIIC, 1; VIID, 1; VIIE, 1; and VIIF, 1); ata45
angle on the tip, edges, and convex side above the tip and curving on
the convex side of the shaft (Type VIIA1, 1); ata 45 angle on the tip
anda long the edges above the tip (Type VIIB, 2); ata 45 angle on the
tip and shaft, forming wear facets on the former (Type VIIC, 1); ata
45 angle on the concave side of the tip and above it and at this angle
and parallel to the long axis on the convex side of the tip (Type VIIB,
1); ata 45 angle on the tip and abo ve it and random on the shaft abo ve
these (Type VIID, 1); ata 45 angle on thetip and one edge ofthe shaft
and parallel to the long axis on the broader sides of the shaft (Type
VIIE, 1); ata 45 angle and parallel to the long axis on the tip and ata
45 angle on the shaft (Type VIIE, 1); para!! el to the long axis on the tip
and just abo ve it (Type V, 1); parallel to the long axis on the tip and ata
45 ang1ejust above the tip (Type VIID, 1); parallel to the long axis on
the tip and at a 45 angle along the edges farther up the shaft (Type
VIIE, 1); parallel to the long axis on the tip and curved from a 45
orientation to a parallel one above the tip on the convex side (Type
VIIB, 1); random on the tip and shaft (2; Types VIIAI, VIIE); and
random on the tip and parallel to the long axis on the shaft (Type VIIE,
1). One of the Type VIIAI awls hada broad, shallow concavity in the
profile of one edge abo ve the tip which appeared to ha ve been the result
of use (see Fig. 11-8/11).
In sum, 31 (77.5%) of the 40 tips with use scratches had a definite
orientation of these wear marks in one direction; the majority (24,
60.0% of the 40) were ata 45 angle to the long axis of the too!. Four
tips (10.0%) had random scratches. The remainder {5, 12.5%) had wear
scratches oriented in more than one direction.
Manufacture
All but one (Type VIII) of the 98 coarse coi! basketry awls were
manufactured by the techniques of splitting, sawing, and grinding (see
Fig. 6-8/4, CG/1195, Uc/ 540U). Ten of them were finished by
burnishing (Types IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 1; VIIA2, 1; VIID, 4; VIIE, 2), one
was perforated (Type lA), and one was decorated with an incised
design (Type VIID). One ofthe Type V awls hada very slightshoulder
around its circumference, that is, the shaft began to taper toward the
tip a little below the butt end. The butt of another Type V awl was
slightly beveled in side view, but whether this was dueto design or use
was not determined. One of the Type VI awls had a unique series of
long "lines" formed by minute hatchd scratches ata right angle to the
axis of the lines they formed. Theywere on the upper half ofthe convex
FENNER-COARSE COIL BASKETRY AWLS
side of the too! and were very uniform in length and spacing. The axes
of the long lines which they formed were parallel with or at a slight
angle to the long axis of the awl. As they were very fine and barely
noticeable, it was not thought that they were decorative, and their
almost machine-like uniformity defied immediate explanation. The
Type VIII specimen was a crude splinter of bone with a light use polish
on al! surfaces.
Classification
Type I coarse coi! basketry awls (5, 5.1 %) retained the natural
condyle, which was slightly modified by abrasion; the shafts were split.
The group was subdivided on the basis of tip cross se,ction into those
with round tips (Type IA, 4) and those with rectanguloid tips (Type IB,
1). The former ranged from 7.2 cm. to 12.1 cm. in length of complete
specimens (the incomplete one was over 14.8 cm. long), averaging 10.0
cm.; 2.4cm. to 2.9 cm. in width,averaging2.7cm.; l.2cm. to l.9cm. in
thickness, averaging 1.6 cm.; and 0.4 cm. to 0.5 cm. in tip diame-
ter, averaging 0.4 cm. Two were identified as Mule Deer (Odocoileus
hemionus) and one as Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana);
one was returned to Mexico befare bone identification studies were
initiated. The Type IBawl was ll.Ocm. in length, over 1.7 cm. in width,
1.6 cm. in thickness, and the tip was 0.4 cm. by 0.3 cm. The bone was
White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus).
Type II awls (3, 3.1%) were manufactured from long bones split in
half through both head and shaft. Other modification of the butt was
lacking or limited to sorne abrasion, and tips were round in section. Al!
bones were identified as Mule Deer.
The Type III awl (1.0%) hada half split shaft. The condyle had been
removed, and the tip was round in section. The too! was 10.1 cm. in
length, 2.2 cm. in width, 1.4 cm. in thickness, and 0.4 cm. in tip
diameter. The bone was .Mule Deer.
COARSE COIL BASKETRY AWLS. 98 SPECIMENS.
23
The Type IV awl (1.0%) was quarter split through the shaft and the
condyle, which was highly abraded. The tip was round in cross section.
This awl was 15.2 cm. in length, 1.4 cm. in width, O. 7 cm. in thickness,
and 0.4 cm. in tip diameter. The bone was identified as Mule Deer.
Type V awls (6, 6.1%) were shaped splinter implements with tips
which were round in section. Dimensions ranged from 1 O. 7 cm. to 16.3
cm. in complete length, averaging 12.4 cm.; 0.6 cm. to 0.8 cm. in width
of complete specimens, averaging 0.7 cm., and 0.6 cm. in diameter; 0.4
cm. to 0.5 cm. in thickness of complete specimens, averaging 0.4 cm.;
and 0.2 cm. to 0.4 cm. in tip diameter, averaging 0.4 cm. The bones
were Artiodactyla sp. (3), Mammalia sp. (2), and Mule Deer (1).
The Type VI awls (2, 2.0%) were shaped splinters with flat shafts
and butts, the latter spatulate. Tips were round in section. The more
complete example was 11.6 cm. in 1ength, over2.4cm. in width, 0.5 cm.
in thickness, and 0.5 cm. in tip diameter. Both were unidentified
artiodacty1s.
TYPE 1- AWLS WITH COMPLETE HEAD, SLIGHTLY MODIFIED; SPLIT SHAFT. S SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (04.04.1,0,1.1.4.01.01.1.2.01.0)- TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION. 4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 22-8/1 (CG/100, CG/3968).
-------- Ti p --------
No. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th. Material Provenience
---------------------- cm. -----------------------
CG/100 10.8 2.9 1.9 0.4 Odocoileus hemionus; R metocarpal Rm 3-1, Floor A
3-4, distal head, part of shaft; \<ery
small; female?
CG/1237 12.1 2.4 1.2 Mexico Rm 7B-8, Floor
CG/3968 7.2 2.1+ 1.6 0.4 O. hemionus R? metacarpo( 3-4, Plaza 2-13, Floor A
distal head, part of shaft; medium
adult
CG/6667C 14.8+ 2.2+ 1 .5+ 0.5 Antilocapra americana; L metatarso( Rm 18-16, Fill
3-4, distal end, part of shaft; adult;
female
Average: 10.0 2.7 1.6 0.4
TYPE lB (04.04.1.0.1,1.4.01.01.1.4,01.0)- TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 22-8/2.
CG/5918 11.0 1.7+ 1,6 0.4 0.3 Odocoileus virginianus L metacar- Plaza 5-14, Floor
pal 3-4, distal head, part of shaft;
large adult; male
Remarks
3 Perforations.
Butt broken.
24 THE AMER!ND FOUNDAT!ON, !NC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
TYPE 11 (04.06.1.0.1.1.4;01,01.1.2.01.0)- AWLS WITH HALF SPLIT HEAD & SHAFT; LITTLE OR NO OTHER MODIFICATION OF
BUTT; TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG.. 22-8/3 (CG/1652, CG/5154).
-------- Ti p ---------
No. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th.
---------------------- e m. -----------------------
CG/1652 11.7 1.4 l.l 0,3
CG/1931 9.4 1,7 0.4 0.4
CG/5154 7.3 2.2 1.6 0.4
Material
O. hemionus; metatarso!, distal
head, part of shaft; medium young
adult
O. hemionus; R metatarso 1 3, end,
minus epiphysus; immature
O. hemionus; R metatarso! 3, distal
end, part of shaft; large adult; mole
Provenience
Bur. 2-1, Rm 3-1
Plaza 2-6, Water Pit 4-6,
Fill
Rm 28-14, Floor
Remadi:s
TYPE 111 (04.11.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.2,01.0)- AWL WITH HEAD REMOVED; HALF SPLIT SHAFT; TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION.
1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 23-8/l.
CG/2442 10.1 2.2 1.4 0.4 O. hemionus; R metacarpo 1 3-4,
distal shaft
Rm 15-11, Fill
TYPE IV (04.10.1.0.1.1.5.01.01.1.2.01.0)- QUARTER SPLIT AWL, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION . 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 23-8/2.
CG/2608 15.2 1.4 0.7 0.4 O. hemionus; R metatarso! 3-4, part Rm 5-12, Fill
of proximal head, shaft; large adult;
mole
TYPE V (04.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.01.1.2.01.0)- SHAPED SPLINTER AWLS, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION .. 6 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 23-8/3 (Uc/549).
Diam.
CG/2516 16.3 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp.; long bone, part of Plaza 1-11, Floor, S
shaft; adult
CG/2537 11.6 0.6 0.2 Mammalia sp.; long bone, part of Rm 29-11, Doorway 1, Shelf
shaft; adult?
Width
CG/3945 10.7 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Plaza 1-13, Fi 11
part of shaft; adult
CG/81138 11.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 33-8, Fill
part of shaft; small adult
CG/8458 9.8+ 0.6 0.5 0.4 O. hemionus; L metatarso! 4, part E Plaza, TT Outlining U. 8,
of proxima 1 shaft Block 106-A
Uc/549 12.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Plaza 2-6, Fire Pit 6,
part of shaft; young adult Floor B
Average: 12.4 0.7 0.4 0.4
Diam.
0.6
TYPE VI (04.01.6.0.5.1.6.01.10.1.2.01.0)- SHAPED SPLINTER AWLS, FLAT SHAFT, BUTT; BUTT SPATULATE; TIP ROUND CROSS
SECTION .. 2 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 23-8/4 (CG/5514).
CG/3972
CG/5514
13.2+ 2.2+ 0.5
11.6 2.4+ 0.5
0.4
0.5
Artiodactyla sp.; R tibia, part of
shaft with tibial crest; adult
Artiodactyla sp.; R tibia, part of
shaft; large adult; mole?
Plaza 2-13, Floor A
Rm 35-, 37-14, Fill
The Type VII specimens were al! tip fragments (79, 80.6%). They
were placed in subgroups on the basis ofthe type and size ofthe shaft
and the cross section of the ti p. Type VIIA tips were grooved and had
round tip sections. This group was further divided into Type YllA 1,
those with broad shafts (11), and Type VIIA2, with narrow shafts (4).
The former ranged.from 0.4 cm. to 0.5 cm. in tip diameter, averaging
0.4 cm.; bone identifications included Mule Deer (0. hemionus), 2;
Pronghorn Antelope (A. americana), 2; Mountain. Lion (Felis
concolor), 1; and unidentified artiodactyls, 6. The latter ranged from
0.3 cm. to 0.4 cm. in tip diameter, averaging 0.4 cm.; all were
unidentified artiodactyls. Type VIIB awls (11) had halfsplit, grooved
shafts and tips rectanguloid in section. Tips ranged from 0.3 cm. to 0.6
cm. in width, averaging 0.5 cm., and 0.2 cm. to 0.4 cm. in thickness,
averaging 0.4 cm. Bones were identified as Pronghorn Antelope (4),
Mammalia sp. (3), Mule Deer (2), and artiodactyl (2). Type VIIC awls
(4) were heavy shaped splinter tools with tips round in section. Tips
ranged from 0.6 cm. to 0.7 cm. in diameter and averaged 0.6 cm. All
bones w.ere Mule Deer (0. hemionus). Type VIlO tips (30) were shaped
splinter implements of small diameter with tips round in section.
Measureable tips ranged from 0.3 cm. to 0.5 cm. in diameter, averaging
0.4 cm. Nineteen bones were not identified below the mammalian leve!;
five were artiodactyl, four were Mule Deer, and two were returned to
Mexico befare study. Type VIIE tips (17) were also small diameter
shaped splinters; the tips were rectanguloid in section and ranged from
0.4 cm. to 0.6 cm. in width, averaging 0.5 cm., and 0.2 cm. to 0.4 cm. in
thickness, averaging 0.3 cm. Eight bones were Mammalia sp., five were
Mule Deer, and four artiodactyl. The Type VIIF tips (2) were small
diameter shaped splinter tools with tips irregular in section. The tips
were 0.4 cm. in width and 0.3 cm. and 0.4 cm. in thickness. Bones were
Artiodactyla sp. and Mammalia sp.
The single Type Vlll splinter awl (1.0%), made of human bone
(Hamo sapiens), had an irregular tip cross section. The tip was 0.4 cm.
wide and 0.2 cm. thick.
1
FENNER-COARSE COIL BASKETRY AWLS
25
TYPE VIl- FRAGMENTARY AWLS, TIP ONLY ..
79 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIIA - GROOVED SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION.
15 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIIA 1 {04.00.1.0.1.1.1.09.15.1.2.01.0) - BROAD SHAFT .. 11 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 24-8/1 {CG/6574).
-------- Ti p --------
No. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th. Material Provenience Remarks
--------------------- cm. -----------------------
CG/168 5.9+ 1.4+ 0.8+ 0.4 - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 8-1, Floor Burned.
CG/1860 12.3+ l. O+ 0.6+ 0.4
- A. americana; L tibia, part of shaft; Rm B-8, Fill
medium adult
CG/2639A 5.6+ 0.9+ 0.6+ - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 6-12, Floor A
CG/3580 4.1+ l.Ot 0.6+ 0.4
part of shaft; young adult
- Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Plaza 5-12, Subfloor
part of shaft; adult Level S
CG/3963 7.1+ 1.2+ 0.8+ 0.4
- Artiodactyla sp.; metacarpo 1 3-4, Plaza 2-13, Floor A
CG/3969 5.6+ 1.3+ 0.7+
part of shaft; small adult
0.5 - O. hemionus; metapodial 3-4, part of Plaza 2-13, Floor A
CG/5844 7.1+ 1.0+ 0.8+ 0.5 - O. hemionus; metatarsal 3-4, part of Plaza 4-14, Floor
CG/6574 10.9+ 1.6+ 0.9+ 0.4 - A. americana; L metatarsal 3-4, part Rm 44-14, Fl.oor A
of shaft; small adult; female?
CG/6667A 12.7+ 1.7+ 0.8+ 0.5 - Felis concolor; R tibia, part of Rm 18-16, Fill
shaft near proxima 1 head; large
15.8+
adult; mole?
CG/7846 1.6+ 0.7+ 0.4
- Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 33-16, Floor A
CG/8003 6.3+ 1.3+ 0.7+ 0.4
- Artiodactyla -sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 45-14, Floor
Average:
0.4
TYPE VIIA2 {04.00.1.0.1.1.1.08.15.1.2.01.0)- NARROW SHAFT. 4 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 24-8/2 {CG/4925).
CG/1053 5.2+ 0.6+ 0.5+ 0.4 - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
part of shaft; i mmature
CG/17830 9.6+ 0.7+ 0.4+ 0.4
-
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Central Plaza, Fill,
part of shaft; adult E Side Trove
26
No.
CG/4925
CG/6071
Average:
-------- Ti p --------
Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th.
---------------------- e m. -----------------------
14.7+ 0.9+ 0.5+ 0.4 -
10.1+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.3 -
0.4
THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. ti
Materia 1 Provenience Remarks
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 26-14, Fi 11
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 7-16, Floor
TYPE VIIB (04.00.1.0.l.l.Ul.l5.1.4.01.0)- GROOVED SHAFT, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 11 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 24-8/3 (CG/21 04).
CG/2104 10.5+ 1.6+ 0.9+ 0.5 0.4 A. americana; R metacarpo( 3-4, Rm 8-11, Fill
posterior surface of central shaft;
large adult; mole
CG/2754 9.8+ 1.0+ 0.6+ 0.5 0.3 A. americana; L metatarso! 3, Rm 15-12, Fill
anterior margin; large adult; mole?
CG/3330A 7.7+ 0.8+ 0.6+ - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 36-11, Floor
CG/3663 6.9+ 1.1+ 0.7+ 0.4 0.3 Mammalia sp. Rm 1-13, Floor
CG/3761 6.9+ 1.1+ 0.6+ 0.3 0.2 Artiodactyla sp.; tibia? Rm 5-13, Floor
CG/3971 10.0+ 1.1+ 0.8+ 0.4 0.3 O. hemionus; R tibia, anterior Plaza 2-13, Floor A
margin of shaft; large adult; mole?
CG/5551 7.2+ 1.5+ 0.8+ 0.6 0.4 A. americana; R metatarso! 3-4, Rm 3 6 - l ~ , Fi 11
posterior/medial surface; large
immature; mole?
CG/5711 7.3+ 1.2+ 0.6+ 0.6 0.4 O. hemionus; R metacarpo! 3, Rm 41-14, Floor Traces of red paint
posterior/laterial surface above tip.
CG/8096 12.2+ 1.4+ 1.1+ 0.6 0.4 A. americana; L metatarso! 3-4, Rm 30-8, Floor
anterior surface, part of proximal/-
central shaft; medium adult
Uc/516 3.4+ . 0.9+ 0.5+ 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 18-16, Fill
Uc/567 3.6+ 0.9+ 0.6+ 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 17-16, Fill
Average: 0.5 0.4
TYPE VIIC (04.00.1.0.1.1.6.10.01.1.2.01.0)- LARGE DIAMETER SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION.
4 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 24-8/4 (Uc/534).
Diam.
CG/1195 5.1+ 0.7+ 0.6
-
O. hemionus; metatarso! 3-4, part of Rm 6B-8, Fill
shaft; adult
CG/6739E 7.9+ 1.1+ 0.7 - O. hemionus; L metatarso! 3-4, part Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
of shaft; large adult; mole?
Width
CG/6739L 4.2+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.6 - O. hemionus; metatarso! 3-4, part of Rm 22-16, Fi 11, Trove 1
shaft; adult
Uc/534 8.9+ 0.9+ 0.7+ 0.6 - O. hemionus; R metatarso 1 3-4, port U. 20, TT Outlining W Wall
Average: 0.6
TYPE V liD (04.00.1.0. 1.1.6.11.01.1.2.01.0) - SMALL DIAMETER SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, TIP ROUND CROSS SECTION.
30 SPECIMENS. FIG.. 25-8/1 (CG/5737).
Diam.
CG/156 5.4+ 0.4+ - Mexico Rm 6-1, Fill
Width
CG/814 12.4+ 0.6+ 0.4+ - Mexico Plaza 2-6, Fill
CG/908 5.4+ 0.5+ 0.4+ 0.4 - Mammalia sp. Plaza 2-6, Fill
CG/1640 5.7+ 0.7+ 0.4+ 0.4 - Mammalia sp. Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
CG/1922 9.6+ 0.6+ 0.5+ 0.4 - O. hemionus; R metatarso 1 4, Plaza 2-6, Water Pit Copper stain.
posterior margin of shaft 4-6, Fill
Diam.
CG/23178 9.1+ 0.4+ 0.3 - Mammalia sp. Rm 25C-8, Floor Fill
CG/3602 3.7+ 0.4+ 0.3 - Mammalia sp. Plaza 6-12, Floor A
Width
CG/3909 10.7+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.4 - O. hemionus; R metatarso 1 4, Central Plaza, Fi 11, SE
anterior margin of shaft
CG/4203B 9.9+ 0.8+ 0.4+ 0.4 - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 3-13, Floor A
Diam.
CG/4784 2.6+ 0.4+ 0.4 - Mammalia sp. Rm 23-14, Floor A
Width
CG/4835 5.3+ 0.7+ 0.5+ 0.5 - Mammalia sp. Rm 25-14, Fill
Diam.
CG/53330 10.0+ 0.6+ - Mammalia sp. Rm 31C-14, Fi 11 Tip broken.
FENNER-COARSE COIL BASKETRY AWLS 27
-------- Ti p --------
Na. Length Width Th. Diam. Width Th. Material Pro ven i en ce Remarks
---------------------- cm. ----------------------
CG/5737 12.7+ 0,6+ 0.5+ 0.4 - Artiadactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 43-14, Floor A
CG/5847 5.8+ 0.6+ 0.3 0.4 - Mommalia sp. Plaza 4-14, Floor
Diam.
CG/5960 8.5+ 0.4+ 0.3 - Mommalio sp. Plaza 6-14, Subfloor
CG/6953G 4.1+ 0.6+ 0.5 - Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
Width
CG/6953 1 18.1+ 0.7+ 0.6+ 0.4 - O. hemionus; L metatarso! 3, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Parts of so me aw l.
CG/6955D posterior/lateral margin of prox-
imal/central shaft
Diam
CG/7003B 7.2+ 0.6+ 0.4 - Mommolia sp. Rm 23-16, Floor, Trove Copper stain.
Width
CG/7972A 11.7+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.5 - Mommalia sp. Rm 44-14, Floor A
Diam.
Uc/519E 3.9+ 0.5+ 0.4 - Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Well Stairwell,
E-W Arm, Fill Over Lending
Width
Uc/524B 11 .0+ 0.8+ 0.4+ 0.4
-
O. hemionus; metatarso! 3-4, part U. 19, Fill, NW lncised decorati on
of shaft on both sides of
shaft.
Diam.
Uc/526 8.6+ 0.4+ 0.3 - Mammalia sp. E Plaza, TT Outlining U. 8,
Block 106-A
Width
Uc/539V 4.6+ 0.5+ 0.4+ 0.4 - Mommalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539CC 10.0+ 0.6+ 0.5+ 0.4 - Mommalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539DD 8.1+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.3 - Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso! Rm 42-8, Floor
Diam.
Uc/540F 4.9+ 0.5+ 0.3
-
Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Width
Uc/540M 5.4+ 0.5+ 0.4+ 0.4
-
Uc/540P 7.2+ 0.7+ 0.5+ 0.4 - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/568 3.1+ 0.7+ 0.5+ - Mammalia sp. Rm 12-16, Fill
Diam.
CG(b)/477A 6.9+ 0.6+ 0.4 - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 1-16, Floor B
Average: 0.4
TYPE VIIE (04.00.1,0.1.1.6.11.01.1.4.01.0)- SMALL DIAMETER SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, TIP RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION.
17 SPECIMENS. FIG. 25-8/2 (CG/4209J).
Width
CG/1783E 7.9+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.5 0.3 Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Fill,
E Side Trove
CG/2341A 3.4+ 0.6+ 0.2+ 0.4 0.2 Mommalia sp. Rm 25C-8, Fill
CG/2364 7.3+ 1.0+ 0.6+ 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Pit 3
CG/3787 3.3+ 0.5+ 0.3+ 0.5 0.3 Mommalia sp. Rm 6-13, Floor
CG/3967 6.6+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.5 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 2-13, Floor A
CG/3970 7.0+ 0.7+ 0.5+ 0.5 0.4 Mommalia sp. Plaza 2-13, Floor A
CG/4209J 12.0+ 0.6+ 0.5+ 0.5 0.4 O. hemionus; R metatarso! 4, part Plaza 3-13, Floor A,
of proximal shaft; large adult; mole Trove
CG/4705 15.1+ 1.0+ 0.4+ 0.4 0.3 O. hemionus; R tibia, medial Rm 15-14, Floor
surfoce of shaft; medium adult
CG/5426 16.1+ 0.9+ 0.6+ 0.6 0.3 O. hemionus; R radius, medial Rm 33-14, Floor A
margin; small; female?
CG/5846 3.8+ 0.7+ 0.4+ 0.6 0.3 Mammalia sp. Plaza 4-14, Floor
CG/6739A 10.3+ 0.9+ 0.4+ 0.5 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso! Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
Uc/521 8.1+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.4 0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 33-16, Floor A
Uc/538 00 10.4+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.5 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/540S 10.5+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.4 0.3 O. hemionus; R metatarso! 3, Plaza 3-8, Floor A
anterior margin of proximal/-
central shaft; small adult; female
Uc/540T 10.6+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.5 0.4 O. hemionus; metatarso! 3, Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540X
anterior margin; large adult; mole?
2.0+ 0.6+ 0.3+ - Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/543A 1.8+ 0.5+ 0.4+ - Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1,
Average: 0.5
Rm 42-8
0.3
TYPE VIIF (04.00.1.0.1,1.6.11.01.1.7.01.0)- SMALL DIAMETER SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, TIP IRREGULAR CROSS SECTION.
2 SPECIMENS .. FIG.. 25-8/3 (Uc/540U).
-------- Ti p --------
No. Length Diam. Th. Diam. Width Th. Material Provenience Remarks
-------------.--------- cm. -----------------------
Uc/492 7.7+ 0.4+ 0.4 0.3 Mammalia sp.; part of long bone Plaza 6-12, Pit 7,
shaft; immature Floor C
Width
Uc/540U 8.6+ 0.7+ 0.5+ 0.4 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso 1 3-4, Plaza 3-8, Floor A
part of shaft near head; adult
TYPE VIII (04.01,1,0.1,1.7.01.01,1,7.01.0)- SPLINTER AWL, TIP IRREGULAR CROSS SECTION .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 25-8/4.
CG(b)/455A 8.2+ 1.2+ 0.3+ 0.4 0.2 Hamo sapiens; R? tibia shaft
fragment; immature
Rm 44-8, Fill
Distribution
The single coarse coi! awl of the Viejo Period (CG 1 2935) was not
directly comparable to any of the Medio Period specimens, save
perhaps the Type VIII splinter awl, although the earlier too! hada well-
shaped point round in section. The Medio Period awls were distributed
in the following units at CHIH:D:9: 1:
Central East
Unit 8 11 12 13 14 16 19 20 Pi ala Plaza
Type lA 1 1 1
18
1
11
111
IV
V
VI
VIIAI
VIIA2
VIIB 1 2
VIIC 1 2
V liD 4 8 1 5
VIl E 6 4 2
VIIF 1
VIl 18 10 16 14
VIII 1
Total 4 7 21 5 6 13 19 15 1 1 4
% 4.1 7.1 21.4 5.1 6.1 13.3 19.4 15.3 1.0 1.0 4.1 2.0
Awls from proveniences that could be phased had the following
temporal distribution:
Buena F/ Paquim/
Buena F Paquim Paquim Diablo
Type lA
lB
li 2
Ili 1
V 2
VI
VII Al
VIIA2
VIIB 2
VIIC
VIID
VIIE
VIIF
Total 8 2 3
Lowry Ruin (Martin, 1936, p. 69, Figs. 17 a,d, 18 c,e, 19 a,c, 20 a,d-1)
Mesa Verde, Site 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 35 b, 36 e)
Cliff Palace (Fewkes, 1911, pp. 74-75, PI. 34-35)
Spruce Tree House (Fewkes, 1909b, pp. 48-49, Figs. 31-33)
La Plata, Site 39 (Morris, 1939, PI. 101 i-j, 102 c-d,m)
La Plata, Site 41 (!bid., PI. 102 f-m,o, 106 1, 107 f)
Aztec, W Ruin (Morris, 1919a, pp. 39-40)
Aztcc, E Ruin (Richert, 1964, p.21)
Kayenta, R. B. 568 (Bcals et al., 1945, pp. 79-80, PI. 14 b)
Bctatakin (Judd, 1930a, p. 62, PI. 38, Nos. 1, 4, 6-8)
Black Mesa, R.B. 551 (Beals el al., 1945, p. 56, PI. 13 e)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, pp. 140-145, PI. 33 r,u,w, a2, c2, c2. g2-i2)
Kin Kletso (Vivian and Mathcws, 1965, pp. 95-97, Figs. 55-57)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, p. 132, PI. 37 f-gj,p)
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953, pp. 130-135, PI. 29, 30 a,d, 33 c-d)
Diablo
3
1
1
1
8
2
5
2
18
13
1
55
San Juan Pipeline, LA 2505 (Bullard and Cassidy in Wendorf et al., 1956, p. 47. Figs. 43 g-
h, 44 g-h)
San Juan Pipeline, LA 2508 (Cassidy, ibid., p. 70, Fig. 63 e-1)
Nalakihu (King, 1949, p. 99, Fig. 75 d-e,h left)
Big Hawk Valley, N.A. 618 (W. Smith, 1952a, pp. 138-142, Fig. 48)
Big Hawk Valley, N.A. 682 (!bid.)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (McGregor, 1941, pp. 227-230, Fig. 74 a-c,f.g lcft)
Canyon Butte'l (Hough, 1903, pp. 311, 313)
McDonalds Canyon'l (!bid., p. 305)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin el al., 1964, pp. 97-99, Figs. 45-46)
Pinedale Ruin (Haury and Hargrave, 1931, p. 59, Fig. 16 b)
Showlow Ruin? (!bid., p. 24, Fig. 4 b)
Canyon Creek Ruin (Haury, 1934, p. 126, PI. 75 a,c)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, pp. 63-65, Fig., p. 64 upper right)
Apache Creek Pueblo (Martin el al., 1957, pp. 82-84, Fig. 48 b)
Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin el al., 1956, pp. 113-117, Figs. 61 a,g,i-k,m-n. 62 a,c,e-g. 63 j 1
Starkweather Pueblo (Nesbitt, 1938, pp. 106-107, PI. 48 f)
Use
Roosevelt:9:6 (Haury, 1932a, p. 107, PI. 30 a, Nos. 3, 5)
Foote Canyon Pueplo (Rinaldo, 1959, pp. 264-267, Fig. 115 d-g,i,l,n)
ARIZ:W:I0:51, Point of Pines (Wcndorf, 1950, pp. 77-79, PI. 13 h,s-t)
Los Muertos (Haury, 1945a, p. 160, Fig. 99 a,d,f,l-m)
Snaketown (Gladwin et al., 1937, p. 154, PI. 125 a,c-d,f,k-1)
Grewe Site? (Woodward, 1931, p. 19)
Casa Grande? (Fewkes, 1912, p. 145)
Citrus Site (Wasley and Johnson, 1965, p. 47)
Gatlin Site (!bid., p. 34)
Mattocks Ruin (Nesbitt, 1931, pp. 91, 93, PI. 40)
Cameron Creek Village (Bradfield, 1931, p. 120, PI. 95)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, pp. 57-59, PI. 60 d-e. 61 c-d, 62 f-g, 63 d-e.g-h.
64 a-d,f,h, 66 h)
Spur Ranch (Hough, 1914, p. 34, Fig. 57)
Ventana Cave (Haury el al., 1950, pp. 375-379, Fig. 86 h)
University lndian Ruin (Hayden, 1957, p. 170, PI. 39 a)
Tres Alamas (Tuthill, 1947, p. 65, PI. 35)
Gleeson Site (Fulton and Tuthill, 1940, p. 39, PI. 26)
Valshni Village? (Withers, 1944, p. 45)
San Cayetano (Di Peso et al., 1956, p. 418, PI. 112, Fig. 59)
Culiacn (Kelly, 1945a, p. 142)
Cojumatln (Lister, 1949, p. 82, Fig. 36)
Awl Blank
This object had no function in the stage of manufacture in which it
was found, but illustrated a step in the production of awls.
Manufacture
This awl blank was abone splinter with facets along its length that
resulted from primary abrasion in shaping the too!. Numerous
diagonal scratches covered the surfaces, and the tip was blunt and
squared (see Fig. 6-8/4). lt would probably have been ground to its
finished shape.
Classification
This blank was a shaped M u! e Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) bone
splinter; the butt tapered toward the butt en d. It was 20.8 cm. in length,
1.0 cm. in width, 0.7 cm. in thickness, and the blunt tip was 0.6 cm. in
width and 0.4 cm. in thickness.
FENNER-AWL BLANK AND POINTED TOOL FRAGMENTS
(05.10.5.0.1.1.6.01.01.1.1.01.0)- AWL BLAHK. 1 SPECIMEI'I. FIG. 26-8.
No.
Tip--
L. W. Th. W. Th.
.. cm ....................... ..
Material Provenience
CG/5727 20.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 Odocolleus hemionus; R melalorsal Rm 42-14,
3-4, partof proximal head, shaft; Closet Fill
large adult; mole?
Distribution
Similar artifacts were not recovered from Viejo Period
proveniences. The Medio Period specimen was from U nit 14 and could
not be phase associated. Only one reference to bone awl blanks was
found in the literature of comtemporary material.
Aztec, E Ruin (Richert, 1964, p. 21)
Use
These specimens were not complete enough to the
of which they were a part. They were from such artifacts as awls, ha1r
ornaments, skewers, wands, etc.
Manufacture
Al! of these tools were manufactured by the basic techniques of
splitting, sawing, and grinding. The great majority (289 of 322)
exhibited these techniques alone, while the remainder gave evidence of
additional finishing processes. Of this majority, Types I through V
were shaped splinters, formed by splitting and sawing a long bone
splinter a,nd abrading it to its final shape (Types lA, 73; lB, 28; IC, !;
IIA 36 IIB 73; lilA, 9; IIIB, 2; IV A, 3; IVB, 1; IVC, 4; IVD, 2; IVE
VB', 3 each; VC and VD, 5 each; VF, 1). The rest had split
shafts and/ or butts (Types VIA, 4; VIB, 16; VIC, 3; VIIA, 2; VIIB
through VIIIB, 1 each; IX, 3). In addition to these three techniques, 29
specimens were finished by burnishing (Types lA, 16; lB, 3; IC, 2; ID,
3; IIA, lilA, IVB, V A, and VIllA, 1 each). One of the shaped splinter
tools (Type IIB) hada single hole drilled from one side, one ofthe
objects with a half split shaft (Type VIA) had both dnlled holes and
partly drilled pits on the butt. A too! similar to the latter hadan inc;:ised
line around the butt (Type VIA), and one of the shaped sphnter
specimens had a narrow red line painted around the shaft near one end
(Type lB).
The grooves ( concave side) of sorne of the split shaft specimens had
been smoothed, but not channeled. These included Types VIA, 1; VIB,
4; VIC, 2; VIID, l. One specimen (Type VIllA) was channeled. Among
29
the Type VIA tools, the section of the shaft that had been removed was
taken from one ofthe broad sides onfive ofthem, and from the narrow
side on one. The condyle of the Type VIIB too! had been modified
somewhat by grinding down the narrow sides and slightly hollowing
out the cancellous material into the butt end. The Type VIIC condyle
had been abraded also, and the shaft had been cut and/ or ground
down, forming a shoulder around the too! and narrowing the diameter
of the shaft. The condyle of the Type VIID specimen had be en flattened
by abrading on al! sides. The half split condyle ofType VIIIB been
ground on al! sides, but retained somewhat rounded contours mstead
of being flattened.
The fact that the great majority of these fragments were highly
worked precluded the identification of many of the bones as to the
animals from which they carne. McKusick (Personal communication,
September 26, 1972) felt that most of those Iisted as Artiodactyla
were probably the anterior margins of metatarsal 3 or the postenor
margins of metatarsal3-4 of Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus), anda
few were probably tibias from the same species.
Classification
Type I shaped splinter fragments (127, 39.4%) had round to
rounded oval cross sections. This type was subdivided into Type lA
(89), those which were ungrooved; Type lB (32), fragments with
shallow grooves along one side; Type IC (3), with a we!l-defined groove
on one side; and Type ID (3), fragments with incomplete
sections. The Type lA specimens ranged from 0.4 cm. to 1.2 cm. m
width, averaging 0.6 cm., and 0.3 cm. to 0.8 cm. in thickness, averaging
0.5 cm. for rounded oval sections, and 0.3 cm. to 0.7 cm. in diameter,
averaging 0.5 cm. for round sections. Seventy were identified as
Mammalia sp., ten as artiodactyls, six as Mule Deer (0. hemionus),
and one as a possible carnivore. The Type lB fragments ranged from
0.4 cm. to 0.9 cm. in width, averaging 0.6 cm., and 0.3 cm. to0.7 cm. in
thickness, averaging 0.5 cm. for rounded oval sections, and 0.5 cm. to
O. 7 cm. in diameter, averaging 0.6 cm. for round section. Thirteen were
identified as artiodactyls, 11 as Mule Deer, seven as Mammalia sp.,
and one as a possible carnivore. Dimensions for the Type IC pieces
were incomplete. The maximum width was 0.9+ cm.; maximum
thickness, 0.6+ cm.; one was 0.8+ cm. in diameter. Al! were identified as
artiodactyls. Maximum measurements for the incomplete Type ID
dimensions were width, 0.6+ cm., and thickness, 0.5+ cm. They were al!
identified as Mammalia sp ..
Shaped splinter shaft fragrnents with rectanguloid sections were
classified as Type II (113, 35.1 %). Type IIA specimens (37) 1acked a
gro ove along their lengths and ranged from 0.5 cm. to l.l cm. in width,
averaging0.7 cm., and 0.4cm. toO. 7 cm. in thickness, averaging0.5 cm.
Twenty were identified as Mammalia sp., eight as Mule Deer, seven as
artiodactyls, and one each as White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus vir-
ginianus) and Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana). Type IIB
shafts (76) had shallow gro oves along their lengths. They ranged from
0.6 cm. to l.l cm. in width, averaging 0.7 cm., and from 0.3 cm. to 0.7
cm. in thickness, averaging 0.5 cm. Bone identifications included 51
UNCLASSIFIED POINTED TOOL FRAGMENTS. 322 SPECIMENS.
Mammalia sp., 14 artiodactyls, eight Mule Deer, two Pronghorn
Antelope, and one unknown (returned to Mexico befare study).
Type III fragments (12, 3.7%) were shaped splinters with flattened
sections. Type lilA specimens (lO) lacked grooves. They ranged from
O. 7 cm. to l.l +cm. in width, averaging 0.8 cm. for complete widths, and
from 0.4 cm. to 0.7+ cm. in thickness, averaging 0.4 cm. for complete
thicknesses. Eight were Mammalia sp. and two were artiodactyl. The
Type IIIB shafts (2) had slight grooves. They were both 1.2 crri. in
remnant width and 0.5 cm. in thickness. Neither was identified beyond
the mammalian leve!.
TYPE 1- SHAPEO SPLINTER SHAFT, ROUNO/ROUNOEO OVAL CROSS SECTION. 127 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (06.01.1.0,1.1.6.01.03.1.1.01.0) - UNGROOVED. 89 SPECIMENS. FIG. 27-8/1 (Uc/511 K).
No. Width Diam. Th. Material Provenience Remarks
--------- e m. --------
CG/1049 1.2 0.8 Mammalia sp.; long bone?, part of Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
split shaft; very large adult
CG/1446 0.5+ 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 148-8, Fill
CG/1631 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 15C-8, Fill
CG/1783F 0.5+ - Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/1783 1 0.4 0.3 Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/1783Q 0.5+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.; adult Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/1783R 0.5+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp.; adult Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/2748 0.7 0.6 Odocoileus hemionus; R tibia, Rm 16-12, Fill
anterior margin of shaft; large adult; mole
CG/4209G 0".7 0.6 O. hemionus; L metatarsal 4, part of Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
proxima 1 shaft; medium adult
CG/4209 1 0.8 0.7 Mommolia sp. Plazo 3-13, Floor A, Trove
CG/4209K 0.5 Mommolio sp. Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
CG/4209L 0.4 Mommolio sp. Plazo 3-13, Floor A, Trove
CG/5427 0.6 Artiodoctylo sp. Rm 33-14, Floor A
CG/6093 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 10-16, Floor
CG/67398 0.5 Mammolia sp. Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6739C 0,5 O. hemionus; L metotorsol 4, posterior Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
morgin of shoft; medium odult
CG/67390 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6739 1 0,5 0.4 Mommolio sp. Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6739K 0.4 Mommalio sp. Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6953H 0.5 Mommolia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955B 0.5 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955F 0.6 O. hemionus; metatarso! 3, anterior Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
margin of shoft; lorge odult; mole
CG/69568 0.6 Mommolia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/69560 0.7 Mommolia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956 1 0.7 Mammalio sp. Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
CG/69565 0.7+ 0,6 Mommolio sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956U 0.7 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956CC 0.7 0.6 Artiodoctyla sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/7000H 0.8 0.7 Mommolio sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/7994J 0.5+ 0.4+ Mommolio sp. Rm 45-14, Floor
CG/7997 0.5 Mommalio sp. U. 14, TT E of Rm 45-14
Uc/493 0.4 Mommolio sp. (Cornivora?) .Plazo 2-13, Floor O, TT 5
Uc/494 0.6 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 1-13, Fill
Uc/499 0.6 Mommalio sp. Plaza 3-13, Floor A, NW
Uc/506 0.4+ 0.3+ Mommalio sp. Rm 16-14, Floor
Uc/508 0.4 0.3 Mommolio sp. Rm 35-,37-14, Fill
Uc/509 0.5+ 0.4 Mommolio sp. Rm 35-, 37-14, Fi 11 Burned,
Uc/511K 0.6+ 0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metatarso! 3 Rm 32B-14, Fill
Uc/513 0.7+ 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 31C-14, Fill
Uc/5190 0.5 Mommolio sp. Plazo 3-8, Well Stoirwell,
Uc/520
0.5+ 0.4 Mommolio sp. U. 19, TT, Block 109-D
Uc/535 0.6+ 0.5 O. hemionus; R metotorsol 3, posterior E Plazo, TT 12E,
morgin of shoft; large odult; mole Block 115-0
. Uc/538A 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538C 0;7 0.6 Mommolio sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538G 0.5+ 0.5 Mommolio sp. Rm 42-8, Fi 11
FENNER-POINTED TOOL FRAGMENTS
31
No. Width Diam. Th. Material Provenience Remarks
--------- cm, --------
Uc/538J 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538L 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538M 0.5 Mammalia sp. . Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538N 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538 O 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538Q 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538R 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538T 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538V 0.7 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538AA 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538HH 0.7 0.6 Artiodactyla sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538RR 0.6+ 0.5 Artiodactyla sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538SS 0.6 0.5+ Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538UU 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/539H 0 ~ 5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539J 0.6+ - Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539Q 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539Z 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539GG 0.8 0.7 O. hemionus R tibia, R lateral margin Rm 42-8, Floor
of shaft; large adult; mole
Uc/539HH 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/540C 0.4 0.3 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540 1 0.7 0.6 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540K 0.6 0.5 Artiodactyla sp; posterior margin of Plaza 3-8, Floor A
metapodial shaft
Uc/540R 0.6 Mommalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/542C 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 44-8, Floor A
Uc/542K 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 44-8, Floor A
Uc/5438 0.5 Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Rm 42-8
Uc/543E 0.7+ 0.6+ Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Rm 42-8
Uc/546 0.5 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Well Fill
Uc/547A 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/547C 0.6 0.5 Mommalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/5470 0.4 Carnvora sp.? Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/547E 0.5 Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Praza 3-8
Uc/547G 0.6 Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/547H 0.6+ 0.5 Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/556 0.6+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp. Rm 1-14, Fill
Uc/558 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 33-14, Floor A
Uc/559 0.5 0.4 Artiodactyla sp. Rm 21-16, Fill
CG(b)/4568 0.4 Mammalia sp. (Artiodactyla?); adult Plaza 3-8, Well Stairwell,
Fill
CG(b)/460 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 10-16, Floor
CG(b)/625F 0.4+
-
Artiodactyla sp.; appendicular long bone, Rm 15C-8, Fill
CG(b)/625G 0.4+ -
part of shaft; adu lt
Artiodactyla sp.; appendicular long bone, Rm 15C-8, Fill
Average: 0.6 0.5
part of shaft; adu lt
0.5
TYPE lB (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.04.1.1.01.0)- SHALLOW GROOVE. 32 SPECIMENS. FIG. 27-8/2 (Uc/538CC).
CG/1 051 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.
Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
CG/1705
0.6 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.
Rm 17B-8, Floor Fill Green copper stain,
CG/2381A 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Central Plaza, Pit 4
CG/3606
0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso 1
Plaza 6-12, Fill Encircling red painted
line.
CG/4209C 0.6 0.5 O. hemionus L tibia, medial margin
Plaza 313, Floor A, Trove
of shaft
CG/5582
0.8 0.5 O. hemionus; L metatarso( 3, part
Rm 35-, 37-14, Fill
CG/6739G
of proxima 1 shaft
0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6798
0.4 0.3 Carnvora sp.?
Rm 22-16, Floor
CG/6955J
0.6+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955L
0.7 0.6 O. hemionus; L metatarso( 3, anterior
CG/6956P
margin of shaft; large adult; mole
0.7 0.6 O. hemionus; L tibia, lateral margin
of shaft
CG/6956V
0.7 0.6 Artiodactyla sp.
32
No.
CG/7003C
CG/77478
Uc/511G
Uc/518
Uc/5368
Uc/5380
Uc/538H
Uc/53888
Uc/538CC
Uc/538NN
Uc/538PP
Uc/538VV
Uc/539L
Uc/539X
Uc/539LL
Uc/540G
Uc/540J
Uc/5420
Uc/542G
Uc/542 1
Average:
Width Diom. Th.
--------- cm. --------
0.5 0.4
0.8 0.6
0.7
0.9 0.7
0.6 0.4
0.6 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.6 0.5
0.7+ 0.5
0.7 0.5
0.8+
0.6
0.6 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.5 0.4
0.7+ 0.6
0.6 0.5
0.7 0.5+
D.5 0.4
0.6 0.6 0.5
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 23-16, Floor, Trove
O. hemionus; l tibia, anterior margin Rrn 29-16, Fill
O. hemionus; R tibia, lateral margin Rm 328-14, Fi 11
O. hemionus; metatarsal 3, part of
distal shaft
Rm 28-8, Floor
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 41-8, Floor
Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
O. hemionus; metatarsal Rm 42-8, Fill
Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
O. hemionus; metatarsal, posterior Rm 42-8, Fill
margin of shaft
O. hemionus; metacarpo 1, posterior Rm 42-8, Fill
margi n of shaft
Mamma lia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 42-8, Fill
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 42-8, Floor
O. hemionus; metatarsal 3, anterior Rm 42-8, Floor
margin of shaft; large adult; mole
Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Plaza 3-8, Floor A
part of shaft
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 44-8, Floor A
Artiodactyla sp.; tibia Rm 44-8, Floor A
Mammalia sp. Rm 44-8, Floor A
TYPE IC (06.01.1.0,1.1.6.01.05.1.1.01.0)- GROOVEO .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 27-8/3 (Uc/5110).
Uc/5110
Uc/511F
Uc/511 1
0.8+ - Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4,
0.9+ 0.6+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4,
0,8+ 0,5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4,
Rm 32C-14, Fill
Rm 32C-14, Fill
Rm 32C-14, Fill
TYPE ID (06.01.1.0.1,1.6.01.02.1.1.01,0)- GROOVE UNKNOWN .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 27-8/4 (Uc/511H).
Uc/511H
Uc/539E
Uc/539U
0,6+
0.5+
0.5+
0.5+ Mamma lia sp.
0.3+ Mammalia sp.; adult
0,3+ Mammalia sp.; adult
Rm 32C-14, Fill
Rm 42-8, Floor
Rm 42-8, Floor
TYPE 11 - SHAPEO SPLINTER SHAFT, RECT ANGULOID CROSS SECTION. 113 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE IIA (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.07.1.1.01.0)- UNGROOVEO .. 37 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 28-8/1 (Uc/539Y).
CG/42090 0.8 0.7 O. hemionus; R tibia, lateral margin of
Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
s haft; large adu lt; m a le
CG/4209E 0.8+ 0.5+ O. hemionus; metatarsal, posterior
Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
margin of shaft
CG/4887 0.6+ 0.4 Artiodacty la sp.; metapodia 1
Rm 26-14, Floor
CG/5414 0.9 0,5 Mammalia sp. Rm 33-14, Fill
CG/6401 0.8 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 12-16, Floor
CG/6739J 0.5 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.
CG/6953C 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
CG/6956L 0.5+ 0.4 Mammalia sp.
CG/6956M 0.6+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp.
CG/6956Y Mammalia sp.
CG/695688
Mammalia sp.
CG/695600
O. hemionus.; radius, medial margin
of shaft
CG/7003A 0.8+ 0.5 O. hemionus; R metatarsal 4, posterior Rm 23-16, Floor, Trove
margin of shaft; .female?
CG/7915A 0.7 0.5 O. hemionus; R metatarsal 4, part of Plaza 1-16, Floor 8
anterior face of proximal shaft
Uc/495 0.7 0.6 O. hemionus; R metatarsal 3, part of Plaza 3-13, Floor A
anterior fa ce of proxima 1, central shaft
Remarks
Burned.
33
No. Width Oiam. Th. Material
Provenience Remarks
--------- cm. --------
Uc/496 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 2-13, Floor A
IJc/498 0.9+ 0.5+ Antilocapra americana; R tibia, medial Plaza 3-13, Floor A, NW
face of shaft
Uc/511A 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; appendicular long bone Rm 326-14, Fill
Rm 12-16, Fill
Uc/519C 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 3-8, Well Stairwell,
E-W Arm, Fill Over Landing
Uc/538B 0.7 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538K 0.7+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538P l. i 0.5 O. hemionus; metapodial, proximal Rm 42-8, Fill
end; immature
Uc/538MM 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; appendicular long bone Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/539F 0.6+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539K 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539 O 0.8 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539Y 0.8+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/5400 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540H 0.7+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540Q 0.6 0.5 O. hemionus; R tibia, lateral margin of Plaza 3-8, Floor A
shaft; female?
Uc/547F 0.6+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp. Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/547 1 1.0+ 0.6 Odocoileus virginianus; R metatarso! 3, Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
anterior surface of proximal, central
shaft; ma le?
Uc/565 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 15-16, Floor
CG(b)/82L 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 3-13, Floor C, E
CG(b)/449 Mammalia sp. (Artiodactyla?); part of Plaza 3-8, Well Fill
Average: 0.7
long bone shaft; adu lt
0.5
TYPE IIB (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.08.1.1.01.0) - SHALLOW GROOVE. 76 SPECIMENS .
FIG .. 28-8/2 (Uc/536A).
CG/1052 0.7 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
CG/1333 0.9+ 0.6 A. americana; R metacarpo) 3, medial Rm 10A-8, Fill
surface of shaft; small adult; female
CG/1334 1.1 0.5 Mexico
Rm lOA-8, Fill
CG/1783H 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp,
Centra 1 Plaza, Fi 11, Trove
CG/1783J 1.0 0.5 Mammalia sp.; appendiclar long bone Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/1783K 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/1783L 0.7 0.5 A. americana; L metatarso! 3-4, part of Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
anterior surface of proximal shaft;
female?
CG/22340 0.8 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso 1 Rm 18C-8, Fill
CG/23816 0.8 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Central Plaza, Pit 4
CG/2413A 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Central Plaza, Fill, SW
CG/2639B 0.9+ 0.6 O. hemionus; L metatarso) 3, lateral Rm 6-12, Floor A
surface of shaft; large adult; mole
CG/2747A 0.8 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 14-12, Fill Burned.
CG/2747C 0.9 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 14-12, Fill
CG/3381 1.0 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 38-11, Fill Burned.
CG/3607A 0.7 0.6 O. hemionus R metatarso) 4, posterior Plaza 6-12, Floor C, Pit 9
CG/4209A 0,9 0.6
marg in af shaft
O. hemionus; L metatarso) 3, posterior Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
margin of shaft; large adult; mole?
CG/4209F 0.8+ 0.6 O. hemionus; L tibia, lateral margin of Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
central shaft; female?
CG/4209H 0.6+ 0.5 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-13, Floor A, Trove
CG/6036 0.6 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 1-16, Fill
CG/6739F 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6954C 0.8 0.6 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove.
CG/69S4K 0.8 0 ~ 5 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955C 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955E 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955G 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6955H 0.8 0.5 O. hemionus; L tibia, posterior Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
surface of distal shaft; large adult; mole
CG/6955 1 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
34
No. Width Diom. Th. Material Provenience
Remarks
--------- cm. --------
CG/6955K 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956C 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956H 0.6 o:4 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956J 0.7 0.6 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
CG/6956K 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp.
CG/6956 O 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp.
CG/6956Q 0.6+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956R 0.7 0.6 Mammalia sp.
CG/6956T 0.9 0.6+ Mammalia sp.
CG/6956Z 0.6 Mammalia sp.
CG/6956AA 0.7 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/7747A 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 29-16, Fill
CG/7994K 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 45-14, Floor -Burned.
CG/8113A 0.8+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp.
Rm 33-8, Fill
Uc/512 0.8 O. hemionus L metatarso! 4, lateral Rm 34-14, Fill
margin of proximal shaft
Uc/519F 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Well Stairwell,
Uc/536A 1.0 0.7 Mammalia sp.; appendicular long bone Rm 41-8, Floor
Uc/537 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp. U. 19, TT, Block 108-C
Uc/538U 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538X 0.8 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538Y 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538Z 0,7 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538EE 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538JJ 0.8 0.5 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/538QQ 0.9 0.5 O. hemionus L tibia, posterior Rm 42-8, Fill Hale drilled from 1 side
surface of shaft; small; female?
at 1 end.
Uc/538TT 0.7+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Uc/539C 0.8+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539M 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
Rm 42-8, Flaor
Uc/539N 0.6 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; L metatarso! 3
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539P 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Flaor
Uc/539W 0.9+ 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso! 3
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539BB 0.8+ 0.5 Mamma lia sp.
Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/539EE 0.9 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Flaar
Uc/539 11 0.8 0.6 Mammalia sp.
Rm 42-8, Flaor
Uc/540A 0.6 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/540L 0.6 0.5 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/542E 0.6+ 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Rm 44-8, Floor A
Uc/542L 0.6 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; tibia
Rm 44-8, Floor A
Acequia, Lateral 1, Plaza 3-8
Uc/551A 0.7 0.5 Mammalia sp.
Rm 44-14, Floor A
Uc/553B 0.5 0.3 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 6-14, Flaor A
Uc/553C 1.1 0.6 O. hemionus L metacarpo! 3;
Plaza 6-14, Floor A
large adult; mole
Rm 31-14, Floor Burned.
Uc/560 0.8+ 0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
Rm 23-16, Fi 11
Uc/566 0.8 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; meta podio 1
Plaza 1-16, Fill
CG(b}/227C 0.5+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. (Artiodactyla?); long
Plaza 6-14, Floor A
bone shaft adult
CG(b}/262A l. O+ 0.7+ Mammalia sp.; appendicular long bane
Rm 12-16, Fill
CG(b}/409E l. O+ 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; appendicular long bone, Rm 42-8, Fill
CG(b}/631H 0.7+ 0.5 Mammalia sp.; appendicular long bone, Plaza 1-8, Fill
Average:
0.7 0.5
TYPE 111- SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFT, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION.
12 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lilA (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.11.1.1.01.0)- UNGROOVED.
10 SPECIMENS. FIG. 28-8/3 (CG/6736).
CG/2234C 0.8+ 0.4 Mammalia sp.
Rm 18C-8, Fill
CG/2381C 0.9+ 0.4 Mammalia sp.
CG/6736 0.7 0.4 Mammalia sp.
CG/6954A 1.1+ 0.4 Mammalia sp.; appendicular long bane
CG/6954F 1.1+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp.; appendicular long bone
CG/6954G 0.9 0.4 Mammalia sp.
CG/6954 1 0.8+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.
FENNER-POINTED TOOL FRAGMENTS 35
No. Width Diom. Th. Material Provenience Remorks
--------- cm. --------
CG/6954J
Uc/538 1
CG(b)/52H
l. O+
l. O+
0.9+
0.8
0.7+ Mommolio sp.; oppendiculor long bone
0.4 Artiodoctylo sp.
Rm 42-8, Fill
Average:
0.4 Artiodoctylo sp.; metotorsol; odult
0.4
Plazo 6-12, Floor C, Pit 9
TYPE IIIB (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.12.1.1.01.0)- SLIGHT GROOVE .. 2 SPECIMENS . FIG .. 28-8/4 (!Jc/542F).
Uc/538FF
Uc/542F
1.2+
1.2+
0.5 Mommolio sp.
0,5 Mommolio sp.
Type IV (14, 4.3%) included butts from shaped splinter tools or
ornaments; these were straight or tapered toward the ti p. Subdivisions
W!re based on presence or absence of a shallow gro ove along the shaft
and the shaft cross section. Type IV A shafts (3) were ungrooved and
had round or rounded oval sections. They were 6.5 cm. to 8.3 cm. in
remnant length, 0.5+ cm. in diameter for round sections, andO. 7+ cm.
in width and 0.4+ cm. in thickness for the rounded oval section. N one
were identified beyond the mammalian leve!. The Type IVB (2)
examples were 3.0 cm. and 8. 7 cm. in remnant length, 0.5+ cm. and 0.6+
cm. in width, and 0.4+ cm. in thickness. They had ungrooved shafts
with rectanguloid sections. Both were Mammalia sp. Type IVC
specimens (4) had grooved rectanguloid shafts. They ranged from 4.3+
cm. to 12.2+ cm. in length, 0.6+ cm. to 0.8 cm. in width, and 0.5+ cm. to
0.6+ cm. in thickness. Two each were identified as artiodactyl and Mule
Deer. The Type IVD butts (2) had ungrooved shafts with a flattened
cross section. They were 4.5+ cm. and 5.5+ cm. in remnant length, 0.9
cm. in width, and 0.5 cm. in thickness. One was artiodactyl, the other
Bison (Bison bison). The Type IVE specimens (3) also had flattened
Rm 42-8, Fill
Rm 44-8, Floor A
shafts, though they were s1ightly grooved. They ranged from 2.8+ cm.
to 7.9+ cm. in length, 0.7+ cm. to 1.1 cm. in width, and 0.4+ cm. to 0.5
cm. in thickness. They were identified as Mammalia sp., artiodactyl,
and Pronghorn Antelope.
Shaped sp1inter butt fragments with the butt tapering toward the
butt end were classified as Type V (20, 6.2%). Subdivisions were based
on the same criteria as the previous gro u p. Type V A examp1es ( 4) had
ungrooved shafts with round to rounded oval sections. They ranged
from 2.0+ cm. to 12.7+ cm. in 1ength, 0.5+cm. to 0.7+cm. in width,0.4+
cm. to 0.5+ cm. in thickness, and one was 0.6+ cm. in diameter. Two
were Pronghorn Ante1ope and one each Mammalia sp. and
Artiodacty1a sp. Type VB butts (3) had grooved shafts with round to
rounded oval cross sections. They ranged up to 13.1 + cm. in length,
0.8+ cm. in width, and 0.6+ cm. in thickness. Two were Mammaliasp.,
one was artiodactyl. Type VC butts (5) had ungrooved shafts with
rectanguloid sections. They ranged from 2.3+ cm. to 6.8+ cm. in length,
0.5+ cm. to 0.8+ cm. in width, and 0.4+ cm. to 0.5+ cm. in thickness.
Three were identified as Mamma1ia sp. and one each as artiodactyl and
Mule Deer. Type VD specimens (5) had grooved shafts with
rectanguloid sections and ranged from 7.3+ cm. to 13.2+ cm. in length,
0.6 cm. to 0.7+ cm. in width, and 0.4+ cm. to 0.5+ cm. in thickness.
Three were Artiodactyla sp. and one each was Mule Deer and White-
tailed Deer. Type VE butts (2) with ungrooved shafts with flattened
sections were a maximum of 5.2+ cm. in length, 0.8+ cm. in width, and
0.3+ cm. in thickness. Neither was identified beyond the mammalian
leve!. The final subtype, VF (1), had a grooved shaft and flattened
section. This example was 3.6+ cm. long, l. O+ cm. wide, and 0.5+ cm.
thick. It was identified as artiodactyl.
TYPE IV- SHAPED SPLINTER BUTT FRAGMENTS, BUTT STRAIGHT OR TAPERING TOWARD TIP. 14 SPECIMENS.
TYPE IVA (06.01.3.0.1.1.6.01.03.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT UNGROOVED, ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION. 3 SPECIMENS .
FIG. 29-8/1 (CG/6091).
No.
CG/3744
CG/6091
CG(b)/511A
Length Width Diom. Th. Material
-------------- cm. --------------
7.7+
8.3+
6.5+ 0.7+
0,5+ - Mammolio sp.
0.5+ Mammalia sp.
0.4+ Mammalia sp.; part of heod, shaft; adult
Provenience
Rm 4-13, Flaor
Rm 10-16, Floor
Plazo 3-8, NW Possogeway,
1
Fill
Remorks
36 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. H
TYPE IVB (06.01.3.0.1.1.6.01.07.1.1,01.0)- SHAFT UNGROOVED, RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 2 SPECIMENS ..
FIG.. 29-8/2 (Uc/544).
No. Length Width Di om. Th. Material Provenience Remorks
-------------- cm. --------------
Uc/542A
Uc/544
3.0+ 0.5+ 0,4+ Mommolio sp.
0,4+ Mommolio sp.
Rm 44-8, Floor A
U. 19, N Side TT,
Block 108-C
Burned.
8.7+ 0.6+
TYPE IVC (06.01.3.0.1.1.6.01.09.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT GROOVED, RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION . 4 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 29-8/3 (Uc/538.11).
CG/27478 4.3+ 0.8+ 0.5+ O. hemionus; metotorsol Rm 14-12, Fill
Uc/538 11 12.2+ 0.8+ 0.6+ O. hemionus; metotorsol 3, posterior Rm 42-8, Fill
morgin of proximal shoft; femole?
Uc/542J 7.9+ 0,6+ 0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metopodiol Rm 44-8, Floor A
Uc/555 8.9+ 0.8+ 0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; R metotorsol 3 Rm 27C-14, Fill
TYPE IVD (06.01.3.0.1.1.6.01.11.1,1.01.0)- SHAFT UNGROOVED, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION. 2 SPECIMENS ..
CG/69498
Uc/511C
5.5+ 0.9
4.5+ 0.9
FIG.. 29-8/4 (CG/69498).
0.5 Artiodoctylo sp.; metopodiol 3-4, por!
of shoft; odult
0.5 B ison bison; rib
Rm 328-14, Fill
TYPE IVE (06.01.3.0.1.1.6.01.13.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT GROOVED, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 29-8/5 (CG/2365).
CG/2365 7.9+ 1.1 0.5 A. americana; L metotorsol 3, medial Central Plazo, Pit 3
surfoce of proximal shoft; femole?
CG/6949C 3.3+ 0.9 0.4+ Artiodoctylo sp.; meto podio 1 3-4, port Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
of shoft; young odult
Uc/543D 2.8+ 0.7+ 0.4+ Mommolio sp. Acequio, Lateral 1, Rm 42-8
TYPE V- SHAPED SPLINTER 8UTT FRAGMENTS, BUTT TAPERS TOWARD BUTT END .. 20 SPECIMENS.
TYPE VA (06.01.5.0.1.1.6.01.03.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT UNGROOVED, ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION .. 4 SPEC!MENS ..
FIG .. 30-8/1 (CG/7000G).
CG/7000G 9.5+ 0.7+ 0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metopodiol Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
Uc/527A 12.7+. 0.5+ 0.4+ A. americana; R metocorpol 4, posterior Plazo Drain 1, U. 19
morgin of shoft; femole?
Uc/5428 2.0+ 0.6+ - Mommolio sp. Rm 44-8, Floor A
Uc/569 8.9+ 0.6:!- 0.4+ A. americana; R metocorpol 3 Central Plazo, Subfloor, TT 2
TYPE V8 (06.01.5.0.1.1,6,01.05.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT GROOVED, ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION .. 3 SPECIMENS ..
CG/6953A
CG/7000F
Uc/539FF
7.9+ 0.8+
13.1+ 0.7+
5.1+ 0.6+
FIG .. 30-8/2 (CG/6953A).
0.6+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metopodiol
0.6+ Mommo lio sp.
0.5+ Mommolio sp.
Rm 42-8, Floor
TYPE VC (06.01.5,0.1.1.6.01.07 .1.1.01.0) - SHAFT UNGROOVED, RECT ANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 5 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 30-8/3 (Uc/519B).
CG/6954H 3.7+ 0.6+ 0.4+ Mommolio sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6956X 2.3+ 0.5+ 0.4+ Mommolio sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
Uc/5198 6.7+ 0.8+ 0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metopadiol Plazo 3-8, Well Stoirwell,
Uc/531 6.8+ 0.7+ 0.5+ O. hemionus; R metotorsol 4, lateral Plazo 3-8, Fill
morgin of shoft
Uc/539T 3.8+ 0.8+ 0.5+ Mommolio sp. Rm 42-8, Flaor
TYPE VD (06.01.5.0.1.1.6.01.09.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT GROOVED, RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION .. 5 SPECIMENS ..
CG/3582 9,1+ 0.7+
CG/6950A 13.2+ 0.6
CG/69530 8.9+ 0.7+
FIG . 30-8/4 (CG/69530).
0.5+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metopodiol
0.5 O. hemionus; L metotorsol 3, anterior
morgin of shoft; female?
0.5+ Artiodactylo sp.; metopodiol
Plazo 5-12, Fi 11
FENNER-POINTED TOOL FRAGMENTS 37
No. Length Width Diam. Th. Material Provenience Remarks
-------------- cm. --------------
CG/6953F
Uc/543F
9.6+ 0.7+
7.3+. 0.6+
0.5+ O. virginianus; R metatarsal 4, anterior
margin of shaft
0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Acequia, Lateral 1, Rm 42-8
TYPE VE (06.01,5.0.1,1,6.01.11.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT UNGROOVED, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION .. 2 SPECIMENS ..
CG/4837
Uc/539G
5.2+ 0.8+
2.6+ 0.5+
FIG.. 30-8/5 (CG/4837).
0,3+ Mammalia sp.
0.3+ Mammalia sp.
Rm 25-14, Fill
Rm 42-8, Floor
TYPE VF (06.01.5.0.1.1.6.01.13.1.1.01.0)- SHAFT GROOVED, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG.. 30-8/6.
CG(b)/403B 3.6+ 1.0+ 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part
of shaft; small adult
Rm 31-16, Floor
Fragmentary specimens with split shafts were classified as Type VI
(25, 7.8%). Subgroups were based on traits of the butt andf or shaft.
Type VIA objects (6) had butts which were not split, though the ends of
the butts were missing. They ranged from 5.0+ cm. to 18.6+ cm. in
Iength, 1.6 cm. to 2.7+ cm. in width, averaging 2.0 cm. for complete
examples, and 1.2 cm. to 1.6+ cm. in thickness, averaging 1.4 cm. for
complete dimensions. Two each were identified as Mule Deer and
Pronghorn Antelope, one each as artiodactyl and a possible White-
tailed Deer. Butts of the Type VIB subgroup ( 16) were entirely missing,
but the shafts had deep grooves. They ranged from 2.6+ cm. to 19.2+
cm. in length; 1.1 cm. to 1.8 cm. in width, averaging 1.5 cm. (remnant
widths broadened the range from O. 7 cm. to 2.1 cm.); and 0.6 cm. to 0.7
cm. for complete thicknesses, averaging 0.6 cm. (remnant thickness
ranged from 0.3 cm. to 1.1 cm.). Bone identifications included six
Pronghorn Antelope, five artiodactyl, three Mammalia sp., and one
each of Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer. The butts of the Type VlC
specimens (3) were also missing; the flattened shafts had shallow
gro oves. They ranged up to 11.9+ cm. in length, 1.3+ cm. in width, and
wer 0.5 cm. in thickness. Two were Mammalia sp., one Artiodactyla
sp.
Type VII tools -(5, 1.6%) retained a natural condyle for thebutt anc
had split shafts. Modification of the head and shoulders determined
subdivisions. The two Type VIIA butts had unmodified condyles with
natu:al shoulders. The larger was 9.8+ cm. long, 3.0 cm. wide, and 2.0
cm. thick. Both were made of Pronghorn Antelope. The condyle ofthe
Type VIIB butt was slightly modified, but the shoulders were natural.
It was 12.8+ cm. long, 2.4 cm. wide, and 1.4 cm. thick. It also was
Pronghorn Antelope. The Type VIIC condyle was slightly modified by
abras ion and the double shoulder was entirely artificial.lt was 8.7+ cm.
in length, 3.4 cm. in width, and 2.3 cm. in thickness.lt was identified as
Mule Deer. The condyle of the Type VIID specimen was extensively
modified, as was the natural shoulder. lt was 14.9+ cm. long, 2.2+ cm.
wide, and 1.4 cm. thick. lt was made of a Mule Deer bone.
TYPE VI - SPLIT SHAFT FRAGMENTS .. 25 SPECIMENS.. .
TYPE VIA (06.02.1.0,1.1.3.01.01.1.1,01.0)- HEAD NOT SPLIT(?), BUTT END MISSING .. 6 SPECIMENS.
No.
CG/2609
CG/3370
CG/5573
CG/6400
FIG .. 31-8/1 (CG/2609, CG/5573, CG/6940).
Length Width Oiam. Th. Material Provenience
-------------- cm. --------------
18.6+ 1.4+
9.0+ 2.1+
11.0+ 1.6
5.0+ 1.8
1.2+ A. americana; L metatarsal 3-4, distal
end of shaft; female?
Rm 5-12, Fill
1.7+ O. hemionus; R metatarsal 3-4, distal Rm 38-11, Floor
end of shaft; immature; female?
1,4 A. americana; L metatarso! 3-4, distal Rm 35-, 37-14, Fill
end of shaft; lorge; mole?
1.2 O. virginianus?; R metacarpol3-4, distal Rm 12-16, Floor
end of shaft; lorge; ma le?
Remarks
lncised line around tool;
trace of red paint at
butt end.
1
Burned.
38
-------------- cm. --------------
CG/6940 11.9+ 2.7 1.6 O. hemionus; L? metatarsal 3-4, distal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Hole through bone below
end of shaft; large adult; mole missing butt & 3 partly
drilled hales; cut groove
a! 1 shoulder.
Uc/1019 13.0+ 2.7+ 1.6+ Artiodactyla sp. Plaza 3-11, Bird Bur. 21
Average: 2.0 1.4
TYPE VIB (06.00.1.0.1.1.3.01.14.1.1.01.0)- BUTT MISSING, SHAFT GROOVE DEEP ..
16 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 31-8/2 (Uc/540N).
CG/1783M 2.6+ 0.7+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp. Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
CG/2317A 6.4+ 1.1+ 0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso 1 3-4, par! Rm 25C-8, Floor Fill, Fill Parts of sorne object.
CG/2341B of shaft; small immature
CG/2441 8.2+ 1.4+ 0.8+ A. americana; R metatarsal 3-4, par! Rm 15-11, Fill Groove on convex side
of shaft; medium adult; female? deepened.
CG/2755 6.1+ 1.5+ . 0.8+ O. hemionus; R metatarso! 3-4, par! Rm 15-12, Fill
CG/5516 9.8+ 2.1+ 0.5 A. americana; R tibia, par! of shaft; Rm 35-, 37-14, Fi 11
small young adult; female
CG/69548 19.2+ 1.3+ 0.9+ A. americana; L tibia, par! of shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
medium adult; female?
CG/6956G 4.6+ l. O+ 0.7 Mammalia sp. Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/7972B 7.3+ 1.9+ 0.7+ A. americana; L metacarpo! 3-4, par! Rm 44-14, Flaor A
of shaft near distal head; medium adult
Uc/511J 3.6+ 1.0+ 0.6+ Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso! 3-4, par! Rm 32C-14, Fill
of shaft; medium adult
Uc/540E 7.6+ 1.2+ 0.7+ A. americana; R metatarsal 3-4, par! Plaza 3-8, Floor A
of shaft; small adult; female?
Uc/540N 7.9+ 1.3+ 0.9+ Mammalia sp. Plaza 3-8, Floor A
Uc/554 7.8+ l.l 0.6 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, par! TT Outlining U. 19,
of shaft; adult Block 108-C
CG(b)/161 5.2+ 1.1+ 0.5 O. virginianus; metacarpal; adult; female? Rm 2-12, Fill
CG(b)/245A 5.4+ 1.4+ l.l+ A. americana; L metatarsal 3-4, par! of Rm 22-16, Fill
shaft near proximal head; medium adult
CG(b)/265A 6.1+ ' 1.2+ 0.7+ Artiodacty la sp.; R metatarsal 3-4, par! Rm 27-16, Fill
of shaft near proximal head; young adult
CG(b)/397 6.0+ 1.8 0.6 Artiodactyla sp.; R tibia, par! of Rm 278-14, Fill
shaft; sma 11 adu lt
Average: 1.5 0.6
TYPE VIC (06,00.1.0.1.1.3.01.12.1.1.01.0)- BUTT MISSING, GROOVE SHALLOW, SHAFT FLATTENED .. 3 SPECIMENS ..
CG/2363
CG/6954E
Uc/540W
9.8+ 1.1+
8.6+ 0.8+
11.9+ 1.3+
FIG .. 31-8/3 (Uc/540W).
0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
0.5 Mammalia sp.; tibia?
0.5 Mammalia sp.
Plaza 3-8, Floor A
TYPE VIl- SPLIT SHAFT BUTT FRAGMENTS, WHOLE NATURAL HEAD .. S SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIIA (06.03.1.0.1.2.4.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HEAD UNMODIFIED, NATURAL SHOULDER. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG .. 32-8/1 (CG/6339).
CG/6339 9.8+ 3.0
CG(b)/635 1 8.9+ 2.8
2.0 A. americana; R metatarso! 3-4, distal
head; large adult; mole
1.6 A. americana; R metatarsal 3-4, dista 1
head minus epiphysis, par! of shaft;
small immature; female?
Rm 12-16, Fill
TYPE VIIB (06.04.1.0.1.2.4.01.01.1.1.01.0) - HEAD SLIGHTL Y MODIFIED, NATURAL SHOULDER.. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG.. 32-8/2.
CG(b)/245B 12.8+ 2.4 1.4 A. americana; R metatarsal 3-4, par! of
distal head, shaft; medium adult
Rm 22-16, Fill
TYPE VIIC (06.04.1,0.1.3.4.01.01.1.1.01.0) - HEAD SLIGHTL Y MODIFIED, DOUBLE SHOULDER MODIFIED.. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 32-8/3.
Uc/530 8.7+ 3.4 2.3 O. hemionus; L metatarsal 3-4, distal
head; very large adult; mole
Rm 1-22, Floor
TYPE VIID (06.05.1.0.1.3.4.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HEAD & NATURAL SHOULDER MODIFIED .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 32-8/4.
CG/6957 14.9+ 2.2+ 1,4 O. hemionus; R metatarsal 3-4, distal
head; immature
Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
Both the condyles and the shafts of the Type VIII tools (3, 0.9%)
were half split. The heads of the Type VIllA specimens were otherwise
unmodified. The larger was 13. 7+ cm. in length, 1.6+ cm. in width, and
1.1+ cm. in thickness. The bones were identified as artiodactyl and
Mule Deer. The Type VIIIB butt was modified on allsides by abrasion.
It was 5. 7+ cm. long, 1.4 cm. wide, and 0.8 cm. thick.lt was Pronghorn
Antelope.
The Type IX objects (3, 0.9%) were buttfragments madefrom long
bone shafts. They ranged up to 12.4+ cm. in length, 1.8 cm. in width,
and all were 0.7 cm. in thickness. The bones were identified as
artiodactyl, Mule Deer, and Pronghorn Antelope.
TYPE VIII - HALF SPLIT HEAD & SHAFT BUTT FRAGMENTS. 3 SPECIMENS.
TYPE VIllA (06.07.1.0.1.1.4.01.01,1.1.01.0)- HEAD OTHERWISE UNMODIFIED. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 33-8/1 (CG/3367).
-------------- cm. --------------
CG/3367 16.2+ 1.8 1.4 O. hemionus; R metatarso! 4, distal Rm 37-11, Floor Fill
head; small; female?
Uc/1018 13.7+ 1.6+ 1.1+ Artiodacty la sp. Plaza 3-11, Bird Bur. 21
TYPE VIIIB (06.09.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HEAD MODIFIED .. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 33-8/2.
CG/5848 5.7+ 1.4 0.8 A. americana; metatarso! 3-4, distal head Plaza 4-14, Floor
TYPE IX (06.11.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HALF SPLIT SHAFT BUTT FRAGMENTS, HEAD REMOVED. 3 SPECIMENS.
FIG .. 33-8/3 (CG/8369).
CG/906 12.4+ 1.7 0.7 A. americana; L radius, medial face Plaza 2-6, Fi 11
CG/6952A 9.6+ 1.2+ 0.7 Artiodactyla sp.; metapadial 3-4, part Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Green copper stain.
of shaft; small adult
CG/8369 11.1+ 1.8 0,7 O. hemionus; L metacarpo! 3-4, anterior Rm 45-8, Floor
surface; large adult; mole
39
Distribution Fragments from a provenience that could be assigned to one of the
One Viejo Period awl (CG/ 2870) would ha ve been classified in
Medio Period phases, or questionably to one of two phases, had the
Type II of this category of Medio Period bone artifacts. The Medio
following temporal distribution:
Period specimens, all from CHIH:D:9:1, had the following unit
distribution:
Buena F/ Paquim/
Central East
Buena F Paquim Paquim Diablo Diablo
Unit 11 12 13 14 16 19 22 Plaza Plaza Type lA 1 2 43
Type !A 46 7 10 18 4 1 lB 1 19
lB 18 2 8 ID 2
IC 3
IIA 1 26
ID 2 1
IIB 1 47
1 66 16 26
IIIA 1 6
IIA 16 6 12
mn 1
IIB 29 4 3 24
11 45 4 9 10 35
IVA 2
lilA 1
IVB 1
IIIB 2
IVC 1
lli 4 IVD 1
!VA 1 IVE 1
IVB VA 2
IVC
VB 3
IVD
ve 4
IVE
VD 3
IV
VE 1
VA
VB
VF 1
ve
VIA 2 2
VD VIB 6
VE VIC 2
VF VIIA
V
VIIC
VIA
VIlO
V lB 4 4
VIllA
VIC 1 1
VIIIB 1
VI 4
VI! A
IX 2
VIIB
VIIC
Total 7 7 3 179
VIlO
VI!
VIllA
VIIIB
VIII
Since these were fragmentary of unidentified objects, a
IX
Total 4 132 6 12 18 35 91 5 17 1
distributional study for the comparative sites was not made. See
% 1.2 41.0 1.9 3.7 5.6 10.9 28.3 1.6 0.3 5.3 0.3 distributional lists for identified pointed tools and ornaments.
40 THE AMERlND FOUNDATlON, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
'
-1
J
\
1
~
Fig. 348. Bone Was U sed for a Variety of Personal Ornamenta.
(Note hair ornament, skewer, pin, beads, finger ring.)
Hair Ornaments
Use
\
Although none of these artifacts were found in place near the skulls
of burials as they were in the Upper Pima graves at San Cayetano (Di
Peso et al., 1956, p. 76), they were thought to have been used as hair
ornaments because of their decorative Pature.
Only seven hair ornaments included the tips, which in six (85.7%)
cases were smoothed and polished; the blunt tip of the seventh was
covered with manufacturing scratches. The polished specimens were
classified as Types IIIB (3), VB (1), VIEI (1), and VII (1). One side of
the butt of a Type IIIB hair ornament was beveled, possibly from use as
a smoothing implement.
Manufacture
The majority ofthe hair ornaments (Types II-VII) were classified as
shaped splinter objects, manufactured by splitting sections of long
bones, sawing them to the desired shape, and abrading them to further
shape and/ or smooth them. Four of these were subsequently
burnished as well, while eight had incised decoration on the butt
and/ or shaft (see Fig. 10-8/2, CG / 2380). Two of the latter had minute
scratches on the butt, thought to have been done in preparation for
pseudo-cloisonn or mosaic decoration, and one of these was also
discolored to reddish-brown, probably the result of such decoration.
An additional 22 (possibly 23) butts were also roughened (see Fig. 10-
8/ 6); two of these were delineated by an incised line and two were
discolored, one reddish-brown and one a copper stain. The butt of
another hair ornament was delineated by an incised Iine; a second was
decorated with a border of turquoise tesserae, anda third with a design
of turquoise tesserae set in lac or resin. Eight (possibly 9) hair
ornaments had undecorated butts, while three were undetermined due
to their fragmentary nature. The broad and narrow notches of the Type
II shafts were shaped, or at least finished, by abrading, as shown by
minute scratches in these grooves (see Fig. 10-8/ 3). Artificial
shoulders (e.g., Type VID) were shaped by sawing and grinding. Two
specimens in the shaped splinter group (Type VIB; Type VIE 1,
CGf 1277) had butts offset on one surface in side view.
One ofthe Type I hair ornaments (CG/ 1343) was manufactured by
splitting a long bone in half; sawing and abrading it into shape;
modifying the distal head, possibly to represent a mountain sheep's
horns; hollowing the interior groove; and decorating it with a reddish-
brown painted band of interlocking triangles along its length and a
narrow dotted grid below the butt ata right angle to the length. The
other three objects in this type might also be classified as shaped
splinters. The sides were generally straight and they had been abraded
to flattened cross sections. The complete specimen had blunt, slightly
rounded ends. All were decorated by carving (see Fig. 10-8/ 1); one had
a simple band of opposed triangles separated by a zigzag line, another
had a zigzag line, and the third hada band of interlocking angled hooks
connected by short lines with so lid triangles filling in the spaces along
the edges. Two may ha ve been subsequently painted a reddish-brown
color. (See Fig. 10-8/ 5.)
The Type VIII and IX hair ornaments were also split, sawed, and
ground to shape. The Type VIllA specimen had incised decoration on
the butt; the Type VIIIB butt fragment was roughened and had an
incised Iine delineating the butt; and the Type VIIIC butt was
discolored reddish-brown. The groove on the latter specimen had been
hollowed out and smoothed. The Type IX fragment was similar to the
Type VIIIC in the finishing of the groove; a single narrow reddish-
brown line was painted across the convex side at a right angle to the
long axis.
Classification
Type I hair ornaments (4, 7.0%) were grouped together as being
"surface patterned." One specimen had painted surface decoration,
while three were carved (two possibly painted). All were fragmentary.
Two were identified as Mammalia sp. while two were returned to
Mexico before bone identification studies were initiated.
Type II hair ornaments (5, 8.8%) were serpentine in outline. This
group was subdivided into those with a wavy or loosely undulating
outline (Type IIA, 4), and one specimeri that had a tight serpentine
form (Type IIB). The only complete example of the former group was
12.5 cm. in length, 1 .6 cm. in width at the butt, and 0.3 cm. in thickness.
Three were identified as Mammalia sp.; one was unknown, having
been returned to Mexico before study. The Type IIB specimen was
1 1.6+ cm. long, 0.8+ cm. wide, and 0.6 cm. thick. It was unidentified
artiodactyl bone.
Type lll hair ornaments (13, 22.8%) were shaped splinters that
lacked a shoulder; the butt was relatively straight or tapered toward the
tip. All examples were decorated or the butt had been prepared for
p.seudo-cloisonn or mosaic embellishment. The subdivision of this
class was based on the cross sectional shape ofthe butt. The Type lilA
hair ornaments (5) had butts that were round or roundedf oval. They
ranged from 5.1+ cm. to 18.8+ cm. in length; from 0.6 cm. to 0.8+ cm. in
width, averaging O. 7 cm. for complete dimensions; one was 0.7+ cm. in
diameter; and from 0.4+ cm. toO. 7 cm. in thickness, averaging 0.6 cm.
for complete measurements. Two each were identified as artiodactyl
and Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus), and one as Mammalia sp.
Type IIIB butts (3) were rectanguloid. Maximum dimensions were a
length of 18.3 cm., a width of0.7 cm., a thickness of0.5 cm., anda tip
diameter of 0.4 cm. All were made from the bone of unidentified
artiodactyls. The ornaments with flattened butts were typed as IllC (5).
The incomplete dimensions ranged from 4.6+ cm. to 12.6+ cm. in
length, 0.7+ cm. to 1.0+ cm. in width, and 0.5+ cm. to 0.6+ cm. in
thickness. Four were artiodactyl, one was White-tailed Deer
( Odocoileus virginianus).
Type IV hair ornaments (8, 14.0%) were similar to Type III except
that the butts tapered toward the butt end. Subdivisions were also
based on the cross section, with Type !VA rounded oval in section. lt
was 7.2+ cm. long, 0.8+ cm. wide, and 0.6+ cm. thick; it was identified as
Mammalia sp. The Type IVB hair ornaments had butts with a flattened
cross section (7). They ranged in length from 2.2+ cm. to 15.8+ cm., in
width from 0.4+ cm. to 1.0 cm., an in thickness from 0.3+ cm. to 0.6
cm. Five were Mammalia sp., two Artiodactyla sp.
FENNER-HAIR ORNAMENTS
HAIR ORNAMENTS . 57 SPECIMENS .
TYPE 1 (07.01.1.0.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.05.0)- SURFACE PATTERNED LONG BONE HAIR ORNAMENTS . 4 SPECIMENS .
FIG .. 35-8/1 (CG/1343, CG/6877).
Tip
No. Length Width Th. Diom. Materia 1 Proven ience Remarks
-------------- cm. --------------
41
CG/1343 7.7+ 1.8 0.5 Mexico Plaza 2-6, Fill, E
07.01.1.0.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.04.0;
CG/3757 6.4+ 1.1+ 0.7+ Mommalia sp.; long bone?, part of Rm 4-13, Fill
pointed.
Carved.
shaft; adult
CG/5704 19.6+ 1.0 0.5 Mammalia sp. Bur. 53-, 54-, 55-14, Carved; butt roughened.
Rm 41-14
CG/6877 15.3+ 0.9+ 0.6+ Mexico Rm 23-16, Floor Carved.
Average: 1.4 0.5
TYPE 11 - SERPENTINE HAIR ORNAMENTS .. 5 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE IIA (07.01.1.0.1.1.1.02.01.1.1.01.0)- WAVY SERPENTINE.. 4 SPECIMENS .. FIG.. 35-8/2 (CG/3847).
CG/3847 12.5 1.6 0.3 Mexico Rm 13-13, Floor Butt end flattened, beve led,
broad; tip pointed.
CG/7963 13.3+ 0.7+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 44-14, Floor A Tip blunt.
CG/7994H 4.1+ 0.6+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 45-14, Floor Butt
1
end narrow, b lunt.
Uc/538W 5.0+ 0.6+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill
Average: 12.5 1.6 0.4
TYPE IIB (07.01.1.0.1.1.1.03.01,1.1.01.0)- TIGHT SERPENTINE. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 35-8/3.
No.
Tip
Length Width Th. Diam.
-------------- e m. --------------
Uc/5278 11.6+ 0.8+ 0.6
Material Provenience Remarks
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodia13-4, part Plaza Drain 1, U. 19
of shaft near distal head; medium adult
TYPE 111- SHAPED SPLINTER HAIR ORNAMENTS, UNSHOULDERED, BUTT STRAIGHT OR TAPERING TOWARD TIP;
DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR DECORATION .. 13 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE lilA (07.01.3.0.3.4.6.01.01.1.1.03.0)- BUTT ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION .. 5 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 36-8/1 (Uc/532).
CG/1783C 9.0+ 0.6+ 0.4+ Artiadactyla sp. Central Plaza, Fill, Trove Butt morked off by incised
line on 1 si de.
CG/4202 16.9+ 0.8 0.7 Odocoileus hemionus; metatarso 1 Plaza 3-13, Floor A Butt roughened; 1 end burned,
Uc/532 18.8+
0.6 . 0,5 O. hemionus; metatarsal Plaza 5-8, Fill Butt roughened.
Uc/53800 5.1+ 0.8+ 0.6+ Artiodactyla sp. Rm 42-8, Fill Butt roughened.
Diam.
Uc/538GG 6.7+ 0.7+ - Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Fill Butt roughened.
Width
Average: 0.7 0.6
TYPE IIIB (07.01.3.0.4.4.6.01.01.1.1.03.0)- BUTT RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION,. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 36-8/2 (CG/4649).
CG/2492 16.0 0.6 0.5
CG/4428 15.0 . 0.6+ 0.4
CG/4649 18.3 0.7 0.5
0.4 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part
of shaft; adult
0.3 ArtiodaC:tyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part
of shaft; immature
0.3 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part
of shaft; adult
Rm 19-11, Floor Fill
Bur, 43-13, Rm 3-13
Rm 8-14, Fill
Butt roughened?
Butt marked off by incised
line on 1 side,
Butt marked off by incised
lines on 4 sides; reddish-
brown discoloration on butt,
TYPE IIIC (07.01.3.0.5.4,6.01.01.1.1.03.0)- BUTT FLATTENED CROSS SECTION. 5 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 36-8/3 (CG/2380, CG/6949A).
CG/1783A 6.0+ 1.0+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Central Plaza, Fill, Trove lncised decoration on shaft,
of shaft; adult
CG/2380 4.6+ 0.9+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Central Plaza, Pit 4 lncised decoration on shaft,
of shaf.f near distal head; adult butt.
CG/24138 12.6+ 1.0+ 0.5+ Odocoileus virginianus; R tibia, part Central Plaza, Fill, SW Butt roughened.
of shaft; medium adult
CG/6949A 6.0+ 1.0 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butt roughened.
of shaft near head; adult
Uc/551C 6.7+ 0.7+ 0.6+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Rm 44-14, Floor A lncised 1 in e at butt,
of shaft; adult
TYPE IV- SHAPED SPLINTER HAIR ORNAMENTS, UNSHOULDERED, BUTT TAPERING TOWARD BUTT END;
BUTT PREPARED FOR DECORATION. 8 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE IVA (07.01.5.0.3.4.6.01.01.1.1.06.0)- BUTT ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG.. 36-8/4.
Uc/524A 7.2+ 0.8+ 0.6+ Mammalia sp. U. 19, Fill, NW Butt roughened.
TYPE IVB (07.01.5.0.5.4.6.01.01.1.1.06.0)- BUTT FLATTENED CROSS SECTION .. 7 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 36-8/5 (CG/7994A).
CG/1946 15.8+ 0.4+ 0.4+ Mammalia sp.; probable metapodial Pit House J-6, Fill Butt roughened.
3-4; adult
CG/2074 2.7+ 0.9+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.; part of surface near Rm 21C-8, Fill Butt roughened.
articular head; adult
CG/2234A 2.2+ 0.7+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.; part of long bone shaft Rm 18C-8, Fill Butt roughened; copper stain
near articular head; adult on butt, upper shaft
CG/69518 7.8+ 1.0 0.6 Mammalia sp.; adult Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butt roughened,
CG/7994A 13.7+ 0.8+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metatarsal 3-4, part Rm 45-14, Floor Butt roughened.
of shaft near distal head; adult
CG/7994 1 2.2+ 0,8+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.; adult Rm 45-14, Floor Butt roughened; butt marked
off by incised line.
CG/8298 5.3+ 0,9+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, part Rm 41-8, Fill Butt roughened.
of shaft, proximal head; adu lt
FENNER-HAIR ORNAMENTS
CL-::-------
~ zr0'2l)
GILIIJllli: ~ ~ ~ w
BONe H ~ H 2 OI<N.6.MENT5 WE12E Fi2EQUENTL..'I DEC012.._TED
Type V hair ornaments (12, 2I.l%) were also shaped splinters, and
had spatulate butts with flattened cross sections. Type V A specimens
had undecorated butts (5), the largest and only complete example of
which was 20.3 cm. long, 2.9 cm. wide at the butt, and 0.5 cm. thick. lt
was returned to Mexico before bone identifications were made, while
the others included Mammalia sp., artiodactyl, Mule Deer, and White-
tailed Deer. Type VB butts (7) were decorated or prepared for
decoration by roughening. The only complete object was 9.0 cm. in
length, 1.4 cm. in width at the butt, 0.5 cm. in thickness, and 0.4 cm. in
tip diameter. Maximum dimensions of in complete specimens included
a length of 12.0+ cm., a width of 2.0+ cm., and a thickness of O. 7+ cm.
Four were identified as Mule Deer, two as Mammalia sp., and one as
artiodactyl.
TYPE V- SHAPED SPLINTER HAIR ORNAMENTS, BUTT SPATULATE, FLATTENED CROSS SECTION .. 12 SPECIMENS .
TYPE VA {07.01.6.0.5.1.6.01.01.1.1.02.0)- 6UTT UNDECORATED .. S SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 37-8/1 {CG/8382).
Tip
No. Length Width Th. Diam.
-------------- cm. --------------
CG/1942 20.3 2.9 0.5
CG/3966 5.6+ 1.1+ 0.3+
CG/78246 7.4+ 0.8+ 0.4+
CG/8382 12.7+ 0.9+ 0.5+
Uc/542M 7.1+ 1.4+ 0.6+
Material
Mexico
Artiodactyla sp.; immature
Mammalia sp.
O. virginianus; R metatarsal 4,
proximal end, part of posterior/lateral
surface of shaft; small; female?
O. hemionus; L metacarpal 3, part
of medial face of shaft, proximal
articular surface; small; female?
Provenience
Plaza 2-6, Water Pit
4-6, Level L
Plaza 2-13, Floor A
Rm 31-16, Fill
Plaza 4-8, Floor A
Rm 44-8, Floor A
Remarks
TYPE V6 {07.01.6.0.5.1.6.01.01.1.1.03.0)- 3UTT DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR DECORATION .. 7 SPECIMENS ..
FIG .. 37-8/2 {CG/1983, CG/3329, Uc/522).
CG/1629 6.5+ 2.0+ 0.5+ O. hemionus; L tibia, part of distal Rm 15C-8, Fill 6utt roughened.
shaft, posterior surface; medium adult
CG/1983 12.0+ 1.6+ 0.5+ O. hemionus; R? metapodial 3, Rm {Plaza) 19-8, Floor lncised decoration on butt.
medial surface A Fill
CG/3329 9.0 1.4 0.5 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 36-11, Fill 6utt roughened, discolored
redd ish-brown.
CG/3873 6.9+ 1.1+ 0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 14-13, Fill 6utt roughened.
CG/5333C 3.5+ 1.1+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp. Rm 31C-14, Fill 6utt roughened.
CG/79156 11.5+ 1.8+ 0.6+ O. hemionus; L tibia, anterior Plaza 1-16, Floor 6 6utt roughened.
margin of shaft
1
Uc/522 6.7+ 2.0+ 0.7+ O. hemionus; R tibia, anterior U. 19, Mise. lncised decoration on butt.
margin of proximal shaft; large; male?
43
44 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION. INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
Type VI shaped splinter hair ornaments (10, 17.5%) were
shouldered and had flattened butts. Subdivisions were based on the
type of shoulder. The Type VIA artifact had a single shoulder at an
acute angle. This incomplete specimen was not identified below the
mammalian leve!. The Type VIB ornament hada double shoulder atan
acute angle; it was returned to Mexico befo re bone identificatons were
made. The butt of one ofthe Type VIC examples was incomplete, but
probably had a double shoulder, while the sides of the butt were
straight; the second specimen hada double shoulder and straight sides.
Maximum dimensions were a length of 7.2+ cm., a width of 1.7+ cm.,
anda thickness of 0.4 cm. They were identified as artiodactyl and Mule
Deer. Type VID (1) had a double shoulder with slightly convex butt
sides. It was an unidentified artiodactyl bone. Type VIE hair
ornaments also had double shoulders, with obtuse angles. This group
was subdivided into Type VIE1, which had narrow butt and shaft (2);
VIE2, with a broad shaft and narrow butt (1); and Type VIE3, with
narrow shaft and large, broad butt (2). One of the Type VIEl objects
was complete, and measured 17.1 cm. in length, 0.9 cm. in width, 0.4
cm. in thickness, and 0.3 cm. in tip diameter. It was made of Pronghorn
Antelope (Antilocapra americana) bone. The incomplete Type VIE2
hair ornament, made of unidentified artiodactyl, was 5.7+ cm. long,
1.3+ cm. wide, and 0.4+ cm. thick. Maximum dimensions for Type
VIE3 were a length of 8.3+ cm., a width of 3.1 +cm., and a thickness of
0.6+ cm. One was m a de of Grizzly Bear ( Ursus nelsoni) bone, the other
returned to Mexico befare study.
Type VII (1, 1.8%) was also a shaped splinter. While the shaft was
decorated, the butt was missing. It was 13.8+ cm. long, 0.8+ cm. wide,
and 0.5+ cm. thick; the tip was 0.4 cm. in diameter. The bone was not
identified below the mammalian leve!.
TYPE VI- SHAPED SPLINTER HAIR ORNAMENTS, SHOULDERED, BUTT FLATTENED ... 10 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIA (07.01.1.0.5,5.6.01.01.1,1.06.0)- SINGLE SHOULDER, ACUTE ANGLE; BUTT PREPARED FOR DECORATION.
1 SPECIMEN . F IG .. 38-8/l.
No.
Tip
-------------- cm. "------------
CG/5333A 3.5+ 1,3+ 0.4+
Material
Mammalia sp.
Provenience Remarks
Rm 31C-14, Fill Butt roughened,
TYPE VIB (07.01.1.0.5.6.6.01.01.1.1.06.0)- DOUBLE SHOULDER, ACUTE ANGLE; BUTT PREPARED FOR DECORATION.
1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 38-8/2.
CG/2517 8.4+ 1.1+ 0.5+ Mexico Plaza 1-11, Floor, S Butt roughened.
TYPE VIC (07.01.1.0.5.9.6.01.01.1.1.03.0)- DOUBLE SHOULDER, STRAIGHT SIDES; BUTT DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR
DECORATION .. 2 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 38-8/3 (CG/2026).
CG/2026 7.2+
CG/2200A 2.7+
1.7+ 0.3+
0.7 0.4
O. hemionus; metatarsal
Artiodactyla sp.
Plaza 2-6, Floar D Fill
Rm 18B-8, Fill
1
Butt roughened.
Turquoise mosaic.
FENNER-HAIR ORNAMENTS 45
TYPE VID (07,01.1.0.5.8.6,01.01.1.1.02.0)- DOUBLE SHOULDER, CONVEX SIDES; BUTT .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG.. 38-8/4.
No.
CG/1882
Tip
Length Width Th. Diom.
-------------- e m. --------------
2.9+ 1.2 0.5+
Material
Artiodactylo sp.; meto podio 1
Provenience
Central Plazo, Platform 5,
Fill
Remarks
TYPE VIE- HAIR ORNAMENTS WITH DOUBLE SHOULDER, OBTUSE ANGLE .. 5 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIE1 (07.01.1.1.1.7.1.08.01.1.1.06.0)- BUTT, SHAFT NARROW; BUTT PREPARED FOR DECORATION.
2 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 39-8/1 (CG/5577).
CG/1277 13,6+
CG/5577 17.1
1.0 0.5 Mexico
0.9 0.4 0.3 Antilocapra americana; R metatarso!
4, lateral surfoce of shoft, port of
proximo 1 articular surfoce
Rm BB-8, Fi 11
Rm 35-, 37-14, Fi 11
Butt roughened.
Butt roughened; incised line
on butt.
TYPE VIE2 (07.01.1.1.1.7.1.09.01.1.1.00.0)- SHAFT BROAD, BUTT NARROW .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 39-8/2.
CG/1756 5.7+ 1.3+ 0.4+ Artiodoctylo sp.; metatarso! Plazo 1-8, Fi 11 lncomplete; moy be single
shoulder.
TYPE VIE3 (07.01.1.2.1.7.1.08.01.1.1.03.0)- SHAFT NARROW, BUTT LARGE, BROAD; BUTT DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR
DECORA TION .. 2 SPECIMENS.. FIG .. 39-8/3 (CG/8342A).
CG/8055 8.3+ 3.1+ 0.6+
CG/8342A 4.9+ 2.1+. 0.3+
Ursus nelsoni; L femur, port of
distal shoft; odult
Mexico
E Plazo, TT Outlining U. 8, Butt roughened; burned.
Block 106-A, Floor B
Rm 43-8, Fill Turquoise mosoic on butt.
TYPE VIl (07.00.1.0,1.1.6.01.01.1.1.08.0)- SHAPED SPLINTER HAIR ORNAMENT, SHAFT DECORATED, BUTT MISSING ..
1 SPECIMEN .. FIG .. 39-8/4.
CG/4836 13.8+ 0.8+ 0.5+ 0.4 Mommolia sp.
rUI2QUOISE rESSE12.\E WEI2E SEr IN .t.N .t.DHESI VE
Type VIII hair ornaments (3, 5.3%) were made of split long bone
shafts, the head having been removed; butts were decorated or
prepared for decoration. Subgroups were made on the basis ofthe butt
shape. The Type VIllA butt tapered toward the tip. This incomplete
specimen was made of Mule Deer bone. The Type VIIIB butt tapered
toward the butt end; it was identified as Mammalia sp. The Type VlliC
example was highly modified on all sides, the butt tapering toward the
tip. This fragment was made of artiodactyl bone.
The Type IX specimen (1.8%) was also manufactured of a split
shaft. The butt was missing while there was a painted line on the shaft.
lt was either a mammal or bird bone.
Rm 25-14, Fi 11 lncised decorotion on upper
port of shoft.
TYPE VIII- SPLIT SHAFT HAIR ORNAMENTS, HEAD REMOVED; DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR DECORATION. 3 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE VIllA (07.11.4.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.1.08.0)- BUTT TAPERS TOWARD TIP .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG . 40-8/l.
No.
Uc/528
Tip
-------------- cm. --------------
B.O+ 1.6+ 0.5+
Material
O. hemionus; L metotorsol 3-4, port
of posterior surfoce of shoft
Provenience Remorks
1
E Plazo, TT Outlining U. 8, lncised lines on butt, shoft.
Block 106-A
TYPE VIIIB (07.11.5.0.l.l.5.0l.Ol.l.l.06.0)- BUTT TAPERS TOWARD BUTT END .. 1 SPECI.MEN .. FIG.. 40-8/2.
No.
Tip
Length Width Th. Di a m.
-------------- e m. --------------
CG/7994F 4.0+ 1.1 0.5
Mammalia sp. Rm 45-14, Floor
Remarks
Butt roughened; butt marked
off by incised fine.
TYPE VIIIC (07.11.4.0.1.1.5.01.01.1.1.09.0)- HIGHLY WORKED, BUTT TAPERS TOWARD TIP. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG.. 40-8/3.
CG/2341C 8.6+ 1.8+ 0.5+ Artiacactyla sp.; metapodial Rm 25C-8, Fill Butt discolored.
TYPE IX (07.00.1.0.1.1.4.01.01.1.1.04.0)- SPLIT SHAFT HAIR ORNAMENT, BUTT MISSING; DECORATED .. 1 SPECIMEN .. FIG. 40-8/4.
CG/7994G 6.4+ 1.0+ 0.4 Aves/Mammalia sp.
Distribution
No artifacts thought to ha ve been hair ornaments were recovered
from Viejo Period proveniences. The Medio Period examples, all from
CHIH:D:9:1, had the following unit distribution:
Central East
Unit 11 13 14 16 19 Plaza Plaza
Type 1
IIA
IIB
11
lilA
1118
lllC
]]] 4
IVA
IVB
IV
VA
VB
V
VIA
V lB
VIC
VID
VIEI
VIE2
VIE3
VI 4
VIl
VIllA
VlllB
VIIIC
VIII
IX
Total 4 13 3
% 7.0 22.8 8.8 5.3 8.8 3.5
Specimens that were from proveniences that could be phase-assigned
were distributed by time as follows:
Buena F/
Buena F Paquim
Type 1
IIA
IIB
IIIB
IIIC
IVB
VA
VB
VIB
VIC
VIEI
VIIIB
IX
Total 5
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953, PI. 31 a)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p 63, Fig., p. 64 upper right)
Paquim/
Diablo
2
ARIZ:W:I0:51, l'oint of Pines (Wendorf, 1950, pp. 79-81,83, Fig. 36 h-i)
Grewe Site (Woodward, 1931, p. 19)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, p. 57, PI. 59)
Guasave (Ekholm, 1942, p. 113)
Diablo
1
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
20
Rm 45-14, Floor Painted 1 in e on 1 si de.
Skewers
Use
Skewers-slender, tapering bone objects pointed at both ends-
were thought to have been used as nose ornaments. Nose ornaments
were used by the Seri Indians, as mentioned by Father Gilg (Di Peso
and Matson, 1965, p. 53). These items may also ha ve had other uses.
Forexample, they could also ha ve been used as hairornaments. The tip
of one Type lA specimen was smooth and polished, while heavy
diagonal scratches over most of another (Type IIA) appeared to ha ve
been the result of use.
Manufacture
All22 skeWers were shaped splinters, formed from a split long bone
and shaped by sawing and abrading. One specimen (Type lA) was
finished by burnishing. The butts of three skewers were roughened in
preparation for sorne type -of adhesive decoration, and three others
were both roughened and discolored, probably the result of such
decoration. The colors of these areas were green, reddish-brown, and
brown. Yet another skewer (CG/6821) had the remnant of pseudo-
cloisonn decoration in green and pink (see Fig. I0-8/7); the butt
beneath this material was discolored green. Yet a more complicated
specimen (CGf3870C), although only a tiny bone fragment in itself,
had the most complete remains of pseudo-cloisonn decoration that
also involved the use of specular iron tesserae. Sorne type of woody
perishable material had been wrapped around the pointed butt of the
skewer and the pseudo-cloisonn had been applied over this (see Fig.
551-7/2). The remaining skewers were undecorated.
Classification
Fragmentary specimens were classified as skewers if it was
apparent or seemed likely that the butt end was pointed. Unlike the
awls, this "point" tended to be blunt; in the case of undecorated
examples, this is why they were called the butts of skewers instead of
the tips of utilitarian tools. In addition, these butts had evidence of
cancellous bone, which was lacking in the tips of other pointed
artifacts.
The typology of bone skewers was based on cross section alone.
Type I skewers (10, 45.5%) had round or rounded oval sections. These
were subdivided into undecorated (Type lA, 8) and decorated or
prepared'for decoration (Type lB, 2) specimens. Only one ofthe former
group was complete, and was 19.1 cm. in length and 0.5 cm. in
diameter. An imcomplete specimen was 20.3+ cm. in length. Four were
identified as Mammalia sp., two as Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus),
one as an artiodactyl, and one was returned to Mexico before bone
identification studies were undertaken. The more complete Type lB
specimen was 10.7+ cm. long and 0.6 cm. in diameter. Both were
unidentified below the mammalian leve!.
Type Il skewers (5, 22. 7%) were rectanguloid in section. These, too,
were subdivided into undecorated (Type IIA, 2) and prepared for
decoration (Type IIB, 3) classes. Both examples of the former group
were complete. The longer one measured 23.1 cm. in length, 0.8 cm. in
width, and 0.5 cm. in thickness. lt was returned to Mexico before
study, while the otherwas identified asan artiodactyl. The largest Type
IIB fragment was 14.5+ cm. long, 0.6+ crfi. wide, and 0.4+ cm. thick. All
were unidentified artiodactyls.
FENNER-SKEWERS
Type III skewers (7, 31.8%) were short butt fragments.
Subdivisions included those with round cross sections, undecorated
(Type lilA, 3); Type IIIB, with round sections, roughened in
preparation for decoration or decorated (2); rectanguloid cross
sections, undecorated (Type IIIC, 1); and with rectanguloid sections,
prepared for decoration (Type IIID, 1). Al! except the Type IIID
fragment were unidentified below the mammalian leve!; the exception
was an artiodactyl bone.
SKEWERS.. 22 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE 1- SHAPED SPLINTER SKEWERS, BUTT & SHAFT ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL CROSS SECTION . 10 SPECIMENS .
TYPE lA {08.01.1.0,3.1.6.01.02.1.1.02.0) - UNDECORATED SKEWERS .. 8 SPECIMENS.. FIG .. 41-8:11 {CG/6083).
No.
CG/1783G
CG/3607B
CG/5515
CG/6083
CG/6730
CG/6735
CG/6953B
Uc/524C
Length Width Diam. Th. Material
----------------- cm. -----------------
5.5+
5.8+
10.2+
20.3+
19.1
19.2+
6.0+
18.4+
0.6+
0.6+
0.5+
0.5+ Artiodactyla sp.; metatarso!
0.5+ Mammalia sp.
0.6+ Mammal ia sp.
0.5+ Mammalia sp.
0,5 Mexico
0,5+ Odocoileus hemionus; metatarsal
0.4+ Mammalia sp.
0.4 O. hemionus; metatcirsal
Provenience
Central Plaza, Fill, Trove
Plaza 6-12, Floor C, Pit 9
Rm 35-, 37-14, Fi JI
Rm 9-16, Floor
Rm 22-16, FiJI, Trove 1
U. 19, Fill, NW
Remarks
TYPE lB {08.01.1.0.3.1.6.01.02.1.1.03.0) - SKEWERS DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR DECORATION. 2 SPECIMENS ..
CG/6821A
Uc/519A
10.7+
6.8+
0.6
0.6+
FIG .. 41-8/2 {CG/6821A).
Mammalia sp.; long bone, par!
of shaft; adult
0.5+ Mammalia sp.; long bone, par!
of shaft; adult
Rm 23-16, Fill
Plaza 3-8, Well Stairwell,
E-W Arm, FiJI Over Landing
TYPE JI - SHAPED SPLINTER SKEWERS, BUTT & SHAFT RECT ANGULOID CROSS SECTION.. 5 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE JIA{08.01.1.0.4.1.6.01.06.1.1.02.0)- UNDECORATED SKEWERS .. 2 SPECIMENS . FIG .. 41-8/3 {CG/5598).
CG/5598
CG/6732
16.7
23.1
0.7
0.8
0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metatarsal 3-4, Rm 35-, 37-14, Fi JI
part of shaft, distal neck; adult
0.5 Mexico Rm 22-16, Fi JI, Trove 1
Pseudo-cloisonn
decora! ion.
Butt roughened; green
stain.
TYPE IIB {08.01.1.0.4.1.6.01.06.1.1.06.0)- SKEWERS PREPARED FOR DECORATION .. 3 SPECIMENS .. FIG .. 41-8/4 {Uc/539JJ).
47
CG/1630 5.4+ 0.5+ 0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 15C-8, Fill Butt roughened; reddish-
Uc/539JJ 14.5+ 0.6+ 0.4+
Uc/543C 5.8+ 0.5+ 0.4+
part of shaft; adult brown discoloration on
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4,
part of shaft; immature
Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4,
part of shaft near head; adult
Rm 42-8, Floor
Acequia, Lateral 1, Rm 42-8
butt.
Butt roughened.
Butt roughen'ed.
'TYPE 111 - SHAPED SPLINTER SKEWER BUTT FRAGMENTS .. 7 SPECIMENS ..
TYPE lilA (08.01.1.0.3,1.6.01.01.1.1.02.0)- ROUND CROSS SECTION, UNDECORATED. 3 SPECIMENS ..
No. Length Width Diam, Th. Material Provenience. Remarks
----------------- cm. -----------------
Uc/515 2.4+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp. Rm 12-16, Fill
Uc/539B 2.8+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
Uc/5390 1.5+ 0.4 Mammalia sp. Rm 42-8, Floor
TYPE IIIB (08.01.1.0.3.1.6.01.01.1.1.03.0) - ROUND CROSS SECTION, DECORATED OR PREPARED FOR DECORATION. 2 SPECIMENS ..
CG/1783N
CG/3870C
2.3+
0.9+
0.5+ Mammalia sp.; long bone?, part
of shaft; adult
Central Plaza, Fill, Trove Butt roughened.
0.4+ Mammalia sp. Rm 14-13, Fill Pseudo-cloisonn;
(CG/3870B) and specular
iron tesserae (CG/3870A)
decoration.
TYPE IIIC (08.01.1.0.4.1.6.01.01.1.1.02.0)- RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION, UNDECORATED .. 1 SPECIMEN .
Uc/538E 2.1+ 0,5+ 0.3+ Mammalia sp.; part of long bone
shaft; adult
Rm 42-8, Fill
TYPE IIID (08.01.1.0.4.1.6.01.01.1.1.06.0)- RECTANGULOID CROSS SECTION, PREPARED FOR DECORATION. 1 SPECIMEN ..
Uc/5385 3.1+ 0.6+ 0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 42-8, Fill
Butt roughened; slight
brown discoloration on
butt.
Distribution
Artifacts classified as skewers were not found in Viejo Period
proveniences. The Medio Period examples, all from CHlH:D:9:1,
were distributed by unit as follows:
lA lB 1 llA 118 11 lllA 1118 111C 1110 111 Total
, ..
'"
Unit 8 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 8 36.4
12
.
1 4.5
13 1 4.5
14 1 9:1
16 4 31.8
19 1 4.5
Central Plaza 1 9.1
Temporal distribution for skewers from proveniences that could be
phased was as follows:
Buena F Diablo
Type lA 1 5
lB 1
IIA 1
IIB 1
lilA 2
IIIB 1
Total 11
Lowry Ruin (Martn, 1936, Fig. 20 k)
Kin Kletso (Vivan and Mathews, 1965, p. 95, Fig. 57, lower)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 64, Fig., p. 64, upper right)
Pins
Use
It was thought that these small, well finished items were used as
clothes fasteners, as has been suggested by Judd (1954, p. 145). The tips
of the five complete Type l pins included two that were moderately
pointed, two sharply pointed, and one relatively blunt tip. All five of
the Type II pins had moderately pointed tips. The tips of two Type 1
pins were smooth and polished, two had manufacturing scratches that
also covered the rest ofthe too!, and three were missing the tips. Two of
the Type JI pins had smooth and/ or polished tips, two had
manufacturing scratches, and one was returned to Mexico befare being
studied in detail. Smooth and/ or polished tips accounted for 33.3% of
the complete, studied tools.
Manufacture
All of the pins were shaped splinter objects made by splitting,
sawing, and grinding sections of long bone (or in one case, possibly
rib ). The butts of six of the Type l and all but one of the Type JI pins
were finished by grinding. One of the former group hada butt that was
not ground, but showed the manufacturing technique whereby the
bone splinter was partly sawed around its circumference and broken
off. Three of the Type l pins were finished by burnishing.
C1assification
Pins were subdivided into two groups based on the cross sections of
the tip and shaft. One pin, missing in the field lab, was unclassified.
Type l pins (7, 53.8%) had round tip ancl shaft cross sections, while
those of the Type JI pins (5, 38.5%) had flattened shaft and round tip
sections. The first group ranged from 4.8 cm. to 7.5 cm. in complete
lengths, averaging 6.4 cm.; one was 0.6 cm. in width and 0.5 cm. in
thickness; they varied from 0.3 cm. to 0.5 cm. in diameter, averaging
0.4 cm., and from 0.3 cm. to 0.4 cm. in tip diameter, averaging 0.4 cm.
All but one were unidentified below the mammalian leve!; the
exception was artiodactyl. Type JI pins ranged from 4.5 cm. to 7.7 cm.
in length, averaging 6.0 cm.; from 0.4cm. to 0.7 cm. in width, averaging
0.5 cm.; from 0.3 cm. to 0.5 cm. in thickness, averaging.0.4 cm.; and
from 0.3 cm. to 0.4 cm. in tip diameter, averaging 0.3 cm. Three were
Mammalia sp., one was returned to Mexico befare study, and one was
possibly Bison (Bison bison). Type IIl included the missing and
unclassified pin (7. 7%).
FENNER-PlNS AND BEADS
Pll-15. 13 5PECIMEN5. .
TYPE 1 (09.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.02.1.2.01.0)- 5HAPED 5PLINTER PIN5, TIP & SHAFT
ROUND CROS5 SECTION. 7 5PECIMEN5. FIG.
42-8/1 (CG/4201, CG/4738, CG/6058).
No.
CG/1050
CG/4201
CG/4738
CG/5575
CG/6058
Uc/441
Uc/551B
Average:
Tip
L. W. Diam. Th. Dicm.
................................. cm ................................. ..
5.4+ 0.5+
7.4 0.4
5.8 0."5
7.5 0.3
4.8 0.6
4.7+
-
0.4+
5.5+ - 0.5
6.4 0.6 0.4
0.4+ 0.4
0,5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
Material
Artiodactylo sp.;
metapodial
Mommalio sp.
Mommalio sp.
Mammolio sp.
Mommalio sp.
Mammalia sp.
Mammalia sp.
Provcnience Remarks
Plaza 2-6,
Fill, E
Plaza 313,
Floor A
Rm 2114,
Flaor A
Rm 35-, 3714,
Floor
Rm 4-16, Fill
Rm 3112, Floor
Rm 4414,
Floor A
TYPE 11 (09.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.10.1.2.01.0)- 5HAPED 5PLINTER PIN5, 5HAFT FLAT
TENED CR055 5ECTION, TIP ROUND CR055
SECTION. 5 SPECIMENS. FIG. 42-8/2
(CG/4783, CG/7994B).
CG/2368 7.4 0.6 0.5 0.,4 Mamma 11 a sp. Central Plaza, Burned.
Plt 3
CG/3664 4.5 0.5 0.3 Mexlco Rm 113, Floor
CG/4783 5.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 Mommalla sp. Rm 2314,
Floor A
CG/5599 4.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 Mammalia sp. Rm 35, 3714,
Fill
CG/7994B 7.7 0.7 0.5 0,3 B/son blson?; Rm 4514,
rlb? Floor
Average: 6.0 0.5 0.4 0.3
TYPE 111 (09.01.1.0,1.1.0.01.00.1.0.01.0) - UNCLASSIFIED PI N. 1 SPECIMEN.
CG/2424 13.1 0.7 0.3 Unknown Rm 1411, Mlsslng.
Fire Heorth 1
Distribution
Pins were not recoveed from Viejo Period proveniences. The
Medio Period examples, all from the main ruin of Casas Grandes, had
the following unit distribution:
Type II III
Unit 6
ll
12 l
l3 l l
14 3 3
16 l
Central Plaza
Temporal distribution was as follows:
Buena F Diablo
Type I 5
II 3
III
Total' 2 8
Lowry Ruin (Martin, 1936, p. 70, Figs. 20 h,j, 22 d)
Mesa Verde, Site 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 35 b)
La Plata, Site 41 (Morris, 1939, p. 120, PI. 104 h,jk)
Aztec, W Ruin (Morris, 1919a, p. 4)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, pp. 144-145, PI. 34 bg)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, p. 132)
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953, p. 130, PI. 30 e)
Ridge Ruin (McGregor, 1941, p. 229, Fig. 74 hi)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, p. 58, PI. 65 a)
Cojumatln (Lister, 1949, p. 82, Fig. 36 k,m)
Beads
Use
Total %
l 7.7
l 7.7
l 7.7
2 15.4
6 46.2
l 7.7
l 7.7
These objects were similar to others found as elements in necklaces
in situ around the necks of burials at Hawikuh (e.g., Hodge, 1920a, p.
134), and were thought to ha ve functioned in the same mannerat Casas
Grandes. Another use to which these have been put was as a ring to
reinforce a split a wl (Kidder, 1932, p. 260, Fig. 219 n).
Manufacture
The tubular beads were made by sawing sections of bird bones to
the desired length and smoothing the ends. This process has been
described and illustrated in detail by Hodge ( 1 920a, pp. 72-74, 133, Fig.
1, PI. 27-28). The ends of the beads in the set of 15 (CG / 4869) were not
well-finished, and showed numerous gashes and scratches from the
49
cutting process. The flat rectangular bead was made by sawing a
section of long bone shaft to the desired outline, grinding it further into
shape, and drilling hales from the concave surface to the short ends.
Classification
Narrow tubular bone beads were classified as Type I (7, 29.2%).
The largest extant specimen was 1.7 cm. in fragmentary length and 0.5
cm. in diameter. AII ofthe Type I beads were from unidentified birds (5
specimens lost). Broad tubular beads were grouped as Type ll (16,
66.7%). They ranged from 1.8 cm. to 3.4 cm. in length, averaging 2.5
cm.; and from l.O cm. to 1.4 cm. in diameter, averaging 1.1 cm. There
were eight Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), seven Greater Sandhill
Crane (Grus canadensis tabida), and one Common Turkey (Meleagris
gallo pavo) bones. The flat rectangular bead ( 4.2%) was classed as Type
III. It measured 2.2 cm. in length, 1.5 cm. in width, and 0.3 cm. in
thickness. The bone was unidentified maroma!.
BEADS. 24 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (01.42.3.1)- NARROW TUBULAR BEADS. 7 SPECIMENS. FIG. 438/1 (CG/6640).
No. L. Diam.
....... cm .........
CG/ 461 1.5 0.6
CG/484A
CG/484B
CG/484C
CG/4840
CG/484E
CG/6640 1.7+ 0.5
Average: 1.5 0,6
Material
Aves sp.; Jorge bird;
probably radius
Aves sp.
Aves sp.
Aves sp.
Aves sp.
Aves sp.
Aves sp.; long bone of
medlum-slzed bi rd
Provenlence
Rm 2C4, Flaor
Flll
Rm 2C-4, Floor
Rm 2C4, Floor
Rm 2C-4, Floor
Rm 2C-4, Floor
Rm 2C-4, Floor
Rm 1716, Flll
TYPE 11 (01.43.3.1) - BROAD TUBULAR BEADS. 16 SPECIMENS. FIG. 43-8/2
(CG/3604).
CG/3604 2.3 1.4 Meleasrls sattopavo; R ulno, Plaza 612, FIOor
distal part of central shoft; e, Plt 7
large adult
CG/4869A 3.3 1.2 AquJia chrysaetos; R. ulna, Rm 26C-14, Flaor
shaft proximal af nutrlent
foramen
CG/4869B 2.1 1.1 Grus canadensls tablda; R Rm 26C-14, Floor
tlbiotorsus, port of distal
shaft
CG/4869C 2.3 1.0 A. chrysaetas or G. c. Rm 26C-14, Floor
tabida; ulna sec::tlan
CG/48690 2.0 1.1 G. c. tablda; L tlbiatarsus1
Rm 26C14, Floor
port of distal holf
CG/4869E 2.0 1.2 G. c. tablda; L tlbiotarsus, Rm 26C14, Floor
part of proximal half
CG/4869F 2.0 1.4 A. chrysaetos; L ulna, cut Rm 26C14, Floor
through scarof brachialls
anticus
CG/4869G 2.2 1.1 G. c. tablda; R tlblatarsus, Rm 26C14. Floor
part of proximal half
CG/4869H 2.1! 1.1 A. chrysaetos; L ulna, part Rm 26C14, Floar
ol distal hall
CG/4869 1 1.8 1.1 G. c. tablda; L tlbiotarsus, Rm 26C14, Floor
part of distal half
CG/ 4869J 3.1 1.0 A. chrysaetos; L ulna, distal Rm 26C14, Floor
af nutrlent foramen
CG/ 4869K 3.4 1.4 A. chrysaetos; R ulna, cut Rm 26C14, Floor
through scarof brochlalis
antlcus
CG/4869L 3.1 1.1 A. chrysaetos L ulna, cut Rm 26C14, Floor
neor nutrlent foramen
CG/4869M 2.1 1.1 G. c. tabida; R tibiotarsus, Rm 26C14, Floor
par! ol distolhalf
CG/4869N 2.5 1.2 A. chrysaetoe; R ulna, port Rm 26C .. 14, Floor
near distal head
CG/4869 O 2.2 1.2 G. c. tabida; L tiblotarsus, Rm 26C14, Floor
near central section
Average: 2.5 1.1
Remarks
Mlsslng.
Missing.
Misslng.
Misslng.
Misslng.
Tracesof
red polnt.
TYPE 111 (01.50.3.1)- FLAT RECTANGULAR BEAD. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 43-8/3.
No. L. w. Th. Material Provenlence Remarks
......... -cm ........... _
CG/5586 2.2 1.5 0.3 Mammalia sp.; long bone, Rm 35, 3714,
part af shaft near head; adu lt Fill
Distribution
Bone beads were not found in Viejo P e ~ i o d association. The Medio
Period specimens had the following unit distribution at CHIH:D:9: 1:
I II Ili Total %
Unit 4 6 6 25.0
12 1 1 4.2
14 15 16 66.7
16 1 4.2
Those from proveniences that could be assigned toa particular phase
had the following temporal distribution:
Type I
II
Total
Buena F Diablo
6
!5
21
Lowry Ruin (Martin, 1936, p. 70, Fig. 24)
Aztec, W Ruin (Morris, 1919a, p. 42, Fig. 25)
Kayenta, R. B. 568 (Beals el al., 1945, p. 76)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, pp. 107-108, Fig. 27)
Kin Kletso (Vivian and Mathews, 1965, p. 98)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, pp. 133-134)
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953, p. 137, PI. 34 a)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (McGregor, 1941, p. 230, Fig. 75 a-b)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 67, Fig., p. 64, lower righl)
ARIZ:W:I0:51, Point of Pines (Wendorf, 1950, p. 83, Fig. 36 g)
Snaketown (Giadwin el al., 1937, pp. 155-156, PI. 126 i-k)
Casa Grande (Fewkes, 1912, p. 146)
Ventana Cave (Haury el al., 1950, p. 381, Fig. 89 a-b)
Gleeson Site (Fulton and Tuthill, 1940, pp. 39-40, PI. 26 i-j)
Zape (Masan, 1937, pp. 141-142)
Pendant
Use
This item was thought to ha ve been the component of a necklace. It
was not found in situ on a burial, however.
Manufacture
This specimen was complicated in nature and was one of the most
aesthetically pleasing objects recovered from the excavations. In the
shape of a human hand and forearm, this pendant was manufactured
by sawing and grinding a section of a human cranium to shape
(unidentified bone, as it had been returned to Mexico befo re detailed
study; catalogue card indicated frontal bone). Fingernails were
indicated by incised lines. A turquoise mosaic braceletcomposed of29
elements embedded in ocher and black lac (according to field
description) was at the wrist.A hole drilled at the end ofthe forearm was
strung with a series of 53 red, orange, black, and gray siltstone dentate
beads, 28 red siltstone disk beads, and one shell disk bead.
Classification
The single specimen was a flat pendant in the shape of a human
hand and forearm, and was manufactured from a human cranial bone.
Its incomplete length (the first, second, and third fingers were missing)
was 8.3 cm., and the width was 3.7 cm., the thickness 0.8 cm.
(02.81.2.1)- HUMAN HAND EFFJGY PENDANT. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 44-8.
No. L. W. Th. Material Provenience Remarks
CG/6750A 8.3+ 3.7 0.8 Hamo sapiens Rm 2216, Fill Three fingers missing;
crcniol section turquoisemosoic ot
wrist; stone beods
ottoched.
Distribution
No bone pendants were recovered from Viejo Period provenieP..ces.
The Medio Period specimen, from Unit 16, was not phased. While not
comparable to this effigy pendant, bone pendants were found at the
following sites:
Lowry Ruin ( Martin, 1936, p. 71, Fig. 22 1)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin el al., 1964, p. 93, Figs. 36 e-g, 44 h)
Mattocks Ruin (Nesbitt, 1931, p. 95, PI. 41 h)
San Cayetano (Di Peso el al., 1956, pp. 107-110, Fig. 11, PI. 25 1)
Finger Ring
Use
It was thought that this ring was used as an item of personal
adornment. It was a size 4 on a modern ring scale.
Manufacture
This narrow ring was cut from a long bone section, ground to
shape, and finished by burnishing. All sides and edges were highly
polished and the edges were rounded.
Classification
Only one fragmentary item of this class was recovered. It was 2.0
cm. in outside diameter, 0.8 cm. in width, and 0.3 cm. in thickness. It
was questionably identified as White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus
virginianus).
1-
1

(03.41.3.1) - FINGER RING. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 45-8.
No. Diam. Width Th. Material Pro ven i ene e
----------cm ............... .
CG/270 2.0 0.8 0.3 Odocoi!eus virsinianus?; Plaza 2-1, Fill, SW
femur
Distribution
Bone finger rings were not found in Viejo Period associations. The
Medio Period specimen was from Unit 1, from an unphased
provenience.
Lowry Ruin ( Martin, 1936, p. 70, Fig. 22 e)
Mesa Verde, Site 499 (Listcr, 1964, p. 63)
Kayenla, R. B. 568 (Beals el al., 1945, pp. 76, 80)
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1?53, pp. 135, 137, PI. 35 a-b)
Forkcd Lightning Ruin (Kiddcr, 1926, pp. 7-8; 1932, p. 252, Fig. 211)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Villagc (McGregor, 1941, pp. 230, 232, Fig. 75 e)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin el al., 1964, p. 97, Fig. 44 g,i)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 67, Fig., p. 64, lower right)
Whistles
Use
The tu be with the single hole was similar to objects that ha ve been
identified as whistles or bird-calls a't Hawikuh and Pecos (Hodge,
l920a, pp. 128-129, PI. 34 a-d, 35 a-c,q-t; Kidder, 1932, p. 252, Fig.
BIBLIOTI:CJ\-
"AROLJ;o JOSI: LUIS LORI.N!() llAIITISTi\"
Subdirecctn de \J AnnHn .. ,.,
FENNER-PENDANT, FINGER RING, WHISTLES, AND RASPS
21 1). Short tu bes with multiple holes in a straightline werenot found at
these sites (although long tubes were), but this specimen was also
thought to belong to this category of artifacts.
Manufacture
One of the whistles was made from part of a bird bone ulna
(CG 4732). The cut ends were slightly beveled and a single hole, 0.5
cm. in diameter, had been drilled 3.2 cm. from one end and 3.3 cm.
from the other (to the center). The second whistle was made from a bird
bone humerus (CG/5343; see Fig. 6-8/6). The cut ends were slightly
beveled. The three holes were 0.3 cm. and 0.4 cm. (2) in diameter. They
were drilled in a straight line spaced 1.3 cm. from one end, 1.3 cm. to
the second, 1.3 cm. to the third, and 1.4 cm. to the other end.
Classification
No typo1ogy was set up for these whistles. Both were of bird bone
tubes, the only difference being the number of holes drilled in them.
They were 5.6 cm. and 6.5 cm. in length; one was 1.8 cm. in width and
1.3 cm. in thickness; the other was 0.9 cm. in dianieter. One bone was
identified as a large Canada Goose (Branta canadensis moffitti), the
other as Common Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).
(04.40.3,3) - WHlSTLES. 2 SPEClMENS. FlG. 468.
No. L. W. Diom. Th. Material Provenlence Remarks
---cm ....................... ..
CG/4732 6.5 0.9 Branta canadensis
mofllttl; R ulna,
mldpolnt toward
Rm 2014, Floor Single hale.
CG/5343 5.6 1.8
Distribution
distal end
1.3 Melaagrls sallopavo; Rm 31C14, Fill Three hales.
R hume rus, central
section of shaft;
large adult
Bone whistles were not found in Viejo Period associations. The
Medio Period artifacts were both from Unit 14, one from a Diablo
Phase provenience.
Black Mesa (Beals el al., 1945, p. 56)
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 106, Fig. 26)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin el al., 1964, pp. 93-94, Fig. 36 a-d)
Canyon Creek Ruin (Haury, 1934, PI. 75, p. 126)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 67)
Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin el al., 1956, p. 118, Fig. 63 b)
Foote Canyon Pueblo (Rinaldo, 1959, pp. 81-83, Fig. 36 d-f)
ARIZ:W:I0:51, Point of Pines (Wendorf, 1950, pp. 267-268, Fig. 114 g,i)
Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove and Cosgrove, 1932, p. 67., PI. 75 a-b)
Spur Ranch (Hough, 1914, p. 36, Fig. 77)
Tres Atamos (Tuthill, 1947, p. 66, PI. 36 b,e)
Gleeson Si te (Fui ton and Tuthill, 1940, pp. 40, 57, PI. 26 e-f)
Rasps
Use
These notched scapulae, ribs, and long bones were similar to those
used by various present-day groups to accompany songs and dances
(Lumholtz, 1902, Vol. 2,p. 155; Russell, 1908,p. 167; Hodge, 1920a,
Vienna Codex
(1963, Pl. 24)
51
pp. 137-138; Drucker, 1941, p. 188). Lumholtz (1902, Vol. 1, pp. 365-
367) described in detail the Tarahumar use of rasping sticks during
hikuli ceremonies, as well as the use of deer bone rasps as part of
Huichol deer hunting songs (ibid., Vol. 2, p. 155). The plectrum used to
crea te the noise when rubbed over the notches may be another bone, a
stick (ibid., Vol. 1, p. 366), another notched bone (ibid., Vol. 2, p. 155),
ora shell (Linn, 1934, p. 205). A drawing on page 24 of the Vienna
Codex shows Quetzalcatl, in his guise as Ehcatl, playing a femur
rasp, using a deer (?) scapulafor a scraping stickand a human skull as a
resonator(see Beyer, 1934, pp. 341-342, Figs. 3, 6; Linn, 1934, p. 205).
The Aztec name for these instruments was omichicahuaztli, or
"rattle" (Beyer, 1934, pp. 329, 338). Mesoamerican specimens were
frequently made of human long bones, normally femurs (Linn, 1934,
p. 204-205). In his discussion of 26 such instruments found in a
cemetery near Zacap, Michoacn, Lumholtz (1902, Vol. 2, pp. 429-
431) said that he originally thought they were bones from enemies
killed in battle and wom as charms for strength. But he (ibid.) and
others (see Linn, 1934; Beyer, 1934) have established their use as
musical instruments. It has been suggested that they were originally,
and primarily, used for funeral ceremonies (ibid., pp. 332, 342), as they
were by the Aztecs (Mendoza in Noriega et al., 1959, p. 340, Fig. 17 e).
(Also see Castaeda y Mendoza, 1933b; Garca Payn, 1941.)
Manufacture
Type I rasps were made by a,brading and notching scapula spines
(see Fig. 6-87, CG/ 6741). The notches started where the spine began
near the neck and were spaced 2.0 mm. to 6.0 mm. apart. The Type ll
rasps were curved sections of ribs, and all were notched on the concave
surface (see Fig. 6-87, CG/8344). Two specimens were smoothed on
all surfaces, while a fragmentary example appeared to ha ve been sawed
along its length, anda fourth gave evidence that one end of the rib had
been cut off, rounded, and abraded. On the three rasps that retained
one end of the rib, notches began 7.0 cm. below the epiphysus, over
12.7 cm. below the articular surface (missing), and 1.7 cm. below the
cut and abraded end. Notches were spaced from 3.0 mm. to 7.0 mm.
apart. One of the Type III long bone rasps (CG/ 1301) was notched
along two sides (the bone was triangular in section), and a hole was
drilled at one end (fragmentary). The second Type Ill rasp (CG/ 509B)
was retumed to Mexico before detailed study, but the notches began
sorne distance below the proximal head and were spaced 2.0 mm. to 4.0
mm. apart.
Classification
Type I rasps (6, 40.0%) were manufactured from scapulae. All were
incomplete, and the maximum remnant measurements were a length of
16.5 cm., a width of7.5 cm., anda thicknessof2.8 cm. Fourwere made
from bones of Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana), one
from White-tailed Deer ( Odocoi/eus virginianus), and one from Mule
Deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
The Type II rasps (7, 46. 7%) were made from rib bones. Again, all
were fragmentary. Maximum remnant dimensions were a length of
24.3 cm., a width of 3.0 cm., and a thickness of 1.7 cm. All were
identified as Bovinae sp. (two of these cf. Bison).
Type III included long bone rasps (2, 13.3%). The more nearly
complete rasp was 34.3+ cm. long, 2.8+ cm. wide, and 0.6+ cm. thick.
This same specimen was identified in the field as human bone. Though
it was only a small segment, Mathews ti]ought that for th second
(CG/ 1301), "human right fibula is a very good possibility for the
exterior characteristics."
52 THE AMERlND FOUNDATlON. lNC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. 8
RASPS. 15 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (05.30.5.1}- SCAPULA RASPS. 6 SPECIMENS. FIG. 478/1 (CG/3819).
No.
CG/1073
CG/3819
CG/5934
CG/6741
CG(b)/491A
CG(b)/584C
L. W. Th. Material
6.3+ 1.7+ 1.0+ AntJ!ocapra americana; R
scapula; medium adult;
female?
14.6 7.5+ 2.7+ A. americana; R scapula;
medium adult;.female?
5.8+ 3.1+ 1.1+ A. americana; L scapula;
large adult; mole?
8.5+ 3.1+ l. 1+ Odocolleus hemionus; R
scapula; large adult;male
16.5+ 3.9+ 2.6+ Odocoileus virtOnJanus;
L scapula; medium adu lt;
mole?
7.5+ 3.5+ 2.8+ A. americana; R scapula;
small adult; female?
Pro ven ience
Rm A-6, Floor A Fill
Bur. 7-, 8-13,
Rm 9-13
Plaza 6-14, Floor A
Rm 2216, Fill
Rm 1-19, Floor
Pit House R-6, Fill
TYPE 11 (05.30.4.1}- RIB RASPS. 7 SPECIMENS. FIG. 47-8/2 (CG/8344).
CG/5405A,E 13. 1+ 2.0+ 1.2+ Bovinae sp.; R 11th-13th Rm 33-14, Fill
rib, port of shaft, costal
end; medium adult
CG/5405B 24.3+ 2.4+ 1.4+ Bovinae sp.; R 11th-12th Rm 33-14, Fill
rib, partof shaft; small
adult; female?
CG/5405 O 3.4+ 0.8+ 0.8+ Bovinae sp.; rib, part of Rm 3314, Fill
shaft; adu lt
CG/5850 10.0+ 1.6+ 1.5+ Bovinae sp. {cf. Bison); Plaza 4-14, Floor
L central rib, part of
CG/8209 10.3+ 2.3+
shaft; larga adult; mole?
1.2+ Bovinae sp.; R 12th-13th Plazo 3-8, Well
rib, part of shaft; medlum Stairwell, e .. w Arm,
adult Fill Ovar Landing
No. L. W. Th. Material Provenience
CG/8344 19.7+ 3.0+ 1.7+ Bovinae sp. (cf. Bison); Rm 43-8, Floor A
R central rib, part of
Uc/542H 6.1+ 1.2+ O.B+ Bovmae sp.; rib, partof Rm 4 4 ~ 8 , Floor A
shaft; adult
TYPE 111 (05.30.3.1}- LONG BONE RASPS. 2 SPECIMENS.
CG/509B
CG/1301
Distribution
FIG. 47-8/3 (CG/509B}.
34.3+ 2.8+ 0.6+ Horno sepiens; femur
1.7+ 1.3+ 0.9+ Mammalia sp. (el. H.
sapiens); possibly lon9
bone shaft segment; adult
Buriel Vault 2-4,
Floor Fill
Rm 9C-8, Fill
Rasps were not found in Viejo Period proveniences. The Medio
Period specimens, al! from CHIH:D:9: 1, had the following unit
distribution:
II IIl Total %
Unit 4 1 1 6.7
6 2 2 13.3
8 3 4 26.7
13 1 6.7
14 4 5 33.3
16 1 6.7
19 1 6.7
Those that could be assigned to a particular phase had the following
Type I
II
IIl
Total
Buena F
1
Paquim
1
Diablo
3
4
1
8
For additional comparative distributional data see Linn (1934,
Map 6, Table) and Brown (1967, p. 77, Fig. 3).
ARIZ:W:I0:51, Point of Pines (Wendorf. 1950, p. 81, PI. 14 j-k)
University lndian Ruin (Hayden, 1957, p. 171, PI. 391)
Tu bes
Use
The function general! y ascribed to these artifacts has been that of a
sucking tu be used by a shaman (Hodge, 1920a, p. 122; Kidder, 1932, p.
267). Other suggested uses were as musical instruments, drinking
tubes, and awl handles (Hodge, 1920a, p. 122).
Manufacture
The complete tubes were manufactured in a manner similar to
tubular bone beads except that they were longer. Bird or other bone
shafts were cut straight or in such a manner that the circumferences of
the ends were slightly beveled; they were finished by limited abrading.
The fragmentary Type IIl tu be had one end cut off straight. This shaft
was partially cut through beyond this end and split longitudinally. The
object was too fragmentary to determine additional working or the
finished shape of the "tube."
Classification
Type I tu bes (5, 41 .7%) were short. Tu bes of the Type lA subgroup
(3) were narrow and ranged from 3.0+ cm. to 5.4 cm. in length and 0.8
cm. to 1.0 cm. in diameter. One was Common Turkey (Meleagris
ga/lopavo), one Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and one
unidentified bird. The Type lB tubes (2) were broad and ranged from
4.6 cm. to 5. 7 cm. in length and 1.3 cm. to 1.4 cm. in diameter. One was
Lesser Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis canadensis), the other
Common Turkey (M. ga/lopavo).
Type li tubes (6, 50.0%) were long. The Type IIA subgroup (5)
encompassed narrow tu bes that range from 7 .3+ cm. to 13.2 cm. in
length, the complete specimens averaging 11.8 cm.; and from 0.8 cm. to
FENNER-TUBES AND HUMAN TROPHY SKULLS
1.0 cm. in diameter, averaging 0.9 cm. Bone identifications included
Canada Goose (Branta canadensis moffitti, B. canadensis), Greater
Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis tabida), Bobcat (Lynx ru.fus), and
possibly Snow Goose ( Chen hyperborea). The Type IIB subgroup was
a single field discard within the length range of the Type II specimens
(7.3+ cm.), but much broader (2.8 cm.) in diameter.
The narrow, split tu be was classified as Type III (8.3%). lt was 3.6+
cm. in length, 1.4 cm. in width, and 0.9 cm. in thickness. The bone was
Common Turkey (M. ga/lopavo).
TUBES. 12 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1- SHORT TUBES. 5 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (06.42.3.1)- NARROW TU BES. 3 SPECIMENS. FIG. 488/1 (CG/2369B).
No. L. Oiam. Material Provenlence
.. ........ cm ...........
CG/2369A 3.0+ 0.8 Aves sp.; probably humerus of Central Plaza, Plt 3
medlumslzed bird
CG/2369B 5.4 0.9 Melearfs Qaltopavo; L ulna, Central Plaza, Plt 3
central shaft; small adu lt
CG/2584 4.7+ 1.0 Aqulla chrysaetos; R ulna, Rm 212, Fill
central sectlon of shaft
Average: 5.4 0.9
TYPE lB (06.43.3.1)- BROAD TUBES. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 488/2 (CG/161).
CG/161
CG/4123
4.6 1.4
5.7 1.3
Grua cBllBdensis canadensia; R Bur. 281, Plazo 21
humerus, central sectlon of shaft
M. altopavo; Rhumerus, central Plaza 313, Floor A,
section of shaft Trove
TYPE 11- LONG TUBES. 6 SPECIMENS.
TYPE IIA (06.44.3.1)- NARROW TUBES. 5 SPECIMENS. FIG. 488/3 (CG/6718).
CG/6718 13.2 1.0 Branta canadenslsmof!lttl; L
ulna, shaft
CG/8401 10.3 0.9 Grua canadensls tablda; 'L u In a,
proximal half of shaft except
heod
Uc/538KK 9.7+ 0.9+ Lynx rufus; L tibia, part of
Uc/646 7.3+ 0.8
shaft, small young adult; female?
cf. Chen hyperborea; R ulna,
part af shaft
CG(b)/403A 7.9+ 0.9 B. canadensls R ulna, distal
Average: 11.8
half; medlum
0.9
TYPE IIB (06.45.0.1) - B ROAD TUBE. 1 SPECIMEN.
*Uc/529 7.3+ 2.8 Unknown
Rm 20-16, Floor
Rm 219, Fill
Rm 428, Flll
U. 8, TT, Block 106A
Rm 31-16, Flaor
E Plaza, TT Outlinlng
U. 8, Block 106A
TYPE 111 (06.40.3.2)- SPLIT NARROW TUBE. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 488/4.
No. L. W. Th. Material Provenlenc:e
................ cm ............... .
CG/7994L 3.6+ 1.4 0.9 M. gallopavo; L tarsometqtarsus, Rm 4514, Flaar
just belaw proximal head
* Disc:arded in the fleld.
53
Distribution
Bone tu bes were not found in Viejo Period associations. The Medio
Period examples, from CHIH:D:9:1, had the following unit
distribution:
Unit 1
8
12
13
14
16
19
Central Plaza
EastPlaza
IA IB
1
2 2
IIA
2
2
1
IIB II III Total
1
2 2
1
1
1
2 2
1 1
2
1
%
8.3
16.7
8.3
8.3
8.3
16.7
8.3
16.7
8.3
Tu bes that were from proveniences that could be assigned toa specific
phase, or questionably to one of two, had the following temporal
distribution:
Paquim/
Buena F
2
Diablo Diablo
Type IA
IB
IIA
III
Total 2
Lowry Ruin (Martin, 1936, p. 70. Fig. 24)
Mesa Verde, Si te 499 (Lister, 1964, Table 17)
Mesa Verde. Site 34 (O"Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 38 a)
Cliff Palace (Fewkes, "1911, p. 75. PI. 35)
Spruce Tree House (Fewkes, 1909b, p. 48, Fig. 31)
La Plata. Site 39 (Morris, 1939, PI. 112 r)
La Plata. Si te 41 (!bid . PI. 112 a-hj,m-q,sm')
Aztec, W Ruin (Morris, 1919a. pp. 41-42, Fig. 24 b)
Pueblo del Arroyo (Judd, 1959, pp. 133-134)
1
2
1
4
Pindi Pueblo (Stubbs and Stallings, 1953. p. 137, Fig. 34)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (McGregor, 1941, p. 230, Fig. 75 b.e)
Canyon Butte, Site 3 (Hough, 1903, p. 313)
Carter Ranch Pueblo (Martin et al . 1964, p. 93, Fig. 44)
Kinishba (Cummings, 1940, p. 67, Fig., p. 64, lower right)
Roosevelt:9:6 (Haury, 1932a, p. 107. PI. 30 a, Nos. 8-9)
Snaketown (Giadwin et al., 1937, p. 155, PI. 126 e-h)
Tres Alamas (Tuthill, 1947, pp. 65-66, PI. 36 c,i)
Gleeson Si te (Fulton and Tuthill, 1940, pp. 39-40, PI. 26 a)
San Cayetano (Di Peso et al., 1956, pp. 437-438, Fig. 63, PI. 119)
Cojumatln (Lister, 1949, p. 82, Fig. 36)
Human Trophy Skulls
Use
Six human trophy skulls-crania without mandibles or cervical
vertebrae-were found in the upper fill of a cross-shaped room in Unit
16. Four of these had one or more drilled perforations, indicating that
they were suspended on cordage (although no evidence of the latter
remained). One skull was provided with turquoise ear pendants. Also
found in this amazing bone trove were over a hundred long bones,
primarily of Black Bear (see Long Bone Troves), as well as bone wands
and additional artifacts of bone and other materials. Because of the
un usual and unique nature of the artifacts, as well as the architecture of
the room itself (see Medio Period Architecture, Room 23-16), it was
felt that this was a ceremonial trove.
A search of the literature on the southern Gran Chichimeca and
Mesoamerica failed to result in reports of comparable occurrences of
trophy skulls. However, the presence of skull or trophy head cults has
been mentioned in a number of secondary sources. Apparently, the
"taking, preserving and displaying of trophy heads" had an early and
extensive distribution in coastal Peru tKidder in Hay et al., 1940, p.
447), while the collecting and veneration ... of human trophy heads"
also was practiced on the Gulf Coast of Mexico and in the Guatemalen
Highlands (Borhegyi in Wauchope, 1965, pp. 40, 54), as well as during
Teotihuacn I1 times (Porter, 1956, p. 534). Evidence ofthese cults in
Mesoamerica has often appeared in caves .
Also classifiable under the above definitions is the practice of
cutting away the front portian of the skII nd restoring the facial
features with stucco. The decapitated heads of Cocom lords of the
54
...
1, ,,
. \: !t . ~ ~ .
)1 -:lLJ+L': ..
- ~ , -
Fig. 49-8. The Priestly Rites lnvolving a Trove of Eones in Room 23-16 Can Only be lmagined.
(Note human trophy skulls, animal long bones and wands, and scapula rasp.)
Mayan Lowlands were treated in such a fashion, and kept in the houses
(Ruz Lhuillier in Wauchope, 1965, p. 453). There was no evidence that
the Casas Grandes crania were reconstructed in such a manner. A
reconstructed skull was found in the Sacred Cenote of Chichn Itz
(Kidder et al., 1946, p. 154) and in the Quiche region it was thought that
two skulls so treated were probab1y used as architectura1 adornments
(Kidder, 1947, p. 58).
By far the greatest number of detached skulls in Mesoamerica ha ve
been found buried-as dedication sacrifices, in ceramic vesse1s, in
tombs, a1one ( or.in multiples) oras offerings in other burials. Sorne of
these were decapitated heads, whi1e others were crania only; sorne were
whole and others were cut, and one, from Kaminaljuy, was even
carved in an elaborate manner (Kidder et al., 1946, pp. 153-154).
The Casas Grandes trophies, then, were apparently a local
manifestation of a widely distributed Mesoamerican pattern.
Manufacture
These six skulls ha ve hadan arduous and unfortunatejourney sin ce
their excavation in 1960. Beginning with less than adequate
preservatives in the field (Birkby, Personal communication, December
4, 1968; September 29, 1969), they were sent with the human burial
remains to the University of Texas, where they suffered further. Two
anda half of the crania are still missing at that institution (CG/6976-
CG/6985-CG/6987-CG/6989, CG/6983, CG/6990). Late in the
1960s, after their return from Austin, the remaining specimens were
sent to the Arizona S tate Museum, where they were cleaned, preserved,
restored, and studied. Where possible, the data from the latter
institution ha ve been incorporated into the present description. When
the specimens were misEing or breakage destroyed evidence observed
in Austin or in the field, recourse was made to Benfer's dissertation on
the Casas Grandes skeletal material (Benfer, Ms., 1968) and to the
catalogue cards.
Most of the skulls were described in the field as being scraped
and/ or polished. However, Birkby (Personal communication,
December 4, 1968) found evidence of scraping on only one of the three
anda half crania he examined (CG/6974):
Scratch marks, which are most noticeable on the lateral portian ofthe
left parietal, course in severa! directions and cover most of the parietal
on that si de but also extend onto the right. These appear to ha ve been
made by scraping rather than by cutting and none of them ha ve much
depth. Microscopic examination of these marks reveals that the
majority are made by an instrument(s) which produces two or more
parallel tracks set closely together.
Apparently, none of these crania were polished.
Four of the skulls had from one to four dril! hales in the top or top
and sides (Type 1). One (CG/6974) was described by Birkby (ibid.) as
follo'Vs: "The o u ter lip of the orfice is smoothed and slightly rounded.
The vertical axis of the hale is directly in line with the anterior edge of
the foramen magnum." This skull hada single hale 5 mm. in diameter.
A second (CG/6978) also hada single hole in the sagittal suture. A
third (CG/6990-CG/6995) apparently had three drill hales, one on
either side of the sagittal suture near lambda, another in the squamosal
suture above porion (Benfer, Ms., 1968, Table 12). The fourth
(CG/6983) had four, according to the catalogue card description,
which placed one on either side of the sagittal suture and one above
each ear. Evidence was incomplete for Benfer's description of this
cranium (ibid.).
Classification
The four perforated skulls were classified as Type l. While data
were lacking for one of the crania, atll were apparently adult, three in
the 30- to 40-year-old age bracket; the same three were males.
FENNER-HUMAN TROPHY SKULLS AND WANDS
HUMAN TROPHY SKULLS. 6 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (07.20.2.3)- PERFORATED SKULLS. 4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 508 (CG/6974).
No.
CG/6974
CG/6978
CG/6983
Age
Mldadult
3040
Mldadult
35
Young adult
30
CG/6990} Unknown
CG/6995
Sex
Mole
Mole
Mole
Provenlence Remarks
Rm 2316, Fill, Circular drlll hale S mm. in
Trove diameter located 11 mm. posterior
to bregmo; occipital defonnation
copper staln on left mastold,
smoll orea around foramen
magnum (Birkby, Personal c:om-
mun ication, December 4, 1968,
. October 6, 1969). Single tur-
quolse beod pendan! (CG/6998)
on each slde of skull.
Rm 2316, Fill, Circular drill hale in saglttal
Trove suture located 50 mm. posterior
to bregma (Benfer, Ms., 1968,
Table 12).
Rm 2316, Flll, Circular drill hale In leftparietal,
Trove possible dril! hale In temporal
neor coronal suture (ibld.).
Catalogue card indicates two
drlll hales In
11
center top of
skull," ond "one on either slde
above eors." Skull missing at
Unlverslty of Texasa
Unknown Rm 23-16, Fill, Parts of same skull. Circular
Trove dril! hale on each side of saglttal
su tu re near lambda; th ird hale In
squomosal suture above porion
(lb/d.).
The two unworked skulls were placed in Type 11. One was a young
adult in the 25- to 35-year-old range, possibly maJe; the other was not
identified.
TYPE 11 (07.20.2.1)- UNWORKED SKULLS. 2 SPEClMENS.
CG/6976} Unknown
CG/6985
CG/6987
CG/6989
CG/6979 Young odult
2535
Distribution
Unknown
Mole?
Rm 2316, Fi 11,
Trove
Rm 2316, Fill,
Trove
Parts of sorne skull. Misslng at
Universlty of Texas.
Slight occipital defonnation
(Birkby, Personal communlcatlon,
December 4, 1968).
Needless to say, human trophy skulls were not recovered from the
much less sophisticated Viejo Period villages. As mentioned, the
Medio Period specimens carne from a single room of Unit 16, datingto
the Diablo Phase. Of those si tes selected for comparison to the Medio
Period artifacts, only Guasave produced any trophy skulls. Like the
Casas Grandes crania, these lacked mandibles and vertebrae, but were
found as grave offerings; two, coated with red ocher, were whole and
one was the front half of a skull (Ekholm, 1942, pp. 43, 120).
55
General references on the subject of trophy heads, cults, skull
burials, cut crania, and the like, which include sorne discussion on one
or more of these tapies, include Borhegyi (Wauchope, 1965, pp. 23, 40-
54, Fn. 28), Ruz Lhuillier (ibid., pp. 443, 454, 455, 459), Smith and
Kidder (1951, p. 28), Kidderel al. (1946, p. 154), Kidder( 1940, pp. 447-
448), and Porter (1956, p. 534).
Wands
Use
A number of the objects found in a bone trove in Unit 16 were
general! y long with curving and/ or somewhat crooked, relatively thick
shafts and blunt tips. Beca use of their unusual shapes, they did not
appear to have been tools, and because of their association with the
worked and unworked human trophy skulls in this trove, they were
called wands. Other specimens (mostly fragmentary) from other
proveniences were also included in this category because of their
general similarity to the trove objects. However, it is possible that sorne
of these might have been classified in one of the other groups. For
example, the few with roughened butts and the carved specimens might
have been called hair ornaments. It should be mentioned that
specimens on the classification chart listed for Trove 1 of Room 22-16
are felt to ha ve originally been part of the Room 23-16 trove which,
with the collapse of the upper story, fell into Room 22-16.
Manufacture
The majority (45) of the 57 wands were made by splitting, sawing,
and grinding long bones (Types IIA through IX). Most of these were
gene rally similar to shaped splinter tools in techniques of manufacture,
although they ranged from relatively straight shafts to those that were
crooked and curving along their lengths. Most of them had
manufacturing scratches along all or part of their lengths. In addition,
severa! (Types V, VIIB) had butts which were roughened in a manner
similar to hair ornaments, but their shapes and/ or size indicated a
el o ser relationship to wands. One of these specimens (Type VIIIB) had
a butt that was discolored a reddish-brown shade. One ofthe Type IX
specimens had a butt that was carved down to the cancellous material;
another (CG/6733) of the same type had traces of red paint.
Eight wands were made by sawing and grinding (Types IA, 2; lB, 3;
IC, 1; XI, 2). The Type 1 specimens were half split, retaining at least
part of the articular condyle. The condyles of the Type lA wands were
abraded to severa! facets (see Fig. 6-8/4, CG/6934); those ofthe Type
lB wands were unmodified, and the Type IC specimen hada butt that
was half split but too fragmentary to determine other work. The Type
XI wands were hollow sections oflong bone shafts that had been sawed
off and abraded.
Three wands were made by splitting and grinding (Types lA, 1; lB,
2). The Type lA specimen was half split along its entire length and
smoothed; the condyle was badlyfragmented. The Type lB wands were
similarly split, and the heads were unmodified.
The remaining wand (Type lA) was manufactured by sawing,
grinding, and incising. The head was sawed but the shaft retained its
full circumference and an incised line ran around three sides of the
wand at the base of the butt.
Also see Figs. 7-8-8,
Classification
The Typ"e 1 wands (lO, 17.5%) were split long bones that retained al!
or part of one of the natural condyles. This group was subdivided on
the basis of modification of the head into Type lA (4), with abraded
condyles; Type lB (5), with unmodified heads; and Type IC (1), a
fragmentary specimen that was not classified further. While
imcomplete, the Type lA wands ranged from 13.2+ cm. to 21.2+ cm. in
length; 2.1 cm. to 3.3 cm. in width for complete measurements,
averaging 2.7 cm. (an iq_complete width was 3.7+ cm.); and 2.0 cm. to
2.4 cm. in complete thickness, averaging 2.3 cm. Al! were identified as
Black Bear ( Ursus americanus). The Type lB wands ranged from 7.5+
cm. to 19.5+ cm. in length; 2.1 cm. to 3.6+cm. in width; and 2.4+cm. to
3.7+ cm. in thickness, averaging 2.7 cm. for those with complete
thicknesses. Four were identified as Black Bear and one as Pronghorn
Antelope (Antilocapra americana). The Type IC wand was 7.1 cm. in
remnant length, 2.3 cm. in remnant widtb, and 1.1 cm. in remnant
thickness. This bone was identified as human.
56
THE AMERIND FOUNDATION. INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. o
WANDS. 57 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 - SPLIT WANDS. 10 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (10.09.1.0.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HALF SPLIT NATURAL HEAD, MODIFIED.
4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 518 (CG/6934, CG/694i).
No, Length Width Th. Material
Provenience
cm.
CG/6934 21.2+ 2.1 2.0 Ursus amer:icanus R rodius, part
of proximal heod, shaft; medium
Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
adu lt; femole?
CG/6941 16.1+ 3.7+ 2.4 U. amerlcanus; R humerus, port
of distal head, shaft;medlum
Rm 2316, Flll, Trove
adult; female
CG/6948 13.2+ 2.8+ 1.8+ U, americanus; R ulno, part of
semilunar notch, shaft; larga
odult; mole?
CG/6958 15.0+ 3.3 2.2 U, amerlcanus; L rodius, port of
proximal head, shaft; medlum
odult; femole?
Average: 2.7 3.3
TYPE lB (10.07.1,0.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0)- HALF SPLIT NATURAL HEAD, UNMDDIFIED.
5 SPECIMENS. FIG. 528/1 (CG/6738).
No. Length Width Th. Material Provenience
cm.--
CG/6737 15.0+ 3.6+ 2.7 U, americanus; L tibia, part of Rm 22-16, Fill,
proximal heod, shoft; medium Trove 1
odult; femole?
CG/6738 19.5+ 3.2+ 2.6+ U, emericanus; L tibie, part cf Rm 2 2 ~ 1 6 , Fill,
proximal hecd, shcft; medium Trove 1
odult; femcle?
CG/6942 14.4+ 2.8+ 2.6 Anti!ocapre americana; R tibio, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
pcrt of proximal hecd, shcft;
medium odult; mole?
CG/6945 7.5+ 2.9+ 3.7+ A, americana L tibie, port of Rm 2316, Fill, Trove.
proximal heod, shoft; lorge odu lt;
mole?
Uc/561 11.4+ 2.1 2.4+ U. americanus L ulno, port of Rm 2316, Floo.r
proximal hecd, shcft; medium
Average: 2.7
odu lt; m ele?
TYPE IC (10.06.1.0.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0) - FRAGMENTARY, HALF SPLIT NATURAL
HEAD, UNCLASSIFIED. 1 SPECIMEN.
CG/6943 7.1+ 2.3+
Fl G. 52-8/2.
1.1+ Horno sapiens; L tibie, posterior/ Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
lateral surfoce of distal shcft;
Jorge? odult; mole?
Type Il wands (11, 19.3%) 1acked the condyles and all had flat
butts. The Type IIA subgroup (5) were narrow and had straight shafts.
They ranged from 12.6+ cm. to 24.2+ cm. in length; 0.6 cm. toO. 9 cm. in
width, averaging O. 7 cm.; and 0.4 cm. to 0.6 cm. in thickness, averaging
0.5 cm. Three were identified as Mu1e Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus),
two as Artiodactyla sp. The Type IIB wands were broad. The 1181
subgroup wands (3) had butts that were not roughened. They ranged
up to 21.7+ cm. in length, 1.1 cm. in width, and 0.7 cm. in thickness.
Bone identifications included Mu1e Deer, Pronghorn Antelope, and
human_ The butts of the Type IIB2 wands (3) were roughened with
small scratches. They ranged up to 25. 7+ cm. in length, 1.1 cm. in width
and 0.6 cm. in thickness. Identifications were Pronghorn Antelope,
Grizzly Bear ( Ursus nelsoni), and artiodactyl.
.::..._ ___ _
TYPE 11- WANDS WITHOUT HEAD: FLAT BUTT, STRAIGHT SHAFT. 11 SPECIMENS.
TYPE IIA (10.11.1.1.5.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0)- NARROW WANDS. 5 SPECIMENS.
No.
CG/6070
CG/6935
FIG. 538/1 (CG/6935).
Length Width Th. Material
16.1+ 0,4 0.4 Artlodoctylo sp.
24.2+ 0.7 0.6 Odacolleus henHonus; R tbio,
lateral morgin of central/distal
shoft; very lorge adult; molo
Provenlence
Bur. 216, Rm 7-16
FENNER-WANDS
No. Length Width Th. Material Prcvenienco
CG/6955A 12.6+ 0.9 0.6 Artlodactyla sp. Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
CG/7000C 21.4+ 0.7 0.5 .. o. hemlonus; R tibia, posterior/'" Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
lateral margin of central/distal
shaft;medium adult
Uc/541A 20.4+ 0.7+ 0.6 O. hemlonus; R tibia, medial Rm 438, Floor A
surface of central shaft; very
larga adult; mole
A.., e roge: 0.7 0.5
TYPE IIB- BROAD WAN05. 6 5PECIMENS.
TYPE IIB1 (10.11.1.2.5.1.1.01.01.1.1.02.0)- BUTT NOT ROUGHENED. 3 5PECIMEN5.
FIG. 538/2 (CG/6092).
CG/6092 19.2 1.1 0.4 O. hemlanus; R tibia, lateral Rm 1016, Floor
surface
CG/7687A 21.7+ 1.0 O. S+ H. saplens R hume rus, anterior
fa ce of shaft; small adu lt;
Rm 27-16, Floor
fernale?
CG/76876 21.1+ 0.9 0.7 A. americana; R tibia, posterior/
lateral morgin; larga adult; mole
Rm 2716, Floor
TYPE IIB2 (10.11.1.2.5.1.1.01.01.1.1.06.0) - ROUGHENED BUTT. 3 5PECIMEN5.
CG/6731
CG/6937
CG/6999
19.1+
19.7+
25.7+
FIG. 538/3 (CG/6999).
0.9+ 0.4+ A. amerlpana; metatarso(
1.1 0.5 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial
1.1 0.6 Ursus nelsonl; L femur, anterior
face of shaft; small? odult;
female?
Rm 2216, Flll,
Trove 1
Rm 2316, Flll, Trove
The Type III wands (6, 10.5%) lacked the condyles, the butts were
flat, and the shafts tapered toward the tips. The Type lilA wand hada
butt that was not roughened. It was 17 .8+ cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, and
0.8 cm. thick. The bone was identified as Grizzly Bear. The butts ofthe
Type IIIB wands (3), had been roughened. These specimens ranged up
to 26.2+ cm. in length, 1.6+ cm. in width, and 0.6 cm. in thickness. Two
were Mule Deer and one was Grizzly Bear. The Type IIIC wands (2)
were incomplete, and the butts could not be classified beyond the
characteristics of Type III .wands in general. Maximum measurements
were a length of23.0+ cm., a width of2.0 cm., anda thickness of 1.0 cm.
Both were bear ( Ursus sp.).
The Type IV wand (1.8%) lacked the condyle; the butt was flat and
irregular. It was 5.8+ cm. long, 1.3 cm. wide, and 0.7+ cm. thick. The
bone was Mule Deer.
TYPE 111- WAND5 WITHOUT HEAD; FLAT BUTT, 5HAFT TAPER5 TOWARD TIP.
6 5PECIMEN5,
TYPE lilA (10.11.1.0.5.1.1.05.01.1.1.02.0)- BUTT NOT ROUGHENED. 1 5PECIMEN.
FIG. 548/1.
................... cm .................. ..
CG/6947 17.8+ 1.5 0.8 U. nelsanl; L femur, anterior fa ce Rm 23-16, FJII, Trove
of proximal, central shaft; small?
odu lt; female?
TYPE IIIB (10.11.1.0.5.1.1.05.01.1.1.06.0)- ROUGHENED BUTT. 3 5PECIMEN5.
FIG. 548/2 (CG/6928).
CG/6928 20.2+ 1.4 0.6 o. hemionus; R metatorsal 3, Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
posterior/lateral surfoce, minus
distal end
57
.. .................. cm ............... _ ..
CG/6932 26.2+ 1.5+ D. S+ U. nelsonl; R femur, posterior/
lateral foce of shaft; small adult;
femole
CG/6936 19.1+ 1.6+ 0.6 o. hemlonus; L tibio, medial
surface
TYPE JIIC (10.11.1.0.5.1.1.05.01.1.1.01.0) - FRAGMENTARY WAND5. 2 5PECIMENS.
CG/6728
CG/6938
23.0+
13.6+
FIG. 54-8/3.
1.4+ 0.9 Ursus sp.; L. ulna, part of shaft;
large odult; mole?
2.0 1.0 Ursus sp.; L? femur, partof shaft
near distal head
Rm 2216, Fill,
Trove 1
Rm 2 3 1 6 ~ Fill, Trove
TYPE IV (10.11.7.0.5.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0)- FRAGMENTARY WAND WITHOUT HEAD;
FLAT, IRREGULAR BUTT. 1 5PECIMEN.
FIG. 54-8/4.
CG/7994E 5.8+ 1.3 0.7+ o. hemlonus; R tibio, tibia!
c:rost; larga odult; m ale
Rm 4514, Floor
The Type V wand (1.8%) al so Iacked the condyle. The flat butt was
roughened and there was a double shoulder between butt and shaft. lt
was 29.2 cm. long, 2.7 cm. wide, and 1.2 cm. thick. It was identified as
Black Bear.
The Type VI wands (5, 8.8%) lacked the condyles, the butts were
flat, and the specimens tapered toWard both ends. Type VIA wands
had blunt butts that were not roughened. Maximum measurements
were a length of 17.9+ cm., a width of 1.0 cm., anda thickness of0.8 cm.
The bone was identified only as mammal. The butt of the Type VIB
wand was pointed. It was 19.6+ cm. long, 0.8 cm. wide, and 0.6 cm.
thick. The bone was Mammalia sp. Type VIC wands (2) had butts too
fragmentary to classify beyond the characteristics of flattened and
tapered toward the butt end. Maximum dimensions were a length of
24.3+ cm., a width of 1.0 cm., and a thickness of 0.7 cm. One was
artiodactyl, the other Grizzly Bear..
TYPE V (10.11.1.0.5.7.1.01.01.1.1.06.0) - WAND WITHOIJT HEAD; ROUGHENED FLAT
BUTT, DOUBLE OBTU5E 5HOULDER. 1
1 5PECIMEN. FIG. 558/1.
No. Length Width Th. Material Provenienc:e
.. ................. cm ................. ..
CG/6927 29.2 2.7 1.2 U. americanus; R femur, port of Rm 23-16, Flll, Trove
shoft, distal nec:k; medium adu lt
TYPE VI- WANDS WITHOUT HEAD; FLAT BUTT, TAP,ERS TOWARD BOTH ENDS.
S SPECIMENS.
TYPE VIA (10.11.8.0.5.1.1.06.01.1.1.02.0)- BLUNT BUTT, NOT ROUGHENED.
2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 558/2 (CG/70000).
No. Length Diam. Th. Material Provenienc:e
CG/70000 17.9+ 0.9 0.6 Mammalia sp.; appendicular long Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
bone; adu lt
CG/7000E 16.5+ 1.0 0.8 Mommalio _sp.; oppendiculor long Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
bone; adult
TYPE VIB (10.11.9.0.5.1.1.06.01.1.1.00.0)- POINTED BUTT. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 558/3.
CG/6951A 19.6+ 0.8 0.6 Mommalio sp.; oppendiculor long Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
bone; adu lt
TYPE VIC (10.11.0.0.5.1.1.06.01.1.1.00.0) - FRAGMENTARY WANDS. 2 SPECIMENS.
CG/5703
CG/6929
FIG. 558/4 (CG/6929).
16.9+ 0.9 0.4 Artiodoctyla,sp.
24..3+ 1.0 0.7 U. nelsani; R ulna, posterior
morgin of shaft; smoll odu lt;
female
Bu ' 53, 54-, 5514,
Rm 4114
Type VII wands (4, 7.0%) had straight, thick butts; the condyles
were not present. They ranged from 17.3+ cm. to 29.3+ cm. in length;
two were 0.8 cm. and 1.0 cm. in diameter, and two were 1.0 cm. in width
and 0.8 cm. and 0.9 cm. in thickness. Two were identified as
Artiodactyla sp., one as Bovinae sp., and one as Mule Deer.
Type VIII wands (3, 5.3%) were quarter-split a long their length and
had thick butts and they tapered toward the tip end. The butts of the
Type VIllA specimens (2) were not roughened. The larger one was
12.3+ cm. long and they were 1.1 cm. in diameter. Both were Mule Del'!r
bone. The Type VIIIB wand had a roughened butt. lt was made of
artiodactyl bone.
The Type IX wands (9, 15.8%) lacked condyles. The butts were
thick and the specimens tapered toward both ends. They ranged from
1.9+ cm. to 15.3+ cm. in length; one was 0.8 cm. in diameter; the
remainder ranged from 0.7 cm. to 1.3 cm. in width, averaging 0.9 cm.,
and from 0.6 cm. to 1.0 cm. in thickness, averaging O. 7 cm. Seven were
identified as artiodactyl bone and one each as Mule Deer and Black
Bear.
Type X wands (5, 8.8%) had flat butts and were unclassifiable in
regard to further details as al! specimens were fragmentary. They
ranged from 5.3+ cm. to 23.0+ cm. in length, 0.5+ cm. to 1.2+ cm. in
width, averaging 0.9 cm. for complete specimens, and 0.4 cm. to 0.8 cm.
in thickness, averaging 0.6 cm. Two were identified as Pronghorn
Ante1ope, two as Black Bear, and one as Grizzly Bear.
=====
TYPE VIl (10.11.2.3.1.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0) - WANDS WITHOUT HEADS; STRAIGHT
THICK BUTT. 4 SPECIMENS. FIG. 56-8/1
(CG/42096).
No. Length Oiam. Th. Material Provenience
--- cm ....................
CG/42096 21.0+ 1.0 o. hemianus L tibia, shaft, part Plaza 313, Flaar A,
of proximal head; large adu lt; Trove
.na le?
CG/6734 29.3+ 1.0 0.9 Bovinae sp.; l? tibia, shaft, part Rm 2216, Fill,
of proximal head; medium adult Trovo 1
CG/6933 26.4+ 1.0 0.8 Artladactyla sp.; L tibia, part of Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
shaft, proximal
medium-lorge adult
No. Length Diam. Th. Material Provenience
CG/70006 17.3+ 0.8 Artiodactylo sp.; R? tibia, part of Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
shaft, proximal head smoll adult
Average: 0.9 0.9
Width
1.0
TYPE VIII- QUARTER SPLIT WANOS; THICK BUTT, SHAFT TAPERS TOWARD TIP.
3 SP ECIMENS.
TYPE VIllA (10.10.1.3.1.1.1.05.01.1.1.02.0)- BUTT NOT ROUGHENED. 2 SPECIMENS.
FIG. 56-8/2 (CG/17836).
Piam.
CG/17836 12.3+ 1.1 O, hemianus; l tibia, proximal Central Plaza, Fill,
head, part of shaft; larga young Trove
adult; mole?
CG/6355 5.4+ 1.1 O, hemionus; R tibio, port of Rm 12-16, Fill
proximal head, shaft; large odult;
mole
TYPE VIIIB (10.10.1.3. 1.1.1.05.01.1.1.06.0) - ROUGHENED BUTT. 1 SPECIMEN.
Fl G. 568/3.
Width
CG/22346 2.6+ 0.8 0.7 Artiodoctylo sp. Rm 18C-8, Fill
TYPE IX (10.11.1.3.1.1.1.06.01.1.1.01.0)- WANDS WITHOUT HEAOS; THICK BUTT,
BODY TAPERS TOWARD BOTH ENDS.
9 SPECIMENS. FIG. 568/4 (CG/7000A).
CG/6733 10.8+ 1.1 0.8 O, hemionus R tibio, part of Rm 2216, Fill,
proximal head, shoft; medium Trove 1
adult; mole?
CG/69506 15.3+ 0.8 0.6 Artiodoctyla sp; long bone, port
of articular head, shoft; medium
odult
CG/6950C 4.0+ 0.8 0.7 Artiodoctyla sp.; long bone, part Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
of shaft near articular head; adu lt
CG/69500 1.9+ 0.7 0.6 Artiodoctylo sp.; lone bone, part Rm 23-16, Flll, Trove
of shaft neararticular head; adult
CG/69526 9.6+ 0.9 0.8 Artiodactyla sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
split shoft near articular head;
adult
CG/6953E 5.5+ 0.9+ 0.6+ Artiodactyla sp.; long bone, part Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
of shoft, head; adult
CG/7000A 13.4+ 1.3 1.0 U. americanus; L tibia, port of
proximal heod, shaft; medium
young odult; mole?
Diom.
Uc/538LL 9.3+ 0.8 Artiodactyla sp.; long bone, part Rm 428, Fill
of shoft, head; odult
Width
Uc/539R 4.4+ 0.8 0.7 Artiodactyla sp.; long bone, part Rm 42-8, Floor
of shaft, head; adu lt
Average: 0.9 0.7
TYPE X (10.01.1.0.5.1.1.01.01.1.1.01.0)- UNCLAS51FIED WANDS; BUTT FLAT,
INCOMPLETE. 5 SPECIMENS. FIG. 56-8/5
(CG/2559).
CG/2559 17.6+ 0.8 0.4 A, americana Rtibia, posterior/
lateral margin of proximal/central
Rm 32-11, Fill
shaft; medium adult
CG/6729 23.0+ 0.5+ O. S+ A. americana; L tibio, part of Rm 2216, Fill,
shaft; large adult; mole? Trove 1
CG/6931 20.0+ 1.0 0.8 U. americanus; R hume rus, part of Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
proximal head, shoft; large adult;
mole?
CG/69540 16.7+ 1.2+ 0.7+ U, neisoni; L tibia, posterior/ Rm 2316, Flll, Trove
lateral margin of shaft; very large
adult mole?
CG/6956A 5.3+ 1.0+ 0.7+ U. ameril.:anus; L fibula, port of
shaft near distal head; medium
adult; female?
Average: 0.9 0.6
The Type XI specimens (2, 3.5%) were questionably classified as
wands dueto their odd shape and the fact that they were from the Unit
16 bone trove. They were tu bes that had at least one end cut on a slant.
Maximum dimensions were a length of 10.2+ cm., a diameter of 1.9 cm.
Both were of White-tailed Deer bone ( Odocoileus virginianus).
FENNER-WANDS AND LONG BONE TROVES
TYPE XI (10.01.1.0.1.1.2.01.16.1.1.01.0) - HOLLOW WANDS(?). 2 SPECIMENS.
FIG. 578.
No. Length Diam. Th. Material Provenience
CG/6946A 10.2+ 1.8
CG/69468 9.0+ 1.9
Distribution
- Odocoileus viTQinlanus; R femur, Rm 2316, Fill, Trove
partof shaftnear distal head;
small young adult; female?
- O. virQinlanus; L femur, partof Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft near distal head; rnedium
adult; mole?
No artifacts similar to wands were recovered from Viejo Period
proveniences. All of the Medio Period examples were excavated at
CHIH:D:9:1 and had the following unit distribution:
Unit
Type lA
lB
IC
I
IIA
IIBI
IIB2
II
lilA
IIIB
IIIC
III
V
VIA
VIB
VIC
VI
VII
VIllA
VIIIB
VIII
IX
X
XI
Total
%
8
2
4
7.0
11
1
1.8
13
1
1.8
14
2
3.5
16
4
5
1
10
4
3
3
10
1
3
2
6
2
1
1
4
3
7
4
2
48
84.2
Central
Plaza
1
1.8
Wands from proveniences that could be phased had the following
Type lA
Total
lB
IC
IIA
IIBI
IIB2
lilA
IIIB
IIIC
IV
V
VIA
VIB
VIC
VII
VIII A
VIIIB
X
XI
Buena F Diablo
4
5
1
4
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
8
4
2
51
Ridge Ruin (McGregor, 1943, p. 286, Fig. 10)
Spur Ranch (Hough, 1914, pp. 34-35, Fig. 64)
59
Long Bone Troves
Use
The majority ofthese long bones were recovered from Room 23-16
and were associated with human trophy skulls, bone wands, and a
number of other artifacts that suggested socio-religious usage. The
similar material from Trove 1 of Room 22-16 was thought to have
fallen into this room with the wall collapse ofthe adjacent Room 23-16.
The two long bones from Unit 4 were from a burial vault, where they
were associated with urn burials, a human long bone rasp, and a
human phalange necklace, also thought to hnve been socio-religious in
nature.
Manufacture
Not many of these long bones had very obvious evidence of
working. Eighteen of them exhibited butchering scars, two had cut
channels suggesting preparation for splitting, and one had both. A
number showed minor shaping of sorne edges or surfaces by abrasion,
and a few had sorne evidence of polishing. The majority had surface
abrasion striae-minor scratches on sorne surfaces without an actual
alteration of the natural shape of the bone. Although all are not so
indicated on the following classification chart, Mathews stated that
under magnification, most if not all of the bones had such marks. (See
Fig. 7-8/ 6.)
Classification
The specimens from these three (actually two) troves of long bones
were not subdivided into types. The bones were identified as follows:
Black Bear ( Ursus americanus), 81 (minimum fauna! count for the
Room 22-,23-16 trove, 27); Mountain Lion (Fe lis concolor), 17 (MFC,
8); Grizzly Bear ( Ursus nelsoni, Ursus cf. nelsoni), 5 (MFC, 4); Man
(Hamo sapiens), 4 (MFC, 2); unidentified artiodactyl (Artiodactyla
sp.), 1; Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana), I; Mule Deer
( Odocoileus hemionus), 1; Les ser Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis
canadensis), l.
(08.20.3.1) - LONG BONE TROVES. lll SPECIMENS. FIG. 58-8 (CG/6960, CG/6961A, CG/6962, CG/6963C).
No. Length Material Provenience Remarks
cm.
CG/509A 37.5+ Hamo sapiens femur Buriel Vault 2-4,
Floor Fill
CG/509C 36.0+ H. sapiens femur Buriel Vault 2-4,
Floor Fill
CG/6739H 4.8+ Artiodactyla sp.; long bone, part of shaft; adult Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6740A 28.3+ Ursus americanus L ulna, part of proximal Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
head, shaft; very large adult; mole
CG/6740B 31.2 U. americanus R ulna; medium adult; female? Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Butchering scars around distal head;
abrasion striae on shaft.
CG/6740C 5.7+ U. americanus L ulna, part of proximal Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Surface abrasion striae.
head; very large adult; mole?
CG/67400 9.8+ U. americanus; par! of proximal head; Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Minar surface abrasion striae.
sniall immature
CG/6740E 12.1+ U. americanus; R hume rus, par! of dista 1 head, Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
shaft neck; large adult; mole?
CG/6740F 22.9+ U. americanus; L humerus, part of distal head, Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
shaft; large young adult; mole?
CG/6740G 8.6+ U. americanus; R tibia, part of proximal head Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Butchering scars on posterior edge
minus epiphysis, part of shaft neck; medium of epiphyseal surface.
immature; female?
CG/6740H 4.1+ U. americanus R tibia, part of proximal head Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
minus epiphysis; medium immature; female?
CG/6740 1 5.1+ U. americanus R tibia, part of proximal head Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
minus epiphysis; large immature; mole?
CG/6740J 19.1+ U. americanus R tibia, distal head, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Channel cut on post-lateral border of
shaft; large young adult; mole distal head.
CG/6740K 25.7+ Ursus nelsoni R tibia, distal head with unfused Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Surface abrasion striae.
epiphysis, par! of shaft, proximal head minus
epiphysis; large immature; mole
CG/6740L 16.4+ Ursus cf. nelf>oni R tibia, distal head, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Surface abrasion striae, sorne edge
shaft; medium adult; female? polish; paired with CG/6740M.
CG/6740M 10.4+ Ursus cf. nelsoni L tibia, distal head; medium Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Butchering? scars on distal neck;
adult; female? paired with CG/6740L.
CG/6740N 4.7+ U. americanus L tibia, proximal head, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
unfused epiphysis; large immature; mole
CG/6740 O 9.1+ U. americanus L tibia, distal head, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
shaft; large young adult; mole
CG/6740P 13.6+ Felis concolor L humerus, distal head, par! of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
CG/6740Q 15.4+ F. concolor L femur, part of distal head minus Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1
unfused epiphysis, part of shaft; small immature
CG/6740R 8.7+ F. concolor R tibia, part of proximal head, Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Surface abrasion striae on shaft.
shaft; large adult; mole
CG/67405 7.4+ F. concolor R tibia, distal head, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Minar surface abrasion striae;
shaft; medium adult; female? transverse butchering scars.
CG/6740T 4.6+ Odocoileus hemionus L metatarsal 3-4, part of Rm 22-16, Fill, Trove 1 Surface abrasion striae, use polish.
shaft near distal neck; large adult; mole?
CG/6956E-F 6.5+ F. concolor L femur, part of central shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
medium adult; mole?
CG/6959 14.1+ U. americanus R tibia, part of tibial crest; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
large adult; mole
CG/6960 27.3+ U. nelsoni R humerus minus proximal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Lengthwise channel cut along axis
epiphysis; very large subadult immature; mole? of shaft, through distal head for
splitting.
CG/6961A 26.4 U. americanus L humerus; small young adult; Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
female?
CG/69618 28.4 U. americanus; R humerus; medium young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae on shaft.
mole?
CG/6961C 28.4 U. americanus L humerus; medium young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae.
mole
CG/69610 26.2 U. americanus L humerus minus proximal
epiphysis; very large young adult; mole
Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars.
CG/6962 27.9+ H. sapiens; R humerus, minus proximal head; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Sawed lengthwise groove on shaft for
large? adult; mole? splitting; butchering scars around
CG/6963A 21.9 F. concolor R humerus; medium young adult;
distal ntck of shaft.
Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars around distal neck;
female? paired with CG/69636.
HNNER-LONG BONE TROVES
61
No. Length Material Proven ience Remarks
cm.
CG/6963B 21.4+ F. concolor; L humerus; medium young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surfaces of distal condyles removed
female? by abrasion; paired with CG/6963A.
CG/6963C 20.6 F. concolor; L hume rus; sma 11 adult; fe mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/69630 11.4+ F. concolor; R hume rus, proximal head, part of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft; large adult; mole
CG/6964 17.2+ F. concolor; R femur, part of proximal head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Minor trochanter removed by abra-
shaft;medium adult; mole? sion, striae adjacent to groove.
CG/6965A 14.2+ F. concolor; R fibula, distal head, most of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars, minor abrasion
shaft; medium adult; female? striae on shaft.
CG/6965B 20.2+ U. americanus; R fibula, distal head, part of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surfoce abrasion striae on shaft;
shoft; large adu lt; ma le? edges of articular focets worn.
CG/6965C 25.2 U. americanus; R fibula; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae on shaft;
abrasive wear of facet edges.
CG/69650 24.9 U. americanus; R fibula; medium young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abraded flattening of surface, prox-
female? imal head; minor surfoce abrasion
striae; use smoathing of shoft.
CG/6965E 5.2+ U. americanus; R fibula, distal head, part of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Cutting scars on neck; edges
neck; medium adult; female? eroded or abraded.
CG/6965F 15.7+ U. americanus; R fibula, proximal head minus Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae on shaft; butchering
epiphysis, part of shaft; smoll immature scars on neck; edges eroded or
abraded.
CG/6965G 23.7+ U. americanus; L fbula, distal head, shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Few abrasion striae on shaft; sorne
large adult; mole? use polish.
CG/6965H 5.8+ U. americanus; L fibula, proximal head, neck; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Few butchering scars; remova 1 of
large adu lt; ma le? part of articular surfaces.
CG/6965 1 6.5+ U. americanus; L fibula, distal head, part of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrosion striae on edges, surface of
shaft; medium adult; female? distal head, very evident on shaft.
CG/6965J 2.2+ - U. americanus; L fibula, part of distal head; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
medium adult; female?
CG/6965K 5.0+ U. americanus; L fibula, part of shaft near Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae on shaft.
proximal head; small adult; female?
CG/6965L 5.3+ U. americanus; L fbula, part of shaft; small Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae.
adu lt; fe m a le?
CG/6966 11.1+ Grus canadensis canadensis; L ulna, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
proximal half
CG/6967A 17,5 F. concolor; L radius; small adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae on shaft; paired
with CG/6967B
17.2+ F. concolor; R radius; small adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae; gouge marks?
paired with CG/6967A.
CG/6967C 11.9+ F. concolor; R radius, part of proximal head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Borders of proximal head may be
shaft; medium young adult; mole? worked down.
CG/6968A 16.9+ Ursus sp. (cf. nelsoni); L tibia, distal head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
part of shaft; very large young adult; mole?
CG/6968B 27.4+ U. americanus; L tibia; large adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6968C 27.4 U. americanus; L tibia; large adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/69680 26.8+ U. americanus; L tibia; large adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6968E 27.1 U. americanus; L tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Borders of distal head abraded.
CG/6968F 24.8+ U. americanus; L tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars on shaft near
distal head.
CG/6968G 9.2+ U. americanus; L tibia, part of articular head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft; medium adult; female?
CG/6968H 27.0 U. americanus (cf. nelsoni); R tibia minus Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
proximal epiphysis; medium immature; female?
CG/6968 1 27.4 U. americanus; R tibia; large adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Borders of distal head abraded.
CG/6968J 27.2 U. americanus; R tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6968K}
26.0+ U. americanus; R tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Parts of sorne bone.
CG/6959
CG/6968L 25.1+ U. americanus; R tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6968M 11.7+ U. americanus; R tibia, proximal head, part of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft; small young adult; female?
CG/6968N 22.4+ U. americanus; R tibia, proximal head minus Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
epiphysis, with shaft; small immature
CG/6968 O 16.3+ U. americanus; R tibia, part of shaft near Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Faint butchering scars.
distal head; medium adult; female?
CG/6969A 25.1+ U. americanus; L ulna, part of distal head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars around distal head.
CG/6969B 16.9+ U. americanus; L ulna, part of semilunar Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface obrasion striae.
notch, shaft; small adult; female?
CG/6969C 7.5+ U. americanus; R ulna, part of semilunar Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
notch, shaft; medium adult; female?
62 THE AMERIND FOUNDATION, INC.-CASAS GRANDES-NO. 9-VOL. g
No. Length Materia 1 Provenience Remarks
cm.
CG/6969D 27.6 U. americanus R radius; lcrrge adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6969E 26.6+ U. americanus R radius, minus par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
distal head, epiphysis; large young adult; mole?
CG/6969F 18.6+ U. americanus L ralius, proximal head, par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6969G 15.6+ U; americanus L radius, proximal head, par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae.
shaft; medium adult; femcrle?
CG/6969H 18.6+ U. americanus L rcrdius, par! of shaft; medium Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface polish, faceted.
adult; female?
CG/6969 1 18.8+ U. americanus L radius, par! of shaft; medium Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae; possible
adult; female? butchering scars.
CG/6969K 18.4+ F. concolor L tibia, distal head, par! of shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Few abrasion striae or butchering
lcrrge adult; mole sccrrs.
CG/6970A 28.0+ U. americanus L ulna, proximal head, par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove May be paired with CG/6970E.
shaft; very large adult; mole?
CG/6970B 17.8+ U. americanus L ulna, proximal head, par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft; medium adult; mole?
CG/6970C 22.2+ U. americanus L ulna, proximal head, shaft; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
small adult; female?
CG/6970D 15.4+ U. americanus L ulna, par! of distal head Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface smoothed by abrasion or
minus epiphysis, par! of shaft; medium young eros ion.
adult; mole?
CG/6970E 30.8+ U. americanus R ulna; very large adult; mole? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove May be paired with CG/6970A.
CG/6970F 25.3+ U. americanus R ulna, proximal head, par! of Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
shaft; very large adult; mole?
CG/6970G 28.0 U. americanus R ulna, minus distal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
epiphysis; very large young adult; mole?
CG/6970H 15.9+ U. americanus R ulna, distal head minus Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
epiphysis, par! of,shaft; medium young adult;
female?
CG/6970 1 25.7+ U. americanus R ulna, minus distal Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
epiphysis; medium young adult; female?
CG/6970J 26.0+ U. americanus R ulna; small adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6970K 26.0+ U. americanus R ulna, minus distal head; small Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
adu lt fe m a le?
CG/6971A 23.0 U. americanus R tibia, minus epiphyses; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
small immature; mole?
CG/6971B 23.5+ U. americanus R tibia; small young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
female?
CG/6971C 23.6+ U. americanus L tibia; small young adult; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
female?
CG/69710 23.0+ U. americanus L tibia; small adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6971E 23.1+ U. americanus R femur, minus proximal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
epiphysis, distal head; small immature
CG/6971F 22.5 F. concolor L tibia; small adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Abrasion striae on shaft; butchering
scars crround articular heads.
CG/6972 28.7+ U. americanus L femur, shaft; small immature Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6973 37.6 H. sapiens L femur Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
CG/6975 23.5+ U. americanus L tibia, minus epiphyses; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
small immature; mole?
CG/6977 20.9+ F. concolor L femur, minus epiphyses; Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
small immature; female?
CG/6980 24.0+ U. americanus L tibia, medium young adult; Rm 2.3-16, Fill, Trove
female?
CG/6981 21.2+ U. americanus L radius, par! of proximal head, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Surface abrasion striae, polishing.
CG/6982 24.1+ U. americanus L femur, minus distal . Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
epiphysis; small immature; mole
CG/6984 32.3 U. americanus L ulna; large adult; mole Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars on distal head.
CG/6986 21.5 Antilocapra americana L radius, ulna, fused, Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
minus distal radius head; medium adult
CG/6988 26.6 U. americanus L tibia,.minus part of distal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
head; medium adult; femcrle?
CG/6991 } 20.8+ U. americanus L radius, shaft minus distal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Shaped by surface abrasion; polished;
CG/6969J head, part of proximal head; small immature parts of sorne bone.
CG/6992 27.7+ U. americanus R tibia, minus part of proximal Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
head; lcrrge adult; mole?
CG/6993 24.7 U. americanus R tibia; medium adult; female? Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove
FENNER-DlSH ANO CARVED EFFlGlES
No.
Length Materia 1
cm.
CG/6994
24,5+ U. americanus L ulna, part of heads, shaft;
large young adult; mole?
CG/7001A 16.6+ U. americanus L fbula, part of proximal head,
shaft; medium young adult; mole?
CG/7001B 18.1+ U. americanus R fbula, proximal head, part
of shaft; medium young,adult; female?
CG(b)/667 U. americanus R femur, shaft, part of
proximal head minus epiphysis; small young
adu lt; fema le?
Distribution
Neither were similar troves found in Viejo Period association nor in
the literature for the list of sites chosen for comparison. The Medio
Period specimens carne from Uilits 4 (2) and 16 (109) of CHIH:D:9: 1,
ali Diablo Phase.
Dish
Use
In Room 44-8, the last room traversed on the way to the
subterranean well below Plaza 3-8, a portian of a human skull cap was
found, set into the adobe floor near the E wall, immediately S of
Doorway l. The specific function of this item was-and is-not
apparent, although, because of the presence in the stairwell of
numerous items of socio-religious significance and the fact that it was
made of human bone, it,. too, was thought to fall into this general
category. As Kidder (Kidder et al., 1946, p. 154) has stated, "Objects
worked from human bone were not uncommon in Mesoamerica. The
majority were evidently ceremonial rather than utilitarian .... "He also
pointed out (ibid.) that while human femurs apparently had "special
esoteric significance," the skull was even more important. Of
Teotihuacn and Azcapotzalco, Vaillant (1950, p. 76) said that
"shallow dishes, cut from the tops of skulls, testify to ... rituals
involving sacrifice and death."
Manufacture
I}nfortunately for study purposes, th!s cut skull was left in si tu, and
deta1ls of manufacture are not apparent m photographs. However, the
edges do not appear to be smoothed, although part of the reason for
this observation must be subsequent crumbling of the cut edges.
Classification
Again, it is difficult to tell from a photo ofthe interior ofthis partial
skull, but it may ha ve been in large part composed of a left parietal. It
was approximately 9 cm. by 8.5 cm. in length and width and 4.0cm. in
depth.
63
Provenience Remarks
Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Butchering scars around shaft below
semi lunar notch.
Rm 23-16, Fill, Trove Articular head reduced by abrasion;
sorne surface abrasion striae an
shaft.
(09. 10.2. 1) - DISH. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 59-8.
No. Length Width Depth Material Provenience
------------cm.-------------
Uc/1028 9.0 8.5 4.0 Horno sapiens part of
skull cap
Rm 448, Floor A
Distribution
Human bone artifacts were not recovered from Viejo Period
proveniences. The Medio Period specimen could have been plastered
in the floor at the time the room was built, in the Paquim Phase, or in
the subsequent Diablo Phase. However, as the well was apparently
abandoned sometime in the latter phase, the former is more likely.
Dishes made of human crania were not found at any of the
contemporary\ sites selected for comparative purposes. As mentioned
above, however, they were used at Teotihuacn and Azcapotzalco, and
one was found at the si te of Baking Pot, British Honduras (Ricketson,
1931, p. 14, PI. 15 c,e). Eight examples of"cut brain cases" were fountl
as funerary offerings at Chupcuaro (Porter, 1956, p. 534, Fig. 26 h-k).
They had finished edges and sorne were perforated near the rim. Porter
(ibid.) also mentioned a comparable example found in Teotihuacn II
association by Armillas.
Other examples of portions of worked human crania-not dishes
or cups-have been excavated at the following sites:
Pecas? (Kidder, 1932, p. 270, Fig. 189 d)
Gran Quivira (McKusick, Ms., 1970c)
N.A. 5738 (Ezell and Olson, 1955, pp. 8-9)
Pueblo Viejo (Juchipila), Zac. (Hrdlicka, 1903, p. 433, PI. 41, No. 13)
Tlamimilolpa (Linn, 1942a, p. 148)
Ticoman (Vaillant, 1931, PI. 83)
Uaxactn (Kidder, 1947, pp. 56-57, 58, Fig. 84 a, 3; Kidder e/ al., 1946, p. 154)
Baking Pot (Ricketson, 1931, p. 14, PI. 15 b)
Kaminaljuy (Kidder et al., 1946, p. 153)
Carved Effigies
Use
Beca use of the unique character and infrequent occurrence ofthese
objects, in addition to the associations of two ofthem, it was thought
that they were of socio-religious significance. Almost identical
speci_mens of the Type li effigy were found at Hawikuh, and were
class1fied as awls (Hodge, 1920a, p. 92, Fig. 18 b-e).
Manufacture
The Type 1 effigies were made of long bones with split shafts. A
condyle had been carved in the shape of a human head and finished by
abrading. One of the effigies was made by carving away the compact
bone ofthe condyle, leaving a flat round section for the face. Eyebrows,
nose, and mouth were carved into the face with care so that the
compact bone was not cut through to the cancellous bone (see Figs. 10-
8/1, 9-8/2). The second was made in the opposite manner. That is, the
area of the face was carved down to the cancellous bone the facial
outline, nose, patches under"each eye, and one on the chin e r e left as
compact bone (see Figs. 10-8/ 1, 9-8/ 3). One eye was formed by a small
fossa, while the other was a hollow cut into the cancellous bone. The
mouth was also represented in the latter manner. The Type II effigy
had slight modification of a long bone condyle by carving the condyle
and grinding. Natu,ral features of the articular head were emphasized,
and the mouth was made by an incised line (see Fig. 9-8/ 1).
Classification
Types were constructed on the basis of the representations. Type I
effigies (2) were anthropomorphic. The shafts ofboth were incomplete.
The specimens were 4.3 cm. and 6.6 cm. in remnant length, 2.3+ cm.
and 4.0 cm. in width, and 3.2 cm. and 2.9 cm. in thickness. 8oth were
made from American 8lack 8ear ( Ursus americanus).
The Type li effigy was zoomorphic, and was sorne type of mammal.
lt was 6.8 cm. in remnant length, 1.6 cm. in width, and 0.8 cm. in
thickness. The bone was Mountain Lion (Felis concolor, or F.
pardalis?).
CARVED EFFIGIES. 3 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (10.81.3.1)- ANTHROPOMORPHIC EFFIGIES. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 608/1.
No. L. W. Th.
.......... ..
CG/6727 4.3+ 2.3+ 3.2
CG/8210 6.6+ 4.0 2.9
Material
Ursus amerlcanus;. L tibia,
proximal articular head; medium
adult

Provenience
Rm 2216, Fi 11, Trove 1
Plaza 3-8, Well Stoirwell,
E-W Ann, Fill Over Lending
TYPE 11 (10.82.3.1)- ZOOMORPHIC EFFIGY. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 608/2.
CG/7894 6.8+ 1.6 0.8 Felis cancolor(or F. pardalis?); Plazo 1-16, Fill
L flbula, distal head, port of
shaft; smoll odult; female
Distribution
Viejo Period proveniences produced nothing in the way of carved
effigies. The Medio Period examples, al! from CHIH:D:9:l, were
recovered from Units 8 ( 1) and !6 (2). The Type I specimens were from
Diablo Phase associations.
Cojumatln (bird; Lister. 1949. p. 82. Fig. 36)
Objects Ornamented with Turquoise Mosaic
Use
The function of these objects was undetermined. lt is possible that
they were ornamental and/ or of socio-religious significance. A
pendant made from an ascending ramus (see Type Il), decorated by
carving, was excavated at Pusilha (see Kidder et al., 1946, p. I 55). One
Casas Grandes artifact was incomplete, but two fragmentary dril! hales
suggested that it could have been a suspension ornament.
Manufacture
The Type I ulna was cut on a diagonal at one end and the whole
specimen was burnished. Twenty-nine pieces of turquoise tesserae
(CG/60408) were set around the proximal head. The second piece,
Type II, was made from a human mandible, but was too fragmentary
to determine how much of this bone was used beyond the ascending
ramus (see Fig. 9-8/4). The surfaces had been abraded and the
ornamented surface was roughened; there were two fragmentary hales
to the right of the mosaic. The dark brown adhesive material covered
the right half of the specimen and eight turquoise tesserae remained
( CG 68768). lt appeared that they had original! y been set in horizontal
rows (see Fig. I0-8/8).
Classification
The bird bone object with a beveled tip was classified as Type l. lt
was I 7.3 cm. long, 1.1 cm. wide, and 0.9 cm. thick. The bone was
identified as Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The mandible of
human bone (Hamo sapiens) was categorized as Type Il. lt was 4.4 cm.
in remnant length, 2.6 cm. in remnant width, and 0.9 cm. in remnant
thickness.
OBJECTS ORNAMENTED WITH TURQUOISE MOSAIC. 2 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (11.01.1.0.1.1.1.01.01.5.1.07.0)- BIRD BONE WITH BEVELED TIP.
1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 61-8/2.
No, L. W. Th. Material Provenience Remorks
.............. cm ............. ..
CG/6040A 17.3 1.1 0.9 Aquila chrysaetos L Rm 29 pieces turquoise
ulna, minus distal head Floor A tesserae set in loe
on proximal head.
TYPE 11 (11.10.6.1)- MANDIBLE. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 61-8/1.
CG/6876A 4.4+ 2.6+ 0.9+ Horno sapiens part of L Rm 23 .. 16,
oscendlng ramus lorge? Fill
adult; mole?
Distribution
8 pieces turquoise
set near oscending
romus; 2 frogmentary
dril! hales red
pigment smeored on
other side.
No similar artifacts were found in Viejo Period association. Both of
the Medio Period specimens were recovered from Unit 16, the Type I
object in Diablo Phase association.
l'uchlo Honito ( .. scrapcrs''; .lud. 1954. pp. 147-151. 1'1. J . .17 hl
Necklace
Use
1
As al! of the elements were perforatcd and found together. it was
decided that they were the parts of a necklacc. though thcy wcre nnt
FENNER-MOSAIC OBJECTS, NECKLACE, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 65
found in si tu on a burial. However, they werefound in Burial Vault 2-4,
and certainly had socio-religious significance.
Manufacture
Unfortunately, this specimen was returned to Mexico befare
complete study, and details of the components are not included here.
However, the hands and feet of at least two individuals were utilized,
for there were probably three fifth metacarpals (l probable) and two
second right, two third left, and two fourth left metatarsals. The larger
bones were perforated from end to end and the smaller bones were
perforated in this manner or through one end and the underside.
Classification
This was the only necklace completely made of bone elements.
(12.20.8.3)- NECKLACE. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 628.
No.
CG/519
Material
Hamo sapiens; 13 foot phalanges, 10 hand
phalanges, 4th L metacarpal, 5th L meta
carpa!, 5th R metacarpal, 5th(?) me tacar
pOI, 2 2nd R metatarsals, 2 3rd L meta
torsals, 3rd R metatarsal, 24th L meta ..
tarsals, 1st metatorsal, 5th L metatarsal,
unknown metatarsal, unknown metacarpal
or metotarsal
Distribution
Provenience
Buriel Vault
2-4, Floor
Remorks
Larger bones perforated
longltudinally; smaller
bones perforated longi
tudinally or through 1
end and underside.
No comparable specimens were recovered from Viejo Period
proveniences, nor were any from contemporary sites found in a survey
of the literature. As mentioned, this example was from Unit 4, in
Diablo Phase context.
Miscellaneous Objects
Use
Few of these objects could be interpreted with any certainty as to
use. While sorne were complete, others were only parts of finished
items and too fragmentary to determine what they were.
Three of the Type lA specimens were similar to beamers, but did
not ha ve the polished working edges of these tools (Martin et al., 1964,
p. 101; Fig. 37). They might also have been blanks. The one bird bone
object of this type was too delicate to ha ve been used as a beamer, but
it, too, could ha ve been a blank or unfinished artifact. The Type lB
specimen was in the Unit 16 bone trove, but aside from this socio-
religious interpretation, its function(s) was undetermined. One Type
IC shaft fragment was too incomplete to determine its use; the other
was from the socio-religious bone trove in Unit 16. The Type II objec)t,
a large rib with a fairly heavy coat of red paint smeared on it, might
have had socio-religious significance. Hodge (1920a, p. 141) has
described a Zui custom of painting a single bone of the first game
killed with sacred red and/ or black paint.
Two of the three small bone "pegs" (Type III) were components of
an elaborate composite pendant, and it was thought that the third
specimen was probably used in a similar manner. One peg was used to
join the head and body ofthis turtle effigy, while the other formed the
tail. The Type IV fragments could ha ve been parts of tools or possibly
hair ornaments, but were too incomplete to identify. They could also
ha ve been parts of rasps, suggested by the fact that they were both from
ribs. The patterned tooth (Type V) could ha ve been ornamental and/ or
of socio-religious import. The tabular fragments of bone (Type VI),
while essentially complete, were enigmatic as to use. The Type VII
shaped splinters were either blanks or pieces ofwaste materialleft o ver
from the manufacture of shaped splintertools. The shaped epiphysis
(Type VIII) could ha ve been the butt of a too! or pointed ornament that
became detatched because it was not fused. The three Type IX
specimens were fragments of highly worked tools or omaments, but
were much too imcomplete to classify.
The Type X artifact, provisionally called a knife/ scraper, was
interesting in that the sharp edge alongthe shaft oftheulna would ha ve
served admirably as a scraping too!, but the striations on both sides of
this edge ran parallel to the length. It is possible, of course, that these
were manufacturing marks, and that the sharp edge, which shows no
use polish (though incomplete), was never used.
Manufacture
The long bone from which one of the Type lA specimens was made
had been partially sa wed through from both ends and pried apart, thus
splitting the shaft (see Fig. 6-8/ 2). Another ofthese objects appeared to
ha ve been sawed the whole length of the bone, though one head was
missing, while a third was half split along its length, with one condyle
missing. The bird bone was split along its length, the proximal head
was cut off, and the distal head was abraded over the cut surface. The
fifth example was very fragmentary, but showed evidence of having
been split and abraded. The fragmentary Type lB long bone had been
sawed longitudinally through both the distal condyle and shaft, anda
hale had been drilled from one direction through the head (see Figs. 8-
8/5, 10-8/4, CG/ 6944). The Type IC long bones had been sawed along
their length, and both the concave and convex sides had been
smoothed and the latter polished; the concave side had been channeled.
Other than a few scratches or partially cut lines from butchering,
there was no shaping evident on the rib. No pattern was evident in the
red pigment smeared on this object (Type Il). The small Type III pegs
had probably been made by splitting a long bone and sawing off small
pieces, then shaping them by abrasion and finishing them by
burnishing. The Type IV fragments were manufactured from ribs
sawed and further shaped by abrasion; one was polished. It appeared
that the natural orange-brown color of the Type V tooth had been
abraded away to form the pattern, as small scratches were observed on
the light-colored surface (see Fig. 8-8/ 4).
The tabular bone objects (Type VI) had been sawed from large
pieces of bones and ground to shape. The shaped splinters (Type VII)
were made like other tools of this kind, that is, by splitting and sawing
long bones and grinding them to round the edges. These sections had
been cut from longer pieces by partially sawing through the bones
around their circumferences and then breaking them the rest of the way
(see Fig. 6-8/3, CGf7994C). The worked epiphysis (Type VIII) had
been severely abraded, smoothing down all sides. The three small Type
IX fragments were from tools made from split and sawed long bones
finished by burnishing. The only possible indications of manufacture
on the Type X too! were lengthwise striations, perhaps resulting from
the attempt to sharpen one edge.
Classification
Long bones were classified as Type I objects (8, 33.3%). This group
was subdivided into those that were half split (Type lA, 5), sawed
longitudina1ly with the head perforated (Type lB, 1 ), and half split and
channeled (Type IC, 2). The larger of the two complete objects of the
first group was 18.9 cm. long, 2.2 cm. wide, and 1.3 cm. thick; over-all,
complete measurements averaged 18.2 cm. in length, 2.2 cm. in width,
and 1.2 cm. in thickness. Three ofthe Type IAobjects were Pronghorn
Antelope (Antilocapra americana), and the others were White-tailed
Deer (Odocoi/eus virginianus) and Common Turkey (Me/eagris
gallopavo). The.Type lB specimen was 5.5 cm. in remnant length, 4.0
cm. in width, and 3.1 cm. in thickness. It was made from the bone of a
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The 1arger channeled bone
fragment (Type IC) was 16.5+ cm. long, 2.8+ cm. wide, and 1.2+ cm.
thick. One was human bone (Hamo sapiens), and one was made from
an unidentified artiodactyl.
A painted rib was classified as Type II ( 4.2%). It was fragmentary in
all dimensions: length, 26.2 cm.; width, 2.6 cm.; and thickness, 1.2 cm.
The bone was identified as Bison (Bison biso).
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. 24 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 -LONG BONES. 8 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (13.10.3.2)- SPLIT LONG BONES. S SPECIMENS. FIG. 63-8/1 (CG/3601A).
No. Length Width Th. Material Provenience Remarks
.. ............ _cm ...................
CG/2391 S. S+ 1.9+ 0.6+ Odocoileus R Central Plaza,
metatarso! 34, port of TTO
shoft; medium adult
CG/3601A 18.9 2.2 1.3 Antilocapra americana R Plaza 6-12, F loor
metatarso! 34; small e, Pit 1
lmmoture; female?
CG/3601B 18.3+ 2.3 1.2 A. americana; R meta Plazo 612, Floor
torso!, port of shoft; e, Pit 1
smoll adult; female?
CG/5684 18.7+ 2.6 1.1 A. americana; L metator Rm 40-14, F loor
sal 34, part of shaft;
medium odult; femole?
CG(b)/458 17.4 1.8 1.2 Meleagris Qallapavo L Rm 44-14, Floor
tlbiotarsus; adult mole
Average: 18.2 2.2 1.2
TYPE lB (13.10.3.5)- SAWED LONG BONE, HEAD PE RFORATED. 1 SPECIMEN.
FIG. 638/2.
CG/6944 5.5+ 4.0 3.1 Odocoileus hemlonus; R Rm 2316, Fi 11,
humerus, distal end; Trove
medium adult
TYPE IC (13.10.3.4)- SPLIT ANO CHANNELED LONG BONE. 2 SPECIMENS.
FIG. 63-8/3 (CG/6939).
CG/6939 16.5+ 2.8+ l.2+ Homo sapiens; R femur, Rm 23-16, Fill,
portof shaft; medium Trove
adult
Uc/539 1 3.2+ 0.9+ 0.4+ Artlodactyla sp.; meta Rm 428, Floor
podial 34, part of shaft;
immature
TYPE 11 (13.20.4.7)- PAINTED RIB. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 638/4.
CG/7893 26.2+ 2.6+ 1.2+ Bison bison; 10-llth L
rib, part of shaft; small
adult; female?
Plaza Fill, Butchering
NE scars.
Three small bone pegs were the Type III objects (12.5%). Two of
them had been included in a restored pendant and returned to the
Mexican government befo re detailed study was begun. One of these,
however, was more than 3.0 cm. in length. The third specimen was 0.8
cm. long and 0.4 cm. in diameter; the bone was unidentified mammal.
Two parts of ribs that had been sawed and ground to shape were
classified as Type IV (8.3%). The larger was 9.5 cm. in remnant length,
1.0 cm. in remnant width, and 0.9 cm. in thickness. One artiodactyl
bone was in the Bison/ Bos size range, the other was identified as
Bovinae sp.
A patterned tooth was categorized as Type V (4.2%). lt was 4.5+
cm. long, 0.8 cm. wide, and 0.4 cm. thick. lt was the I left? incisor of
Beaver (Castor canadensis).
The two Type VI objects (8.3%) were of general! y tabular shape; the
larger measured 4.6+ cm. in length, 4.3 cm. in width, and I. I cm. in
thickness. Bone identifications were Bovinae sp. and unidentified
m a m mal.
TYPE 111 (13.10.0.1)- BONE "PEGS." 3 SPECIMENS. FIG. 648/1 (CG/5585).
No. Length Width Th. Material Provenlence Remarks
.................. cm ...................
CG/1310A Mexlco Rm 9C8, Fi 11, Part of
Trove pendant.
CG/1310B 3.0+ Mexico Rm 9C8, Fi 11, Part of
Trove pendant.
Diam.
CG/5585 0.8 0.4 Mammalia sp.; adult Rm 3712, Fill
TYPE IV (13.72.4.1)- FRAGMENTARY SAWED ANO GROUND OBJECTS. 2 SPECIMENS.
Uc/504
Uc/540V
FIG. 64-8/2 (Uc/540V).
6.7+ 1.6+ 0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; part of Plaza 414, Floor
rlb; largo adult
9.5+ 1.0+ 0.9 Bovinae sp.; rlb, part of Plaza 3-8, Floor A
tabular layer; large adult;
mole?
TYPE V (13.20.7.8)- PATTERNED TOOTH. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 64-8/3.
CG/2199 4.5+ 0.8 0.4 Gastar canadensls 1, L? Rm 1BBB, Fill
incisor; medium adult
Copper
stain.
TYPE VI (13.60.1.1) - TABULAR OBJECTS. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 64-8/4 (CG/1162A).
CG/1162A 3.6 3.4 0.8 Bovinae sp. R rib, part Rm 7-6, Floor
CG/1 i62B
of shoft; largo adult
4.6+ 4.3 1.1 Mammalla sp.; R? Rm 7-6, Floor
hume rus, part of shaft;
very large young adult
The cut shaped splinters were classified as Type VII (2, 8.3%).
While one was nearly complete, sorne of the cancellous bone had
broken off one end. lt was 9.3+ cm. in Iength, 0.8 cm. in width, and 0.7
cm. in thickness. The other was 5.5 cm. long and l. I cm. in diameter.
One was Mule Deer (O. hemionus), the other Mammalia sp.
The Type VIII specimen was a shaped epiphysis (4.2%). lt was I .9
cm. long, 1.7 cm. wide, and l.I cm. thick. lt was identified as
Pronghorn Antelope (A. americana).
Three very fragmentary pieces of highly worked, but unidentified,
bone objects were classed as Type IX (12.5%). They ranged up to 5.5
cm. in remnant length, 1.9 cm. in remnant width, and 0.5 cm. in
remnant thickness. The bones were of unidentified artiodactyls.
FENNER-MlSCELLANEOUS OBJECTS AND WORKED BONE
TYPE VIl (13.71.3.5) - SHAPED SPLINTE R OBJECTS, CUT. 2 SPECIMENS.
No.
CG/6595
CG/7994C
FIG. 65-8/1 (CG/7994C).
Length Oiam. Th. Material
5.5 1.1 - Mammalia sp.
Width
9.3+ 0.8 0.7 O. hemionus; L metatar-
so! 3, anterior margln of
proximal/central shaft;
ver large adult; mole
Provenlence
Rm 1116, Fill
Rm 45 .. 14, F loor
TYPE VIII (13.30.3.6)- SHAPED EPIPHYSIS. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 658/2.
CG/1628 1.9 1.7 1.1 A. americana; metacarpal Rm TSC-8, Fill
34, epiphysls, R medial
or L lateral condyle;
medlum young adult
Remarks
TYPE IX (13.00.1.9)- FRAGMENTS OF HIGHLY WORKED, POLISHED OBJECTS.
3 SPECIMENS. FIG. 658/3 (CG/6739M, CG/6956N).
CG/6739M 3.8+ 1.9+ 0.4+ Artiodactyla sp.; part of Rm 2216, Flll,
long bone shaft; odult Trove 1
CG/6956N 5.5+ 0.7+
o.
4
+

Rm 2316, Flll,
Trove
adult
CG(b)/267A 4.2+ 1.1 0.5+ Artlodactyla sp.; meta Rm 2616, Fill
podial, part of shaft
A too! possibly in tended for use as a scraper or knlfe was classified
as Type X (4.2%). Its remnant length was 18.0 cm., its width 3.8 cm.,
and thickness 3.6 cm. It was made from Pronghorn Antelope.
TYPE X (13.20.3.1)- SCRAPERIKNIFE(?). 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 668.
No. Length Wldth Th. Material
.................. cm.---
CG(b)/619A 18.0+ 3.8 3.6 A. americena; fused R
radius & ulna, proximal
heads, part of shafts;
small adult; mole
Provenience
Rm 10A8, Fli 1
Remarks
67
Distribution
No objects similar to these were found in Viejo Period
proveniences. The Medio Period specimens, from CHIH:D:9:1, had
the following unit distribution:
lA lB IC ll 111 IV V VI VIl VIl! IX X Total
,.
.(
Unit 6
8 7 29.2
12 3 12.5
14 2 4 16.7
16 7 29.2
Central Plaza 1 4.2
For those objects from proveniences that could be assigned to a
particular phase, temporal distribution was as follows:
Buena F Diablo
Type lA 2 2
IB 1
IC 2
IV 2
VI 2
VII 1
IX 2
Total 2 12
The only contemporary specimens similar to these miscellaneous
objects were called beamers, and additional artifacts of this nature
lacked descriptions that were detailed asto the presence or absence of
polishing from use as a beamer.
Mesa Verde, Site 34 (O'Bryan, 1950, p. 87, PI. 37 a)
Cliff Palace (Fewkes, 1911, PI. 34Iower)
Ridge Ruin-Winona Village (Painted mandibles; McGregor, 1941, p. 233, Fig. 75 1)
Spur Ranch? (Hough, 1914, p. 35, Fig. 69)
Use
The specimens designated as Types lA, 113, and III, and one of the
Type II pieces might simply have been scraps of b'one left over or
discarded in the manufacture of other objects. One ofthem, however,
was associated with the bone trove in Unit 16. A human humerus with
butchering scars (Type IC) may ha ve had socio-religious significance.
The remaining pieces (Types JI, IV) may have had socio-religious
significance, too, as they were from bear and were associated with the
Unit 16 trove.
Manufacture
Eight of the 18 fragments were simply abraded (Types lA, 2; IB, 4;
III, 1; IV, 1). They were too fragmentary to determine other techniques
of working. Three specimens (Type IA) were at least partially sawed
through, while another (Type IB) was polished. Three pieces (Types
lA, 1; 11, 1; IV, 1) gave evidence ofsawingand grinding(see Fig. 7-8/ 5).
A Type lA fragment had been cut off and ground at one end, partially
cut through and then broken at the other, and split or broken
longitudinally. The tuberosity of the Type 11 rib had been removed and
the base abraded. Two fragments (Type III) probably had been split;
sa wed, and ground. Another (Type lB) had been ground and polished.
One long bone only had evidence of butchering scars across the
anterior face (Type IC).
Classification
Worked long bone fragments were classified as Type 1 ( 12, 66. 7%).
These included two cut and/ or ground sections, Type lA. The largest
piece was 18.4 cm. long, 2.2+ cm. wide, and 2.6 cm. thick. One was
made of Mule Deer, (Odoc,eileus hernionus) bone; four were
Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana), and one was American
Bison (Bison bison). Five abraded or polished long bone shaft
fragments, Type lB, ranged from 4.8 cm. to 10.4 cm. in remnant length,
from 0.7 cm. to 1.9+ cm. in width, and from 0.4+ cm. to 0.9+ cm. in
thickness. Two were identified as Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra
americana), and one each as Jackrabbit (Lepus sp.), artiodactyl, and
mammal. A human (Horno sapiens) long bone with butchering scars
was placed in Type IC. It was 7.0+ cm.1oni, 5.0 cm. wide, and 2.2+ cm.
thick.
68
MISCELLANEOUS WORKEO BONE. 18 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 -LONG BONES. 12 SPECIMENS.
TYPE lA (14.20.3.7)- CUT ANO/OR GROUNO LONG BONES. 6 SPECIMENS.
FIG. 678/1 (CG/5849).
No, L. w. Th. Material Provenlence
............. cm.------
CG/5849 4.2 1.4 1.0 Antllocapra americana; L meta
tarsal 4, distal shaft; largo adult;
Plaz.a 4-1.4, Floor
mole
CG(b)/521 18.4 2.2+ 2.6 A. americana; L metatarso! minos Plaz.a 6-12, Plt 9,
distal condyle; small lmmature; Floor C
female?
CG(b)/396 9.6+ 6.3+ 3.8+ Bison blson; R radlus, distal head,
part of shaft; small adult; female
Plazo 113, Fill
CG(b)/423F 7.0+ 2.7 1.9 A. smerlcBtta L metacorpal 34, Plaza 3-8, Well
distal head, partof shaft; small Stal rwell, N-S Arm,
adu lt; female Fill
CG(b)/5076 11.9+ 2.6 2.0 A. americana; L metacarpal 34, Rm 45 14, Floor
distal head, part of shaft; small
adu lt; fcmale
CG(b)/5840 7.5+ 2.9 2.0 Odocolteua hemlonus; L ulna, Plt House R-6, Fill
part of olocranion process, semf ..
lunar notch; medlum odult; female?
Average: 11.3 2.4 1.9
TYPE lB (14.20.3.3)- WORKEO LONG BONE SHAFT FRAGMENTS. S SPECIMENS.
FIG. 678/2 (CG/6402)
CG/6402 10.4+ 1.7+ 0.9+ A. amerlctuta; R metatarsol 34, Rm 1216, Floor
anterior face of shaft; Jorge adult;
mole
Uc/507 5.4+ 0.7 0.7 Lepus sp.; L tibia, part of shaft;
medlum adult
Rm 35, 3714, Flll
Uc/511E 6.7+ 0.9+ o. 4+ Artlodacty la sp.; metatarso! 34.,. Rm 32C14, Fill
part af shaft; small young adult
Uc/562 4.8+ 1.9+ 0.8 Mammalia sp.; femur?, part of Rm 2316, Floor
shaft; adult
CG(b)/640 6.9+ 1.8+ 0.8+ A. americana; R metacarpal 34,
part of shaft; large adult; malo
Plazo 1-16, Fill
TYPE IC (14.20.3.1)- LONG BONE WITH BtiTCHERING SCARS. 1 SPECIMEN.
FIG. 688.
No. L. W. Th. Material Provenlence
cm.
CG(b)/595H 7.0+ 5.0 2.2+ Homo sapiens; R humerus, distal Plaza 26, Fill
head, part of shaft; medium young
adult
Type II included a worked rib fragment (5.6%). It was 6.2+ cm.
long, 2.1+ cm. wide, and 1.4+ cm. thick, and was made from a bear
bone, probably Grizzly Bear ( Ursus cf. nelsoni).
Three bone chips (16.7%) were classified as Type III. No
measurements were taken on these small fragments. Identifications of
bone were artiodactyl (2) and mammal (1).
Two segments of worked scapulae were placed in Type IV ( ll.l %).
The larger piece was 4.2+ cm. long, 2.9 cm. wide, and 2.2 cm. thick. One
was identified as Grizzly Bear (U. nelsoni), the other as bear ( Ursus
sp.). .
TYPE 11 (14.20.4.1)- WORKEO RIB. 1 SPECIMEN. FIG. 69-8/1.
No. L. W. Th. Material Pravenlence
CG/6997 6.2+ 2.1+ 1.4 Ursus cf. nelsonl; L 1st rib; very Rm 23-16, Flll, Trove
lcirge odu lt; mole?
TYPE 111 (14.10.1.0)- BONE CHIPS. 3 SPECIMENS.
CG/6956W
CG/8338K
Uc/510
Artlodacty la sp.; metapodial 3-4, Rm 23-16, Fi 11, Trove
part of shaft; odu lt
Artladoctyla sp.; long bone; odult Rm 42-8, Floor
Mammalia sp.; adult Rm 35-, 37-14, Flll
TYPE IV (14.30.5.0)- WORKEO SCAPULAE. 2 SPECIMENS. FIG. 698/2.
CG/6926 3.4+ 1.9+ 1.1+ Ursus nelsonl; R scapula, segment Rm 23-16., Floor,
of scapular spine; Jorge adult; Trove
mole?
CG/6996 4.2+ 2.9 2.2 Ursus sp.; R scopula, part af base Rm 23-16, Flll, Trove
of scapu lar splne; very Jorge
adult; mole?
Distribution
Similar items were not found in Viejo Period proveniences. The
Medio Period fragments, all from CHIH:D:9:1, were distributed by
units as follows:
Unit 6
8
12
.13
14
16
lA
1
l
l
1
2
lB
2
3
IC
l
1
2
1
1
1
4
3
II III IV
2
Total
2
2
l
l
5
7
%
ll.l
11.1
5.6
5.6
27.8
38.9
Temporal distribution for those specimens from proveniences that
could be phased was as follows:
Type lA
lB
li
III
IV
Total
Buena F
2
2
Buena F/
Paquim
l
Diablo
2
2
1
2
2
9
FENNER-WORKED BONE ANO UNCLASSIFIED ARTIFACTS
Dueto the fragmentary nature ofthese pieces ofbone, and the fact that
they were not highly worked and were unidentifiable, no distributional
study was made.
Unclassified Artifacts
Use
These 21 specimens were lost or discarded in the Iaboratory or field.
Identifications are those given in the originallists or catalogue cards,
and in the case of two awls, by Mathews. For those items specifically
identified, reference should be made to similar artifacts classified in the
preceding pages.
Manufacture
No data on the manufacturing techniques used to shape these
objects were available except for two awls described by Mathews. The
butt ends of these tools lacked the epiphyses and the remainder of the
heads of the awls was either worked down or broken off.
Classification
The typology was established on the basis of field identifications
and Mathews's noting of the two awls. A single specimen identified
only as a worked bone object was classified as Type I (4.8%). It
measured 12.7 cm. in remnant length, 1.0 cm. in width, and 0.6 cm. in
thickness. Although a catalogue photograph was available, it was not
detailed enough to identify this specimen.
UNCLASSIFIED ARTIFACTS.* 21 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1 (15.00.0.0)- WORKED 60NE 06JECT. 1
No. L. Wa Th. Diam. ' Material Provenlenee
CG/453 1.0 0.5 Unknown
Mlssing in field or laboratory. Object identlficatlons are those glven In original cato"
loguing operation.
Bone awls were classified as Type II (JO, 47.6%). Awl tips (2) were
separated as Type IIA. They were 3.0+ cm. and 4. 7+ cm. in length, and
one was 0.5 cm. in diameter. More complete specimens were grouped
as Type IIB (8). Measurements were available for only one of these. It
was 7.2+ cm. long, 1.1 cm. wide, and 0.5 cm. thick. The two awls
identified by Mathews were made from the bones of Desert Bighorn
( Ovis canadensis cf. mexicana) and White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus
virginianus cf. couesi).
TYPE 11 - AWLS. 10 SPECIMENS.
TYPE IIA (12.00.0.0.0.0.0.00.00.0.0.00.0)- TIPS. 2 SPECIMENS.
No. L. W. Th. Diom. Material
CG/2366
Uc/491
3.0+ -
4.7+ -
0.5 Unknown
Unknown
TYPE 116 (13.00.0.0.0.0.0.00.00.0.0.00.0)- AWLS. 8 SPECIMENS.
Uc/502 7 .2+ 1.1 0.5
Uc/517
Uc/5416
Uc/541C
Uc/5410
Uc/541E
CG(b)/42 1
CG(b)/ 42J
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
OviB canadensls cf. mexicana;
R metac:arpal 34, part of distal
head, shaft; medium young odu lt;
female?
Odocoileus virginianus d. couesl;
R metatarsal, distal neck, part of
shaft; small young adult
Provenience
Central Plaza,
Plt 3
Rm 3112, Floor
Rm 4114, Floor
Rm 1916, Fill
Rm 43 .. 9, F loor A
Rm 43 .. 9, Flaor A
Rm 438, A
Rm 438, F loor A
Bu r. 54-11, Plaza
311
Bur. 54-11, Plaza
311
Too! fragments were categorized as Type III (3, 14.3%). One was
5.2+ cm. in length.
69
TYPE 111 (14.00.0.0.0.0.0.00.00.0.0.00.0)- TOOL FRAGMENTS, 3 SPECIMENS.
No.
CG/37 45
Uc/500A
Uc/5006
L. W. Th. Diom.
5.2+ - Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Material Provenlence
Rm Floor
Plaza 313, Floor
A, Trove
Plaza 313, Floor
A, Trove
Fragments simply described as worked bone were grouped as Type
IV (6, 28.6%). They ranged from 3.2+ cm. to 12.0+ cm. in length, 1.2 cm.
to 6.2 cm. in width, and 0.2 cm. to 3.8 cm. in thickness. The nature of
the last two dimensions (whether complete or not) was not known.
TYPE IV (15.00.0.0)- WORKED 60NE. 6 SPECIMENS.
No, L. w. Th. Diam. Material
.................... cm ............... _ ..
U e/ 488 3.2+ 2.0 0,2 Unknown
U e/ 489 3.2+ 2.0 0,2 Unknown
U e/ 490 12.0+ 1.2 0.5 Unknown
Uc/501 9.6+ 6.2 3.8 Unknown
Uc/503 7.1+ 1.3 0.4 Unknawn
Uc/505 4.2+ 1.3 1.1 Unknown
Provenlence
Plazo 26, Flll, E
Plaza 26, Flll, E
Plaza 26, Water
Plt 46, Leve! E
U. 13, Deod End
Street, Floor
Plaza 4-14, Floor
Plaza 4-14,Fioor
Another bone fragment was classed as Type V (4.8%). While the
description did not indicate whether or not this specimen was worked,
it was assumed to ha ve been sin ce it was included on a list of discarded
artifacts. It was 2.9+ cm. long, 0.5 cm. wide, and 0.4 cm. thick. The last
two dimensions might also have been fragmentary.
TYPE V (15.00.0.0)- 60.NE FRAGMENT. 1 SPECIMEN.
No. L. W. Th. Dlom. Material
U e/ 497 2.9+ 0.5 0.4 Unknown
Distribution
No distributional study was made in
literature. These Medio Period specimens
distribution at CHIH:D:9: 1:
IIA IIB II III
Unit 4
6
8 4 4
11 2 2
12 1
13 3
14
16
Central Plaza
Provenience
Plaza 313, Turkey
Pen 1, Floor
the contemporary si te
had the following unit
IV V Total %
1 4.8
3 3 14.3
4 19.0
2 9.5
1 4.8
1 5 23.8
2 3 14.3
1 4.8
1 4.8
Those objects from proveniences that could be assigned to one or
questionably to one of two phases had the following temporal
distribution:
Type I
IIA
IIB
III
IV
V
Total
Buena F Paquim
Paquim/
Diablo
2
3
Diablo
1
1
5
3
3
13
70
CHAPTER 4
"""""
ESP ANO LES 'PERIOD
BONE ARTIFACTS
INTRODUCTION
Only four artifacts of bone, al! probably utilitarian implements,
were recovered from the San Antonio Phase component of
CHIH:D:9:2. Three of these were classifiable in typologies set up for
the earlier Medio Period as a coarse coi! basketry awl fragment and
shaft sections of two unclassifiable pointed tools (or ornaments). The
fourth implement was called a generalized pointed too!, as its stubby
tip lacked the characteristics of any ofthe awls or other tools associated
with the preceding periods. However, comparable artifacts to this, as
well as the awl and shaft fragments, were foun.d at such contemporary
si tes as Pecos, Paa-ko, Ab, Hawikuh, San Cayetano, and Culiacn.
Coarse Coi! Basketry Awl
Use
Like the Medio Period specimens of this class, this implement
could ha ve been used for other activities than basket weaving. The tip
measured 0.4 cm. by 0.3 cm., and there were faint use scratches at an
angle of about 45 to the long axis of the too!.
Manufacture
Since this too! was incomplete, not al! details of manufacture could
be obtained. At least a portien ofthe long bone shaft from whichit was
made was split. The groove may well have been channeled, although
the somewhat disintegrated condition of this surface made this
observation uncertain. The convex surface, edges, and point were
abraded.
Classification
This tip fragment was thought to be similar to the Medio Period
specimens of Type VIIB, from half split, grooved shafts with
rectanguloid tips. Its incomplete dimensions were a length of 5.6 cm., a
width of 1.7 cm., and a thickness of 0.9 cm. It was made from an
artiodactyl bone.
lcm.
COARSE COIL BASKETRY AWL. 1 SPECIMEH.
TYPE VIl- FRAGMEHTARY AWL, TIP OHLY. 1 SPECIMEH.
TYPE VIIB (04.00. 1.0. l. l. 1.01. 15. 1.4.01.0)- GROOVED SHAFT, TIP RECTAH-
GULOID CROSS SECTION.
1 SPECIMEH. FIG. 70-8.
Tip
Ho. L. w. Th. L. W. Material Provenience
...................................... cm ............................... ..
Uc/1029 5.6+ 1.7+ 0.9+ 0.4 0.3 Artiodoctylo sp.; Church, Fill, E
long bone
Distribution
The awls found in Viejo Period association were not comparable to
this too!, although there were 11 Medio Period a wl fragments of the
same type. The following specimens from contemporary si tes are only
comparable as far as the general shape ofthe tip end is concerned, sin ce
the Convento site too! was incomplete.
Pecas (Kidder, 1932, Figs. 171 g, 172 a)
Paa-ko (Lambert, 1954, PI. 35-F f,n)
Hawikuh (Hodge, 1920a, PI. 4 j, 19 i)
San Cayetano (Di Peso et al., 1956, PI. 109 e, Fig. 58)
Generalized Pointed Too!
Use
This too! apparently did not have the better finished, more finely
pointed tip of an awl, although the extreme end ofthe tip was broken
off, It was a rather stubby implement and surely served a utilitarian
function, considering its rather crude appearance. The polished tip,
uneven in transverse section, measured 0.4 cm. by 0.4 cm.
Manufacture
This implement was made from a heavy splinter of a long bone, the
surfaces of which appear roughly whittled. The surfaces have an over-
polish, apparently from long handling. It was not well-shaped.
Classification
This too!, unique in the entire Casas Grandes series, measured an
almost complete 9.2 cm. in length and was 1.1 cm. wide and 0.9 cm.
thick. The bone from which it was made could not be identified beyond
the mammalian leve!.
L
1cm
(15. 11.2.0.6.4.7.05.17.2.7.02.0)- GEHERALIZED POIHTED TOOL.
1 SPECIMEH. FIG. 718.
Ha.
Tip
Length Width Th. L. W.
.............................. cm ............................. ..
CG/3083 9.2+ 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.4 Mammalia sp.; par! of long Corral 1, Fill
bone shaft; large adult
Distribution
Similar tools were not found in proveniences of the preceding
period. The following implements from contemporary sites were
apparently better finished than tlle Convento site specimen, and are
listed only for a general similarity in shape.
FENNER-ESPAOLES PERIOD BONE ARTIFACTS
Pecas (Kidder, 1932, Fig. 193 d,f)
Paa-ko (Lambert, 1954, PI. 35-E a)
Ab (Toulouse, 1949, PI. 31 n)
Hawikuh (Hodge, 1920a, PI. 19 f)
Culiacan (Kelly, 1945a, Fig. 71 i)
Use
Like similar fragments from the preceding Period, these specimens
were not complete enough to determine the type of too! or ornament
from which they carne.
Manufacture
Like the Medio Period examples, these two fragments were from
tools made using the techniques of splitting, sawing, and grinding.
Both were a pparently from fine splinter tools an9 were well-shaped. At
least one was polished.
Classification
Both fragments were easily classifiable in the typology set up for the
Medio Period. They were Type 1 shaped splinterfragments with round
to rounded oval cross sections. One fell into the ungrooved Type lA
subgroup, while the cross section of the other was incomplete and it
was therefore comparable to Type ID. They were incomplete in all
dimemions. The bone could not be identified beyond the mammalian
leve!.
t'
1
r
lcRL
1
'
ft
2
UNCLASSIFIED POIIHED TOOL FRAGMENTS. 2 SPECIMENS.
TYPE 1- SHAPED SPLINTER SHAFTS, ROUND/ROUNDED OVAL
CROSS SECTION. 2 SPECIMENS.
71
TYPE lA (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.03.1.1.01.0) - UNGROOVED. 1 SPECIMEN.
FIG. 72-8/1.
No. L . W. Th. Material Provenence
.............. e m ............... ..
CG/3080 7.5+ 0.6+ 0.5+ Mammalia sp.; part of long Church Rm 21,
bane shaft; adult Fill
TYPE ID (06.01.1.0.1.1.6.01.02.1.1.01.0) - GROOVE UNKNOWN.
1 SP!:CIMEN. FIG. 72-8/2.
Uc/1020 3.2+ 0.6+ 0.5+ Mammala sp. Rm 5, Fll
Distribution
As mentioned above, these fragments were similar to a number
recovered from Medio Period proveniences at CHIH:D:9: l. The
following list of contemporary sites list not fragments, but sorne ofthe
types of artifacts from which these Convento site pieces could have
come.
Pecas (Kidder, 1932, Figs. 177 a,f,k-1, 205 a,c)
Paa-ko (Lambert, 1954, PI. 35-B j)
Hawikuh (Hodge, 1920a, PI. 12 c,e)

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A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca

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