2

2.1

Existing Conditions and Trends POPULATION

Makati began to emerge as a center of business and commercial activities in the 1960s and it was also during this period that its population grew at a very fast rate of 8.75% per annum (1960-1970). This rate tapered off in the next decades to 4.77% (1970-1975) and further on to 2.19% (1975-1980), 1.98% (1980-1990), and 1.25% (1990-1995), as Makatis role as the primary central business district of the country began to mature. Because of this role, however, the significance of Makati extends well beyond its resident population.

2.1.1 Population Levels and Growth Rates: Metropolitan Context

Based on the 1995 census, Makati City ranks fourth among the cities of Metro Manila, next to Quezon City, Manila, and Kalookan, in terms of residential population size. (Table 1) By year 2000, the population of Makati is estimated to increase from 484,000 (1995) to 525,000; by 2010, the total population of Makati is expected to reach 616,000. (Figure 1) Table 1. Population and Density, Metro Manila, 1995.
City Kalookan Las Pinas Makati Mandaluyong Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Pasay Pasig Quezon City Malabon Navotas Paranaque Pateros San Juan Taguig Valenzuela Metro Manila Source: NSO Population 1,023,159 413,086 484,176 286,870 1,654,761 357,231 399,846 408,610 471,075 1,989,419 347,484 229,039 391,296 55,286 124,187 381,350 437,165 9,454,040 Density (persons/sqkm) 18,336 9,954 17,696 11,033 43,205 9,183 8,562 29,396 36,237 11,970 14,850 88,092 10,217 5,316 11,941 11,316 9,301 14,865 Growth Ratio (1990-1995) 5.64 6.37 1.25 2.75 0.62 2.68 7.02 1.96 3.22 3.34 4.13 3.82 4.57 1.37 -0.40 6.93 4.81 2.32

Although its resident population has been growing steadily, Makatis share of the total Metro Manila population has been decreasing, from 6.68% in 1970 to 5.12% in 1995; this decline is expected to continue on to 2010 at which point Makatis share is estimated to go down to 4.37%.

Makatis declining share of the total Metro Manila population is reflected in its population growth rate, which declined and has stabilized since the 1970s. (Figure

2) Makatis annual population growth rate is lower than that of Metro Manila as a whole. And since the 1980-1990 period, it has gone down to a level lower than the national average. Figure 3 shows that San Juan, followed by Manila, Makati, Pasay, and Mandaluyong, trail the rest of Metro Manila in terms of population growth rate. This is consistent with the overall pattern in the recent decades where growth in and near the traditional and central part of the metropolis has been slowing down and where the fastest growth has been taking place in the peripheral areas of Metro Manila.

2.1.2 Makati Population Levels and Growth Rates

Pembo/Rizal, West Rembo, Cembo, and Bangkal are the largest barangays in terms of resident population, accounting for about 30% of the total population of the city. (Table 2) The two city districts, however, have similar population shares, with District II (52.35%) having a slight edge over District I (47.65%). In terms of population growth rate, District II was faster during the 1990-1995 period, growing at a 2.61% annual rate compared to 0.07% for District I. The fastest growing barangays during this period were Post Proper North and South (15.63% and 24.28%), and Cembo (32.7%). Several barangays showed a decline in resident population with Valenzuela decreasing the most at a negative 4.50% rate. Recent growth trends deviate from those of the previous decades. During the 1970-1980 period, population growth was fastest in the northwestern barangays. Since 1980, however, growth has been fastest in the eastern barangays, particularly in the barangays east of Edsa. (Figures 4 and 5) The early growth of the northwestern barangays is expected considering that these were closest to the traditional built up areas of Manila. The shift of the growth momentum from the northwest to the east, on the other hand, was a consequence of the demand for new urban land as Metro Manila and the Makati CBD continued to grow, and by new infrastructure (e.g. improvements along Edsa and more recently C-5) that made areas east of Edsa more accessible to development.

2.1.3 Daytime Population

Although its resident population is listed at 484,000 in the 1995 census, the daytime population of Makati City is estimated to double during the weekday. This is caused primarily by the presence of the Makati central business district (CBD), which is the countrys largest concentration of business and service activities. (Table 3)

Table 2. Population, Growth Rate, and Density, by Barangay, Makati City, 1990-1995.
Barangay Pop 90 Pop 95 27,652 6,054 4,344 6,767 3,807 6,274 9,609 6,963 22,414 18,635 23,283 17,836 12,227 10,631 5,264 8,802 8,487 20,535 3,575 7,567 230,726 26,880 15,555 22,939 24,803 13,250 62,097 7,778 13,459 6,816 16,458 13,343 30,072 253,450 484,176 Pop 95 Share (%) 5.71 1.25 0.90 1.40 0.79 1.30 1.98 1.44 4.63 3.85 4.81 3.68 2.53 2.20 1.09 1.82 1.75 4.24 0.74 1.56 47.65 5.55 3.21 4.74 5.12 2.74 12.83 1.61 2.78 1.41 3.40 2.76 6.21 52.35 100.00 Growth Rate 90-95 0.38 1.66 0.28 0.49 2.39 1.47 1.92 2.85 -0.22 -0.88 -2.43 -0.93 -1.44 -1.54 0.41 -0.83 0.91 5.13 7.26 -4.50 0.07 32.7 2.34 -2.27 -1.22 1.96 3.79 -0.70 0.04 15.63 24.28 1.73 1.54 2.61 1.25 Pop Den (pers/ha) 371 35 128 36 15 68 302 58 505 285 194 172 137 212 25 186 674 717 48 315 132 1,250 579 523 431 213 505 490 959 151 274 671 550 461 177 District I Bangkal 27,129 Bel-Air 5,575 Carmona 4,283 Dasmarinas 6,603 Forbes Park 3,383 Kasilawan 5,832 La Paz 8,736 Magallanes 6,051 Olympia 22,667 Palanan 19,478 Pio del Pilar 26,334 Poblacion 18,690 San Antonio 13,144 San Isidro 11,487 San Lorenzo 5,157 Santa Cruz 9,177 Singkamas 8,111 Tejeros 15,989 Urdaneta 2,518 Valenzuela 9,524 229,868 Subtotal District II Cembo 22,886 Comembo 13,856 East Rembo 25,727 Guadalupe Nuevo 26,371 Guadalupe Viejo 12,022 Pembo & Rizal 51,570 Pinagkaisahan 8,055 Pitogo 13,429 Post Proper North 3,298 Post Proper South 5,551 South Cembo 12,246 West Rembo 27,855 222,866 Subtotal 452,734 Total Source: 1990, 1995 Census, NSO

Table 3. Daytime/Nighttime Population, Makati City, 1995.

Area Nighttime Population Day/Night Population Factor 1.9 0.9 Plus/Minus 490,000 -23,000 Estimated Daytime Population 747,000 203,000 950,000

Within Edsa 257,000 Outside Edsa 226,000 483,000 Total Source: NCSO, MMUTIS, ALI

The daily influx of people into the city provides the skilled labor force that allows Makati to handle the service requirements of domestic as well as international transactions; it also serves as the base of a large consumer market that fuels the retail and service trades of the city. At the same time, however, the large tidal population flows exert pressure on Makatis environment, services, and utilities, most noticeably causing large traffic volumes along the major road corridors leading to the city as well as within and at the periphery of the CBD.

2.1.4 Population Density

Makati has a 1995 residential population density of 177 persons/hectare, which ranks sixth in Metro Manila. Its density is similar to Kaloocan, lower than those of Manila, Navotas, Pasay and Pasig, but higher than the rest of Metro Manila. (Figure 6) Between the two city districts, District II has a density (460 persons/hectare) more than three times that of District I (132 persons/hectare). Cembo (125 persons/hectare), Pitogo (959 persons/hectare), Tejeros (717 persons/hectare), and Kasilawan (680 persons/hectare) have the highest densities. Forbes Park and San Lorenzo have the lowest at 15 and 25 persons/hectare, respectively. Makatis density is expected to increase as the resident population increases. Based on current trends, however, and with metropolitan growth rates expected to continue to be highest among the peripheral areas of Metro Manila, the increase in Makatis resident population density is expected to be modest.

2.1.5 Household Population and Size

Based on the 1995 Census, Makati City has a total of 100,922 households with an average household size of 4.78. The total number of households increased by 11,612 or 13% over the 1990 figure of 89,310. District I has 48,989 households while District II has 51,933. Barangay Pembo has the largest number of households with 12,396 followed by Bangkal with 6,367 and West Rembo with 6,113. The barangays with the least number of households are Forbes Park (558), Urdaneta (787), and Carmona (929).

2.1.6 Population by Age Structure and Sex

Makati City has a relatively young population with 145,257 or 30% of its population belonging to the 0-14 age group. About 62.7% or 325,447 persons are in the actively employed group of 15-64 while those over 65 years old constitute 2.8%. (Table 4) By sex structure, 52.5% of the citys population are females. The sex ratio is 0.905, which means that there are 90 males per 100 females.

Table 4. Population by Age Group and Sex, Makati City, 1995.

Age Group Under 1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-45 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85 and over Total Source: NSO Both Sexes 12,773 43,998 46,971 41,515 50,101 56,664 54,931 44,817 37,160 28,303 20,805 13,468 10,684 8,511 5,897 3,660 2,000 1,169 746 484,176 Male 6,668 22,695 24,212 20,895 21,757 24,415 25,185 21,308 18,065 13,866 10,229 6,378 4,905 3,710 2,750 1,618 804 386 236 230,082 Female 6,105 21,303 22,759 20,620 28,344 32,249 29,746 23,509 19,098 14,437 10,576 7,090 5,779 4,801 3,147 2,042 1,196 783 510 254,094 Sex Ratio 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.01 0.77 0.76 0.85 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.90 0.85 0.77 0.87 0.79 0.67 0.49 0.46 0.91

2.1.7 Migration
A large majority of the household population five years old and over (80.43%) resided in the same place of residence that they resided five years ago. The rest changed their place of residence, residing previously as follows: 2.23% in another city or municipality of Metro Manila, 15.04% in other provinces, and 0.88% in foreign countries.

2.1.8 Summary of Population Characteristics and Trends

Makatis resident population level and population growth rate are stabilizing. This trend is not unusual considering the presence of the countrys primary CBD in the city. Land values in the CBD are the highest in the country, encouraging retail, office, and high-end residential land uses in favor of mass housing. The majority of Makatis resident population is in its peripheral barangays. The same reasons that curtail residential population growth within the CBD tend to encourage housing at the CBD periphery. Future residential population growth in the periphery, however, may also decline if the demand for commercial land continues and causes the conversion of the peripheral barangays into non-residential uses. Because of daily tidal population flows generated primarily by the CBD, Makatis population doubles during weekdays. This regular influx of a large number of people provides the city with a large retail/commercial market and a diverse labor force that includes a pool of highly skilled service personnel.

It also creates, however, substantial pressure on existing services, utilities, and the physical environment as a whole.

2.2

LAND USE
Different parts of the city host different activities that contribute towards the overall quality of life in Makati. And while Makati is known as the center of commercial activity in the country, land devoted to commercial uses comprises only about 15% of the citys total land area. Integrating the business district with the rest of the city enhances the efficiency of all activitiesresidential, commercial, institutional, cultural, recreationalto the benefit of the entire community.

2.2.1 Land Area

The total land area of Makati City is 2,736 hectares, which accounts for 4.3% of Metro Manilas land area. The city is composed of 33 barangays, which are distributed between two districts. (Table 5) Table 5. Land Area, by Barangay, Makati City.
Barangay
District I Bangkal Bel-Air Carmona Dasmarinas Forbes Park Kasilawan La Paz Magallanes Olympia Palanan Pio del Pilar Poblacion San Antonio San Isidro San Lorenzo Santa Cruz Singkamas Tejeros Urdaneta Valenzuela District II Cembo Comembo East Rembo Guadalupe Nuevo Guadalupe Viejo Pembo & Rizal Pinagkaisahan Pitogo Post Proper North Post Proper South South Cembo West Rembo Military Reservation

Land Area (has.)

1,750.90 74.46 170.57 33.87 190.48 252.66 9.22 31.81 119.82 44.38 65.38 119.82 103.52 89.13 50.08 209.36 47.34 12.60 28.65 73.76 23.99 544.36 21.50 26.88 43.84 57.49 62.09 123.08 15.86 14.04 45.00 60.00 19.87 54.71 440.27

% Share
64.00 2.72 6.24 1.24 6.96 9.24 0.34 1.16 4.38 1.62 2.39 4.38 3.78 3.26 1.83 7.65 1.73 0.46 1.05 2.70 0.88 19.90 0.79 0.98 1.60 2.10 2.27 4.50 0.58 0.51 1.64 2.19 0.73 1.10 16.10

Total

2,735.53

100.00

2.2.2 Topography
Physiography and Slope The westernmost part of Makati City (barangays Bangkal, La Paz, Palanan, Pio del Pilar, San Antonio, San Isidro, Singkamas, and Tejeros) is composed of former tidal flats. The rest of the city rests on solid, undulating tuffaceous plain. Makati City generally has a flat topography. About 75% of its land area has a slope of 0-3%; about 20% lies in the 3-12% slope category, while the remainder, located in the Fort Bonifacio area, has a slope that is higher than 12%. (Figure 7) Elevation The elevation of Makati City ranges from 0-36 meters above mean sea level. Areas with low elevations are at the western, northern, and eastern peripheries of the city, close to the river boundaries. The highest elevations are found adjacent to the Fort Bonifacio ridge. The majority of the city, however, lies in the 4-20 meter elevation category. (Figure 8) Waterways and Drainage Divides The city has 11 rivers/creeks/canals through which storm water is drained (Table 6). Pasig River spans the northern boundary, while a stream traverses through Guadalupe Viejo, Pitogo, and Pinagkaisahan. Another stream passes through barangays Bangkal, San Lorenzo, Bel-Air, Urdaneta, and Forbes Park. The longest water body is the Matungao creek, located in Tejeros, which stretches for 4,400 meters. The section of Pasig River running beside Makati is the second longest at 3,900 meters, extending from Del Pan to San Jose, Guadalupe. The shortest creek is the San Isidro with a total length of 310 meters. Table 6. Rivers, Creeks, Canals, Makati City, 1997.
River/Creek/Canal Location Pasig River Del Pan to San Jose Guadalupe Tripa de Gallina Arellano to A. Bonifacio Santa Clara Zobel to Evangelista Camachile M. South Riversid Rd to Ayala San Isidro Batangas St to MSDR Calatagan Tripa de Gallina to MSDR Bangkal Gen. Ricarte to MSDR Balisumpan J. Rizal to Edsa Matungao Tejeros Amorsolo Calatagan to Edsa PNR Bangkal to Zobel Roxas Total Source: Makati City Department of Engineering and Public Works Length (meters) 3,900 3,180 550 1,790 310 500 500 1,130 4,400 2,010 3,120 21,390

Figure 9 shows the location and flow direction of the waterways and the drainage divides.

2.2.3 Existing Land Use

Based on land area and excluding roads, the three major land uses in Makati City, are residential, institutional, and commercial/mixed use. (Table 7) Table 7. Land Use, Makati City, 1986 and 1998 (hectares).
1986 1998 =1998-1986 Land Use Area % Area % Area % Residential 880.58 32.19 1030.95 37.69 105.37 17.08 Coml/Mixed Use 202.98 7.42 416.41 15.22 213.43 105.15 Institutional 686.63 25.10 389.66 14.24 -296.97 -43.25 Industrial 114.62 4.19 38.61 1.41 -76.01 -66.31 Open Space 48.69 1.78 34.22 1.25 -14.47 -29.72 Recreational 140.06 5.12 157.88 5.77 17.82 12.72 Agricultural 81.25 2.97 0.00 0.00 -81.25 -100.00 Not Classified 1.37 0.05 0.00 0.00 -1.37 -100.00 Roads 579.39 21.18 667.83 24.41 88.44 15.26 2,735.56 100.00 2,735.56 100.00 Total Source: derived from Namria and Makati City Urban Development Department maps.

As of 1998, residential areas comprise the single largest land use in Makati City, accounting for more than one-third (37.69%) of the total land area. Commercial and Institutional uses rank next at 15.22% and 14.24%, respectively. The rest of Makatis land area is shared by Recreational, Industrial, and Open Space uses. (Figures 10 and 11) (Roads occupy 24.41% of the city land area.)

2.2.4 Land Use Trends

Large increase in commercial areas. Since 1986, the amount of land designated for commercial/mixed land uses more than doubled, from 203.10 to 415.87 hectares. Most of the increase resulted from the conversion of a large part of the Fort Bonifacio area from a military base into an area reserved for mixed use development, and the conversion of industrial, utility, and some residential areas (e.g. Rockwell Center, Chino Roces Avenue industrial sites, etc.) into commercial land. The linear expansion of commercial developments from the CBD is evident along Gil Puyat Avenue, Chino Roces Avenue, and Makati Avenue. Large decrease in institutional areas. Corresponding to the large increase in commercial land area, following the sale of over 200 hectares of Fort Bonifacio to a private development corporation, is a decrease in the land occupied by the military base.

Conversion of agricultural to residential land. Residential areas increased by over 100 hectares. A large part of these new residential areas came from land in the Pembo area that was previously designated as agricultural but has since been built up. Decreasing industrial areas. Along with the disappearance of agricultural land, industrial land has likewise been decreasing. About 80 hectares of land previously designated as industrial were converted into other uses. This represents a 68% reduction in the citys industrial land inventory. As a whole, the decrease in industrial and agricultural lands reflects the dominance of the service sector in Makati. Decreasing open spaces. Some areas that were classified or used as open spaces in 1986 were already built-up by 1998. Many of these built-up open spaces were small parcels that were scattered among residential areas in the eastern peripheral barangays of the city. Increasing recreational spaces. While open spaces have decreased, recreational areas have increased. This increase is explained largely by the net gain in recreational area caused by the opening of a new golf course and surrounding open areas in Fort Bonifacio after the old golf course was converted into commercial land. Increasing mix of land uses. This trend is especially evident in the peripheral barangays of the city, where pockets of commercial development have sprouted throughout local residential communities. Increasing densities. Densities have been increasing throughout Makati City, including in the residential areas in peripheral barangays. It is most noticeable in the CBD, where an estimated 600,000 square meters of office space have been added since 1993. Commercial areas along or around Guadalupe, Makati Avenue, JP Rizal, and Pasong Tamo display similar increases in density.

As a whole, the existing land use trends reflect changes in a city that is increasingly relying on the service sector as its main economic activity. Land values and densities are increasing as the demand for space increases and given the limited supply of undeveloped land in the city. The CBD remains the primary influence in the use and value of land in the city.

2.2.5 Land Use Distribution

The distribution of land uses throughout the citys barangays is shown in Tables 8-11. Tables 8 and 9 show the land area occupied by and corresponding shares of each major land use category in every barangay. They also reveal that barangays Post Proper North and South (545.27 hectares), Forbes Park (252.66 hectares),

and San Lorenzo (209.36 hectares) account for more than one-third of the citys total land area (36.82%). Table 10 shows how each land use is distributed among the barangays, indicating areas of relative concentration by land use. Table 11 shows the distribution of land uses within each barangay or the extent of land use specialization by barangay. The following are the major land use (excluding roads) distribution characteristics of Makati City: Residential areas are distributed fairly evenly throughout the city. Forbes Park and Dasmarinas barangays have the largest shares of residential land at 13.57% and 10.81%, respectively; Pitogo (0.46%), Kasilawan (0.49%), and Carmona (0.66%) have the least. More than 50% of the citys commercial land are in barangays San Lorenzo (24.74%), Bel-Air (14.37%), and Post Proper North and South (13.74%). These are the barangays where the bulk of central business district and the recently designated mixed-use commercial center of Fort Bonifacio are located. Post Proper North and South, which is where a large part of the remaining portion of Fort Bonifacio is located, has an overwhelming share (70.10%) of the citys institutional land. About 65% of the Makatis industrial land are located in the four barangays of San Antonio (29.24%), Guadalupe Viejo (13.64%), San Isidro (12.44%), and Pio del Pilar (10.86%). Post Proper North and South (24.55%) and West Rembo (24.29%) account for about one-half of the citys open space. San Lorenzo is a distant third with 13.27% of the total open space of Makati. Forbes Park, which contains the Manila Golf Club and the Manila Polo Club, and Post Proper North and South, which also has a golf course, account for the majority (44.67% and 42.41%, respectively) of the citys recreational area. Residential land occupies the largest land area among the different land uses in 26 of the citys 32 barangays. Bel-Air, Pitogo, and San Lorenzo are dominated by commercial land, while Post Proper North and South and Santa Cruz have institutional land as their largest single land use. More than half of barangay Carmona, which contains the Sta. Ana racetrack, is designated as recreational land.

Table 8. Land Use, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.

Barangay
Bangkal Bel-Air Carmona Cembo Comembo Dasmarinas E Rembo Forbes Pk Gdalupe N Gdalupe V Kasilawan La Paz Magallanes Olympia Palanan Piodel Pilar Pembo/Riz Pkaisahan Pitogo Poblacion PProper N/S S Antonio S Isidro S Lorenzo S Cembo Singkamas Sta Cruz Tejeros Urdaneta Vlenzuela W Rembo

Total

Residl Comml 34.50 7.73 54.86 59.82 6.80 0.07 15.24 0.40 18.84 0.81 111.48 23.10 21.69 1.71 139.89 3.22 23.62 10.96 19.45 15.73 5.05 0.18 16.95 3.24 59.40 13.55 23.84 2.07 27.35 9.10 49.29 21.75 83.35 0.71 8.20 0.52 4.73 7.18 33.42 19.98 82.88 57.20 23.28 21.07 15.09 7.79 34.57 103.01 9.86 0.03 7.74 0.30 8.82 4.06 11.35 2.84 37.13 13.04 12.85 3.50 29.45 1.73 1030.95 416.41

Land Use (hectares) Institl Industl Open Recreatl Roads Total 2.53 1.22 0.06 0.00 28.42 74.46 2.02 0.00 0.94 0.00 52.93 170.57 0.21 1.56 0.20 19.92 5.11 33.87 0.14 0.00 1.66 0.00 4.07 21.50 0.77 0.03 0.00 0.00 6.44 26.88 12.64 1.95 0.01 0.00 41.30 190.48 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.56 43.84 0.20 0.00 2.07 7.052 36.76 252.66 2.67 0.00 0.57 0.00 19.66 57.49 6.91 5.27 0.93 0.00 13.80 62.09 0.13 0.75 0.01 0.00 3.10 9.22 0.37 0.91 0.00 0.00 10.34 31.81 9.54 0.00 0.60 0.00 36.75 119.82 0.26 1.23 0.00 0.14 16.84 44.38 1.98 0.63 1.18 0.00 25.13 65.38 2.62 4.19 0.00 0.06 41.90 119.82 1.79 0.16 0.00 0.00 37.06 123.08 0.13 0.04 0.00 0.00 6.98 15.86 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 2.02 14.04 14.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.94 103.52 273.16 0.00 8.40 66.96 56.67 545.27 6.00 11.29 1.19 0.19 26.11 89.13 1.59 4.80 1.91 0.00 18.90 50.08 11.98 0.00 4.54 0.00 55.27 209.36 6.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 19.87 0.55 0.07 0.00 0.00 3.96 12.62 23.39 2.82 0.00 0.07 8.18 47.34 2.14 1.63 0.01 0.00 10.68 28.65 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.00 21.96 73.76 0.12 0.04 0.00 0.00 7.47 23.99 2.38 0.00 8.31 0.00 12.83 54.71 389.66 38.61 34.22 157.88 667.83 2735.56

Table 9. Land Use Shares, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.

Barangay
Bangkal Bel-Air Carmona Cembo Comembo Dasmarinas E Rembo Forbes Pk Gdalupe N Gdalupe V Kasilawan La Paz Magallanes Olympia Palanan Piodel Pilar Pembo/Riz Pkaisahan Pitogo Poblacion PProper N/S S Antonio S Isidro S Lorenzo S Cembo Singkamas Sta Cruz Tejeros Urdaneta Vlenzuela W Rembo

Total

Residl Comml 1.26 0.28 2.01 2.19 0.25 0.00 0.56 0.01 0.69 0.03 4.08 0.84 0.79 0.06 5.11 0.12 0.86 0.40 0.71 0.58 0.18 0.01 0.62 0.12 2.17 0.50 0.87 0.08 1.00 0.33 1.80 0.80 3.05 0.03 0.30 0.02 0.17 0.26 1.22 0.73 3.03 2.09 0.85 0.77 0.55 0.28 1.26 3.77 0.36 0.00 0.28 0.01 0.32 0.15 0.41 0.10 1.36 0.48 0.47 0.13 1.08 0.06 37.69 15.22

Land Use (%) Institl Industl Open Recreatl Roads 0.09 0.04 0.00 0.00 104 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.93 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.73 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.46 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.01 0.00 0.08 2.58 1.34 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.72 0.25 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.35 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.34 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.62 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.92 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.00 1.53 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 9.99 0.00 0.31 2.45 2.07 0.22 0.41 0.04 0.01 0.95 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.00 0.69 0.44 0.00 0.17 0.00 2.02 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.85 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.08 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.09 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.47 14.24 1.41 1.25 5.77 24.41

Total 2.72 6.24 1.24 0.79 0.98 6.96 1.60 9.24 2.10 2.27 0.34 1.16 4.38 1.62 2.39 4.38 4.50 0.58 0.51 3.78 19.93 3.26 1.83 7.65 0.73 0.46 1.73 1.05 2.70 0.88 2.00 100.00

Table 10. Land Use Concentration, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.

Land Use (%)
Barangay
Bangkal Bel-Air Carmona Cembo Comembo Dasmarinas E Rembo Forbes Pk Gdalupe N Gdalupe V Kasilawan La Paz Magallanes Olympia Palanan Piodel Pilar Pembo/Riz Pkaisahan Pitogo Poblacion PProper N/S S Antonio S Isidro S Lorenzo S Cembo Singkamas Sta Cruz Tejeros Urdaneta Vlenzuela W Rembo

Total

Residl 3.35 5.32 0.66 1.48 1.83 10.81 2.10 13.57 2.29 1.89 0.49 1.64 5.76 2.31 2.65 4.78 8.08 0.80 0.46 3.24 8.04 2.26 1.46 3.35 0.96 0.75 0.86 1.10 3.60 1.25 2.86 100.00

Comml 1.86 14.37 0.02 0.10 0.19 5.55 0.41 0.77 2.63 3.78 0.04 0.78 3.25 0.50 2.19 5.22 0.17 0.12 1.72 4.80 13.74 5.06 1.87 24.74 0.01 0.07 0.98 0.68 3.13 0.84 0.42 100.00

Institl 0.65 0.52 0.05 0.04 0.20 3.24 0.74 0.05 0.69 1.77 0.03 0.10 2.45 0.07 0.51 0.67 0.46 0.03 0.02 3.64 70.10 1.54 0.41 3.07 1.61 0.14 6.00 0.55 0.00 0.03 0.61 100.00

Industl 3.16 0.00 4.04 0.00 0.07 5.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.64 1.94 2.36 0.00 3.18 1.64 10.86 0.42 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.24 12.44 0.00 0.00 0.19 7.31 4.23 0.00 0.11 0.00 100.00

Open Recreatl 0.17 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.58 12.62 4.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.06 44.67 1.67 0.00 2.71 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.09 3.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 24.55 42.41 3.48 0.12 5.59 0.00 13.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.00 4.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.29 0.00 100.00 100.00

Roads 4.26 7.93 0.77 0.61 0.96 6.18 2.63 5.50 2.94 2.07 0.46 1.55 5.50 2.52 3.76 6.27 5.55 1.04 0.30 5.38 8.49 3.91 2.83 8.28 0.55 0.59 1.22 1.60 3.29 1.12 1.92 100.00

Table 11. Land Use Specialization, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.

Land Use (%)
Barangay
Bangkal Bel-Air Carmona Cembo Comembo Dasmarinas E Rembo Forbes Pk Gdalupe N Gdalupe V Kasilawan La Paz Magallanes Olympia Palanan Piodel Pilar Pembo/Riz Pkaisahan Pitogo Poblacion PProper N/S S Antonio S Isidro S Lorenzo S Cembo Singkamas Sta Cruz Tejeros Urdaneta Vlenzuela W Rembo

Residl Comml 46.33 10.38 32.16 35.07 20.08 0.21 70.86 1.85 70.08 3.01 58.53 12.13 49.46 3.90 55.36 1.27 41.09 19.07 31.33 25.34 54.75 1.95 53.26 10.19 49.57 11.31 53.71 4.67 41.84 13.92 41.14 18.15 67.72 0.58 51.69 3.27 33.69 51.15 32.28 19.30 15.20 10.49 26.12 23.63 30.14 15.55 16.51 49.20 49.64 0.15 61.35 2.39 18.63 8.58 39.60 9.92 50.33 17.68 53.59 14.59 53.84 3.17

Institl 3.40 1.19 0.62 0.67 2.86 6.64 6.60 0.08 4.65 11.13 1.38 1.17 7.96 0.58 .03 2.19 1.45 0.82 0.66 13.70 50.10 6.73 3.17 5.72 31.57 4.34 49.40 7.48 0.00 0.51 4.35

Industl 1.64 0.00 4.61 0.00 0.10 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.48 8.14 2.87 0.00 2.77 0.97 3.50 0.13 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.67 9.59 0.00 0.00 0.57 5.96 5.71 0.00 0.17 0.00

Open Recreatl Roads 0.08 0.00 38.17 0.55 0.00 31.03 0.58 58.82 15.09 7.70 0.00 18.92 0.00 0.00 23.94 0.00 0.00 21.68 0.00 0.00 40.04 0.82 27.91 14.55 0.99 0.00 34.20 1.50 0.00 22.23 0.11 0.00 33.66 0.00 0.00 32.51 0.50 0.00 30.67 0.00 0.33 37.95 1.80 0.00 38.44 0.00 0.05 34.97 0.00 0.00 30.11 0.00 0.00 43.99 0.00 0.09 14.41 0.00 0.00 34.72 1.54 12.28 10.39 0.34 0.22 29.30 3.82 0.00 37.73 2.17 0.00 26.40 0.00 0.00 18.64 0.00 0.00 31.36 0.00 0.15 17.27 0.03 0.00 37.26 2.22 0.00 29.77 0.00 0.00 31.13 15.19 0.00 23.46

Total 10 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

2.2.6 Land Use Potentials/Advantages

Potentials/Advantages Compact urban structure. The city has a relatively compact structure that allows for efficient service delivery and use of infrastructure, encourages pedestrian movements, and creates a well-defined urban image. Its compact structure also enhances the feasibility of transit facilities, which require substantial ridership along their service corridors and which will be needed to serve existing demand and to allow future growth. CBD remains as national benchmark. The presence of the CBD provides the city with a market and a mix of activities that are unsurpassed in Metro Manila. Preserving the premier status of the CBD is among the most important development objectives of the city if it is to retain its ability to attract cutting edge investments and infrastructure, its large revenue base and, therefore, its resource capacity to serve the rest of Makati. New and Pipeline Infrastructure. Various infrastructure projects have been implemented or are being planned within the city. These include various transportation, transit, and other utility facilities (MRT3, Edsa-Ayala-Pasay Road interchange, Makati Loop, ManilaCalabarzon Express, Kalayaan flyover, Rockwell flyover, Pasig River Expressway, MWSS expansion, etc.). These infrastructure projects, especially the high capacity transit projects, can address local service gaps and have the potential to support future growth. Riverside development. In many admired cities of the world, the riverfront is an active and dominant element that enhances the urban character. Makati has yet to tap the Pasig River frontage to maximize its development potentials. This area can be developed into a mixed use, pedestrian-oriented zone with commercial, residential, and recreational uses. Further, unlike the current situation wherein the northern perimeter adjacent to the River is relatively unnoticed and treated as a city backyard, this zone could also serve as an attractive front door for the Old Town part of the city. Because the River spans across both districts of the city, a riverfront development could also reinforce the physical and functional integration of the two districts of Makati.

High quality residential base. The high quality, low-density residential villages surrounding the CBD are important elements that add value to the city. They support and preserve the compact structure of the CBD, and serve as pockets of low-density developments that control the sprawl of high-density developments. These villages also provide Makati with a distinct market advantage over many other cities in the country.

2.2.7 Land Use Issues

Conflicts between existing land uses and 1981 zoning ordinance. Because of the continued growth of the CBD and the relatively dated 1981 Zoning Ordinance, there are already a significant number of conflicts between the existing land uses and the ordinance. Most of these conflicts are in the form of an increasing number of commercial establishments in residential areas. These conflicts need to be resolved in order to establish a new basis for formulating and enforcing an updated ordinance. (Figures 12 and 13) Need to manage CBD growth. The growth of the CBD has to be managed so that future growth is accommodated without sacrificing the current advantages enjoyed by the city in terms of its high quality residential and commercial spaces. CBD expansion areas have to be defined to avoid or minimize haphazard developments that conflict with adjacent uses or cannot be supported by existing and future infrastructure and other services. Lack of density controls. The 1981 ordinance has virtually no provisions for density controls, particularly for commercial land use. Given the size and continuing growth expected in the CBD as well as throughout the city, some form of control over development densities will be needed because these directly affect the demand for infrastructure, utilities, services and the overall quality of the environment. Need to increase integration within the city. At present, and in part because Edsa cuts across the middle of the city, linkages between Districts I and II are relatively weak. Increased functional and visual integration between the two districts are needed to allow more efficient utilization and sharing of city services and resources as well as to foster a common local identity. Linkages between the local government center and the two districts are especially important towards this objective.

Lack of usable green/open space. Although the minimum requirements of the building code are being met, the amount of usable open or green spaces appears lacking. Such spaces are needed to improve the urban landscape, to promote a healthy environment, to enhance pedestrian movements and, as a whole, to maintain competitiveness with other cities, both local and international.

Need for more infrastructure support. As discussed in the following sections, the infrastructure to support current as well as future residential, commercial, and other land use activities needs to be augmented substantially. Transportation/transit, water supply, sewerage, drainage and other utility facilities requires improvement and expansion, particularly if the city is to continue maintaining and attracting the cream of the countrys service activities.

Need for a broader land use mix. Even as Makati contains the highest value land uses in the country, there is a need to broaden the land use mix in the city. These include: (a) medium density housing that caters to the middle- and lower-middle-income segment of the market; (b) historical and cultural uses (museums, art galleries, performing arts centers, etc.) that allow the city to provide a fuller range of activities to residents and visitors; and (c) recreational uses to complement the dominance of the business sector and to enhance local community activities.

Environmental Degradation. Worsening environmental conditions threaten the health of city residents and the attraction of Makati as the preferred residential and business location of the country. Although many of its environmental problems are metropolitan in scope, these should be addressed to improve local health conditions and to enhance the citys competitive edge over the rest of Metro Manila.

2.2.7 Summary of Land Use Conditions and Trends

Existing land use conditions in the city are products of historical events that include the growth of Makati after the second world war, its physical environment, as well as the momentum and competitiveness of its recent land uses and economic activities. The distribution of land uses is typical of large cities, with residential areas comprising the majority, followed by commercial, industrial, and institutional uses.

The presence of the countrys largest CBD in Makati has influenced some notable land use trends. These include the decline of industrial, manufacturing, and agricultural uses as high CBD land values increase the demand for urban commercial/ mixed use land, leading to conversion in favor of the latter. The concentration of high value lands in Makati has enabled the city to generate revenues and provide housing and services to the more needy segments of the local population. However, it has also led to unprecedented environmental stress in the form of traffic congestion, water and air pollution, inadequate waste disposal, and other demands for housing, education and health facilities, open/green spaces, recreation, and other services and utilities. The continued growth of the CBD remains key to the future growth of the city but this will have to be managed so that existing environmental concerns are addressed without curtailing the momentum of growth.

2.3

ECONOMY

Makati City is the countrys premier business district. It has the largest concentration of commercial activities in the Philippines, and is the countrys primary link to international finance and the global economy. With almost three million square meters of prime office space, Makatis business district is four times larger than the second largest (Ortigas) in the country, and accounts for about one-half of Metro Manilas prime office space inventory. Unlike most cities and municipalities in the Philippines, whose primary concerns revolve mostly around local development issues, the major economic challenges facing Makati City are how: (a) to enhance its role as the premier central business district, not only of the country but of the entire Southeast Asian region, amidst competition from other business districts, and (b) to ensure that its residents share in the benefits as well as the responsibilities of this role. In order to address these challenges, there is a need to anticipate and provide for future growth requirements, and to continuously upgrade local service capacities and improve the overall physical environment. 2.3.1 Employment

The service sector remains the largest employment base of the city. Industry has been declining while agriculture is virtually confined to the small-scale or household level. (Figure 14) A close look into the employment situation in Makati, however, suggests that the economic gains of the city have not always translated into employment opportunities for its residents. Unemployment remains a problem. In 1995, the number of unemployed persons totaled 41,000 yielding an unemployment rate of 20.2%, the highest in Metro Manila. This declined to 27,000 people (11.7%) in 1996 but increased to 30,000 people (12.8%) in 1997. The 1997 unemployment rate, although lower than the average for Metro Manila of 14%, was higher than the countrys average unemployment rate of 8.7%. (Table 12) Table 12. Makati City Labor Force and Employment, 1995-1997
Item Total Population 15 years and over Labor Force Labor Force Participation Rate Number Employed Employment Rate Number Unemployed Unemployment Rate Source: NSO 1995 339,000 203,000 59.9% 162,000 79.8% 41,000 20.2% 1996 350,000 231,000 66.0% 204,000 88.3% 27,000 11.7% 1997 357,000 234,000 65.5% 204,000 87.2% 30,000 12.8%

The problem of unemployment may be attributed to the rapid growth in labor force and mismatch between workers skills and job requirements. The potentially employable population (15 years and over) increased from 339,000 in 1995 to 357,000 in 1997, exhibiting a growth rate of 1.74%, faster than the citys population growth rate of 1.25%. As a result, the citys labor force grew from 203,000 in 1995 to 234,000 in 1997, an increase of 15.3% or 10,000 annually. In-migration also accounted for the growth in labor force as the city attracts people from all over the country. For the period 1990-1995, the city registered one of the highest in-migration rates in Metro Manila at 18.6%. The migrant population belonged to two categories: a) poorly educated and unskilled rural migrants, and b) more educated and skilled workers from other cities. The mismatch between the educational attainment and skills of the local labor force with those required by the industries is not surprising considering the metropolitan and international level of activities taking place in the CBD. While the quality of local education and training is on par or even exceeds national standards, the quantity of highly-skilled specialty workers needed by many CBD companies lead many of these firms to hire non-residents including expatriates. Another trend in employment is the citys dwindling share of employment to Metro Manila. Table 13 shows that for the period 1990 to 1995, the share of Makati Citys employment to Metro Manila decreased in all sectors. The decline in the citys employment share in the industry and services sector implies that some firms have moved out of the city or that new establishments do not require as much manpower. This is evident particularly with respect to traditional manufacturing companies that have shifted operations to Calabarzon and other peripheral areas, but it also stresses the need for Makati City to be competitive vis--vis other emerging CBDs in Metro Manila as far as cutting edge services are concerned. Table 13. Number of Employed Persons 15 Years and Over, By Major Industry Group, Makati City and Metro Manila, 1990 and 1995.
Share of Makati Citys Employment to Metro Manila Industry Agriculture Industry Services Not defined Total Source: NSO 1990 3.6% 5.1% 8.0% 4.1% 6.2% 1995 2.8% 3.5% 6.6% 5.2% 5.7%

2.3.2 Trade and Industry

Business Establishments Makati City has a large number of business establishments. These totalled 27,501 in 1989 and increased by 55.2% to 42,692 in 1997. Service-oriented business establishments dominated, accounting for 95.0% in 1989 and 97.1% in 1997 of total establishments. The number of manufacturing establishments declined over the 8-year period, with the share of such establishments decreasing from 5.0% in 1989 to a mere 2.9% in 1997. The previously designated industrial area in Pasong Tamo is now largely characterized by commercial activities; only a few firms, notably pharmaceutical and food processing companies, are actually engaged in manufacturing. The decline may be attributed largely to high property values, which increase overhead and thus production costs, thus prompting manufacturing activities to move out of the city. Most of the remaining manufacturing firms in Makati are located along the banks of Pasig River. Financial establishments (subsumed here under services) included 419 banking institutions, composed mainly of head offices of the countrys domestic commercial banks and representative offices of foreign banks and offshore banking units. These also include 113 insurance companies, 1,180 lending investors and holding companies, 161 securities firms, and 5 savings and loans associations. (Table 14) Table 14. Number of Business Establishments and Annual Growth Rate, Makati City, 1989 and 1997.
Sector Manufacturing Services Total Source of basic data: NSO No. of Bus. Establishments 1989 1997 1,373 1,253 26,128 41,439 27,501 42,692 Share to Total No. of Bus. Establishments 1989 1997 5.0% 2.9% 95.0% 97.1% 100.0% 100.0% Annual Growth (1989-97) -1.1% 5.9% 5.7%

Business Establishment Density Ratio The business density ratio per 1,000 population is another indicator of economic activity. In 1989, there were 62 establishments per 1,000 population in Makati City. This ratio increased by 38.7% to 86 establishments per 1,000 population in 1997. (Table 15 and Figure 15) The business density ratio of manufacturing firms remained at 3 establishments per 1,000 population. Meanwhile, it was in the services sector that the business density ratio showed a remarkable increase: from 59 establishments per 1,000 population in 1989 to 83 establishments per 1,000 population in 1997.

Table 15. Business Establishment Density Ratio, Makati City, 1989 and 1997.
Sector Manufacturing Services Total Business Establishments Per 1,000 Persons 1989 1997 3 3 59 83 62 86

2.3.3 Tourism
Makati City has several international-class tourist facilities. It hosts several luxury hotels that boast of well-equipped business centers and convention facilities. For visitors staying for a longer period of time, there are pensions, inns, lodges and apartelles that offer affordable rates and pleasant amenities. Shopping and commercial centers offer international goods and services. Other facilities include museums, art galleries, cinemas, disco houses, music lounges, and restaurants offering international cuisine. The Fort Bonifacio area has two prominent historical memorial parks, landmarks and two golf courses. Various religious institutions are located in the old town. The city is also home to the majority of foreign embassies and consulates, as well as offices of travel agencies and international airlines. In 1997, 51 embassies out of a total number of 55 were located in the City.

2.3.4 Economic Sector Plan

Overall Economy Goal Attain high and sustained economic growth.

Objectives Maintain Makati Citys primacy as the financial, commercial, and services center of the country. Increase local participation in the citys economic activities.

Strategies While Makati City is facing competition from other parts of the metropolis and the larger region as a central business district, the emergence and growth of these

alternative CBDs are not necessarily detrimental to Makati. These are products of the growth of the metropolitan and national economies, which have reached levels that cannot be served by a single CBD. What is important for Makati, however, is that it remains as the primary CBD, linked to and serving other business districts of the country, and retaining the highest value added activities and land uses. Central to this strategic objective is managing the growth of Makati such that it provides the necessary physical and social environment to host cutting edge service functions including support uses and amenities. The following are strategies aimed towards this objective: Promote and implement infrastructure projects needed to support existing business activities and future growth. Encourage and provide incentives to industries involved in information technology to locate in Makati. Orient local educational, skills, and employment training programs towards the requirements of business and commercial activities including information technology industries. Improve and enhance the quality of the physical environment (e.g. air quality, greenery, waste management, etc) in order to make Makati City competitive locally as well as with other financial capitals of Asia. Provide the cultural, educational, leisure, and recreational needs of the resident and visitor population.

Trade and Industry Objectives Strengthen Makati Citys role as the business, financial, and services center of the country. Promote the development of small and medium scale enterprises.

Targets Reduce unemployment to 10% by 2005 and 7% by 2010. Establish one manpower training center. Develop at least 10,000 skilled workers annually. Reduce the time of processing licenses and permits. Increase the number of small and medium scale enterprises by 10% annually.

Strategies Strengthen linkages with trade and industry associations for job placements. Provide investments suitable for the development of small and medium scale enterprises.

Strictly enforce of labor laws and practices.

Projects Establishment of Business Bureau Establishment of Manpower Training Center Intensified Manpower Training Program Integrated Livelihood Program Intensified Job Placement Program Information, Education, and Communication Program

Tourism Objectives Increase the number of visitor arrivals. Upgrade existing tourist attractions and facilities.

Target Increase the number of visitor arrivals by 4% annually.

Strategies Tap the private sector for cost-sharing schemes. Strengthen the City Tourism Council (See Annex A).

Projects Identification and Development of Tourist Sites Establishment of Tourist Assistance Centers Restoration of Historical Landmarks

2.3.4 Summary of Existing Economic Conditions and Trends

Makati City is the countrys premier financial, commercial, and service center. Commerce and services dominate the economic activities in the city. The major economic challenges facing Makati City are how: (a) to maintain its role as a premier central business district of the country as well as of Southeast Asia amidst competition posed by other business districts in the region, and (b) to ensure that its residents share in the benefits as well as the responsibilities of this role. In order to address these challenges, there is a need to anticipate and provide for future growth requirements, to continuously

upgrade local service capacities and improve the overall physical environment, in order to attract and retain cutting edge service functions and the highest value added activities and land uses. Local skills and manpower are not being fully tapped by the CBD. Orienting local educational, skills and other employment programs to match the requirements of business and other commercial activities can improve the local unemployment situation. The continued growth of Makati will also depend on improving the physical and social environment, so that it conforms to international standards, and the availability of cultural, leisure, and recreational amenities.

2.4

TRANSPORTATION
Makati attracts a very large amount of traffic from the greater Metro Manila area because it serves as the primary CBD of the country. Its relatively large resident population and its predominantly service economy likewise involve a substantial demand for transportation. Accessibility, therefore, is one of Makatis most important requirements. However, continuing population growth, economic development, and corresponding increases in vehicular trips have constrained regional accessibility and local circulation. While this is a metropolitan-wide trend, it is a special concern for Makati City if it is to remain as the countrys primary business center and to improve local integration.

2.4.1 Existing Transportation Systems

Road Network Five major roadsEdsa, C-5, South Expressway, JP Rizal Avenue, and Gil Puyat Avenue Extension--link Makati City with the rest of Metro Manila. (Figure 16) Edsa and South Expressway are the busiest thoroughfares, linking the city with the northern and southern parts of the greater Metro Manila region, respectively, including the rising urban and industrial areas of Calabarzon. Edsa carries up to 200,000 pcus (passenger car units) between Guadalupe and Gil Puyat Avenue while the South Expressway carries about 150,000 pcus along its approach to the city. It is estimated that traffic volumes along these two routes exceed design capacity by 25% to 50%. The Makati CBD is the major traffic generator in the city. It accounts for much of the vehicular traffic along the southern part of Edsa and the northern part of the South Expressway. Based on a 1997 survey, about 400,000 vehicle trips are generated daily by the Makati CBD. This number is about 11.4 percent of the 3.5 million vehicle trips estimated for Metro-Manila in 1996, and it takes places in an area that accounts for a less than one third of one percent of Metro-Manilas land area. As of 1999, the total length of the road network in Makati City was 435 kilometers, distributed among its 1,800 streets. Several road projects have improved or are expected to improve access to and from Makati City. These include the Edsa-Ayala-Pasay Road interchange, the Kalayaan flyover, and the Metro Manila Southern Skyway. Other key road projects that have been identified but have not yet been scheduled for implementation are the Pasig River Expressway and the completion of the C-3 link through Makati, between Gil Puyat Avenue and Araneta Avenue.

Rail Network The Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter rail that connects Makati City to the northern and southern parts of Metro-Manila. (Figure 17) This is one of only two rail networks that serve the city. However, this service is way below the level of existing and, much less, potential demand. Before track repairs further limited commuter service, PNRs commuter rail operations consisted of about 10 trains per day, and served only less than 1% of commuter trips along its corridor. This is a drastic reduction of PNR operations since the 1960s and 1970s when the trains provided regular commuter and inter-city service. The completion of MRT3 along Edsa provides Makati City with another high capacity transit link. MRT3 connects with LRT1 at Taft Avenue, providing an alternative transit service to the north. Four MRT stations are located in Makati: Guadalupe, Gil Puyat, Ayala, and Magallanes. The Ayala station is one of the busiest of the entire line, and is eventually expected to handle from 70,000 to 100,000 commuters daily. Two proposed rail projects, if implemented, will significantly benefit Makati City. The Manila-Calabarzon Express (MCX) project seeks to expand and rehabilitate existing PNR southern commuter rail operations. MCX will run along the existing PNR alignment and will have stations near the Edsa, Gil Puyat Avenue, and Vito Cruz junctions in Makati. MCX is expected to be a strategic transit link for Makati because it connects the city with fastest growing region in the country (Calabarzon). Another proposed rail project, although still at a conceptual stage, is the Makati Loop. As currently envisioned, this project will provide a direct connection between MRT3 along Edsa and LRT1 at Taft through Ayala Avenue and Gil Puyat Avenue. This line will give the CBD core a direct rail link to the rest of Metro Manila. A subsequent phase leading to JP Rizal Avenue has also been identified. Water Ferry Makati City has been intermittently served by a Pasig River water ferry service. (Figure 18) This service was available during the 1970s, after which it was discontinued. It was revived in 1992 and operated until 1994. The most recent attempt to operate water ferry service started in 1997, but lackluster demand, poor inter-modal connections, and insufficient public information prevented it from being fully utilized. The potential transportation service of the Pasig River water ferry remains to be fully tapped. It also has the added potential of being a key element of Makatis

riverside development, especially since its Guadalupe station has always been a major ferry port. Airport Service Makati City is easily accessible from the domestic and international airport of Metro Manila. It is 8 kilometers away from the city via South Expressway and 6 kilometers through the Edsa-Tramo route. Several projects that will provide direct rail links between the Makati CBD and the airport have been proposed although none of these have prospered beyond the conceptual stage. Helicopter service from most of the citys hotels is also available.

2.4.2 Land Use and Traffic Forecasts

It is important to assess the capacity of the citys transportation network to absorb future growth in order to manage future developments and to identify and implement projects that will help bridge the gap between travel demand and transport capacity. Because it is the overwhelming mode of transportation in Metro Manila, the following assessment will deal with the citys road network. In order to get an indication of the capacity of the citys transportation network to absorb future growth, a land use and traffic forecasting simulation model was utilized. Using existing population, employment, land use, and travel characteristics as inputs, a Lowry-Garin model, based on the latest MMUTIS zoning system, was used to compute traffic/land use equilibrium distributions. (Figures 19 and 20) These were then used to derive volume/capacity ratios (VCRs) for each road link, which were interpreted to define the level of service for specific road links throughout the city. (A more detailed explanation of the land use and traffic forecasting model and methodology used in this analysis is provided in Annex B.) Figure 21 graphically summarizes the VCRs throughout the city.

2.4.3 Land use- and Traffic-based Growth Potentials and Constraints

It should be emphasized, however, that the simulation and the resulting forecasts are only indicative of actual conditions. The zones utilized in the model are large so that traffic volumes are less precise than those from a travel-forecasting model. Further, traffic assignment is limited to inter-zonal trips of base population assigned to the network on the basis of zonal attractiveness and the balancing procedure for population and employment to achieve land-use equilibrium. Activities are spread evenly across zones and, therefore, the model cannot reveal

where concentrations of services will occur; nor can it determine the degree of agglomeration within zones.

Nevertheless, the results of the simulation confirm that the level of congestion on the major roads of the CBD is near critical. In particular, specific sections of the following road links are already handling traffic volumes greater than their capacities: Arnaiz Avenue, Pasong Tamo, Paseo de Roxas, Sedeno, Makati Avenue, Gil Puyat Avenue, Estrella, and Ayala Avenue Extension/North Avenue. Roughly, and on the average, the existing network appears to be at the 85% VCR level. The results confirm the need to impose density limits on future developments not only along the critical road links mentioned above but also throughout other areas of the city that are currently unrestricted as far density is concerned. Detailed ingress and egress studies of proposed large-scale developments will also help minimize additional congestion. Given the limitations for road expansion projects, remedial measures in the form of geometric improvements and traffic management need to be formulated to cope with future additional transportation demand. The results also confirm that recent, ongoing and proposed network improvement and transit projects--i.e. the MRT3, the Skyway, Kalayaan flyover, the Makati Loop, the completion of the C-3 link across the Pasig River, the installation of automated traffic signals, along with traffic management schemes similar to those being implemented along Ayala Avenue--will help increase network capacity, reduce delays, and induce major improvement in the overall traffic flow in the city. Significant improvement can be also realized if an efficient transit system (beyond the coverage of the proposed Makati Loop) and pedestrianization schemes are formulated to address primarily intra-zonal trips. Elimination of short-distance vehicular trips would help improve environmental conditions (especially the air quality) and relieve traffic congestion. Finally, traffic demand management measures will be needed in the future to further alleviate traffic congestion.

2.4.4 Transportation Sector Plan

Goal Provide efficient transportation systems for better regional and local accessibility and circulation.

Objectives Reduce traffic congestion. Improvement and maintenance of road network. Installation of appropriate public transport facilities.

More effective implementation of traffic enforcement and demand management measures.

Targets Operationalize a mass transit system within the city by 2004. Reduce travel time from Poblacion to the CBD from 30 to 15 minutes. Achieve 95% compliance of drivers to traffic rules for the next 6 years. Operationalize all traffic lights by 2004. Reduce air pollution in Makati to a tolerable level within 6 years. Construction of at least 2 bridges as additional entry/exit points of Makati. 100% of the road network concreted by 2000.

Policies/Strategies Establish/improve a mass transit system. Continuously improve transport and traffic management facilities. Reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflict. Construct flyovers, bridges, and maintenance of roads for better access and mobility of commuters. Stricter implementation of traffic rules and regulations. Control of on-street parking. Increased use of offsite parking areas to minimize additional traffic caused by drivers looking for parking spaces. Encourage private sector participation in traffic improvement and implementation of transportation projects.

Programs/Projects Road Infrastructure and Maintenance Program Concreting of remaining 1.293 kilometers of roads in District II Continuous maintenance of existing 223.781 kilometers of Makati roads Completion of Edsa-Rockwell flyover project

Traffic/Transit Infrastructure Program Construction of waiting sheds for public commuter convenience Pedestrianization projects (underpasses, ground- and elevated walkways, street landscaping improvements) Feasibility studies for additional mass transit system (e.g. Makati Loop)

Traffic Management Program

Designation of appropriate loading and unloading zones all over the city Expansion of the traffic segregation program in the CBD to include other barangays in the city Construction of offsite parking facilities Signalization of all major intersections and installation of traffic directional and control stands at non-signalized intersections Installation of appropriate signages to guide and inform motoring public Education of traffic enforcers and drivers (Tsuper Dunong) Continuous implementation of pila system Implement silver seat policy for elderly and disabled Expansion and improvement of Efficient Road Administration Program

2.4.5 Summary of Existing Transportation Conditions and Trends

As a whole, road capacities are or are near saturation levels. Some road links are already handling traffic volumes greater than their capacity. Future demand cannot be met by increasing road capacity. The built up conditions of the city mean that there will be few opportunities to expand road rights-of-way, particularly those of major roads. Proposed and recently completed projects, including MRT3, the Edsa-AyalaPasay Rd interchange, the Skyway, and other projects will help address some of the citys transportation requirements. Additional transit projects will be needed to sustain Makatis growth. In addition to road and rail transit projects, sustainability requires efficient traffic enforcement and pedestrianization. Additional traffic demand measures should already be considered for future implementation.

2.5

UTILITIES
Sufficient and appropriate utility infrastructure such as water supply, drainage, sewerage, power, and telecommunication systems are crucial requirements for the continued improvement in the quality of life and growth of the city. While substantial infrastructure is already in place, a lot more is needed in order to upgrade and expand existing coverage. Upgrading and expanding Makatis utility infrastructure is particularly important considering that in addition to its residents, its large visitor (daytime) population comprises a significant demand that has to be served.

2.5.1 Water Supply

Manila Water Company and Maynilad Water Company provide water service in Makati City through several primary distribution mains. (Figure 22) Domestic use accounts for 93% of the total water consumption in the city; commercial use accounts for 5% while industrial and government uses account for the remaining 2%. The two water companies serve almost all areas of the city. As of 1995, 91.5% of households have direct water access (through household/ communal water faucets). About 5.8% get their water from public faucets while 1.2% of households buy water from water peddlers. Other sources of water include deepwells, dug wells, rain and water bodies. (Table 16) Table 16. Number of Households in Occupied Housing Units by Main Source of Drinking Water, Makati City, 1995.
Main Source of Drinking Water Own use, faucet, community water system Shared faucet, community water system Own use, tubed/piped deepwell Shared, tubed/piped shallow or deepwell, dug well Spring, lake, river, rain, etc. Total Source: Makati City Health Department Number 72,281 4,572 358 834 932 78,977 Percent 91.52 5.79 0.45 1.06 1.18 100

Water service, however, is not available during the entire 24-hour period. Based on existing regional supply and local distribution networks, some areas of the city are subject to supply deficits while others benefit from surpluses. (Figure 23) To augment water supply, the local government installed 26 deepwells in District I and 24 in District II. Substantial improvement in water supply service is expected after the completion of OECF- and ADB-funded projects (Figure 24), including the Angat-Umiray transbasin project and, in the long term, the construction of the Laiban dam.

Sectoral Plan Goal/Objective Ensure adequate and continuous supply of potable water in Makati City.

Target Provide 100% potable water supply coverage in Makati City.

Policies/Strategies Require major developments to conduct and submit impact assessment studies on water supply. Prohibit the use of water motor pumps to ensure equitable supply of water. Remove illegal water connections and drastically reduce water leaks.

Programs/Projects Installation and maintenance of additional deepwells to augment water supply until full coverage by the water companies is achieved.

2.5.2 Drainage and Sewerage

There are seven low-lying barangays in western Makati that are flood-prone: Singkamas, Tejeros, La Paz, San Antonio, Palanan, San Isidro, and Pio del Pilar. (Figure 25) Insufficient drainage infrastructure connections and indiscriminate dumping of garbage on waterways cause flooding in these areas. The city has four types of drainage systems. These include open canal, covered open canal made of concrete, concrete hollow block walling, reinforced concrete covered pipe, and box culvert. Domestic and industrial wastes are discharged into storm drains and ultimately into the nine rivers and creeks that extend from Del Pan Street to San Jose, Guadalupe. (Figure 26) Among the flood-prevention measures being taken in Makati is the operation of the Makati pumping station. This station serves the barangays of Poblacion, Valenzuela, and Bel-Air. It operates by collecting storm water and sewage through three main channels: (a) the Makati Headrace I which serves barangay Olympia from the north, (b) the Makati Headrace II from the south serving barangay Poblacion in the southeast, and (c) the Zobel-Orbit main which serves Bel-Air in the southwest. The Zobel-Orbit main also diverts floodwater and sewage from Santa Clara creek to the retaining pond, from which these are pumped into Pasig River.

Less than half of the citys sewerage requirements are currently being provided. Sewerage coverage is limited to the CBD and limited parts of several residential villages. These areas are connected to the sewage treatment plant located in Magallanes. (Figure 27) Sewage disposal for the rest of the city is conducted mostly through septic tanks. Effluents are discharged directly into storm drains that lead ultimately into more than 30 esteros in three waterways in Metro Manila: Paranaque River, TenejerosTullahan River, and Pasig River. Based on a 1990 study on the Pasig River, domestic waste accounts for 55% of its biological oxygen demand (BOD). This percentage is expected to increase to 68% by 2000 if no rehabilitation efforts are undertaken. Sectoral Plan Goal/Objectives Reduce sewage-based pollution of Pasig River. Improve existing drainage system. Increase the coverage of the sewerage system.

Targets Attain 100% completion of drainage improvement projects. Eliminate dumping of garbage into waterways. Expand sewerage system coverage to at least 50% of Makati households. Relocate all squatters along Pasig River.

Policies/Strategies Formulate and implement comprehensive sewerage master plan. Implement Pasig River rehabilitation program. Implement 10-meter easement along Pasig River. Implement laws regarding encroachment, dumping of waste and other environmental laws.

Programs/Projects Drainage Improvement Program Completion of 93.41 kilometers of drainage improvement projects in District I Completion of 138.15 kilometers of drainage improvement projects in District II

Squatter Relocation Repair and Improvement of Sewerage system in the CBD Pasig River Rehabilitation Program Waste Segregation Scheme

2.5.3 Power and Telecommunications

Electric power in Makati City is provided by the Luzon Grid of the National Power Corporation through five Meralco substations. These substations are Forbes Park, Kamagong, Rockwell, Malibay, and Makati. Residential uses account for 87% of total Meralco connections in the city; commercial and industrial uses account for the 13% balance. Philippine Long Distance and Telephone Company and Globe Telecom are the providers of land-based telephone services in the city. Three major domestic telegraph companies serve Makati City: Radio Communications of the Philippines, Inc., Philippine Telegraph and Telephone company, and Telefast and Clavecilla Radio System. There are four international record carriers and stations in the city including Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., Globe Telecom, and Philippine Global Communications and Capitol Wireless, Inc. Postal services are provided primarily through four postal offices: a central postal office in Gil Puyat Avenue and three other postal offices located in Districts I and II. Sectoral Plan Goal/Objectives Ensure steady power supply. Ensure the accessibility of telecommunication facilities.

Targets At least one telephone line for every household by the end of 2004. Reduce power pilferage.

Policies/Strategies Greater coordination with the private sector in the provision of power and telecommunication facilities. Increased use of Information Technology.

Programs/Projects

Expand PLDT and Globe Telecom telephone services. Install public phones at various convenient locations. Expand internet access.

2.5.4 Summary of Existing Utilities

Two water companies serve almost all areas of the city, with households accounting for the bulk of water consumption. Water service, however, is not available during the entire 24-hour period. But substantial improvement in water supply service is expected after the completion of the Angat-Umiray transbasin project of the MWSS. Several low-lying barangays in western Makati are still flood-prone. Additional drainage facilities along with the prevention of indiscriminate dumping of uncollected garbage on waterways are needed to address the flood problem. Less than half of the citys sewerage requirements are currently being provided. Sewerage coverage is limited to the CBD and limited parts of several residential villages. Electric power in Makati City is provided by the Luzon Grid of the National Power Corporation through five Meralco substations. An increase in power supply will be required to support future growth. Several utility companies adequately serve the citys telecommunication requirements. Telephone service has improved but needs further expansion to meet current and future demand.

2.6

ENVIRONMENT
The environmental concerns of Makati are not accurately reflected by the number of its residents because of the large amount of its transient (daytime) population and corresponding traffic generation. To a large extent, the pressure on Makatis environment is a function of the daily flow of people and vehicles that visit and pass through the city. This implies that addressing and mitigating such pressure requires metropolitan- or even national- level measures. Problems regarding air quality, water pollution, and waste management, for example, need integration and coordination with efforts at a regional scale. Nevertheless, local efforts to address these problems are needed and will go a long way towards reducing environmental degradation.

2.6.1 Solid Waste Management

Generation Rate In 1994, the estimated total solid waste generation in Makati was 502.78 tons per day or 2,654.16 cubic meters per day. Residential households generated the most waste, accounting for almost half of the total waste generated, followed by commercial, roads/streets, and market activities. (Table 17) The total amount of waste generated daily translates to 1.03 kilograms per capita per day. Table 17. Solid Waste Generation, Makati City, 1994.
Type of Waste Generated Residential Market Commercial Construction/Demolition Roads/Streets Institutional Others Total Source: 1997 Makati City SEP Tons/day 225.95 61.09 67.67 3.721 62.70 41.53 40.12 502.78 Share (%) 44.94 12.15 13.46 0.74 12.47 8.26 7.98 100.00

Collection Rate The citys Solid Waste Management Division handles solid waste collection. Five garbage contractors have been contracted by the city to collect and haul off wastes. The contractors are required to make about 153 trips daily throughout 27 barangays of the city. Each collection truck is required to make two daily trips. Overall collection efficiency has been estimated at 86% efficiency, based on 1994 data. Solid waste collection in the CBD and in six residential villages surrounding the business district is handled by the private sector.

Collection System and Facilities Solid waste is collected through a cell system. One cell is estimated to contain from 12 to 15 cubic meters of waste. These are collected along the road/street at curbside. Residents and owners of establishments are required to discharge wastes in plastic bags or trash receptacles prior to the arrival of the collection trucks. Three types of collection trucks are used: 10-wheeler, 6-wheeler, and compactors, with 15, 10, and 8 cubic meters minimum capacity, respectively. Handcarts are utilized where narrow streets do not allow the access of collection trucks, and collection points are designated for systematic collection. The city has the following support facilities and equipment for solid waste collection: Two dispatching areas located in Districts I and II One Vanguard 3000 mechanized sweeper Two Johnston 2000 mechanical sweeper Two garbage compactors at 12.8 cubic meter per compactor

2.6.2 Pollution
Air Pollution About 60% of air pollution in Makati is attributable to motor vehicles. Road and building construction, industrial production processes, and the indiscriminate burning of trash by some residents cause the remaining 40%. In 1997, the pollution index reading at the DENR air quality monitoring station in Makati averaged 298 micrograms per cubic meter; this reading is rated poor and unhealthful, and is nearly at the alert level. The air quality monitoring station is located along Gumamela Street, Guadalupe Viejo, about 10 meters from JP Rizal Avenue and near the Pasig River and two industrial firms. To mitigate the problem of air pollution in the city, anti-smoke belching operations are conducted in strategic areas. The local government utilizes a Hartridge Smokemeter machine in conducting smoke emission tests on vehicles. Water Pollution The main sources of water pollution in Makati are the discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater and indiscriminate throwing of garbage into the river system and waterways. Only six residential villages and the CBD are served by a centralized sewerage treatment plant located in Magallanes Village.

Based on the Pasig River Water Quality Monitoring conducted in August 1997 in eight stations of Metro Manila, the dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the Guadalupe station remains below the 5 mg/l standard for Class C waters. On the other hand, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is still within the DENR standard of 10 mg/l, which is the maximum allowable at any given time. (Table 18) Table 18. Average Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the Pasig River Guadalupe Station, 1990-1995, 1997.
Year 1990-1995 (six year average) 1997 DENR standard Source: Pasig River Rehabilitation Secretariat BOD (mg/l) 10.4 3.0 10.0 DO (mg/l) 3.3 3.6 5.0

The problem on water pollution is being addressed by the city in collaboration with the private sector. The creation of the Makati Riverside Industries and Hoteliers (MARIH) has widened the campaign against all types of pollution. MARIH is composed of representatives of the local government, DENR-NCR, industrial firms located along the Pasig River, and the luxury hotels in the city.

2.6.3 Parks and Green Spaces

As of 1998, approximately 7% of the citys total land area functioned as open/recreational space, excluding memorial parks (classified as institutional space), sidewalks, center islands, and roads/streets. (Figure 28) Notably, a large part of this area is not part of the open space/recreational zones designated in the 1981 Zoning Ordinance. (Figure 29) The major parks or green spaces (whether officially designated or functioning as part of commercial developments) in the city are: Libingan ng Bayani and American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Greenbelt in the CBD, Guadalupe Nuevo and Guadalupe Viejo Cloverleaf parks along Edsa, the Magallanes Interchange Park, the Poblacion Park along JP Rizal Avenue, and Liwasang Makati along the Pasig River frontage. Liwasang Makati is a showcase of the city. Occupying two hectares, it is a garden park with a lagoon and waterfalls with perimeter walks, sitting areas, a floating gazebo and an ornamental islet, a fountain, a trellised walk with seats and lighting, art gallery, kiosks, and an amphitheater where cultural and musical performances can be staged. Liwasang Makati is being linked to Guadalupe Nuevo via a promenade overlooking Pasig River. In the CBD, several areas are being landscaped including gardens and promenades, sidewalks along major streets, and pedestrian walks that form part of the CBDs walkway network. These are intended to be integrated into a CBD landscape master plan that will complement the citys pedestrianization and traffic management programs. Tree planting is also an ongoing activity in the CBD.

About 8,000 trees were planted by the citys Park and Green Division during the 1992-1997 period. Based on the DENR standard ratio of one tree for every four persons, the city has already achieved 40% greening as of 1997. As a whole, although the city has a substantial amount of open spaces, recreational parks, and green areas, these are relatively concentrated in the barangays of Forbes Park, Post Proper North and South, West Rembo, and San Lorenzo. Additional functional open spaces, green areas, and pocket parks, whether separate or part of commercial developments, would help enhance the urban landscape in the rest of the city, especially in the CBD, where there is a concentration of commercial activities, and in the residential areas to serve local communities.

2.6.4 Environment Sector Plan

Goal A sustained and balanced environment.

Objectives Improve air quality. Improve the quality of water bodies. Regulate and control other sources of pollution. Reduce flooding. Establish more green areas. Reduce waste generation and improve the quality of waste disposal.

Policies and Strategies Intensify the campaign to improve air quality through local enforcement of existing laws and regulations and by supporting national government efforts to curb motor vehicle pollution. Provide appropriate incentives to property owners to provide green spaces beyond the legal requirement within their private lots. Encourage property owners to plant and maintain trees or to provide space for tree planting, especially for proposed construction projects prior to issuance of building permits. Intensify information dissemination regarding waste, greening program, and its policies. Intensify monitoring of uncollected garbage and open dumping. Implement polluters pay principle.

Programs/Projects

Urban Forestry/Green Space Program Adopt a Tree Program Establishment of tree and plant nurseries Roadside and pedestrian network landscaping and improvement Riverside park/green space development Development and maintenance of parks and promenades Inventory of existing trees and vacant lots CBD Landscape Program

Solid Waste Management Program Recycling and waste segregation Advocacy on proper waste disposal Ecological Waste management Issuance of citation tickets to violators of Anti-Dumping Law Oplan Tapat-Tapat

Pollution Control Program Anti-Smoke Belching Campaign Networking with various stakeholders in anti-pollution campaign

Makati Environmental Center Environmental hotline Formulation of Makati Environmental Code Creation of Environmental Adjudication Committee Establishment of Environmental Trust Fund

Oplan 95-216 Oplan Pasig River: Reclaim 18900 Oplan Daang-Tubig

2.6.5 Summary of Existing Environment Conditions

In 1994, the estimated total solid waste generation in Makati was 502.78 tons per day or 2,654.16 cubic meters per day. Residential households generated the most waste, accounting for almost half of the total waste generated, followed by commercial, roads/streets, and market activities.

Except for six residential villages and the CBD, solid waste collection is handled by the citys Solid Waste Management Division. Overall collection efficiency has been estimated at 86% efficiency, based on 1994 data. About 60% of air pollution in Makati is attributable to motor vehicles. The remaining 40% are caused by road and building construction, industrial production processes, and indiscriminate burning of trash by some residents. In 1997, the air pollution index rated poor Makatis air quality as poor, unhealthful, and nearly at the alert level. The main sources of water pollution in Makati are the discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater and indiscriminate throwing of garbage into the river system and waterways. Only six residential villages and the CBD are served by a centralized sewerage treatment plant located in Magallanes Village. The quality of water in Pasig River in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the Guadalupe station remains below the 5 mg/l standard for Class C waters; the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is still within the DENR standard of 10 mg/l, which is the maximum allowable at any given time. As a whole, although the city has a substantial amount of open spaces, recreational parks, and green areas, these are relatively concentrated in the barangays of Forbes Park, Post Proper North and South, West Rembo, and San Lorenzo. Additional open spaces, green areas, and pocket parks would help enhance the urban landscape in the rest of the city.

2.7

SOCIAL SERVICES

The delivery of basic social services plays an important role in the development of Makati City. As the city progresses and becomes more affluent, the challenge increasingly shifts to the distribution of wealth and empowerment of the poorer segment of the people. Future growth and the continued primacy of Makati City will depend, in part, on the quality of education, health, social welfare, housing, and protective services that are available to its people.

2.7.1 Education
Existing Conditions Literacy Rate As of 1994, the simple literacy (ability to read and write) rate was 99.3%. However, functional literacy (possessing both simple literacy and numerical skills) was lower at 93.6%. (Table 19) Table 19. Literacy of the Household Population 10-64 Years Old by Gender, Makati City, 1994.
Type of Both Sexes Male Female Literacy No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Simple 372,000 99.3 172,000 99.5 200,000 99.1 Functional 351,000 93.6 161,000 93.0 190,000 94.2 Source: 1994 Functional Literacy Education and Mass Media Survey, NSO

Educational Attainment According to the 1995 Census, 71.5% of the Makati City population had attained, at a minimum, a secondary level of education, while 18.6% had academic degrees. A total of 10,039 or 2.36% of the household population aged 5 years and older had no educational attainment (Table 20). Table 20. Educational Attainment, 5 Years Over, Makati City, 1995.
Highest Attainment No Grade Completed Pre-School Elementary High School Post-Secondary College Undergraduate Academic Degree holder Post Baccalaureate Not Stated Total Source: NSO, Makati City Male 4,998 6,527 39,592 67,983 8,339 30,849 35,428 1,124 5,124 199,964 Female 5,041 5,907 48,693 80,263 8,331 29,574 42,130 760 5,429 226,128 Total 10,039 12,434 88,285 148,246 16,670 60,423 77,558 1,884 10,553 426,092

Number of Schools As of 1996, Makati City had 28 public elementary schools and 5 public secondary schools. The Pamantasan ng Makati is the only public higher education institution owned and operated by the city. (Figure 30) Private schools included 15 prep/nursery, 6 elementary, 3 secondary and 9 schools offering prep, elementary and secondary levels of education. The city also has 33 vocational, technical and special schools and 18 private higher learning institutions such as Ateneo de Manila University and the Asian Institute of Management (Table 21). Table 21. Distribution of Schools by Level of Education, Makati City, 1996.
By Level Pre-School Elementary High School Higher Education Institution Vocational, Technical and Special Schools Source: DECS-Makati City No. of Public Schools 31 28 5 2 1 No. of Private Schools 25 15 12 18 33

School-going Age Population The total 1995 school-going age population for Makati City was 171,238; females outnumbered males by a difference of about 4.5% (Table 22). Table 22. School-going Age Population, Makati City, 1995.
Age Group 4 6 (Pre-School) 7 12 (Elementary) 13 16 (High School) 17 21 (College) Total Source: NSO, Makati City Male 15,980 26,509 16,497 22,744 81,730 Female 14,782 25,359 18,300 31,067 89,508 Total 30,762 51,868 34,797 53,811 171,238

Enrollment For the school year of 1996-1997, public schools enrollment accounted for 78.7% of total elementary enrollments; the balance of 21.3% enrolled in private elementary schools. At the high school level, 71.4% were enrolled at public high schools whereas 28.6% were enrolled at private high schools. (Table 23) Table 23. Enrollment Statistics by Level, Makati City, SY 1996 1997.
Type Public Private Total Pre-School 7,081 2,238 9,319 Elementary 42,622 11,523 54,145 Secondary 18,655 7,485 26,140 VocationalTechnical 221 No Data College 5,299 14,740 20,039

Source: DECS-Makati, Pamantasan ng Makati, DECS-NCR

Distribution of Public School Teachers and Teacher-Student Ratios For the school year 1996-1997, the total number of Makati City public school teachers was 2,422. About 56.3% were teaching in public elementary schools. The Pamantasan ng Makati had a total of 343 teachers. The public elementary school teacher-student ratio has been consistent at 1:31 for three consecutive year (1995-1998). In the high school level, the teacher-student ratio of 1:35 during school year 1996-1997 was the highest recorded during the same period; 1:24 in 1997-1998 was the lowest. The pre-school teacher-student ratio of 1:36 was the highest recorded during the school year 1996-1997 (Table 24). Table 24. Teacher-Student Ratios, Makati City, 1995-1998.
School Level SY 1995-96 Pre-School 1:31 Elementary 1:31 High School 1:33 Source: DECS-Makati, Makati City SY 1996-97 1:36 1:31 1:35 SY 1997-98 1:32 1:31 1:24

Textbook- and Computer-Student Ratios in Public Schools From 1995 to 1997, the public high school level maintained a constant average textbook-student ratio of 1:3. On the other hand, public elementary schools improved from a textbook-student ratio of 1:3 during the school year 1995-1996 to a 1:2 ratio during the school year 1997-1997. The pre-school level maintained the ideal 1:1 ratio from 1995 to 1997. Computer instruction is offered in all public schools. For the school year 19971998, the computer-student ratio at the public high school sophomore level was 1:577. At the elementary fourth grade level, the ratio was 1:102. At the preschool level, the ratio was 1:29. Performance Indicators Performance indicators during the school year 1996-1997 are generally better compared to those of the previous school year for public elementary schools. However, 1996-1997 performance indicators for public high schools showed a general decline from those of the previous school year (Table 25). Worth noting at the secondary level are the relatively low graduation rate, high dropout rate, and low survival rate. The high dropout rate contributed to the low completion and survival rates. The survival rate of 74.73 implies that more than 25% of the students who enrolled in the first year did not reach or finish fourth year. These may be attributed to the following: employment, relocation of squatter families, poor health, and early marriage. Some students, especially children of unemployed parents, leave school to be employed in jobs that do not require technical skills. Relocation of squatter

families likewise contributes to the dropping out of students as a substantial number of students come from squatter families. Poor health is essentially due to malnutrition. Early marriage is another common factor for the low survival rate, especially in the 15-17 age bracket. Table 25. Public School Performance Indicators, Makati City, SY 1996-1996 and SY 1996-1997.
Elementary 1995-96 1996-97 Completion Rate 83.77 86.00 Drop-Out Rate 0.19 0.18 Graduation Rate 99.22 99.26 Participation Rate 88.82 83.36 Promotion Rate 97.48 97.50 Retention Rate 93.08 96.31 Survival Rate 77.83 80.48 Transition Rate 96.15 99.26 Source: DECS-Makati, Makati City Indicators 1995-96 73.48 4.13 90.84 80.49 97.50 62.57 53.67 69.54 High School 1996-97 63.77 9.20 89.47 79.61 80.14 81.62 55.56 63.63 1997-98 71.19 3.75 93.88 76.82 86.93 85.18 74.73 72.80

Achievement Results Makati City consistently ranked first in the National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) and the National Secondary Achievement Test (NSAT) from 1995 to 1997. Table 26 indicates an improvement in the District Achievement Test (DAT) from school year 1996-1997 as compared to school year 1995-1996. On the other hand, the Regional Achievement Test showed a decline in the elementary level from school year 1996-1997 as compared to 1995-1996. Table 26. Achievement Results of Public Schools, Makati City, SY 1995-1996 and SY 1996-1997.
Elementary Indicators SY 1995-96 SY 1996-97 NEAT (MPS) 58.05 55.38 NSAT (MPS) n.a. n.a. DAT (MPS) 58.75 63.54 RAT (MPS) 59.16 58.69 Source: Division of Makati City Schools, Makati City High School SY 1995-96 SY 1996-97 n.a. n.a. 53.95 56.32 54.69 58.48 56.80 n.a.

Non-Formal Education (NFE) One of the programs to provide skills and livelihood training to unemployed adults and out-of-school youth and to achieve a 100% literacy rate is through Non-Formal Education (NFE) programs being conducted in various public schools. NFE programs are funded by Special Education Fund (SEF). In 1997, the total NFE enrollment was 5,207 consisting of 4,176 females and 1,031 males. The graduation rate was 67.9%. (Table 27)

Table 27. Non-Formal Education (NFE) Statistics, Makati City, 1997.

No. of Enrollment Graduates Class Learning Areas Male Fmale Total Male Fmale Total Vocational/Livelihood Cosmetology 11 5 177 219 224 179 2 Beauty Culture/Hair Science 10 3 93 202 205 93 0 Childrens Wear 3 0 60 60 0 Dressmaking 37 6 489 729 735 2 491 Handicraft 7 0 81 126 126 16 97 Bag Making 3 2 21 59 61 0 21 Hat/Slipper Making 2 1 20 39 40 0 20 High Speed Sewing 7 7 102 125 132 5 107 Novelty Items 7 1 120 140 141 0 120 Tailoring 13 12 178 237 249 7 185 Foods Baking 8 1 148 108 149 109 1 Bread & Pastry 5 2 93 51 95 52 1 Cooking/Culinary 5 2 95 108 97 108 0 Food Technology 2 0 38 14 38 14 0 Fruits/Vegetable Processing 2 2 39 27 41 30 3 International Cooking 1 0 20 20 20 20 0 Meat Processing 7 7 125 75 125 77 2 Party dishes 3 5 51 31 51 34 3 Special Programs Computer Literacy 74 445 1,173 1,618 775 1,091 316 Basic Electricity 4 66 1 0 67 57 57 Basic Electronics 10 177 10 10 187 117 107 Hotel & Rest. Services 6 33 80 18 113 45 27 Reflexology 5 41 75 67 116 104 37 Ref. & Airconditioning 4 80 0 0 80 65 65 Sewing Mach Repair 1 0 20 20 20 20 0 Basic Typing 11 26 186 129 212 150 21 Woodworks 2 40 0 0 40 21 21 Functional Literacy 67 86 58 153 109 51 250 1,031 4,176 5,207 744 2,792 3,536 Total Source: Division of Makati Schools

Determination of Future Needs Projected Enrollment By 2010, enrollment at the pre-school level is projected to reach 37,892; 67,536 for elementary; 46,616 for high school, and 67,070 for college. These projections are based on 90% and 100% enrollment participation rates (EPR) for 2005 and 2010, respectively, where enrollment is based on the projected population by age group. (Table 28) Table 28. Projected Enrollment by Level, Makati City, 2005 and 2010.
Level 4-6 (Preschool) 7-12 (Elem) 13-16 (HS) 2005 Popn EPR (%) Enrollmt 34,971 90 31,474 62,328 90 56,095 43,020 90 38,718 2010 Popn EPR (%) 37,892 100 67,536 100 46,616 100 Enrollmt 37,892 67,536 46,616

17-21 (College)

61,897

90

55,707

67,070

100

67,070

Teacher Requirements By 2005, the additional teacher requirement based on the 1 teacher: 50 pupils standard ratio is 464 at the pre-school level. It may be noted that there is a surplus of teachers at the elementary, high school, and college levels. However, by 2010, 44 additional preschool teachers (over the 2005 level) are needed, as well as 19 high school and 11 college teachers. Tables 29 and 30 reflect the projected teacher requirements for 2005 and 2010, respectively. Table 29. Projected Teacher Requirements for Public Schools, Makati City, 2005.
Total % Share of Projected Standard Current Projected Projected Public Enrollmnt TeacherNo. of Teacher Enrollmnt School Pupil Teachers Reqmnt Ratio Preschool 34,971 0.759 26,543 1:50 67 464 Elementary 62,328 0.787 49,052 1:50 1,365 -384 High School 43,020 0.714 30,716 1:50 647 -33 College 61,897 0.264 16,341 1:50 343 -16 Note: Negative figures for the projected teacher requirement imply that the current number of teachers exceeds the standard teacher:pupil ratio. Level

Table 30. Projected Teacher Requirements for Public Schools, Makati City, 2010.
Level Preschool Elementary High School College Total % Share of Projected Standard Projected Public Enrollmnt TeacherEnrollmnt School Pupil Ratio 37,892 0.759 28,760 1:50 67,536 0.787 53,151 1:50 46,616 0.714 33,284 1:50 67,070 0.264 17,706 1:50 Current Projected No. of Teacher Teachers Reqmnt 67 1,365 647 343 508 -302 19 11

Classroom Requirements Based on the standard 1 classroom: 50 pupils ratio, the classroom requirements by 2010 are estimated to be 532 at the preschool, 412 at the elementary, and 507 at the high school levels (Tables 31 and 32). Table 31. Projected Classroom Requirements for Public Schools, Makati City, 2005.
Level Preschool Elementary Total % Share of Projected Standard Current Projected Projected Public Enrollmnt ClassrmNo. of Classroom Enrollmnt School Pupil Classrms Reqmnt Ratio 34,971 0.759 26,543 1:50 43 488 62,328 0.787 49,052 1:50 651 330

High School College

43,020 61,897

0.714 0.264

30,716 16,341

1:50 1:50

159 No data

455 -

Table 32. Projected Classroom Requirements for Public Schools, Makati City, 2010.
Level Preschool Elementary High School College Total % Share of Projected Standard Current Projected Projected Public Enrollmnt ClassrmNo. of Classrm Enrollmnt School Pupil Classrms Reqmnt Ratio 37,892 0.759 28,760 1:50 43 532 67,536 0.787 53,151 1:50 651 412 46,616 0.714 33,284 1:50 159 507 67,070 0.264 17,706 1:50 No data -

Education Sector Plan Goal Provide quality education that will help empower and improve the livelihood opportunities of residents, particularly in the service and technology sectors.

Objectives Increase the survival and graduation rates in public elementary and high schools. Provide relevant and quality public tertiary education. Provide relevant and expanded alternative education to out-of-school youth and disadvantaged children. Promote public awareness and appreciation of Philippine history, culture, and arts.

Targets Increase the survival rate in public elementary schools to 85% in 2005 and to 90% in 2010. Increase the graduation rate in public elementary and secondary schools to 100% in 2010. Hire additional 508 preschool teachers, 19 high school, and 11 college teachers by 2010. Construct additional classrooms numbering 532 at the pre-school level, 412 at the elementary level, and 507 at the high school level by 2010. Achieve 100% employability of the graduates of the Pamantasan ng Makati in the citys business and industrial establishments. Increase the number of non-formal education graduates to 5,000 in 2005 and 6,500 in 2010. Implement at least five historical and cultural projects annually.

Strategies Enrich curricular offerings, development of appropriate teaching strategies, and production of instructional materials. Upgrade teaching and instructional competencies of both teachers and administrators through continuous staff development program. Provide modern school facilities and adequate instructional equipment and materials. Enhance the city governments capability to conduct non-formal education courses. Upgrade technical and vocational courses to meet skill requirements of the businesses in the city. Strengthen linkages with NGOs and the business sector. Intensify information, education and communication on the citys socio-civic, cultural and historical activities.

Programs/Projects Science and Technology Development Program Expanded Computer Literacy Establishment of Science and Technology Center Program of Excellence in Mathematics Dual Training System

Educational Assistance Program Scholarships Educational Loan Assistance Provision of Free Educational Supplies

Program for Gifted and Special Children Student Development Program Teacher-Child-Parent Project Guidance Project Values Education SAPAT=S4 (Student Support for School Services) Project SICAD (Signature Campaign Against Drugs) STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) Population Education

Teaching and Non-Teaching Personnel Development Program Values and Moral Recovery Program

Scholarship Grants, In-Service Trainings, Seminars and Workshops

Educational Facilities Modernization Program Upgrading of School Buildings, Facilities and Equipment Establishment of Computer-Based Library System

Continuing Education Program for Youth and Adults Non-Formal Education Project

Network-Linkage-Building Program Adopt-a-School Project Linkage with Barangay Livelihood Centers

Historical and Cultural Awareness Program Identification of Historical Sites Cultural Activities Organization of Cultural Youth Groups Adopt-a-Historical Site Project

Modernization of Museo ng Makati

2.7.2 Health
Existing Conditions Vital Health Statistics According to the Vital Health Statistics of Makati City, the total number of live births in 1996 was 13,717 (19 live births per 1,000 population). The total number of deaths was 1,389 (2.9 deaths per 1,000 population). Child mortality, infant mortality, fetal mortality, and maternal mortality numbers and rates are shown in Table 33. The leading causes of infant and child mortality were prematurity, sepsis, pneumonia, measles, H-fever, and neoplasm malignant. Table 33. Vital Health Statistics, Makati City, 1996.
Causes Live Births Total Deaths Child Mortality Infant Mortality Fetal Mortality Maternal Mortality Source: Makati Health Department Number 13,717 1,389 38 145 75 3 Rate per 1,000 Population 29.0 2.9 0.6 10.6 5.5 0.2

Mortality For all ages, the leading cause of mortality was cardiovascular disease. The Health Department reported that 5 out of 10,000 persons died of this disease in 1996 (Table 34). Table 34. Leading Causes of Mortality (All Ages), Makati City, 1996.
Causes Cardiovascular Disease Hypertensive Disease Neoplas, Malignant Pneumonia Accident Sepsis TB, Pulmonary Prematurity Diabetic Nephropathy Liver Disease Source: Makati Health Department Number 236 228 203 102 85 79 60 52 49 36 Rate per 1,000 Population 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.08

Morbidity For all ages, URI was the leading cause of morbidity with 41,705 cases or a rate of 88.4 persons per 1,000 population (Table 35). Table 35. Leading Causes of Morbidity (All Ages), Makati City, 1996.
Causes URI Pneumonia Dermatitis Diarrhea Bronchitis Hypertensive Disease Influenza Parasitism Renal Disease TB Pulmonary Source: Makati Health Department, Makati City Number 41,705 10,405 5,857 6,771 5,341 2,820 1,753 1,704 1,467 1,419 Rate per 1,000 Population 88.4 22.0 12.4 14.3 11.3 6.0 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.0

Nutritional Status of Children Table 36 illustrates the number of malnourished children aged 06 years old. Among the 25 barangays surveyed (excluding Forbes Park, Dasmarias, San Lorenzo, Bel-Air, Urdaneta and Magallanes), Barangay Cembo registered the highest malnutrition rate at 2.6%. Table 37 illustrates the nutritional status of preschool children of each barangay in 1996.

Table 36. Number and Percentage of Moderately and Severely Malnourished (0-6 Years Old), Makati City, 1996.
Nutritional Status Severely Underweight Moderately Underweight Total Source: Makati Health Department Number 44 790 834 Percent (%) 0.06 1.05 1.10

Table 37. Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children Per Barangay, Makati City, 1996.
Barangay Total Weighed Moderate Underweight 30 9 15 16 12 22 10 28 16 20 17 20 31 6 126 27 62 50 9 37 54 22 29 13 109 790 Nutritional Status Severely Total Underweight 3 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 1 6 0 3 0 2 1 0 5 2 4 3 1 2 1 4 44 33 9 16 17 12 24 10 28 18 21 23 20 34 6 128 28 62 55 11 41 57 23 31 14 113 834 Malnutrition Rate 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.5 2.6 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.7 1.3 0.6 1.9 1.1

District I Bangkal 4,335 Carmona 758 Kasiwalan 1,267 La Paz 1,670 Olympia 4,240 Palanan 2,727 Pio del Pilar 2,910 Poblacion 2,270 San Antonio 1,373 San Isidro 2,034 Sta. Cruz 1,723 Singkamas 1,742 Tejeros 4,201 Valenzuela 1,274 District II Cembo 4,903 Comembo 3,903 East Rembo 4,619 Guad. Rembo 4,710 Guad. Viejo 2,100 Pembo 5,039 Rizal 5,251 Pinagkaisahan 1,347 Pitogo 2,329 South Cembo 2,240 West Rembo 5,928 75,39 Total Source: Makati Health Department

Health Facilities As of 1997, Makati City had a total of 80 health facilities, 51 of which were government-owned. (Figure 31) These facilities include health centers, lying in clinics, hospitals, nutrition centers, social hygiene clinics, and family planning clinics. (Tables 38 and 39).

Table 38. Health Facilities, Makati City, 1997.

Facilities Public Health Centers 30 Lying-In Clinics 4 Hospitals 2 Nutrition Centers 13 Social Hygiene Clinic 1 Family Planning Clinic 1 Source: Makati Health Department, Department of Health (DOH) Private 24 5 -

Table 39. Hospitals and Number of Beds Available, Makati City, 1997.
Hospital Government Army General Hospital Ospital ng Makati Private Makati Medical Center Saint Claires Hospital Maria Lourdes Hospital Saint Augustine Hospital Jose Viray Memorial Hospital Source: Makati Health Department, Department of Health (DOH) Number 750 75 616 75 20 50

Health Personnel In 1996, the physician-population ratio for Makati City was 1:8,137. The Department of Healths standards for physician-population ratio is 1:20,000, signifying that the citys health manpower is adequate. (Table 40) Table 40. Public Health Manpower, Makati City, 1996.
Health Manpower Physicians Dentists Dental Aides Public health nurses Midwives Population Worker I-II Nutrition Officer I,II, III, IV Nutrition Dietitian III Barangay Health Aides Med. Technologist II, III, IV Sanitary Inspectors III, IV, V Total Source: Makati Health Department Number 58 47 20 53 97 8 6 5 14 9 18 325 Physician-Popn Ratio 1: 8,137 1: 10,041 1: 23,595 1: 8,904 1: 4,865 1: 59,000 1: 78,655 1: 94,386 1: 33,709 1: 52,437 1: 26,218

Health Sector Plan Goal Provide a comprehensive community-based and quality health care delivery system.

Objectives Improve the health status of the residents, particularly the disadvantaged and vulnerable sectors. Improve the nutritional status of public school children.

Targets Reduce infant mortality to 5 deaths per 1,000 by 2005 and 1 death per 1,000 by 2010. Sustain immunization rate of 100%. Achieve a zero malnutrition rate by 2010.

Strategies Enhance capabilities of health personnel. Promote healthy lifestyle through information, education and communication. Tap NGOs and business sector for health programs and activities. Strengthen subsidized hospitalization services. Provide alternative health financing schemes. Develop Health Information System.

Programs/Projects Medical Services Child Care Program Expanded Program on Immunization Control of Diarrheal Diseases Under Five Clinic Control of Acute Respiratory Infection Maternal Care Program Elder Program Tuberculosis Control Program Leprosy Control Program Nutrition Program Health Education Program Traditional Medicine Dental Services

Social Hygiene Clinic Services Laboratory Services Environmental Sanitation Program Water Surveillance and Monitoring Insect and Vermin Control Food Sanitation Solid Waste Management Excreta and Sewage Disposal Public Place Sanitation Monitoring Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Nuisance and Offensive Trades and Occupation Monitoring Pollution Monitoring

Improvement of Subsidized Hospitalization Services Health Facilities Expansion Program

2.7.3 Social Welfare

Existing Conditions Family and Community Welfare Socially disadvantaged families are the main beneficiaries of family and welfare services. These services seek to develop their capabilities to define their needs and to identify appropriate responses. Table 41 shows the beneficiaries of the Family and Community Welfare Program for the period 1995-1997. Table 41. Number of Beneficiaries of Family and Community Welfare Program, Makati City, 1995-1997.
Service Type Pre-Marriage Counseling Responsible Parenthood Service Parent Effectiveness Service Social Preparation for Peoples Participation Skills and Livelihood Training Capital Loan Assistance Source: Makati Social Welfare Department No. of Beneficiaries 1995 1996 1997 845 1,330 1,140 410 1,140 25 50 25 55 1,360 4,016 3,075 50 112 115

Child and Youth Protection Children in especially difficult circumstances (CEDC) include streetchildren, abused, maltreated, abandoned, orphaned, and neglected children, juvenile delinquents, and youthful offenders. The city has a program for streetchildren in collaboration with NGOs. It maintains a Kalinga Drop-In Center that provides for the rehabilitation of streetchildren and a streetschool in barangay Pio del Pilar.

Table 42 shows the number of 1995-1997 CEDC beneficiaries. Table 42. Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances Given Services, Makati City, 1995-1997.
Category Streetchildren Maltreated Abused and Exploited Youthful Offenders Total Source: Makati Social Welfare Department 1995 276 8 9 32 325 No. of Beneficiaries 1996 221 45 77 99 442 1997 187 49 50 105 391

Womens Welfare The Womens Welfare Program of the city promotes the welfare of women by giving preferential treatment for the prevention and eradication of the exploitation of women. For the years 1995-1997, a total of 581 battered, abused, and disadvantaged women were served under the program. Disabled and Elderly Table 43 shows the number of disabled persons by type of disability while Table 44 shows the services provided to the disabled and the elderly. The most number of disabilities were orthopedic and speech impairment. In terms of assistance to the elderly, Senior Citizen Identification Cards were issued to over 4,500 elderly persons, as provided for under RA 7432. Service assistance provided to the disabled and the elderly increased by about 36% from 1995-1996, and by about 8% from 1996-1997. Table 43. Number of Disabled Persons, Makati City, 1997.
Disability Type Visual Impairment Hearing Impairment Speech Impairment Orthopedic Impairment Mental Impairment/Disability Others Total Source: Makati Social Welfare Department No. of Persons 392 215 402 523 361 20 1,913

Table 44. Number of Disabled and Elderly Provided Services, Makati City, 1995-1997.
Type of Service IEC on Disability Prevention Assistance for Physical Restoration Self and Social Enhancement Medical Assistance Counseling 1995 114 300 1996 160 4 464 107 215 1997 69 34 60 85 82

Special Social Services for Senior Citizens Discounted ID Cards for Senior Citizens Discounted ID Cards for Persons with Disability Total Source: Makati Social Welfare Department

34 4,574 24 5,046

24 3,723 4,697

200 4,648 23 5,181

Emergency Assistance The citys Emergency Assistance Program provides relief, mitigation, restoration, and rehabilitation services to victims of natural and man-made calamities and other social problems. Table 45 shows the number of beneficiaries served under this program. Table 45. Beneficiaries of Emergency Assistance, Makati City, 1995-1997.
Type of Service Food & Clothing Assistance to Fire Victims Food Assistance to Typhoon Victims Food Assistance to Relocated Families Burial Assistance to Indigent Residents Assistance to Mendicants/Vagrants Total Source: Makati Social Welfare Department 1995 114 1,492 168 242 2,016 1996 28 30 104 160 322 1997 155 1,855 670 120 602 3,402

Social Welfare Sector Plan Goal Expand the delivery of social welfare services to protect and uplift the socioeconomic condition of the disadvantaged and vulnerable sector.

Objectives Increase accessibility of social services and facilities to all depressed communities. Promote strong interpersonal relationships within and among families. Enable the disadvantaged and disabled sectors of the population to enhance or restore their desired social functions.

Targets Decrease the number of children in especially difficult circumstances to 700 by 2020. Provide livelihood and skills training to at least 5,000 persons annually. Provide capital loan assistance to at least 2,000 persons annually.

Strategies Foster stronger partnership between government organizations, NGOs, and community based organizations.

Provide a more comprehensive and community-based skills training and livelihood development program. Strengthen the capabilities of social welfare personnel in the delivery of services. Establish social welfare facilities to cater to special groups particularly the youth, pre-school children, elderly, women and other individuals with special needs. Enhance parent effectiveness to attain self-reliance and achieve selfmanagement capabilities through marriage counseling, responsible parenthood, and various livelihood development services. Intensify information campaign on the Family Code, Child and Youth Welfare Code, and other laws on womens and childrens rights.

Programs/Projects Family and Community Welfare Program Women Welfare Program Child Welfare Program Youth Welfare Program Day Care Services Program Program for the Elderly and Persons with Disability Emergency Assistance Program Livelihood and Skills Development Program Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) Program

2.7.4 Housing
Existing Conditions The presence and proliferation of informal settlements (squatters) remains a problem. Aside from migration, other factors which contribute to the formation of informal settlements are scarcity of land for socialized housing due to increasing commercialization and subsequent high land values, and unaffordable housing units. The number of informal settler families increased from 2,540 in 1986 to 6,746 in 1996 based on city government estimates (Table 46). Estimates of the National Housing Authority, however, put the number of families at 12,431 in 1998. These families are mostly found along the right-of-way of the Philippine National Railways, Pasig River easement, and Tripa de Gallina Creek. In terms of barangay distribution, a majority of these families are located in Bangkal, Tejeros, San Antonio, La Paz, Palanan, Pio del Pilar, and San Isidro. Moreover, some 37 government land parcels located in 22 barangays and 36 private land parcels located in 12 barangays of the city are occupied by these families.

Table 46. Number of Squatter Families, Makati City, 1996.

Barangay District I Bangkal Carmona Kasilawan La Paz Olympia Palanan Pio del Pilar Poblacion San Antonio San Isidro San Lorenzo Singkamas Sta. Cruz Tejeros Valenzuela District I Cembo Comembo East Rembo Guadalupe Nuevo Guadalupe Viejo Pinagkaisahan Pitogo West Rembo Total Source: Makati Tenement Housing Division No. of Squatter Families 6,234 1,342 129 64 534 131 520 573 16 627 503 48 488 210 863 186 512 31 20 7 282 52 45 16 59 6,746

The city government has responded by building medium-rise tenements that rent out the units to poor families. The tenement in Barangay Tejeros (completed in 1990) benefited 314 families while another in Barangay Rizal will benefit 480 families. The national government constructed BLISS Housing units in Tejeros, Makati Manlo, and Guadalupe that benefited 951 families. Another housing endeavor, the Coryville Housing Project in Barangay La Paz was constructed through a joint venture program between the national government-NGO under the Community Mortgage Program and benefited some 254 families (Table 47). Table 47. Socialized Housing Projects, Makati City, 1996.
Project Tejeros Tenement Makati Pabahay Tenement Guadalupe BLISS Makati Manlo BLISS Location H. Santos, Tejeros Milkweed, Rizal J.P.Rizal Ext. Vito Cruz Ext. No. of Units 316 480 564 163

Tejeros BLISS H. Santos, Tejeros Coryville Housing Vito Cruz Ext., La Paz Sources: Makati Tenement Housing Division, BLISS Housing Corporation

224 254

Housing Sector Plan Goal Transform Makati City into a squatter-free city.

Objectives Provide affordable housing to low-income families. Improve existing blighted areas into acceptable dwelling units and self-reliant communities.

Targets Develop at least two Areas for Priority Development (APDs) as model for future on-site development by 2005 and another 2 APDs by 2010. Reduce the number of informal settler families to 4,700 by 2005 and 3,200 by 2010.

Strategies Prioritize the housing needs of informal settlers through the Socialized Housing Program. Strict implementation of the role of the local government as provided by the Urban Development and Housing Act. Promote private sector participation in high and medium rise housing for low and middle families. Implement on-site development scheme on APDs. Comprehensive off-site resettlement program for informal settlers. Enact ordinances in setting policies/guidelines on squatting, on-site development, and relocation of informal settlers based on existing laws. Create City Inter-Agency Body on Housing that will oversee the implementation of local government policies/guidelines and programs. Reestablish the Makati Shelter Development Office that will serve as the implementing office of housing concerns and act as secretariat to the Housing Committee.

Programs/Projects Makati Socialized Housing Program Review of existing policies on tenement housing application and regulations

Survey of vacant lands for future tenement sites Master listing of all qualified squatter families for resettlement projects Land acquisition study on private land occupied by informal settlers Rehabilitation and maintenance of Tejeros Tenement as model for future tenement projects

On-Site Development Program Review of existing APDs based on existing policies/guidelines Pilot of APDs for on-site development Assessment and evaluation of pilot APDs as model for blighted areas

Resettlement Program Identification of qualified informal settlers for application in NHA-led relocation and resettlement projects Provision of funds for relocation and transport assistance families

Squatter Prevention and Surveillance Program Creation of a committee to monitor migration in the barangays Establishment of Barangay Migration Information Center Immediate demolition and eviction of illegal structures in accordance with existing laws, policies, and guidelines Information dissemination drive on housing laws

2.7.5 Protective Services

Existing Conditions Crime Incidence In 1996, there were a total of 761 crimes, 50.5% of which were index crimes or those against property, person, and chastity. The remaining 49.5% were nonindex crimes, most of which were related to dangerous drugs and other vices (Table 48). There has been a noticeable increase in drug-related cases, from 79 cases in 1995 to 208 cases in 1996. Table 48. Crime Incidence, Makati City, 1996.
Classification Total Index Crime Crime vs Person Murder Homicide Physical Injuries Crime vs Property Robbery Theft Number 384 93 3 8 82 267 37 230 Rate 50.46

Crime vs Chastity Rape Total Non-Index Crime Dangerous Drugs Other Crimes Crime Volume Crime Solution Efficiency Average Monthly Crime Rate Average Monthly Index Crime Rate Source: Makati Police Station

24 24 377 208 169 761

49.54

92.5 13.09 10.00

Police Protection The city has 10 existing police stations with an actual strength of 632 and an effective strength of 531. Based on the 1995 population of the city, the police to population ratio is 1 policemen: 911 residents, which is better than the minimum standard of 1:1,000 but falls short of the 1:500 standard for a highly urbanized city. Table 49 shows the logistics including vehicles, firearms, and signal radios. Table 49. Police Force and Logistics, Makati City, 1996.
Classification Police Stations/Substations Police Manpower Actual Strength Effective Strength Policeman : Population Ratio Logistics Total Vehicles Firearms Signal Radios Source: Makati Police Station Number 10 632 531 1:911 64 873 248

The city also has Emergency 168 which provides immediate police assistance during fire, vehicular accidents, domestic problems, and reported cases of nuisance. It has 10 mobile cars and as rescue van manned by trained paramedics. Other peacekeeping forces in the city include the Makati Public Safety Assistance (MAPSA) and the Makati Parking Authority (MAPA). The MAPSA has 1,258 members who assist in directing traffic in minor intersections, securing public buildings/offices, and maintaining peace and order in the barangays of the city. The MAPA is a joint effort between the business sector and the city government to regulate on-street parking in the central business district. Traffic wardens are responsible for implementing the on-street pay-parking scheme in designated areas, facilitating vehicle flow, and providing security to parked vehicles. Fire Incidence and Protection In 1996, fire occurrences numbered 224. The majority of these occurrences were structural and electrical in nature. The total amount of fire damages was estimated at Php 32.4 million.

The city has nine fire stations and a central fire station. Each sub-station is equipped with at least one fire truck, aerial ladder and water tanker. The fire fighting force is 230, resulting in a fireman: population ratio of 1:2,131, which is below the standard of 1:500. To augment the fire-fighting force, the Fire Department taps volunteer fire brigades from the business sector, Fil-Chinese Fire Brigade, NGOs and city government organizations. Determination of Future Needs Based on the standard policeman and fireman to population ratios, it is estimated that additional 701 policemen and 1,002 firemen will be required by 2010 (Tables 50 and 51). Table 50. Projected Police Requirements, Makati City, 2005 and 2010.
Year 2005 2010 Projected Population 568,420 615,889 Standard Police:Popn Ratio 1:500 1:500 Police Force Reqmnt 1,137 1,232 Current Police Force 531 531 Additional Reqmnt 606 701

Table 51. Projected Fire Fighting Force Requirements, Makati City, 2005 and 2010.
Year 2005 2010 Projected Population 568,420 615,889 Standard Fireman: Popn Ratio 1:500 1:500 Fireman Force Reqmnt 1,137 1,232 Current Fireman Force 230 230 Additional Reqmnt 907 1,002

Protective Services Sector Plan Goal Promote public safety in the community and protect the residents from all forms of lawlessness, criminality, and other threats to peace and order.

Objectives Reduce the incidence of crimes and drug-related cases. Improve crime solution efficiency and response time of law enforcers and other public safety agencies. Protect the residents from potential damages to properties brought about by fire and other man-made calamities.

Targets Reduce the crime incidence to 450 by 2005 and 300 by 2010.

Increase crime solution efficiency to 95% by 2005 and 98% by 2020. Reduce drug-related crimes to 145 in 2005 and 100 in 2020. Increase response time to an average of 10 minutes by 2020. Increase the number of effective police strength to 1,137 by 2005 and 1,232 by 2020. Increase the number of firemen to 1,137 by 2005 and 1,232 by 2020.

Strategies Increase police visibility. Provide increased logistic support in terms of modern and adequately maintained facilities and equipment. Implement job enhancement programs for protective service workers or law enforcers. Provide adequate incentives, rewards, and other fringe benefits to peacekeeping personnel. Promote community participation in crime solving. Strict enforcement of existing laws and ordinances. Strengthen the barangay justice system. Formulate and regularly update contingency plans and disaster preparedness programs.

Programs/Projects Coordinated Program of Action on Crime Prevention Barangay at Pulisya Laban sa Krimen Joint patrolling of police, MAPSA, Barangay Tanods and Bantay Bayan volunteers Installation of security network system to protect banks and other financial institutions

Facilities and Equipment Modernization Program Provision of modern police, fire, and rescue equipment Upgrading of existing police, fire, and rescue facilities and equipment Development and implementation of a computerized Public Safety Monitoring System and Criminal Cases Monitoring System Computerization of police clearance and records Upgrading of city jail Establishment of a City Drug Rehabilitation Center

Information and Education Campaign Conduct of public symposia Printing and distribution of primers, leaflets, flyers, etc.

Seminars/lectures in schools with emphasis on illegal drugs

Capability Building and Moral Recovery Program Conduct of training and value orientation Training of volunteers and community support groups Development and implementation of incentive package in terms of allowances, fringe benefits, and performance incentives Training of Lupon Tagapamayapa on arbitration and settlement of cases at the barangay level

Community Relations Enhancement Program Ang Kaibigan Kong Pulis Project in schools Police on Community Immersion Project Continuous dialogues with barangay officials and residents Annual Search for Outstanding Barangay Captain Drug Buster Training of StreetWatch 117 volunteers

Emergency Preparedness Program Formulation/updating of city disaster preparedness plan Conduct of regular meetings of the City Disaster Coordinating Council Upgrading of Rescue 168 facilities and personnel Earthquake and fire mitigation seminars for building owners and administrators

2.7.6 Summary of Existing Social Sector Conditions

Education The Citys simple literacy rate is high at 99.3%, although functional literacy is lower at 93.6%. Teacher-student ratios in public schools have been consistent or have reached their highest levels ever. Indicators show improvements in the performance of students compared to previous years. Makati City has ranked first in the National Elementary Achievement Test and the National Secondary Achievement Test in recent years. By 2005, the additional teacher requirements based on the 1 teacher: 50 pupils standard ratio are 464 at the pre-school level. There is a surplus of teachers at the elementary, high school, and college levels but additional teachers will be needed to address requirements beyond 2005. Based on the standard 1 classroom: 50 pupils ratio, classroom requirements by 2010 were estimated to be 532 at the preschool, 412 at the elementary, and 507 at the high school levels.

Health Prematurity, sepsis, and pneumonia are the leading causes of infant and child mortality. Upper respiratory infections (URI), pneumonia and diarrhea are the leading causes of infant and child morbidity. For all ages, the leading cause of mortality is cardiovascular disease, while URI is the leading cause of morbidity. Among the 25 barangays surveyed, Barangay Cembo registered the highest malnutrition rate at 2.6%. Makati City has a total of 30 public health centers including the City Employees Clinic. There are 7 hospitals, 2 of which are public and 5, private. In 1996, the physician-population ratio for Makati City was 1:8,137 while the nurse-population ratio was 1:8,904. The Department of Healths standards for physician-population ratio is 1:20,000, signifying that the citys health manpower is adequate.

Social Welfare Socially disadvantaged families are the main beneficiaries of family and welfare services. The City maintains a Kalinga Drop-In Center that provides for the rehabilitation of streetchildren and a streetschool in Barangay Pio del Pilar. The Womens Welfare Program of the city promotes the welfare of women by giving preferential treatment for the prevention and eradication of the exploitation of women. Among the types of disability, orthopedic and speech impairment numbered the greatest. The Citys Emergency Assistance Program provides relief, mitigation, restoration, and rehabilitation services to victims of natural and man-made calamities and other social problems.

Housing The number of informal settlers (squatters) has increased from 2,540 in 1986 to 6,746 in 1996 based on city government estimates. Aside from migration, other factors which contribute to the problem are scarcity of land for socialized housing due to high land values, and unaffordable housing units Informal settlements are mostly found along the railroad tracks, Pasig River easement, and Tripa de Gallina Creek. A majority are located in Bangkal, Tejeros, San Antonio, La Paz, Palanan, and San Isidro. A total of 37 government lots located in 22 barangays and 36 private lots located in 12 barangays of the City are occupied by informal settlers. The city government has built medium-rise tenements that rent out the units to poor families. The tenement in Barangay Tejeros benefited 314 families while another in Barangay Rizal will benefit 480 families.

The national government constructed BLISS Housing units in Tejeros, Makati Manlo, and Guadalupe that benefited 951 families. Another housing endeavor is the Coryville Housing Project in Barangay La Paz.

Protective Services About 50% of crimes committed in the city are index crimes (against property, person, and chastity) while the other half are primarily non-index crimes, most of which are related to dangerous drugs and other vices. There has been a noticeable increase in drug-related cases. The city has 10 police stations with an actual strength of 632 and effective strength of 531. Based on the 1995 population, the police to population ratio is 1 policemen: 911 residents, which is below the minimum standard of 1:1,000 and the standard of 1:500 required for a highly urbanized city. The city has Emergency 168 which provides immediate police assistance during fire, vehicular accidents, domestic problems, and reported cases of nuisance. Other peacekeeping forces in the city include the Makati Public Safety Assistance (MAPSA) and the Makati Parking Authority (MAPA). The city has nine fire stations and a central fire station. The fireman: population ratio is 1:2,131, which is below the standard of 1:500. To augment the fire-fighting force, the Fire Department taps volunteer fire brigades from the business sector, Fil-Chinese Fire Brigade, NGOs and city government organizations. It is estimated that additional 701 policemen and 1,002 firemen will be required by 2010.

2.8

PUBLIC FINANCE

The role of public finance in Makati City is unique among the cities of the country in that the levels of both the demand for public service expenditures and the amount of revenues are among the highest in the country. Revenues have increased but the need to provide public services, infrastructure, and utilities has also been increasing. Makati, however, has more options because it does not have to rely on national government allocations as much as other local governments. This allows the city to consider revenue generation opportunities provided by the Local Government Code. Ultimately, prudent as well as innovative financial management will be needed to ensure future growth.

2.8.1 General Trends in City Expenditures

For the period 1992 to 1998, total expenditures exhibited an increasing trend. Total expenditures increased from Php 750.9 million in 1992 to Php 5.2 billion in 1998, with an average annual increase of 39.6% (Tables 52 and 53).

In terms of expenditure levels, General Government registered the largest increase. From Php 248.9 million in 1992, it grew at an average annual rate of 34.6%, reaching Php 1.3 billion in 1998. Capital Outlay, which reflects the quality of urban infrastructure and utilities, increased during the 7-year period, exhibiting an average annual growth of 41.6%. A large increase in capital outlay occurred in 1998, reflecting a growth rate of 120.7% from its 1997 level. Figure 32 shows the trends in total expenditures from 1992 to 1998. Table 52. Total Expenditures, by Expenditure Item, Makati City, 1992-1998 (PhpX1000).
Item Current General Govt
PubWelfare

1992 527,146 248,904

172,633

1993 550,973 275,388

155,225

1994 1,180,454 511,378

488,191

1995 1,933,937 793,929

634,570

1996 2,137,419 1,029,410

566,787

1997 3,475,010 1,211,129

1,177,389

1998 4,091,435 1,313,227

1,460,946

58,107 78,278 Eco Dev 47,500 42,081 Other Charges 223,800 337,941 Capital Outlay 750,947 888,915 Total Source of Data: Office of the City Accountant

126,117 54,766 247,562 1,428,016

164,175 341,261 464,044 2,397,982

280,312 260,907 626,384 2,763,803

383,336 703,155 514,341 3,989,351

512,461 804,800 1,135,360 5,226,796

Table 53. Growth Rate, by Expenditure Item, Makati City, 1992-1998.

Item
Current General Govt Pub Welfare Eco Dev Other Charges Capital Outlay Total

1993
4.52% 10.64% -10.08% 34.71% -11.41% 51.00% 18.37%

1994
114.25% 85.69% 214.50% 61.11% 30.14% -26.74% 60.65%

1995
63.83% 55.25% 29.98% 30.18% 523.12% 87.45% 67.92%

1996
10.52% 29.66% -10.68% 70.74% -23.55% 34.98% 15.26%

1997
62.58% 17.65% 107.73% 36.75% 169.50% -17.89% 44.34%

1998
17.74% 8.43% 24.08% 33.68% 14.46% 120.74% 31.02%

Avg Annual Growth

45.57% 34.55% 59.26% 44.53% 117.05% 41.59% 39.59%

Source of Basic Data: Office of the City Accountant

2.8.2 Distribution of Expenditures

Current Expenditures had an average share of 76.9% while Capital Outlay contributed an average share of 23.1% over the period 1992-1998 (Table 54). General Government Expenditures, which include wages and other recurrent expenses, consistently topped the list of the Citys Current Expenditures with an average share of 42.4% for the 7-year period (Table 55).

2.8.3 General Trends in City Revenues

Total Revenues increased from Php 791.9 million in 1992 to Php 4.0 billion in 1998 (Table 56). Revenues from both Local Sources and Aids and Allotments increased steadily during the 7-year period, from Php 758.8 million in 1992 to Php 3.7 billion in 1998 for Local Sources, and Php 33.0 million in 1992 to Php 365.2 million in 1998 for Aids and Allotments. Total Revenues grew at an average rate of 33.7% from 1992 to 1998 (Table 57). Among the revenue items, Aids and Allotments grew the fastest at an average annual rate of 56.6%, followed by Non-Tax Revenues at 55.4%, and Tax Revenues at 32.7%. Among the Tax Revenue items, Business Taxes grew faster (35.7% annually) compared to Real Property Taxes (34.0%). It may be noted that Tax Revenues declined in 1998. Among the Non-Tax Revenue items, Receipts from Economic Enterprises grew at an average annual rate of 224.6%; other Receipts grew at 174.4%. Fees and Charges grew at a modest annual rate of 4.07%. (Figure 33) Table 54. Share to Total Expenditures, By Expenditure Item, Makati City, 19921998
70.20% 61.98% 82.66% 80.65% 77.34% 87.11% 78.28% 76.89% 29.80% 38.02% 17.34% 19.35% 22.66% 12.89% 21.72% 23.11% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Source of Basic Data: Office of the City Accountant

Item Current Expend. Capital Outlay Total Expend.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Ave. Share

Table 55. Share to Current Expenditures, By Expenditure Item, Makati City, 19921998
Item General Govt Public Welfare Economic Dev Other Charges Current Expend. 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Ave. Share
47.22% 49.98% 43.32% 41.05% 48.16% 34.85% 32.10% 42.38% 32.75% 28.17% 41.36% 32.81% 26.52% 33.88% 35.71% 33.03% 11.02% 14.21% 10.68% 8.49% 13.11% 11.03% 12.53% 11.58% 9.01% 7.64% 4.64% 17.65% 12.21% 20.23% 19.67% 13.01% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Source of Basic Data: Office of the City Accountant

Table 56. Revenues, by Revenue Item, Makati City, 1992-1998 (PhpX1000)

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995
2,107,527 1,736,460 953,231 783,229 371,066 85,826 125,665 150,000 9,575 262,823 262,040 782,445 2,370,350

1996
3,672,701 2,343,370 901,199 1,442,171 1,329,330 105,166 140,819 1,000,000 83,345 279,117 279,117 3,951,818

1997
3,372,046 2,890,488 1,180,216 1,710,271 481,558 197,895 143,387 90,275 50,000 334,876 334,876 3,706,923

1998
3,680,847 2,875,174 1,169,309 1,705,865 805,673 220,940 134,280 450,451 365,189 337,862 27,326 4,046,036

Local Sources 758,795 1,031,370 1,571,481 Tax Rev 559,938 812,382 1,282,555 RPT 240,528 318,088 516,910 Bus. Tax 319,409 494,294 765,644 NonTax Rev 198,856 218,987 288,925 Eco Ent 4,899 61,207 127,660 Fees 107,242 103,578 115,129 Loans Receipts 86,714 54,201 46,135 InterGovt Aids 33,082 64,226 110,033 IRA 33,082 53,321 110,033 Other Aid 10,904 Total Income 791,877 1,095,596 1,681,514 Source of Data: Office of the City Accountant

Table 57. Growth Rate, by Revenue Item, Makati City, 1992-1998

Item
Local Sources Tax Revenue RPT Business Taxes Non-Tax Revenues Eco Ent 1149.24% -3.42% Fees / Charges -37.50% Other Receipts Aids And Allotments 94.14% 38.35% Total Income 1993 35.92% 45.08% 32.25% 54.75% 10.12% 1994 1995 1996 52.37% 34.11% 74.27% 57.88% 35.39% 34.95% 62.51% 84.41% -5.46% 54.90% 2.30% 84.13% 31.94% 28.43% 258.25% 108.57% -32.77% 22.53% 11.15% 9.15% 12.06% -14.88% -79.25% 770.44% 71.32% 138.86% 6.20% 53.48% 40.97% 66.72% Avg 1997 1998 Growth -8.19% 9.16% 32.94% 23.35% -0.53% 32.69% 30.96% -0.92% 33.96% 18.59% -0.26% 35.73% -63.77% 67.31% 55.38% 88.17% 11.65% 224.57% 1.82% -6.35% 4.07% 8.31% 398.97% 174.35% 19.98% 9.05% 56.59% -6.20% 9.15% 33.74%

Source of Basic Data: Office of the City Accountant

2.8.4 Distribution of Revenues

Revenues from Local Sources comprised an average share of 92.5% of the Total Revenues for the period 1992-1998 (Table 58). Tax Revenues accounted for almost two-thirds of internally generated revenues. Externally generated revenues in the form of Aids and Allotments had a meager share in the citys Total Revenues with an average share of 7.5% over the 7-year period. This implies that, unlike most local government units, Makati City is capable of generating revenues internally and is not dependent on the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from national government (Table 59). This can be attributed to the large amount of revenues generated from business activities based in the Central Business District. Table 60 shows that Business Taxes comprise the bulk of Tax Revenues as well as Total Local Revenues, a pattern evident in major cities of the world (Figure 34). This contrasts with current revenue patterns in most cities and municipalities in the Philippines wherein Tax Revenues and Total Local Revenues are heavily dependent on Real Property Taxes.

Table 58. 1998

Item Local Tax Rev NonTax Aids Total

Share to Total Revenues, by Revenue Item, Makati City, 19921992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Ave. Share

95.82% 94.14% 93.46% 88.91% 92.94% 90.97% 90.97% 92.46% 70.71% 74.15% 76.27% 73.26% 59.30% 77.98% 71.06% 71.82% 25.11% 19.99% 17.18% 15.65% 33.64% 12.99% 19.91% 20.64% 4.18% 5.86% 6.54% 11.09% 7.06% 9.03% 9.03% 7.54% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Table 59. Share of IRA to Total Revenues, Makati City, 1992-1998 Year Share
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 4.18% 4.87% 6.54% 11.05% 7.06% 9.03% 8.35%

Table 60. Share to Local Sources, by Revenue Item, Makati City, 19921998
Ave. Share Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Tax Rev 73.79% 78.77% 81.61% 82.39% 63.81% 85.72% 78.11% 77.74% RPT 31.70% 30.84% 32.89% 45.23% 24.54% 35.00% 31.77% 33.14% Bus Tax 42.09% 47.93% 48.72% 37.16% 39.27% 50.72% 46.34% 44.61% Non Tax 26.21% 21.23% 18.39% 17.61% 36.19% 14.28% 21.89% 22.26% Eco Ent 0.65% 5.93% 8.12% 4.07% 2.86% 5.87% 6.00% 4.79% Fees 14.13% 10.04% 7.33% 5.96% 3.83% 4.25% 3.65% 7.03% Loans 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7.12% 27.23% 0.00% 0.00% 4.91% Others 11.43% 5.26% 2.94% 0.45% 2.27% 2.68% 12.24% 5.32% Interlocal 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.48% 0.00% 0.21% Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2.8.5 Fiscal Constraints

As in most local government units in the Philippines, the key obstacles toward the improvement of local government financial management systems in Makati City include the following: Negative Inertia: Efforts toward the improvement of financial management systems are hampered by negative inertia that has been in place for several decades. Existing systems are largely iniquitous in that they tend not to recognize or reward good fiscal performance, nor penalize non-compliance.

The negative growth rate in Real Property Taxes in 1996 and 1998, the negative growth rate in Business Taxes in 1998, and the generally declining share of Revenue from Taxation suggest that revenue collection could be made more efficient. This includes a reduction in the practice of income under-declaration and tax evasion. Outdated and Cumbersome Systems and Approaches: The efficiency of existing systems as well as attempts at introducing improvements are inhibited by the use of cumbersome and outdated systems that were imposed on local finance officials with virtually no technical support. As a result, there is a lack of appreciation of how interrelated systems and processes form part of the overall financial management of the local government, or how these can be utilized to maximize their effectivity. A relevant example here is the need to strengthen interaction within the planning-investment programming-budgeting process. Need for Increased Appreciation of Available Options and Key Concepts: There is a need to increase the appreciation for key concepts and alternatives involved in local financial management. These concepts and alternatives are particularly important in assisting local efforts to respond to dynamic situations that require substantial financial management flexibility. A basic step towards this objective is understanding the extent of the revenue generation powers vested by the Local Government Code on cities. Some of the specific concepts and options that should be considered, for example, are user charges and cost recovery mechanisms. Improving Dialogue and Information Sharing: Substantial improvement in financial management can be achieved by improving communication systems that allow sharing of ideas, innovations and problems regarding revenue mobilization, budgeting, credit finance, and investment programming. Dialogue and information sharing are particularly important among the different technical divisions of the city (Urban Development Department, Offices of the City Treasurer, City Accountant, and City Budget Officer) and interagency bodies (City Development Council and Local Finance Committee).

2.8.6 Recommendations
In order to provide appropriate funding for the Citys capital and other investment requirements, it is suggested that Makati Citys financial management system be improved through the following: Update and train the financial management skills of local officials. Improve information systems that will assist local financial management.

Institutionalize the capital investment programming process. Utilize the appropriate capital-financing scheme with the specific project requirement. Financing schemes that are available to local governments for capital project financing include the following: Pay-as-you-go Debt Financing BOT Method Special Assessments Central Government and Foreign Grants: Joint Financing Land Readjustment

Assess the feasibility of tapping alternative financial resource mobilization tools. Those that are currently available to Philippine cities under the 1992 Local Government Code can be grouped into five categories: Land-based Community activity-based Infrastructure-based Debt-based Revenue sharing

(See Annexes C-1 to C-3 for descriptions of capital financing schemes available to local governments, the various resource mobilization tools, and relevant laws on capital investment planning.)