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Atom vs Elements Atoms vs Ions vs Molecules Electrons vs Neutrons vs Protons Electrical Charge:
Cation vs Anion vs Electrically neutral
Atomic Number vs Atomic (Mass) Number Isotopes vs Radioisotopes Radioisotope Tracers and Decay
(12C6) : 6 electrons and 6 protons; 6 neutrons (14C6) (14N7) decay: 1 n0 1 e- + 1 p+ (14N7) : 7 electrons and 7 protons; 7 neutrons
Uptake of tracer in the lymph nodes involved with lymphoma in the groin, both axilla, and neck (red areas)
Compound vs Molecule
Covalent Bonds
Nonbonding electrons 1 1 Bonding electrons
Polar vs Nonpolar molecules Result: Partially positive and partially negative regions within the molecule
Electronegativity Difference 0.4 or less Greater than 0.4 to 1.5 Between 1.5 and 2.0 (between nonmetals) Between 1.5 and 2.0 (metal and nonmetal) Greater than 2.0
Ionic Ionic
Attraction that forms between a partially positive hydrogen atom and another atom (partially negative atom) in a separate or same molecule
23
Universal solvent
Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Fig. 2-7c, p. 26
Universal solvent
Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension) Capillarity
pH
A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution The more hydrogen ions, the lower the pH
Blood pH: 7.35 7.45 Buffer Function: prevent sudden changes in pH donating hydrogen ions accepting hydrogen ions
Acidosis and Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
HO
Fig. 2-13a, p. 31
Polysaccharide - Amylose
Fig. 2-13b, p. 31
Polysaccharide - Glycogen
Fig. 2-13c, p. 31
1)Triacylglycerols 1)Triacylglycerols yield 2.5 times more energy than glycogen. glycogen. 2) Stored without water thus less bulk and weight as compared to glycogen which binds water double its weight. weight. 3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours fasting while stored lipids will provide energy for several weeks.
Composition: Glycerol 2 fatty acids Phosphoric acid Amino alcohols (e.g. choline) choline)
Sphingophospholipid
Sphingoglycolipid (Glycosphingolipids)
Function: Protection Examples: Beeswax (Honeycomb) Carnauba wax (Brazilian Palm tree) Jojoba wax (Jojoba plant) Lanolin (Waxes from Sheeps wool)
Plant Waxes
WOOL WAX
Interconversion of Lipoproteins
Arteries thicken, lose elasticity, and fill up with cholesterol, other lipids, dead WBC, platelets and Ca High LDL increases risk
Smoking Genetic factors High cholesterol Obesity Lack of exercise Diabetes mellitus Gender (maleness) Old age
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Q u a t e r n a r y
an atom
Fig. 2-2a, p. 21
- KERATIN
a) enzymes - lose their catalytic power b) antibodies - can no longer bind antigen c) Cystic fibrosis - failure of CFTR protein to reach its destination in the plasma membrane d) Diabetes insipidus - caused by improper folding of mutant versions of the vasopressin (ADH) receptor or aquaporin. aquaporin. e) Familial hypercholesterolemia - caused by failure of mutant lowlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors to reach the plasma membrane. f) Osteogenesis imperfecta - caused by failure of mutant Type I collagen molecules to assemble correctly. g) Prions formation of insoluble, nonfunctional deposits from formerlyformerly-soluble proteins
Alzheimer's disease - insoluble deposits in the brain of peptides called amyloid-beta (A) derived from a mutant version their protein precursor. Scrapie Scrapie sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE BSE) BSE "mad cow" disease CreutzfeldtCJD) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD CJD human version
Fig. 2-20a, p. 37
NUCLEOTIDES IN DNA
phosphate group adenine (A) sugar (ribose) guanine (G)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
Fig. 2-20b, p. 37
1)
2) 3)
PrePre-lecture assignment of Chapter 3 (Cell Structure) next meeting after end of Chapter 2. PostPost-Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2 before discussion of Chapter 3 Long Quiz (Chapters 1 & 2) after post-lecture quiz of Chapter 2. .