Contents

1- Introduction: .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2-Objective: ................................................................................................................................................... 4 3-Theory:....................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.1Basic concept of Laser: ............................................................................................................................ 5 Spontaneous emission: .................................................................................................................................. 5 Stimulated emission ...................................................................................................................................... 5
4-Circuit Components: .................................................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Op-amp LM-741: .................................................................................................................................... 8 4.2 PIC16F84A 18-pin Enhanced FLASH/EEPROM: ................................................................................. 9 4.3 L293 quadruple half-H driver: .............................................................................................................. 10 4.4 2N5777 Silicon NPN Photo Detector: .................................................................................................. 10 4.5 DC Motor: ............................................................................................................................................. 11 4.6 Laser Light(650nm-5mW laser Pointer): .............................................................................................. 11 4.7Table of components: ............................................................................................................................. 12
5 -Theory of operation: ................................................................................................................................. 13 6-Simulation: ............................................................................................................................................... 13

6.1 Schematic: ............................................................................................................................................. 13

7-Hardware Implementation:......................................................................................................................... 14 8-Problems: ................................................................................................................................................. 14 9-Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................... 14 10-List of references: .................................................................................................................................... 15

List of Figures:
Figure1 Dc-Motor control Block Diagram ..4 Figure2: Energy state diagram ..6 Figure3: Basic op-amp 7 Figure4: Voltage comparator ... 7 Figure5: LM-741 .8 Figure6: PIC16F84A .....9 Figure7: L293 quadruple half-H driver ...10 Figure8: Dc-motor 11 Figure9: Transmitter circuit 13 Figure10: Hardware implementation .. 14

List of Tables:
Table 1: Some Op-amp Parameters.10 Table2: Transmitter components..13 Table3: Receiver components..13

1- Introduction:
A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal coherence, unattainable using other technologies, unlike wires, also does not require special shielding, laser is used now in our life in many applications like: telecommunication, military application, industrial application, and scientific researches.

2-Objective:
The objective of this circuit is to control elevator door opening and closing movement with laser beam as light source, and Silicon NPN Photo Detector as light detector, the door close as long as the laser beam is detected by the photo detector, when laser interrupted by any movement that cut the laser beam elevator door open immediately.

Figure1: Dc-Motor control Block Diagram

3-Theory:
There is only one way that light can be produced: that is, through the rapid change of state of an electron from a state of relatively high energy to a (more stable) state of lower energy. When this happens the energy has to go somewhere and it is often emitted in the form of light. The word "laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are finding ever increasing military applications principally for target acquisition, fire control, and training. These lasers are termed rangefinders, target designators, and direct-fire simulators. Lasers are also being used in communications, laser radars (LIDAR), landing systems, laser pointers, guidance systems, scanners, metal working, photography, holography, and medicine. The primary wavelengths of laser radiation for current military and commercial applications include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum. Ultraviolet radiation for lasers consists of wavelengths between 180 and 400 nm. The visible region consists of radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm. This is the portion we call visible light. The infrared region of the spectrum consists of radiation with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm.

3.1Basic concept of Laser: Spontaneous emission: is really the normal case. When an electron is elevated to a high
energy state this state is usually unstable and the electron will spontaneously return to a more stable state very quickly (within a few picoseconds) emitting a photon as it does so. When light is emitted spontaneously its direction and phase will be random but the wavelength will be determined by the amount of energy that the emitting electron must give up.

Stimulated emission is what happens in the operation of a laser. In some situations when
an electron enters a high energy (excited) state it is able to stay there for a relatively long time (a few microseconds) before it changes state spontaneously. When an electron is in this semi-stable (metastable) high energy state it can be stimulated by the presence of a photon of light to emit its energy in the form of another photon. In this case the incident photon must have the right energy (wavelength) within quite small limits. It is of fundamental importance to understand that when stimulated emission takes place the emitted photon has exactly the same wavelength, phase and direction as that of the photon which stimulated it. For spontaneous or stimulated emission to occur, energy must be supplied to boost the electron from its low energy state to a higher energy state.

The energy can come from many sources: Heat. Electrical Discharge. Electric Current. Chemical Reaction. Biological Reactions (Bioluminescense). Absorption of Light. Nuclear Radiation.

Figure 2: Energy state diagram showing: (a) absorption; (b) spontaneous emission; (c) Stimulated emission. The black dot indicates the state of the atom before and after a transition takes place

(a) By spontaneous emission in which the atom returns to the lower energy state in an entirely random manner; (b) By stimulated emission when a photon having an energy equal to the energy difference between the two states (E2 E1) interacts with the atom in the upper energy state causing it to return to the lower state with the creation of a second photon.

4-Circuit Components: OP-AMP BASICS:

An operational amplifier is a very high gain amplifier having very high input impedance (typically a few Mega ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 ). The basic circuit is made using a difference amplifier having two inputs (plus and minus) and at least one output. the plus (+) input produces an output that is in phase with the signal applied, while an input to the minus (-) input results in an opposite polarity output.

Figure 3:

Feedback: *There are two types of feedback Negative feedback allows high-precision signal processing. Positive feedback makes it possible to build oscillators

Some Op-amp Applications: 1- Non-Inverting Amplifier. 2- Inverting Amplifier. 3- Voltage follower (Buffer). 4-Voltage comparator

1-Voltage comparator:

Figure 4: Voltage comparator

Some Op-amp Parameters: PARAMETER Bandwidth ABBV BW UNITS MHz DEFINITION The upper frequency limitation or useful frequency range The rate of change in the output voltage with respect to time for a step change at the input.

Slew rate

SR

V/s

Table 1: Some Op-amp Parameters

4.1 Op-amp LM-741:

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards the lm741is reliable and required no frequency compensation. Above all, it was much easier to manufacture and had good yields.

Features: Short-Circuit Protection.

Offset-Voltage Null Capability. Large Common-Mode and Differential Voltage Ranges. No Frequency Compensation Required. Low Power Consumption. No Latch-Up Figure 5: LM-741

4.2 PIC16F84A 18-pin Enhanced FLASH/EEPROM:

Description: The PIC16F84A belongs to the mid-range family of the PICmicro microcontroller devices. Features 13 I/O pins with individual direction control High current sink/source for direct LED drive - 25 mA sink max. per pin - 25 mA source max. per pin TMR0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler Special Microcontroller Features: 10,000 erase/write cycles Enhanced FLASH Program memory typical 10,000,000 typical erase/write cycles EEPROM Data memory typical EEPROM Data Retention > 40 years In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT), Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation Code protection Power saving SLEEP mode Selectable oscillator options CMOS Enhanced FLASH/EEPROM Technology: Low power, high speed technology Fully static design Wide operating voltage range: - Commercial: 2.0V to 5.5V - Industrial: 2.0V to 5.5V Low power consumption: - < 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz - 15 mA typical @ 2V, 32 kHz

Figure6: PIC16F84A

4.3 L293 quadruple half-H driver:

The L293 is quadruple high-current half-H driver. The L293 is designed to provide Bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293 is designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. Features: Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V Separate Input-Logic Supply Internal ESD Protection Thermal Shutdown High-Noise-Immunity Inputs Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D) Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)

Figure7: L293 quadruple half-H driver

4.4 2N5777 Silicon NPN Photo Detector:

Features: High sensitivity. Economical TO-92 compatible.

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4.5 DC Motor:
Specifications: Rated voltage: 12VDC No load speed: 3430 r/min No load current: 0.17A Rated torque: 102 gcm Rated current (at maximum efficiency): 0.52A Rated speed: 2640 r/min Output power: 2.72 W Stall Tourqe: 450 g.cm Stall Current: 1.7A

Figure8: Dc-motor

4.6 Laser Light(650nm-5mW laser Pointer):

Laser light is very different from normal light. Laser light has the following properties: The light released is monochromatic. It contains one specific wavelength of light (one specific color). The wavelength of light is determined by the amount of energy released when the electron drops to a lower orbit. The light released is coherent. It is organized -- each photon moves in step with the others. This means that all of the photons have wave fronts that launch in unison. The light is very directional. A laser light has a very tight beam and is very strong and concentrated. A flashlight, on the other hand, releases light in many directions, and the light is very weak and diffuse.

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4.7Table of components:
1-Transmitter: part Laser torch value _
Table2: Transmitter components

quantity 1

2-Receiver:

part Resistor Resistor Capacitor Crystal 4Mhz Pic 16f84a 2N5777 (photo transistor) L293 quadruple half-H driver LM-741 Dc-Motor

value 10 k 1 k 22 PF _ _ _ _ _ _

quantity 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table3: Receiver components

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5 -Theory of operation:
The Circuit has two sections: the transmitter element and the receiver board, both powered by a fixed voltage power supply. The transmitter is the laser diode has an inbuilt collimating lens. The receiver uses a photodiode as the receiving element. The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam from the torch. That makes the motor rotate in certain direction, If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam, The motor will rotate in the opposite direction. And this rotation simulate the elevator door closing when the laser is connected to the photo transistor and opening when the laser interrupted by anything (i.e. moving person try to enter the elevator).

6-Simulation:
By making the circuit in proteus circuit simulator.

6.1 Schematic:

Figure9: circuit schematic

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7-Hardware Implementation:
By connecting the circuit as shown in figures.

Figure10: Hardware implementation

8-Problems:
1- Low quality components. 2- Visible laser source (850nm). 3- Low performance photo-Diode.

9-Conclusion:
The project shows that its possible to make elevator door control using laser by simple and inexpensive components, and with accepted accurecy by controling the closing and opening conditions with the 16f84a pic.

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10-List of references:
1- Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice Third edition John M. Senior. 2- Understanding Optical Communications Harry J. R. Dutton 3- PIC16F84A Data sheet. 4- L293 quadruple half-H driver Data sheet. 5- lm-741 Data sheet by Fairchild.

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