TRNG I HC THY LI

L TRNG THNH (ch bin) LU MC LAN - HONG NH TR

C HC KT CU

C HC KT CU

NH XUT BN XY DNG

NH XUT BN XY DNG

L TRNG THNH (ch bin) LU MC LAN - HONG NH TR

C HC KT CU

NH XUT BN XY DNG H NI - 2006

LI NI U
Gio trnh C hc kt cu ln ny c bin son theo cng Chng trnh ging dy mn C hc kt cu do tiu ban mn hc ca B Gio dc v o to son tho. So vi ln xut bn trc, gio trnh ln ny c vit ngn gn, r rng v c b sung, sa cha, iu chnh mt s phn thun tin hn cho vic hc tp ca sinh vin. Sch c th dng lm ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin cc ngnh ca Trng i hc Thy li, c th lm ti liu tham kho cho cc ngnh ca cc trng i hc khc, ng thi cng c th lm ti liu tham kho cho cc k s, nghin cu sinh v cc cn b k thut c lin quan n tnh ton kt cu cng trnh. Phn cng bin son nh sau: TS. L Trng Thnh vit chng m u, Chng 2 v Chng 3 v l ch bin; Ths. Lu Mc Lan vit cc Chng 1, 4, 5; PGS.TS. Hong nh Tr vit cc Chng 6, 7, 8; Ths. Phm Vit Ngc gip ch bn v sa cha bn tho cun sch ny. Tuy c nhiu c gng trong bin son, song kh trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip, sinh vin v bn c hon thin hn trong ln xut bn sau.
CC TC GI

M U
1. I TNG V NHIM V CA MN HC Mt cng trnh xy dng gm nhiu cu kin lin kt li vi nhau chu c lc gi l kt cu. C hc kt cu l mn khoa hc thc nghim trnh by cc phng php tnh ton kt cu v bn, cng v n nh khi cng trnh chu cc nguyn nhn tc dng khc nhau nh ti trng, s thay i nhit , chuyn v cc lin kt ta. Tnh kt cu v bn nhm m bo cho cng trnh c kh nng chu tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi m khng b ph hoi. Tnh kt cu v cng nhm m bo cho cng trnh khng c chuyn v v rung ng ln ti mc c th lm cho cng trnh mt trng thi lm vic bnh thng ngay c khi iu kin bn vn cn bo m. Tnh kt cu v mt n nh nhm m bo cho cng trnh bo ton v tr v hnh dng ban u trong trng thi cn bng bin dng. C hc kt cu ging Sc bn vt liu v ni dung nghin cu nhng phm vi nghin cu th khc nhau. Sc bn vt liu nghin cu cch tnh bn, cng v n nh ca tng cu kin ring bit, tri li C hc kt cu nghin cu ton b cng trnh gm nhiu cu kin lin kt li vi nhau. Nhim v ch yu ca C hc kt cu l xc nh ni lc v chuyn v trong cng trnh. bn, cng v n nh ca cng trnh lin quan n tnh cht c hc ca vt liu, hnh dng v kch thc ca cu kin v ni lc pht sinh trong cng trnh. Hn na kch thc ca cc cu kin li ph thuc vo ni lc trong kt cu . Do cng vic u tin khi tnh cng trnh l xc nh ni lc v chuyn v pht sinh trong cng trnh di tc ng bn ngoi. Cc mn hc tip sau nh: Kt cu b tng ct thp, kt cu thp, g.v.vda vo tnh nng ca cc vt liu nghin cu tin hnh gii quyt ba bi ton c bn nh trnh by trong mn Sc bn vt liu l: bi ton kim tra, bi ton thit k v bi ton xc nh ti trng cho php theo iu kin bn, cng v n nh. Ngoi ra C hc kt cu cn nghin cu cc dng kt cu hp l nhm tit kim vt liu xy dng. Mn C hc kt cu cung cp cho cc k s thit k cc kin thc cn thit xc nh ni lc v chuyn v trong kt cu, t la chn c kt cu c hnh dng v kch thc hp l. Mn hc gip cho cc k s thi cng phn tch ng n s lm vic ca kt cu, nhm trnh nhng sai st trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh tm ra cc bin php thi cng hp l. 5

2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Khi tnh ton mt cng trnh thc, nu xt ht mi yu t lin quan, bi ton s rt phc tp v hu nh khng th thc hin c. n gin tnh ton, nhng phi m bo chnh xc cn thit, ta a vo mt s gi thit gn ng. Bi vy C hc kt cu l mn khoa hc thc nghim; nghin cu l lun v thc nghim lun gn lin vi nhau. Cc kt qu nghin cu l lun ch c tin cy khi c thc nghim xc nhn.

A. Cc gi thit - Nguyn l cng tc dng

C hc kt cu cng s dng cc gi thit nh trong Sc bn vt liu l: 1. Gi thit vt liu lm vic trong giai on n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut Hooke, ngha l gia bin dng v ni lc c s lin h tuyn tnh. 2. Gi thit bin dng v chuyn v trong cng trnh (kt cu, h...) l rt nh so vi kch thc hnh hc ban u ca n. Gi thit ny cho php xc nh ni lc theo s kt cu khng c bin dng. Nh hai gi thit ny chng ta c th p dng nguyn l c lp tc dng (hay nguyn l cng tc dng) tnh ton kt cu. Nguyn l c pht biu nh sau: Mt i lng nghin cu no do nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi trn cng trnh gy ra, bng tng i s (tng hnh hc) ca i lng do tng nguyn nhn tc dng ring r gy ra: Biu din dng ton hc:

S ( P1 ,P2 ...Pn , t , ) = S P1 + S P2 + S Pn + S t+ S = S1 .P1 + S 2 .P2 ++ S n .Pn + S t+ S Trong :

S i (i= 1,2...n) l gi tr ca i lng S do Pi = 1 gy ra.

St, S l gi tr ca i lng S do s thay i nhit v dch chuyn gi ta gy ra.

B. S tnh ca cng trnh

Khi xc nh ni lc trong cng trnh nu xt mt cch chnh xc v y cc yu t hnh hc ca cc cu kin th bi ton s qu phc tp. Do trong tnh ton kt cu ngi ta c th thay th cng trnh thc bng s tnh ca n. S tnh l hnh nh ca cng trnh thc c n gin ha. Mt s tnh tt phi tho mn hai yu cu: Tnh n gin v phn nh tng i chnh xc i x thc ca cng trnh. a cng trnh thc v s tnh ca n, thng tin hnh theo 2 bc:

Bc 1: Chuyn cng trnh thc v s cng trnh, bng cch:

a)

+ Thay cc thanh bng ng trc ca n v cc tm v bng mt trung bnh. + Thay cc mt ct ngang ca cc cu kin bng cc c trng hnh hc ca n nh: din tch F, mmen qun tnh J .v.v + Thay cc thit b ta bng cc lin kt ta l tng. + a ti trng tc dng trn mt v bn trong cu kin v t trc hay mt trung bnh ca n.
Bc 2: Chuyn s cng trnh v s tnh bng cch b bt cc yu t ph, nhm lm cho vic tnh ton n gin ph hp vi kh nng tnh ton ca ngi thit k.

b)

V d nh dn ca cng (van cung) cho trn hnh 1a, sau khi thc hin cc php bin i trong bc th nht ta c s cng trnh nh hnh 1b. Nu dng s ny tnh ton kt qu chnh xc nhng kh phc tp, do nu coi cc mt dn l khp l tng th bi ton s n gin song sai s mc phi kh nh. S tnh ca dn ca cng (van cung) nh trn hnh 1c.

c)

Hnh 1

Nu s cng trnh ph hp vi kh nng tnh ton th c th dng n lm s tnh m khng cn n gin ho hn na. V d vi h khung cho trn hnh 2a, sau khi thc hin php bin i bc th nht ta c s cng trnh trn hnh 2b. S ny cng l s tnh ca khung v ph hp vi kh nng tnh ton. Cch chn s tnh ca cng trnh l mt vn phc tp v quan trng v kt qu tnh ton ph thuc rt nhiu vo s tnh. Ngi thit k lun lun phi c trch nhim t kim tra xem s tnh ton chn c ph hp vi thc t khng, c phn nh chnh xc s lm vic thc t ca cng trnh hay khng, la chn s tnh ngy mt tt hn.
7

a)

b)

Hnh 2

3. PHN LOI S TNH CA KT CU

Trong thc t c nhiu hnh thc kt cu cho nn s tnh cng c nhiu loi. Ngi ta phn loi s tnh bng nhiu cch, thng da vo cu to hnh hc v phng php tnh phn loi.
A. Phn loi theo cu to hnh hc

Theo cch ny kt cu c chia thnh hai loi: h phng v h khng gian.

1. H phng: H phng l h m cc trc cu kin v tt c cc loi lc tc ng u nm trong cng mt mt phng, cc h khng tho mn iu kin trn gi l h khng gian.
a)

b)

Trong thc t, cc cng trnh xy dng hu ht u l h khng gian, song do tnh ton h khng gian thng phc tp nn gn ng c th phn tch a v h phng tnh ton.

Hnh 3

Trong h phng da theo hnh dng cng trnh, ngi ta cn chia thnh nhiu dng kt cu khc nhau: + Dm (Hnh 3a,b) + Dn (Hnh 4a,b) + Vm (Hnh 5a,b) + Khung (Hnh 6a,b) + H lin hp (h treo trn hnh 7 l h lin hp gia dn v dy xch)
b) b) Hnh 4 Hnh 5 a) a)

a)

b)

Hnh 6

Hnh 7
P1 P3 P2

2. H khng gian:

Nhng h khng gian thng gp l: + Dm trc giao (Hnh 8) + Dn khng gian (phn di Hnh 9a) + Khung khng gian (phn di Hnh 9b) +Tm (Hnh 9c) + V (Hnh 9d, e, f)
a) b) c) Hnh 8

f)

d) Hnh 9

e)

B. Phn loi theo phng php tnh

Theo cch ny ta c hai loi h: H tnh nh v h siu tnh.
1. H tnh nh: H tnh nh l h ch cn dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc l xc nh ht phn lc v ni lc trong h. V d: Dm cho trn hnh 3a; dn cho trn hnh 4a; vm cho trn hnh 5a; khung cho trn hnh 6a l h tnh nh. 2. H siu tnh: H siu tnh l h m nu ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc khng thi th cha xc nh ht phn lc v ni lc trong h. tnh cc h 9

siu tnh, ngoi nhng iu kin cn bng tnh hc ta cn phi s dng thm cc iu kin ng hc v cc iu kin bin dng. Cc kt cu cho trn hnh 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b u l h siu tnh.
4. CC NGUYN NHN GY RA NI LC V CHUYN V.

Cc nguyn nhn gy ra ni lc v chuyn v trong kt cu thng gp l ti trng, s thay i khng u ca nhit , s dch chuyn ca cc gi ta .vv Ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh thng phn ra lm cc loi sau: - Ti trng lu di v ti trng tm thi: + Ti trng lu di l ti trng tc dng trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca cng trnh nh: trng lng bn thn, p lc ca t p .v.v + Ti trng tm thi l ti trng ch tc dng trong mt khong thi gian no nh: cc thit b t trn cng trnh, p lc nc, gi, ng t .v.v - Ti trng bt ng v ti trng di ng: + Ti trng bt ng l nhng ti trng c v tr khng thay i trong sut qu trnh tc dng ca n: thng l ti trng lu di. + Ti trng di ng l nhng ti trng c v tr thay i trn cng trnh nh ti trng on xe la, t, on ngi .v.v - Ti trng tc dng tnh v ti trng tc dng ng: + Ti trng tc dng tnh l ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh mt cch nh nhng yn tnh, gi tr ca ti trng tng t t khng lm cho cng trnh dch chuyn c gia tc hay gy ra lc qun tnh. + Ti trng tc dng ng l ti trng khi tc dng vo cng trnh c gy lc qun tnh nh: p lc gi, bo, ng t .v.v Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch xt trng hp ti trng tc dng tnh. S thay i nhit v dch chuyn gi ta gy ra ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu tnh nhng khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h tnh nh. (xem chi tit trong cc Chng 4, 5, 6).

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CHNG 1

PHN TCH CU TO HNH HC CA CC H PHNG

Mt h kt cu thng c cu to t nhiu cu kin lin kt vi nhau cng chu cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi. Cch ni cc cu kin c th thc hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nhng iu c bn l h (kt cu) phi c kh nng chu lc m khng thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n. Trong chng ny s trnh by cc quy tc cu to mt h phng nh vy. 1.1. CC KHI NIM M U xy dng cc quy tc cu to hnh hc ca h thanh phng ta cn tm hiu cc khi nim sau:

1.1.1. H bt bin hnh

H bt bin hnh (BBH) l h khi chu ti trng vn gi nguyn hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n nu ta xem bin dng n hi ca cc cu kin l khng ng k, hoc xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng. Xt h trn hnh 1.1. H l BBH v di tc dng ca ti trng nu xem cc cu kin l tuyt i cng th h vn gi nguyn hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n. Thc vy, nu coi cc cu kin AB, BC, CA l tuyt i cng (chiu di ca chng khng i) th theo hnh hc vi ba cnh xc nh ta ch c th dng c mt tam gic duy nht ABC m thi.
B A

Hnh 1.1

Tr mt vi trng hp c bit, hu ht cc kt cu trong xy dng phi l h BBH. H BBH khi chu lc s pht sinh duy nht mt h ni lc cn bng vi ngoi lc.

1.1.2. H bin hnh

H bin hnh (BH) l h khi chu ti trng s b thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u mt lng hu hn, d ta xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng. H trn hnh 1.2 l h bin hnh v di tc dng ca ti trng h ABCD c th thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u v c th b sp theo ng t nt ABCD, mc d ta xem cc thanh AB, BC, CD l tuyt i cng.
A P
B C C

Hnh 1.2

P Hnh 1.3

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Ni chung h bin hnh khng c kh nng chu ti trng, do trong cc kt cu cng trnh ngi ta khng dng h bin hnh.Trong thc t h bin hnh ch c dng khi ti trng tc dng c th lm cho h nm trong trng thi cn bng. V d h dy xch trn hnh 1.3.

1.1.3. H bin hnh tc thi

H bin hnh tc thi (BHTT) l h khi chu ti trng s b thay i hnh dng hnh hc mt lng v cng b, mc d ta xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng. Sau khi thay i hnh dng hnh hc mt lng v cng b h li tr nn bt bin hnh. H trn hnh 1.4a l mt v d n gin v h BHTT, v d coi thanh AC v BC l tuyt i cng, im C vn dch chuyn mt on v cng b v C trn tip tuyn chung (c phng thng ng) ca hai cung trn tm A v B, bn knh AC v BC tip xc vi nhau ti C. Sau khi dch chuyn v C hai cung trn bn knh AC v BC ct nhau ti C h khng cn dch chuyn c na, lc ny h tr nn bt bin hnh. H BHTT cng khng c s dng trong thc t, v hoc l ni lc khng xc nh c bng l thuyt (h ni lc l bt nh), hoc l h ni lc pht sinh qu ln s gy bt li cho cng trnh.
a)
A C C
tip tuyn ti C

P
B

b)
C A

a a B

Hnh 1.4

V d trn h c s nh hnh 1.4b cho ta thy lc dc trong cc thanh AC v BC l: P NC-A = NC-B = N = 2 sin Khi gc 0 th N s lm cho thanh hoc lin kt b ph hoi.

1.1.4. Ming cng

Trong thc t h BBH c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nhng cng chung tnh cht l c kh nng chu ti trng. thun tin trong vic nghin cu ta c th khi qut ha cc h BBH bng cch a ra khi nim ming cng.
a) c)

,
Hnh 1.6

b)

d)

Hnh 1.5

Ming cng l mt h phng bt k bt bin hnh mt cch r rt. V d cc h trn hnh 1.5 u l cc ming cng. Ta qui c biu din ming cng nh hnh 1.6.

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1.1.5. Bc t do

Bc t do ca h l s thng s c lp cn thit xc nh v tr ca h i vi mt h khc c xem l bt ng. i vi mt h trc ta bt ng trong mt phng, mt im c hai bc t do l hai chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng, cn mt ming cng c ba bc t do l hai chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng v mt chuyn ng quay quanh giao im ca hai phng .
1.2. CC LOI LIN KT

ni cc ming cng vi nhau v ni ming cng vi tri t thnh h phng bt bin hnh, ta phi dng cc lin kt. Sau y ta nghin cu cc lin kt c dng trong h phng.

1.2.1. Cc loi lin kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau

1. Lin kt n gin

Lin kt n gin l lin kt ch dng ni hai ming cng vi nhau. Ngi ta chia lin kt n gin thnh ba loi nh sau :
a. Lin kt thanh hay lin kt loi mt

Cu to ca lin kt thanh l mt thanh c khp l tng hai u dng ni hai ming cng vi nhau (Hnh 1.7a). Nghin cu tnh ng hc ca lin kt thanh ta thy nu dng lin kt thanh ni ming cng B vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng, th n s kh c mt bc t do ca ming cng B i vi ming cng A, l dch chuyn theo phng dc trc thanh. V mt tnh hc trong lin kt thanh s pht sinh mt phn lc lin kt dc theo trc thanh (Hnh 1.7b). Nh vy, mt lin kt thanh kh c mt bc t do v pht sinh trong mt phn lc dc trc thanh. Cn c vo tnh cht ni trn ta thy cu to ca lin kt thanh khng nht thit l mt thanh thng (Hnh 1.7a) m c th l mt ming cng bt k c khp l tng hai u (Hnh 1.7c). Trong trng hp ny lin kt vn kh c mt bc t do dc theo phng ni hai khp v trong lin kt vn pht sinh mt phn lc hng theo phng ni trn.
A a) A B

b) B

c) A Hnh 1.7 B

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b. Lin kt khp hay lin kt loi hai

a) A b) A c)
K

Cu to ca lin kt khp nh hnh 1.8a. Khi dng lin kt khp ni ming cng B vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng th lin kt ny kh c hai bc t do ca ming cng B so vi ming cng A, v lc ny ming cng B khng th chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng bt k no trong mt phng ang xt m ch c th quay quanh ming cng A ti khp K. Trong lin kt s pht sinh mt phn lc t ti K c phng cha bit nn c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn theo hai phng nh trn hnh 1.8b. Nh vy, mt lin kt khp kh c hai bc t do v pht sinh hai thnh phn phn lc i qua khp.

A Hnh 1.8

V mt ng hc mt lin kt khp tng ng vi hai lin kt thanh. Nu ni ming cng B vo ming cng A bng hai thanh th ming cng B b kh mt hai bc t do l hai chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng ca hai thanh v ch c th quay quanh giao im K ca hai thanh nh hnh 1.8c. Ta gi giao im l khp gi to.
c. Lin kt hn hay lin kt loi ba
a) A
H

Khi dng mt mi hn ni ming cng B vo ming cng bt ng A tc l gn cht ming cng B vo ming cng A (Hnh 1.9a). Lc ny mi hn kh c ba bc t do ca ming cng B i vi ming cng A, v ming cng B khng th dch chuyn tnh tin v cng khng th quay c so vi ming cng A. Do trong lin kt hn pht sinh ba thnh phn phn lc nh trn hnh 1.9b. Nh vy, mt lin kt hn kh c ba bc t do v pht sinh ba thnh phn phn lc. V mt ng hc mt mi hn tng ng vi ba lin kt thanh khng ng qui (Hnh 1.9c), hoc tng ng vi mt khp v mt thanh khng i qua khp (Hnh 1.9d).

b) A B

c) A B

d) A

Hnh 1.9

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2. Lin kt phc tp

a) B C
K=2

b)

Lin kt phc tp l lin kt ni ng thi nhiu ming cng vi nhau, s ming cng ln hn hai. Trong thc t ta c th gp cc lin kt phc tp di dng lin kt khp phc tp (Hnh 1.10a) hoc lin kt hn phc tp (Hnh 1.10b).

A Hnh 1.10

H=3

tin cho vic nghin cu ta a ra khi nim v phc tp ca mt lin kt phc tp. phc tp ca mt lin kt phc tp l s lin kt n gin cng loi tng ng vi lin kt phc tp . Trn hnh 1.10 cho ta thy lin kt khp phc tp tng ng vi hai lin kt khp n gin v nu coi ming cng A l ming cng c nh, ni ming cng B vi ming cng A bng khp K, lin kt s kh c hai bc t do ca ming cng B. Tip theo ni ming cng C vi ming cng A bng khp K s kh thm c hai bc t do ca ming cng C. Nh vy khp K kh c bn bc t do tc l tng ng vi hai khp n gin. L lun tng t ta thy lin kt hn phc tp trn hnh 1.10b tng ng vi ba lin kt hn n gin. T nhn xt trn ta c th suy ra: phc tp ca mt lin kt phc tp (p) bng s lng ming cng (D) quy t vo lin kt tr i mt. p=D-1 Trong : p : phc tp ca lin kt phc tp; D :S ming cng quy t vo lin kt phc tp. (1-1)

1.2.2. Cc loi lin kt ni cc ming cng vi tri t

Lin kt ni cc ming cng vi tri t cn c gi l lin kt ta, chng bao gm: Gi c nh, gi di ng, ngm cng v ngm trt (Bng 1-1). Bng 1-1 Tn gi ta Gi di ng Gi c nh Ngm cng Ngm trt S biu din S lin kt thanh tng ng 1 2 3 2
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Nu coi tri t l ming cng bt ng th lc ny cc lin kt ta s tr thnh lin kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau (cc lin kt phn 1.2.1), ngha l c s tng ng gia lin kt thanh - gi di ng, lin kt khp - gi c nh, lin kt hn - ngm cng. Lin kt ta ngn cn chuyn v theo phng no s pht sinh phn lc theo phng ca chuyn v .
1.3. CCH NI CC MING CNG THNH MT H PHNG BT BIN HNH

ni cc ming cng ta phi dng cc lin kt, vn t ra y l: Mun ni mt s lng xc nh cc ming cng thnh h bt bin hnh th cn s dng bao nhiu lin kt (iu kin cn) v phi xp xp cc lin kt nh th no bo m cho h thu c l bt bin hnh (iu kin ). Sau y ta s ln lt nghin cu hai vn ny.

1.3.1. iu kin cn
iu kin cn biu th mi quan h gia s lng cc bc t do cn phi kh v s bc t do c th kh c khi dng cc lin kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau. Ta ln lt xt cc trng hp sau:
1. H bt k

Gi s ta cn ni D ming cng vi nhau bng T lin kt thanh, K lin kt khp v H lin kt hn ( quy i v lin kt n gin) thnh mt h bt bin hnh. iu kin cn c xt nh sau: Coi mt ming cng no l bt ng th ta cn phi ni (D - 1) ming cng cn li vo ming cng bt ng , nh vy s bc t do cn phi kh l 3(D - 1). Xt v kh nng vi s lng cc lin kt c dng nh trn ta c th kh c ti a T + 2K + 3H bc t do. Gi n l hiu s gia s bc t do c th kh c (kh nng) v s bc t do cn kh (yu cu) ta c : n = T + 2K + 3H - 3 (D - 1) C th xy ra ba trng hp :
a) n < 0 : Kh nng thp hn yu cu, nh vy h thiu lin kt, ta c th kt lun ngay l h bin hnh. b) n = 0 : Kh nng p ng ng yu cu, nh vy h lin kt. bit h c bt bin hnh hay khng ta cn phi xt thm iu kin . Nu h BBH th gi l h tnh nh. c) n > 0 : Kh nng ln hn yu cu chng t h tha lin kt. bit h c bt bin hnh hay khng ta cn phi xt thm iu kin . Nu h BBH th gi l h siu tnh. S n biu th s lng lin kt tha tng ng vi lin kt thanh (lin kt loi mt) c trong h. Nh vy iu kin cn trong trng hp h bt k l :

n = T + 2K + 3H - 3 ( D - 1 ) 0

(1-2)

16

2. H ni vi t

Trong thc t hu ht cc cng trnh (hay h) u c ni vi tri t. Nu quan nim tri t l mt ming cng ta c th kho st iu kin cn cho h ny bng cng thc (1-2), tuy nhin h ni t kh ph bin nn tin cho vic s dng ta c th thit lp iu kin cn cho trng hp ny nh sau: Gi s trong h c D ming cng (khng k tri t) ni vi nhau bng T lin kt thanh, K lin kt khp, H lin kt hn ( quy ra lin kt n gin) v ni vi tri t bng lin kt ta tng ng C lin kt thanh. Ly tri t lm ming cng bt ng ri xt mi quan h gia kh nng v yu cu ta c: + Yu cu: Cn phi kh 3D bc t do + Kh nng: Cc lin kt c th kh c ti a T + 2K + 3H + C bc t do. Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h ni t l: n = T + 2K + 3H + C - 3 D 0 3. Trng hp ring: H dn (1-3)

Dn l h gm cc thanh thng ni vi nhau ch bng cc khp hai u mi thanh. Giao im ca cc thanh c gi l mt dn. H trn hnh 1.11a l h dn t do (khng ni t). H trn hnh 1.11b l h dn ni t. H trn hnh 1.11c khng phi l h dn v thanh 1-3 khng phi ch c khp hai u.
a)
mt dn

b)

c) 1

5
thanh dn nhp ca dn

Hnh 1.11

i vi h dn ta cng c th s dng cng thc (1-2) hoc (1-3) kho st iu kin cn, song cn lu trong h dn cc lin kt khp thng l khp phc tp nn cn phi quy i ra lin kt n gin nn d dn n nhm ln. thun tin v n gin cho vic kho st, di y ta s thit lp iu kin cn p dng ring cho h dn, trong khng cn quan tm n phc tp ca cc lin kt khp trong dn.
a. Trng hp h dn t do ( khng ni t)

Gi s trong h dn c D thanh v M mt. Gi s ly mt thanh no lm ming cng bt ng. Nh vy h cn li D - 1 thanh v M - 2 mt cn ni vo ming cng bt ng. Xt mi quan h gia cung v cu ta thy mt im trong mt phng c hai bc t do nn:
17

+ Yu cu: Cn phi kh 2(M - 2) bc t do + Kh nng: H cn li (D - 1) thanh tng ng vi lin kt loi mt nn c th kh c ti a (D - 1) bc t do. Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h dn khng ni t l: n = (D - 1) - 2(M - 2) 0 Hay n = D + 3 - 2M 0 b. Trng hp h dn ni t

(1-4)

Gi s trong h dn c D thanh v M mt ni vi t bng lin kt ta tng ng C lin kt thanh. Ta kho st iu kin cn nh sau: Chn tri t lm ming cng bt ng, nh vy ta cn phi ni M mt vo tri t bng D thanh v C lin kt ta. Quan h gia cung v cu l: + Yu cu: Cn phi kh 2M bc t do + Kh nng: Cc lin kt c trong h c th kh c ti a D + C bc t do. Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h dn ni t l : n = D + C - 2M 0 (1-5)

1.3.2. iu kin
Khi iu kin cn tha mn ta ni h c hoc tha lin kt, tuy nhin nu cc lin kt khng c b tr mt cch hp l th n s khng kh ht c s bc t do cn phi kh ca h v h c th vn l bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi. Nh vy, iu kin cho h bt bin hnh l cc lin kt cn c b tr mt cch hp l kh ht s bc t do ca h. gii quyt vn ny ta ln lt kho st mt s trng hp c th sau:
1. Cch ni mt im (mt) vo mt ming cng thnh h phng bt bin hnh

Xt ming cng bt ng A v mt im (mt) K nm ngoi ming cng . ni im K vo ming cng ta cn phi kh c hai bc t do ca im K, ngha l phi dng hai lin kt thanh nh hnh 1.12a. Hai thanh ny khng c nm trn cng mt ng thng nh hnh 1.12b, v trong trng hp ny im K s c th chuyn v v cng b theo phng vung gc vi hai thanh v h s BHTT.
a) A A Hnh 1.12 b)
K

Nh vy, iu kin cn v ni mt im vo mt ming cng thnh mt h phng bt bin hnh l phi dng hai thanh khng thng hng. Gi h hai thanh khng thng hng ny l b i.

18

Ta c th vn dng b i pht trin hoc m rng ming cng nh thnh ming cng ln hn nhm a h gm nhiu ming cng v h c t ming cng hn kho st cho d dng.
2. Cch ni hai ming cng thnh mt h phng bt bin hnh

Mun ni ming cng B vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng thnh mt h BBH ta cn phi dng 3 thanh, hoc mt khp v mt thanh, hoc mt mi hn (Hnh 1.13)
a) A B b) A c) B A

Hnh 1.13

* Dng mt mi hn (Hnh 1.13c) ni hai ming cng vi nhau chc chn ta c mt h BBH. * Dng 3 thanh ni 2 ming cng thnh h BBH th 3 thanh khng c ng quy (Hnh 1.13a). * Dng mt khp v mt thanh ni hai ming cng vi nhau thnh mt h BBH th phng ca lin kt thanh khng c i qua khp (Hnh 1.14c). Tht vy: Nu dng 3 thanh ng quy (Hnh 1.14a) th c 3 thanh u khng ngn cn c chuyn v xoay v cng b quanh tm K' ca ming cng B quanh ming cng A c xem l bt ng. Kt qu l h BHTT v sau khi dch chuyn 3 thanh khng cn ng quy na v h li BBH.
a)
K

b)
T

c)
B K

B A

B A

Hnh 1.14

Khi 3 thanh song song v c chiu di bng nhau (Hnh 1.14b) chuyn v xy ra l hu hn, h s bin hnh. Nu dng mt khp v mt thanh c phng i qua khp h cng BHTT. Cch chng minh tng t nh h trn (Hnh 1.4a).
19

3. Cch ni ba ming cng thnh mt h bt bin hnh

T iu kin cn ta thy mun ni ba ming cng A, B, C thnh mt h BBH th cn phi kh su bc t do ca hai ming cng chuyn ng so vi ming cng th ba c xem l bt ng. Nh vy s lin kt ti thiu phi dng l tng ng vi su lin kt thanh. Chng c th c b tr theo cc cch sau :
Dng hai mi hn (Hnh 1.15a) Dng ba khp (Hnh 1.15b) Dng mt mi hn, mt khp v mt thanh (Hnh 1.15d) Dng su lin kt thanh c b tr nh hnh 1.15c,e. Dng hai khp v hai thanh. Dng mt khp v bn thanh
A B C c) C a) B C d) B b) A B C A

Cc cch ni ba ming cng trn hnh 1.15 cho ta thy trong mt s trng hp ta c th s dng cch ni hai ming cng bit phn tch iu kin nh hnh 1.15a,c,d, ta c th ni ming cng A v ming cng B thnh mt h BBH ri ni ming cng C cn li vi ming cng mi hnh thnh c mt h BBH. Khi ba ming cng c ni tng cp hai ming cng vi nhau bng mt khp hoc hai thanh nh trn hnh 1.15b,e ta phi dng iu kin ni ba ming cng nh sau:

A e) B

Hnh 1.15

iu kin cn v ni ba ming cng thnh mt h bt bin hnh l ba khp thc hoc gi to tng h (giao im ca hai thanh ni tng cp ming cng) khng c nm trn cng mt ng thng. Nu ba khp tng h cng nm trn mt ng thng th h s BHTT. H trn hnh 1.16 l BHTT v cu to ca n tng t nh h BHTT c kho st trn hnh 1.4a.
C B

Hnh 1.16

20

4. Trng hp tng qut ni nhiu ming cng thnh mt h phng bt bin hnh

Trong trng hp ny khi iu kin cn tha mn ta c th phn tch iu kin theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng ng li chung l vn dng linh hot tnh cht ca b i, iu kin ni hai ming cng hoc ba ming cng bit pht trin dn tng ming cng ca h hoc thu hp h cho n mc ti a cho php. Nh vy, ta s a h c nhiu ming cng v h c s lng ming cng t hn.
Nu h thu v mt ming cng th h s BBH Nu h thu v hai ming cng th s dng iu kin ni hai ming cng kho st. Nu h thu v ba ming cng th s dng iu kin ni ba ming cng kho st.

Trong nhng trng hp phc tp, khi khng th dng cc bin php trn phn tch ta c th dng cc phng php khc nh phng php ti trng bng khng hoc phng php ng hc kho st.
V d 1-1: Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca h trn hnh 1.17a.
a)
B C F E III I D G K2,3 K2,3

b)
K1,2

K1,3 II

c)

K1,2 K1,3

H L

Hnh 1.17

iu kin cn: y l h ni t ta dng cng thc (1-3) xt iu kin cn. C nhiu cch quan nim khc nhau v s lng ming cng v lin kt ca h:

* Quan nim mi thanh thng l mt ming cng: Nh vy D= 8; T= 0; K= 3 (khp E l khp phc tp c phc tp p=2); H= 4; C= 6. Theo (1-3) ta c: n = 0 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 6 - 3.8 = 0 H lin kt. * Quan nim mi thanh gy khc l mt ming cng: Nh vy: D = 4; T = 0; K = 3; H = 0; C = 6. Theo (1-3) ta c: n = 0 + 2.3 + 0 + 6 - 3.4 = 0 H lin kt. * Quan nim tri t l mt ming cng: Dng cng thc (1-2) kho st Nh vy D = 5; T = 1; K = 4; H = 1 Theo (1-2) ta c: n = 1 + 2.4 + 3.1 - 3.(5 - 1) = 0 H lin kt.
21

Nh vy, khi xt iu kin cn ta c th thc hin theo nhiu cch quan nim khc nhau song trong mi trng hp ta u c mt kt lun thng nht l h lin kt v c kh nng BBH, cn xt tip iu kin .
iu kin : Coi tri t l mt ming cng, ni vi ming cng ABC bng ngm A, to thnh ming cng mi, ta k hiu l (I). Coi thanh CDE l ming cng (II) v thanh EFH l ming cng (III). Nh vy ta dng cch pht trin dn ming cng a h v cn ba ming cng (Hnh 1.17b).

+ Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (II) bng khp thc K1,2; + Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (III) bng hai thanh HL v EI ct nhau to thnh khp gi to K1,3; + Ming cng (II) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp thc K2,3; Ba ming cng (I), (II), (III) ni vi nhau tng cp bng ba khp thc v gi to K1,2, K1,3, K2,3 khng cng nm trn mt ng thng nn h l bt bin hnh. iu kin ca h trrn cng c th c xt vi cch quan nim khc, a h v gm hai ming cng trong ming cng (I) bao gm tri t v thanh ABC, ming cng (II) l thanh HFE ni vi nhau bng ba thanh CE, HL v EI khng ng quy v khng song song, nn h l bt bin hnh. Bng cch kho st tng t ta thy nu thay i v tr ca cc lin kt trong h nh trn hnh 1.17c th h s bin hnh tc thi.
V d 1 - 2: Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca h trn hnh 1.18a.
a)
2 3 1 A 7 B 5 C 4 K1,2 K2,3 4 K1,3

b)
6 2 II 3 7 B I III 6

5
C

Hnh 1.18

iu kin cn: y l h dn ni t.

Ta dng cng thc (1 - 5) vi D = 12, M = 8, C = 4 ta c: n = 12 + 4 - 2 . 8 = 0 H lin kt nn c kh nng BBH.

iu kin : (Hnh 1.18b).

Ta quan nim tri t l ming cng (I).

22

Ming cng (II) l hnh (1 - 3 - 4) c hnh thnh t tam gic khp 1, 2, 3 ni thm im 4 vo bng b i hai thanh 2 - 4 v 3 - 4. Lm tng t nh vy ming cng (III) l hnh (4 - 5 - 7). H gm ba ming cng (I), (II), (III) ni vi nhau tng cp: + Ming cng (II) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp thc K2,3. + Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (II) bng khp gi to K1,2. + Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp gi to K1,3. Ba khp thc v gi to thng hng nn h BHTT. Nu thay i v tr hoc phng ca cc lin kt sao cho ba khp trn khng thng hng th h s bt bin hnh.

BI TP CHNG 1
Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca cc h phng cho trn cc hnh sau:

Hnh 1.20 Hnh 1.19 Hnh 1.21

Hnh 1.22

Hnh 1.23

Hnh 1.24

Hnh 1.25

Hnh 1.26

23

Hnh 1.27

Hnh 1.28

Hnh 1.29

Hnh 1.31 Hnh 1.30

45o

Hnh 1.32

45o

Hnh 1.34

Hnh 1.33

Hnh 1.37 Hnh 1.35 Hnh 1.36

45o 30o

Hnh 1.39 Hnh 1.40

Hnh 1.38

24

CHNG 2

CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H THANH PHNG TNH NH CHU TI TRNG BT NG

H tnh nh l h lin kt v bt bin hnh. Ni lc pht sinh trong h ch do ti trng gy ra, v ch ph thuc vo s hnh hc ca kt cu, m khng ph thuc vt liu, kch thc v hnh dng tit din ngang ca thanh. Vi h phng, ni lc ti mt ct ngang no (trong trng hp tng qut) c ba thnh phn: M men un (M), lc ct (Q), v lc dc (N). C nhiu phng php xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc ny, song c th nu ra ba phng php c bn nht l: - Phng php mt ct ( bit trong Sc bn vt liu). - Phng php ho ( bit trong c hc c s). - Phng php ng nh hng (s trnh by chng 3). Cc hnh thc kt cu trong xy dng rt a dng. Mi loi kt cu c cch cu to v c tnh chu lc ring. Nu bit vn dng cc c tnh nh vy vic tnh ton phn lc, ni lc trong h thanh phng s nhanh v n gin hn nhiu. 2.1. PHN TCH CU TO V TNH CHT CHU LC CA H THANH PHNG TNH NH Nh bit i vi h tnh nh, tt c cc phn lc lin kt v ni lc hon ton c xc nh t iu kin cn bng ca ton h hoc cn bng b phn ca h. Cn c vo cu to v tnh cht chu lc ca h, ngi ta chia h thanh phng tnh nh thnh hai loi: H n gin v h phc tp.

2.1.1. H n gin
H n gin l h ch gm mt ming cng ni vi t vi s lng lin kt tng ng ba lin kt thanh. Tu theo s cu to ca ming cng, h n gin c phn ra cc loi sau: 1. Dm tnh nh n gin: Khi mimg cng l mt thanh thng nh: dm n gin (Hnh 2.1a); dm n gin c u tha (Hnh 2.1b); dm mt u ngm mt u t do (dm cng sn) (Hnh 2.1c). Ti trng tc dng ln dm thng l cc lc c phng vung gc vi trc dm v m men tp trung. Do vy, thnh phn phn lc theo phng dc trc thanh thng bng khng v ni lc pht sinh trong dm ch c m men un v lc ct.
a)

b) c) Hnh 2.1

25

2. Khung tnh nh: Khi ming cng l mt thanh gy khc (Hnh 2.2) ni lc pht sinh trong khung c ba thnh phn l m men un, lc ct, lc dc. 3. Dn dm tnh nh: Khi ming cng c hnh thnh t cc thanh thng ni vi nhau ch bng cc khp hai u mi thanh (Hnh 2.3). Khong cch gia cc gi ta ca dn gi l nhp. Giao im ca cc thanh gi l mt dn. Nhng thanh nm pha trn v pha di ca dn to thnh ng bin trn v bin di. Cc thanh nm gia hai ng bin gi l thanh bng. Khong cch gia cc mt thuc ng bin gi l t. tnh ton dn c n gin, ta tha nhn cc gi thit sau: 1) Mt ca dn phi nm ti giao im ca cc trc thanh v l khp l tng. 2) Ti trng ch tc dng ti cc mt ca dn. 3) Trng lng bn thn ca cc thanh khng ng k so vi ti trng tc dng trn dn.
bin trn

Hnh 2.2

mt

t bin di nhp dn

Hnh 2.3

tha mn cc gi thit trn ta phi b tr h thng truyn lc sao cho ti trng ch t vo cc mt dn v l cc lc tp trung. T cc gi thit trn ta i n kt lun sau: Cc thanh dn ch chu ko hoc nn, ngha l trong dn ch tn ti lc dc N m khng c m men un M v lc ct Q (mi thanh dn c xem nh mt lin kt thanh). Trong thc t cc thanh dn c ni vi nhau ti cc mt bng inh tn, bu lng, hoc cc mi hn .vv(Hnh 1a), ngoi ra cc thanh dn cn c trng lng bn thn, nn cch tnh nh trn ch cho kt qu gn ng. Tuy nhin sai s mc phi cng khng ln v c th chp nhn c trong tnh ton thc t. Dn l loi kt cu nh, tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca vt liu (do cc thanh dn ch chu ko hoc nn ng tm), nn c s dng nhiu cc cng trnh cn vt nhp ln nh: kt cu mi, dn cu, ct in .v.v 4. H lin hp tnh nh n gin: Lc ny, ming cng thng l cc cu kin chu un c gia cng bng cc thanh chu ko hoc nn nh trn hnh 2.4. Trong h n gin ch tn ti ba thnh phn phn lc lin kt, nn chng hon ton c xc nh t h ba phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp ca h, trong ti thiu phi c mt phng trnh cn bng m men. 26

Hnh 2.4

2.1.2. H phc tp
H phc tp l h gm nhiu ming cng ni vi nhau bng cc khp hoc thanh, v ni vi t bng s lng lin kt ln hn ba (qui ra lin kt thanh) sao cho h l bt bin hnh lin kt. xc nh phn lc trong h phc tp, v s lng phn lc ln hn ba, nn ngoi ba phng trnh cn bng ca ton h, ta cn phi b sung thm mt s phng trnh cn bng b phn ca h, sao cho s phng trnh cn bng lp c phi bng s n phn lc cn tm. Cn c vo cu to v tnh cht chu lc ca h ngi ta chia h phc tp ra cc loi: C
a)

1. H ba khp L h gm hai ming cng ni vi nhau bng mt khp v ni vi t bng hai gi khp c nh (ba khp A, B, C khng thng hng) Hnh 2.5. Tu theo s cu to ca hai ming cng, h ba khp cn c phn ra: + Vm ba khp: khi cc ming cng l thanh cong (Hnh 2.5a). + Khung ba khp: khi cc ming cng l cc thanh gy khc (Hnh 2.5b). + Dn ba khp: khi cc ming cng l cc dn phng (Hnh 2.5c). Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong h ba khp pht sinh bn thnh phn phn lc ti gi ta A v B. Phn lc ton phn ti hai gi ta ny lun c phng nghing, ngay c khi chu lc thng ng. Tht vy, xt h ba khp bt k chu lc P (Hnh 2.6). H cn bng di tc dng ca ba lc: lc P v hai phn lc ti gi ta A v B, nn ba lc ny phi ng quy. im ng quy K ng nhin phi nm trn ng tc dng ca lc P v phng BC ca phn lc ti B. Phn lc ti A phi qua K, ngha l phng ca phn lc A v B nghing (tr trng hp c bit khi ng thng CB song song vi phng ca lc P).

b)
A

C B

c)

C B

Hnh 2.5
P K

B A A B

Hnh 2.6

Bn thnh phn phn lc ti gi A v B c xc nh t bn phng trnh: ba phng trnh cn bng ca ton h v mt phng trnh cn b phn nh mt ct i qua khp C. (xem chi tit trong mc 2.5 ca chng ny) 27

2. H ghp H ghp l h gm nhiu ming cng ni vi nhau v ni vi tri t to thnh mt h lin kt v bt bin hnh.

a)

D D

b)

B A

H ghp trn hnh 2.7 gm cc dm ni vi nhau, gi l dm tnh nh nhiu nhp. H ghp trn hnh 2.8 gm h ba a) khp, khung n gin v dm n gin ni vi nhau v d dng nhn thy chng l h bt bin hnh lin kt. T s cu to h ta c nhn xt: nu loi b dm BC th dm AB vn bt bin b) hnh, ngc li, nu loi b dm AB th dm BC tr thnh bin hnh. V th ta gi h BC l h ph ca h AB v gi h AB l h chnh ca h BC.

Hnh 2.7
C D E G

F E G

Hnh 2.8

Nh vy, h chnh l h s bt bin hnh nu loi b cc h ln cn, h ph l h s bin hnh nu loi b cc h ln cn. Vi h trn hnh 2.8, h ba khp ABC l h chnh ca h DEF v h DEF l h chnh ca dm EG. Cc h ph mun ng vng c phi da vo h chnh ca n. Do c th biu din h cho theo s tng nh trn hnh 2.7b v hnh 2.8b, trong cc h ph c t trn cc h chnh tng ng. V tnh cht chu lc ta c nhn xt sau: + Ti trng tc dng trn h chnh ch gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h chnh m khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h ph. Lc ny do h qu bin dng ca h chnh, h ph ch b nghing i m khng b bin dng nn khng pht sinh ni lc. + Ngc li ti trng tc dng trn h ph th c h ph v h chnh ca n u pht sinh phn lc v ni lc. Ti trng truyn p lc t h ph vo h chnh qua lin kt ni gia h ph v h chnh (p lc ny bng phn lc ca h ph nhng ngc chiu). 3. H lin hp phc tp H lin hp tnh nh l h bt bin hnh gm nhiu h lin kt vi nhau (nh dm, vm, dn, dn vm, dy cp hoc dy xch) bng s lin kt va cng nhau chu lc. H lin hp c cc b phn dm hoc dn c gia cng bng dy xch chu ko (Hnh 2.9a, b, c) gi l h treo (c ng bin vng xung). H c gia cng bng cc thanh chu nn gi l h vm (Hnh 2.9d, e). 28

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Hnh 2.9

4. H c h thng truyn lc (h c mt truyn lc) H c h thng truyn lc l h m ti trng khng tc dng trc tip ln kt cu chu lc chnh (dm dc chnh) m tc dng trn cc dm dc ph. Ti trng truyn t dm dc ph xung dm dc chnh qua h thng cc dm ngang gi l mt truyn lc. Hnh 2.10 m t mt dm c h thng truyn lc nh vy. Kt cu c mt truyn lc c nhiu u im: c nh v tr t lc trn kt cu chnh v bo v c n trong qu trnh chu ti, gim nh c trng lng kt cu chu lc chnh. Loi kt cu ny c s dng nhiu cho sn nh, mi nh v kt cu mt cu tnh. 2.2. CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H THANH PHNG TNH NH CHU TI TRNG BNG PHNG PHP MT CT xc nh phn lc trong cc lin kt hoc ni lc ti mt tit din no ta s dng phng php mt ct nhm bin ni lc thnh ngoi lc, thit lp cc iu kin cn bng di dng gii tch t suy ra cc phn lc hoc ni lc cn tm. Ni dung phng php nh sau: 1. Thc hin cc mt ct qua cc lin kt cn xc nh phn lc, hoc qua cc tit din cn tm ni lc. Mi mt ct phi chia h thnh hai phn ring bit. 2. Xt cn bng mt phn no . Thay th tc dng ca phn b loi b bng phn lc lin kt tng ng (hoc cc thnh phn ni lc ti tit din b ct), cc i lng cha bit ny c th gi thit hng theo chiu dng quy c. 3. Lp cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc cho phn h ang xt, chng hn: a) X = 0; Y = 0; MA = 0; 29
mt truyn lc dm dc ph

dm dc chnh

Hnh 2.10

Kt cu chu lc chnh c th l bt k (dm, dn, vm, khung) tnh nh hoc siu

(cc trc chiu X, Y khng c song song vi nhau) b) X = 0; MA = 0; MB = 0; (A v B khng c nm trn ng thng vung gc vi trc X) MC = 0; c) MA = 0; MB = 0; (A, B v C khng c nm trn cng mt ng thng) Trong h tnh nh ta s thit lp c mt h phng trnh cn bng c lp va xc nh phn lc lin kt (ni lc) cn tm trong h. Trong qu trnh thit lp cc phng trnh cn bng cn vit sao cho mi phng trnh c cha s n t nht (thng mt n). 4. Gii h phng trnh trn ta xc nh c cc thnh phn phn lc (ni lc) cn tm. Kt qu mang du dng th chiu ca phn lc (ni lc) ng vi chiu gi thit, cn kt qu mang du m th ngc vi chiu gi thit. V d 2-1: Xc nh ni lc ti tit din K ca khung cho trn hnh 2.11a. Gii: 1. Gi thit chiu cc phn lc lin kt ti A v B nh hnh v. Xt cn bng ton h ta c: X = HA - q.2a = 0 MA= RB.a - q.2a.a + qa 3a - qa. = 0 2 2 2 a qa MB = RA.a - q.2a.a + - qa. = 0 2 2 Gii ra ta c: HA = 2qa; RA = 2qa; RB = 3qa; Cc kt qu u mang du dng chng t chiu cc phn lc gi thit l ng.
2

a)

qa2 2

a K a

qa

b) qa2

2 K

MK QK NK

2a q

A HA=2qa a/2 RA=2qa a/2

B a/2

2qa

A a/2

RB=3qa

2qa

Hnh 2.11

2. Dng mt ct a-a i qua K chia h thnh hai phn c lp. Xt cn bng phn tri K (ni lc ti tit din K v cc ngoi lc nh hnh 2.11b) 3. Vit cc phng trnh cn bng i vi phn ang xt X = NK - 2qa = 0 Y = QK + 2qa = 0 a qa 2 - 2qa.2a + 2qa. = 0 MK = MK + 2 2 30

4. Gii cc phng trnh trn ta c: NK = 2qa; QK = -2qa; MK = 2,5qa2 V gi thit cc thnh phn ni lc theo qui c ca sc bn vt liu nn lc dc ti K l dng (lc ko), lc ct ti K l m, m men un ti K cng th di ca thanh. 2.3. TNH H DM, KHUNG N GIN CHU TI TRNG BT NG Yu cu c bn khi tnh ton h thanh tnh nh cng nh siu tnh l v ng v nhanh cc biu ni lc. Trong thc hnh, khi v biu ni lc trong nhng h thanh gm nhng thanh thng, khng cn thit lp cc phng trnh ni lc (tr trng hp tht cn thit) m v theo gi tr ni lc ti mt s tit din c trng cn thit mc ti thiu. Cch v thc hnh ny c xy dng trn c s p dng nguyn l cng tc dng v cc lin h vi phn bit gia ngoi lc v ni lc. v nhanh biu ni lc ta c th tham kho Bng 3.1. Trong Bng 3.1 gii thiu dng biu ni lc (M, Q, N), s tit din c trng cn xc nh ni lc v cc s liu cn thit khc khi v biu ni lc tng ng vi cc dng ti trng c bn tc dng trn mt on thanh bt k. Vi h thanh phng, ta biu din v quy c du ca cc thnh phn ni lc nh sau: + M men un MK v ng th cng. + Lc ct QK dng khi n c xu hng lm cho phn ang xt quay thun chiu kim ng h. + Lc dc NK dng khi n c chiu i ra khi tit din. V d quy c dng ca ni lc ti mt ct no trn thanh ngang nh hnh 2.12. T ba phng trnh cn bng tnh hc i vi phn ang xt ta d dng xc nh c gi tr ca cc thnh phn ni lc MK, QK, NK. + M men un M ti tit din K c gi tr c xc nh bng tng m men ca cc lc tc dng trn phn tri (hay phn phi) i vi trng tm ca tit din K.
q q bn tri a K a bn phi P

a K

MK NK

a QK QK a K a

MK NK

Hnh 2.12 + Lc ct Q ti tit din K c gi tr bng tng hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng trn phn bn tri (hay bn phi) ln phng vung gc vi trc thanh ti K. + Lc dc N ca tit din K c gi tr c xc nh bng tng hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng ln phn bn tri (hay bn phi) ln phng trc thanh ti K.

31

Sau khi xc nh c ni lc ti mt s tit din cn thit trn h, da vo cc lin h vi phn gia ti trng v ni lc bit trong sc bn vt liu xc nh dng ca biu ni lc trn tng on thanh trong ti trng tc dng l lin tc v biu ni lc. Vi h dm v khung ch gm cc thanh thng, khi chia on ta thy chng c hai dng on thanh: + on thanh khng c ti trng tc dng trn thanh. + on thanh c ti trng tc dng trn thanh. Cch v nhanh biu ni lc cho cc on ny nh sau: Vi on thanh khng c ti trng tc dng trn thanh, ta tnh gi tr ni lc ti hai u thanh, t ng gi tr vo hai u thanh tng ng ri ni chng li bng ng thng. Vi on thanh c ti trng tc dng trn thanh, ta tnh gi tr ni lc ti hai u thanh, t ng gi tr vo hai u thanh tng ng, ri ni tm thi hai gi tr bng ng thng, sau treo biu cc b do ti trng tc dng trong thanh khi xem on thanh l dm n gin (cc tung M, Q, N). V d 2-2: V biu ni lc cho dm trn hnh 2.13. Gii: a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng ton h: Z = HA = 0 HA = 0 MA = RB.2a + qa2 - q.2a.a + qa.a + 3qa a 11 + RB = qa 2a + = 0; 2 3 4 MB = RA.2a - qa2 - q.2a.a - qa.a 3qa a 7 RA = qa. = 0; 4 2 3 b) V cc biu ni lc: Do ti trng vung gc vi trc dm nn lc dc bng khng ti mi tit din. Ta ch cn v biu lc ct v m men un.
qa2 A HA= 0 C a RA= 7qa 4 7qa 4 a B a RB= 11qa 4 6qa 4 3qa 8 5qa 4 qa2 2 3qa2 16 D q

3q qa

3qa 4 qa 4

qa2 8 qa2 14

qa2

qa2 8

Hnh 2.13

* on AC: Trong on ny c ti trng phn b u nn: + Biu Q c dng ng thng, xc nh theo hai gi tr ti A v C. 7 3 QAC = RA = qa; QCA = RA - qa = qa 4 4

32

+ Biu M c dng ng cong parabol bc 2, ta c: MAC = -qa2 (cng trn); MCA = RAa - qa2 -

qa 2 qa 2 = (cng di) 2 4

qa 2 tung treo M = (vng xung). 8 * on BC: Tng t nh on AC ta c: + Biu Q: qa 5qa QCB = RA - qa - qa = - ; QBC = RA - qa - q2a = 4 4 + Biu M: a2 qa 2 MCB = RAa - q - qa2 = (cng di) 2 4 qa 2 2 MBC = RA.2a - qa - q.2a.a - qa.a = (cng trn) 2 qa 2 tung treo M = (vng xung) 8 * on BD: on ny c ti trng phn b lut bc nht nn:
+ Biu Q c dng ng cong bc hai. QDB = 0; tung treo Q = QBD = 3q.a

1 3qa = 2 2

1 3q.a (vng xung) 8 + Biu M c dng ng cong bc ba: a a qa 2 (cng trn); MDB = -3q . = 2 3 2 1 3 2 tung treo M = 3q.a = qa (vng xung). 16 16 Ch :
MBD = 0

Biu m men trong on BD c dng bc ba, v nguyn tc ta phi tnh bn gi tr c trng ca biu m men, nhng do biu Q trong on ny n iu (khng ct ng chun) nn ch cn ba gi tr nh tnh xc nh biu m men ca on. iu ny ph hp vi cch v nhanh biu nh nu trn.

33

Bng 3-1: S ti trng

q=0 l q=const l
N

bc mt l

bc mt q l
N

4qo q(z)= l2 (l-z)z qo z l

N N

q(z)=qosin(nz/l) qo z l
N N

Dng biu N S tit din cn tnh N 1 0 2 0

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

1 qlsin 8
Q

1 qlsin 8
Q

1 qlsin 16
Q Q

ql ( 2 1) sin 2
Q Q

Dng biu Q S tit din cn tnh Q Q Dng biu M S tit din cn tnh M 2 0 1 0 2 0
M

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

3 1 qlcos 8
M

3 1 qlcos 8
M

5 1 qlcos 16
M

5 ql ( 2 1) cos 2
l/2 l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

l/2

3 1 2 ql 8

3 1 2 ql 16

3 1 2 ql 16

3 5 2 ql 48

3 ql 2 2

M
34

V d 2-3: V biu ni lc cho khung nh hnh 2.14. Kim tra li gi tr ni lc ti K bng ng nh hng. Gii: a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng ton h: Y = RA - q.2a = 0 RA = 2qa MA= HB.a + qa.a - qa2 - q.2a.a = 0 HB = qa 2 MF = HA.a - 2qa - q.2a.a - qa2 = 0 HA = 3qa b) V cc biu ni lc:
a

qa2 C qa a A a RA=2qa HA=3qa 2a D

q E

B HB=2qa

qa

* on CD: Trong on ny khng c ti trng tc dng trong thanh: - Biu lc dc v lc ct c dng song song vi ng chun. NCD = NDC = 0 QCD = QDC = 0 - Biu m men un c dng ng thng MCD = MDC = qa2 (cng di) * on BE: Tng t on CD: NBE = NEB = 0 QBE = QEB = -2qa MBE = 0; MEB = -2qa2 (cng phi) * on AD: Trong on ny chu lc tp trung ti F c phng vung gc vi trc thanh: - Biu lc dc c dng song song vi ng chun: NAD = NDA = - RA = -2qa (nn) - Biu lc ct l hai on c dng song song vi ng chun, bc nhy ti F c gi tr l qa. QAF = QFA = - 3qa; QFD = QDF = - 2qa;

N 2qa 2qa 2qa 2qa

3qa 4qa2 5qa2 qa2 qa2 4

qa2 2

2qa2

Hnh 2.14

35

- Biu m men un l hai on thng c mi gy ti F MAD = 0; MDA = -3qa.2a + qa.a = -5qa2 (cng tri)

qa 2 (vng sang tri) Tung treo ti F: M = 4 * on DE: Trong on ny chu ti phn b u q vung gc vi trc thanh: - Biu lc dc c dng song song vi ng chun: NDE = NED = - qa (nn) - Biu lc ct c dng bc nht: QED = 0; QDE = + 2qa; MDE = - 4qa2 (cng trn)

- Biu m men un c dng bc hai: MED = -2qa2 (cng trn)

qa 2 (vng xung) Tung treo: M = 2

2.4. TNH DN CHU TI TRNG BT NG

Nh phn tch mc 2.1, trong cc thanh dn ch tn ti lc dc N. Do , khi thc hin mt ct qua mi thanh dn ta ch cn thay th tc dng ca phn thanh b loi b bng mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc N. Trong mc ny ta s nghin cu cch xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn theo mt s phng php thng dng sau y:
2.4.1. Phng php tch mt

Phng php tch mt l trng hp ring ca phng php mt ct, trong h lc cn kho st cn bng l h lc ng quy. xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh ca dn, c th thc hin cc bc sau: + Ln lt tch tng mt ra khi dn bng nhng mt ct bao quanh mt. + Thay th tc dng ca cc thanh b ct bng lc dc trong thanh . Khi cha bit lc dc trong thanh th gi thit lc dc c chiu dng, hng ra ngoi mt ang xt. Sau khi thay th, ti mi mt ta c mt h lc ng quy cn bng. + Kho st s cn bng ca tng mt. V h lc l phng v ng quy nn ti mi mt c hai phng trnh cn bng c lp thng dng l phng trnh hnh chiu theo hai phng bt k khng song song, chng hn:

X = 0
36

Y = 0.

T cc phng trnh cn bng ta suy ra c ni lc cn tm. Nu kt qu mang du dng th chiu gi nh l ng, lc dc l ko. Nu kt qu mang du m th chiu ca lc dc cn tm ngc vi chiu gi nh, lc dc l nn.

V nguyn tc, c th tch cc mt theo th t bt k v ti mi mt c th vit phng trnh hnh chiu ln hai phng X, Y bt k khng song song, cui cng vn tm c y cc ni lc trong dn. Tuy nhin, nu th t tch mt v cch chn trc khng kho th trong mt phng trnh cn bng c th tn ti nhiu lc cha bit, do phi gii mt h phng trnh. Bin php tt nht l chn sao cho trong mi phng trnh cn bng ch cha mt n s. Mun vy, khi p dng phng php tch mt ta nn thc hin theo nhng ch dn sau: + Nn ln lt tch cc mt theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ch c hai lc dc cha bit. Ti mi mt ta ch c hai phng trnh cn bng cho nn nu ch c mt hoc hai lc dc cha bit th c th tm c ngay. Trong trng hp h cho trn hnh 2.15, c th tch theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4... + Ti mi mt, tm lc dc trong thanh cha bit th nht th nn lp phng trnh hnh chiu ln phng vung gc vi thanh cha bit th hai. Lm nh vy th trong mi phng trnh ch cha mt n s v cc kt qu tm c s c lp vi nhau, mc sai lm dt dy.
V d 2-4: Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh 1-2, 1-3 v 2-3 trong h trn hnh 2.15a.

Tch mt 1 (hnh 2.15b), tm N1-3 ta s dng phng trnh hnh chiu ln phng X vung gc vi thanh 1-2: X = N1-3.sin - RA.cos = 0; N1-3 =2.P.cotg (lc ko).

a) 2

2P

7 3 5 RB=2P

tm N1-2 ta dng phng trnh hnh P c) chiu ln phng Y vung gc vi thanh 1-3: N2-4 2 Y= N1-2.sin + RA = 0; N1-2 = 2P (lc nn). b) y sin N1-2 N2-1 N2-3 Sau khi bit N1-2 ta c th tch mt 2 y N1-3 tm N2-4 v N2-3 (hnh 2.15c). Chng hn cn 1 tm N2-3 ta chiu cc lc ln phng vung x Hnh 2.15 gc vi thanh 2-4: RA=2P Y= N2-3.cos + N1-2.cos + P = 0; Nhng N1-2 = 2P v cos = sin, nn: N2-3 = P (lc nn). sin sin
37

RA=2P

T phng php tch mt ta suy ra cc h qu quan trng sau:

1) Ti mt mt ch c hai thanh khng thng hng v khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong hai thanh bng khng.

V d nh trng hp dn trn hnh 2.16, lc dc trong cc thanh 1-2 v 1-10 bng khng v mt 1 tha mn cc yu cu ca h qu 1. chng minh h qu 1 ta kho st s cn bng ca mt mt c hai thanh khng thng hng v khng c lc t mt (Hnh 2.17a). X = N2.sin = 0; v 0 nn N2 = 0. Y = N1.sin = 0; v 0 nn N1 = 0. Trong trng hp h trn hnh 2.16 ta c: + Ti mt 9: N9-2 = 0; cn N9-10 = N9-8. + Ti mt 7: N7-4 = 0 cn N7-8 = N7-6.
10 9 8 Hnh 2.16 7 6 1 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P

+ Ti mt 5 ta thy ch c hai thanh v mt lc P, thng hng vi thanh 5-6; c th xem lc P nh mt thanh bit ni lc, do : N5-4 = 0; cn N5-6 = - P.
2) Ti mt mt c ba thanh trong c hai thanh thng hng v nu ti mt khng c ti trng tc dng th thanh khng thng hng khng lm vic (lc dc bng khng) cn lc dc trong hai thanh thng hng bng nhau.
a) N1 y 90
o

N2 x N2

b) y

N1 N3 x

chng minh h qu 2 ta kho st s cn bng ca mt v trn hnh 2.17b, Ta c: Y = N1.sin = 0; v 0 nn N1 = 0. X = N3 - N2 = 0; nn N3 = N2. l iu cn chng minh.

Hnh 2.17

Trc khi tnh dn ta nn ch s dng cc h qu trn pht hin cc thanh khng lm vic v loi chng ra khi h, nh vy h cn li s n gin v d dng tnh ton hn. Cch tnh tch mt c u im l n gin, d p dng nhng cng c nhc im l nu xy ra sai lm trong mt bc tnh ton no th cc kt qu tip sau cng b sai ko theo.
2.4.2. Phng php mt ct n gin

Phng php mt ct n gin c p dng khi ch cn dng mt mt ct l c th xc nh c ni lc trong thanh cn tm. Trng hp ny xy ra khi mt ct ct qua khng qu ba thanh cha bit ni lc.
38

 xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn, c th thc hin cc bc sau: + Thc hin mt ct qua thanh cn tm ni lc v qua hai thanh khc cha bit ni lc, mt ct cn phi chia dn ra thnh hai phn c lp. + Thay th tc dng ca cc thanh b ct bng cc lc dc tng ng. Cng nh phng php tch mt, khi cha bit lc dc ta gii thit l dng ngha l hng ra ngoi mt ang xt. + Lp iu kin cn bng ca mt phn dn b ct (phn phi hoc phn tri). Trong trng hp ny ta c h lc phng bt k, nn c ba phng trnh cn bng. T cc phng trnh cn bng suy ra cc ni lc cn tm. Nu kt qu mang du dng th chiu ni lc hng theo chiu gi nh, tc l ko. Ngc li nu kt qu mang du m th chiu ni lc hng ngc chiu gi nh, tc l nn. trong mi phng trnh cn bng ch cha mt n s ta nn lm nh sau:
+ Trng hp ba thanh cha bit ni lc ct nhau tng i mt, tm ni lc trong thanh th nht, nn s dng phng trnh cn bng di dng tng m men ca cc lc i vi giao im ca hai thanh cn li.

+ Trng hp trong s ba thanh b ct cha bit ni lc c hai thanh song song, tm ni lc trong thanh khng song song ta s dng phng trnh cn bng di dng tng hnh chiu ca cc lc ln phng vung gc vi hai thanh song song.
V d 2-5: Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh 2-3 v 4-8 ca dn trn hnh 2.18.

Tm N2-3: thc hin mt ct 1-1 qua thanh 2-3 v hai thanh cha bit ni lc 3-9 v 9-8. Thay th cc thanh b ct bng lc dc tng ng nh trn hnh 2.18. Kho st cn bng phn bn tri mt ct. tm c ngay N2-3 ta lp phng trnh cn bng di dng tng m men ca cc lc thuc phn ang xt i vi giao im ca hai thanh 3-9 v 9-8 tc l i vi im 9.

1 P 2 1 2P d 2 r 9 P

4 5

P 2 6 2P

8 P

7 P

Hnh 2.18

Khi , cc lc cha bit N3-9, N9-8 khng tham gia phng trnh cn bng, ta c: 3Pd P tr = N 23r 2P d = 0 N 2 3 = M9 (lc nn). 2 2r Tm N4-8: thc hin mt ct 2-2 nh trn hnh 2.18. Mt ct ny qua ba thanh cha bit ni lc, trong hai thanh 3-4 v 8-7 song song. Do , tm N7-8 ta lp phng trnh cn bng di dng hnh chiu cc lc thuc phn phi (hoc phn tri) ln phng vung gc vi hai thanh song song 34 v 87, ta c: P P Y ph = N 4 8 sin P + 2 P = 0 N 4 8 = (lc ko). 2 sin 2
39

Ch thch: Nu mt ct i qua bn thanh (hoc hn na) cha bit ni lc th ni chung ta khng th xc nh ngay c cc lc dc theo mt mt ct. Trong trng hp c bit khi cc thanh b ct ng quy ti mt im K no tr mt thanh th ta c th tm ngay c ni lc trong thanh khng ng quy t mt mt ct.
1

V d, vi h trn hnh 2.19, mt ct 1-1 i qua nm thanh cha bit ni lc trong c bn thanh ng quy im K, tm Na-b trong thanh khng ng quy ta c th s dng phng trnh cn bng MK = 0.
2.4.3. Phng php mt ct phi hp

Hnh 2.19

Phng php ny c p dng tnh dn khi khng dng c phng php mt ct n gin. Khi m mt mt ct phi ct qua qu ba thanh cha bit lc dc, hay cc lc dc khng th xc nh c bng mt mt ct, khi cn phi phi hp thm vi mt s mt ct khc (cng t cng tt) va lp c mt h phng trnh cn bng c s phng trnh bng vi s n cn xc nh. hiu r bn cht ca phng php ny, ta hy xt v d sau:
V d 2-6: Xc nh lc dc trong thanh 2-5 v 5-3 ca dn trn hnh 2.20.
P P P 1 5 3 I P 2 P P P

Thc hin mt ct I-I: mt ct ny i qua hai thanh cn tm ni lc 2-5 v 5-3 ng thi qua hai thanh cha cn tm ni lc l 1-2 v 4-3.

4 c c phng trnh ch cha N2-5 v I II 3,5P 3,5P N5-3 ta lp phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ca Hnh 2.20 cc lc bn tri mt ct ln phng thng ng: ytr = N2-5.sin - N3-5.sin - 3,5P - P - P = 0, 2 2 hay N2-5.sin - N3-5.sin - 0,5P = 0 (a) 2 2 Thc hin mt ct II-II (tch mt). Mt ct ny i qua hai thanh cn tm ni lc 2-5, 3-5 v hai thanh khc cha cn tm ni lc l 1-5, 5-4. thit lp phng trnh ch cha N2-5 v N3-5 ta lp phng trnh hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng bn trong mt ct ln phng ngang: X = N2-5.cos + N3-5.cos = 0. (b) 2 2 0,25P Gii h phng trnh (a) v (b) ta c: N 3 5 = N 2 5 = . sin( ) 2

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

40

2.4.4. Phng php ha - Gin Maxwell- Cremona

Phng php ha l phng php v gii bi ton. Phng php ny n gin, mc chnh xc ca kt qu ph thuc rt nhiu vo dng c v v cch v. Khi c dng c v v mt cch thn trng th kt qu v c th p ng c yu cu thc t. C th vn dng phng php ha xc nh phn lc v ni lc trong cc h tnh nh ni chung. Trong mc ny ch gii thiu cch vn dng phng php ha tnh h dn, l trng hp thng c dng trong thit k s b. Cch gii bi ton c thc hin ch trn mt hnh v gi l gin ni lc hay gin MaxwellCremona do nh vt l hc ngi Anh J. Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) cp v nh hnh hc Italia l Luigi Cremona (1830-1903) pht trin, p dng vo kt cu dn. Trc khi i vo nghin cu gin ni lc ta cn tm hiu cch xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn bng ha . Gi s cc phn lc gi ta u bit (cch xc nh phn lc bng ha c cp trong C hc c s) yu cu xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn. T C hc c s ta bit: iu kin cn v cho h lc ng quy c cn bng l a gic lc ca h lc ny phi khp kn. Ln lt p dng iu kin ny cho tng mt ca dn b tch ra theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ca dn ch c hai ni lc cha bit tr s nhng bit phng th ta s xc nh c ni lc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn. Cch thc hin cng ging nh trong phng php tch mt, nhng y khng dng iu kin cn bng gii tch m dng iu kin cn bng di dng ha .
a) P1=P 2 1 7 6 RB=1,5P N1-2 c N1-8 N2-3 a N2-8 N2-8 d N1-2 a b 1,5P P2=P 3 P3=P 4 5

i vi dn trn hnh 2.21a nu tch mt 1 ta 8 thy ti mt ny c ba lc: phn lc RA bit, RA=1,5P hai lc N1-2 v N1-8 cha bit tr s nhng phng b) N1-2 ca chng c xc nh. 1 v a gic lc ca chng, trn hnh 2.21b N1-8 ta s v vect ba cng phng v cng chiu vi 1,5P phn lc RA v c chiu di biu th tr s ca RA P1 theo mt t l xch no . T ngn v gc ca c) vect ny, k hai ng song song vi hai phng ca thanh 1-2 v 1-8, hai ng ny ct N1-2 nhau ti c. Theo iu kin cn bng nu trn on ac v cb ln lt biu th gi tr ca lc N1-2 v N1-8.

b P c N2-3

Hnh 2.21

41

Chiu ca vect ac hng vo mt 1 nn hng ra ngoi mt nn N1-8 l lc ko.

N1-2 l lc nn, cn chiu ca vect cb

Tip chuyn sang mt 2. Ti mt ny c bn lc: hai lc bit l P v N1-2, hai lc cha bit tr s nhng c phng xc nh l N2-3 v N2-8.
Hnh 2.21c l a gic lc ca h lc ny; sau khi v hai vect ab v bc biu th phng chiu v tr s ca hai lc bit l N1-2 v P, t a v c k hai ng song song vi phng ca thanh 2-8 v 2-3 cho ti khi ct nhau ti d.

T iu kin cn bng ta thy hai lc cn tm N2-3 v N2-8 c biu th bng hai vect
cd v da , nhng lc ny hng vo mt 2 nn l lc nn.

Cng tin hnh tng t nh vy i vi cc mt khc theo th t 8, 7, 3 ta s xc nh c ni lc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn.

Nu gp tt c cc a gic lc v cho tng mt trn mt hnh v chung vi cng mt t l xch th ta s c gin ni lc.

v gin ni lc ta cn thng nht mt s iu kin, quy c v tin hnh theo th t nh sau:

1. Xc nh cc phn lc ta (c th s dng phng php ha hoc gii tch). 2. K hiu cc min ngoi chu vi dn bng cc ch ci a, b, c... Mi min c gii hn trong phm vi hai ngoi lc. Quy c c tn cc ngoi lc v phn lc bng hai ch s biu th hai min hai bn do lc phn gii. Ch phi c hai ch s theo th t thun chiu kim ng h quanh chu vi dn. V d lc P1 c l b-c; phn lc RB c l e-a... (Hnh 2.22a). 3. V a gic lc cho cc ngoi lc v phn lc theo mt t l xch no . Khi v a gic lc ta khng v chiu mi tn ca lc m ghi hai ch s tng ng biu th lc. Ch s u biu th gc, ch s th hai biu th ngn ca vect lc tng ng. V d, lc P1 (Hnh 2.22a) c biu th bng on b-c trn a gic lc (Hnh 2.22b), v P1 hng xung nn im ngn c nm di im gc b. a gic lc ca ngoi lc v phn lc i vi dn trn hnh 2.22a l ng khp kn abcdea (Hnh 2.22b). 42

a) b

P1=P c 2

P2=P d 5 P3=P e 6 RB b

1 RA b)

3 a

5 1,6 2 3,4

c a d e Hnh 2.22

4. nh s cc min trong dn bng cc con s 1, 2, 3... Lc ny ni lc trong mi thanh c c bng hai con s biu th hai min hai bn thanh. Khi ct mt thanh no ta phi thay th tc dng ca n bng hai lc ngc chiu c gi tr bng nhau t ti hai mt m thanh ni.

Cch c hai lc ny cng c khc nhau, mun c ni lc t ti mt i no ta c bng hai ch s biu th hai min hai bn thanh tng ng theo th t thun chiu kim ng h quanh mt i. V d vi lc dc trong thanh bin trn u tin bn tri, khi lc ny t ti mt a ta c l b-1 cn khi t ti mt c chu lc P1 ta c l 1-b.
5. Ln lt v a gic lc cho tng mt theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ch c hai thanh cha bit ni lc. Khi v cn ch s dng cch k hiu ni trn, khng v cc mi tn, lc bit v trc ri da vo iu kin khp kn ca a gic lc xc nh lc cha bit. Tt c cc a gic lc v cho mi mt u phi c thc hin trn cng mt hnh v ca a gic lc v bc ba, theo cng mt t l xch.

V d xt mt A, trn hnh 2.22b, on a-b, biu th phn lc RA bit, t b v a ln lt v cc ng song song vi cc lc cha bit b-1 v 1-a. Giao im ca hai ng ny xc nh v tr ca im 1. on b-1 v 1-a biu th gi tr ca lc b-1 v 1-a. Chiu 1-a hng ra ngoi mt ang xt nn lc 1-a l ko. Tip tc xt mt di lc P1 ta v c ng khp kn 1bc21. i vi cc mt khc cng tin hnh tng t s c gin ni lc. Ta thy mi mt ca dn tng ng mt a gic lc khp kn, mi min ca dn tng ng vi mt im ca gin ni lc. xc nh gi tr ca ni lc trong thanh i-k no ca dn ta o chiu di ca on i-k tng ng trn gin ni lc theo t l xch chn khi v gin . bit chiu hoc du ca ni lc ta thc hin nh trnh by im 4.
Ch :

1. Khi gp nhng dn trong khng th thc hin tch mt sao cho ti ch c hai ni lc cha bit, ta cn kt hp vi cch tnh gii tch gii quyt. V d vi dn v trn hnh 2.23 khi tch n mt k v mt l ta s gp phi kh khn trn. gii quyt, trc khi v gin ta cn s dng phng php mt ct (mt ct 1-1) xc nh lc dc N trong thanh k-m; sau v gin nh thng l (v lc N bit).

1 l N k 1 N m

Hnh 2.23

43

2. Nu ngoi lc nm trong chu vi dn th trc khi t tn cc min ngoi chu vi dn ta a cc ngoi lc ra ngoi chu vi bng cch t thm cc thanh quy c. Tt nhin thanh quy c phi t sao cho tnh cht lm vic ca dn khng thay i.

a) P1

b) a P2 Hnh 2.24 b P 1 P2

V d khi gp trng hp dn v trn hnh 2.24a ta c th a lc P1 ra ngoi chu vi dn bng cch t thm thanh quy c a-b nh trn hnh 2.24b.
2.5. TNH H BA KHP CHU TI TRNG BT NG

2.5.1. Xc nh phn lc
H ba khp c cc loi: Vm ba khp, khung ba khp v dn ba khp. Nguyn tc tnh ton cc h ny ging nhau. Di y ta trnh by cch tnh phn lc trong vm ba khp. Xt vm ba khp cho trn hnh 2.25. Gi A v B l phn lc ton phn ti gi ta A v B. Cc phn lc ny c phng cha bit nn c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn sau:
P2 P1
d VB

C h

P3 P4 B VB ZB B HB

HA

A VA
V
d A

Nu phn tch theo phng ZA A AB v phng thng ng, ta c:

A = ZA + V A ; B = ZB + V B
d d

l Hnh 2.25

Nu phn tch theo phng ngang v phng ng, ta c:

A = HA + VA ; B = HB + VB

Trong :
V A , V B : l thnh phn phn lc thng ng ti A v B c l VA dm v VB dm, cch tnh cc thnh phn phn lc ny ging nh phn lc thng ng ca dm n gin. Z A , Z B : l thnh phn phn lc theo phng ng ni hai khp A, B gi l lc vm V A , V B : l thnh phn phn lc thng ng ti A v B. H A , H B : l thnh phn lc x ngang. Nh vy, mun xc nh cc phn lc A, B ta ch cn ln lt xc nh cc phn lc thnh phn ca chng.
d d

44

1. Xc nh cc thnh phn VAd v VBd

d d xc nh cc phn lc VA v VB ta nn dng cc phng trnh cn bng m men i vi cc gi A v B v lc ny cc lc ZA v ZB khng tham gia vo phng trnh cn bng.

T phng trnh MB = 0, T phng trnh MA = 0,

d suy ra VA .

d suy ra VB .

2. Xc nh cc thnh phn ZA v ZB

Cc lc ny c xc nh theo iu kin m men un ti khp C bng khng. Nu kho st phn vm bn tri ta c:

tr MC = - ZA.h + M C = 0,

Trong :
tr - tng m men ca cc lc t trn phn vm bn tri i vi im C (khng MC k lc ZA);

h- khong cch t khp C n ng ni AB. T suy ra:

tr MC h Tng t, nu kho st phn vm bn phi, ta c:

ZA =

ph MC h ph M C - tng m men ca cc lc t trn phn vm bn phi i vi im C (khng k lc ZB).

ZB =

Cc phn ZA v ZB thng ch tn ti trong cc h ba khp nn c gi l cc lc vm.

3. Xc nh cc thnh phn HA v HB

T Hnh 2.25 ta d dng xc nh c cc thnh phn HA v HB theo ZA v Z nh sau: HA = ZA.cos; HB = ZB.cos Trong trng hp h ch chu ti trng tc dng thng ng, sau khi vit iu kin cn bng hnh chiu ca tt c cc lc trn trc nm ngang, ta c: HA = HB = H Suy ra: ZA = ZB = Z (H c gi l lc x ca vm)

Nh vy, trong trng hp h ba khp chu ti trng thng ng th lc vm v lc x hai gi u bng nhau v tr s.
45

4. Xc nh thnh phn VA v VB

T hnh 2.25 ta d dng xc nh c VA = VAd + ZA.sin;

5. Xc nh cc phn lc ton phn A v B

VB = VBd - ZB.sin

Phn lc ton phn A v B l tng hnh hc ca cc thnh phn phn lc tng ng:

A = VA + ZA = VA + HA ;
A=
2 VA + H2 A

B = VB + ZB = VB + HB
B=
2 VB + H2 B

Do , ln ca phn lc A v B c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

2.5.2. Xc nh ni lc
Sau khi bit cc thnh phn phn lc, ta c th xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc trong vm theo phng php mt ct trnh by trong 2.1. Di y ta s thit lp cng thc tnh ni lc cho vm ba khp khi vm ch chu ti trng thng ng.
1. Biu thc m men un

Gi s cn thit lp biu thc m men un Mk(z) ti tit din k c honh z trn vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng nh trn hnh 2.26. Dng mt ct qua k v xt cn bng ca mt phn vm, chng hn phn bn tri, ta c:
d Mk(z) = VA .z - P1.a1 - P2.a2 - ZA.yk*

a1

y P1

a2

i chiu vi dm n gin tng ng ngha l dm n gin c cng nhp v chu ti trng tc dng nh trn vm ta thy i k d lng: VA .z - P1.a1 - P2.a2 chnh l m men H A A un M d (z) trong d m t i ti t di n k t ng k ZA d VA ng c honh z. Do c th vit: Mk(z) = M (z) - ZA.yk*
d k

P2

k yk* yk

C h

Pi B ZB VB z
d

HB

z P1 P2 l
a2

T hnh 2.26 ta thy yk* = ykcos, m HA = ZAcos, nn biu thc trn c dng: Mk(z) = M d k (z) - HA.yk V ti trng thng ng, nn: HA = HB = H Do ta c: Mk(z) = M d k (z) - H.yk Trong :

A VA
d

Pi B VB
d

a1

Hnh 2.26

(2-1)

46

Mk(z) - m men un ti tit din k bt k c honh z trn vm chu ti trng tc dng thng ng.
Md k (z) - m men un ti tit din k tng ng trong dm n gin c cng nhp v cng chu ti trng tc dng nh trn vm. Md H - lc x ca vm v bng C f yk - khong cch theo phng thng ng t tit din k n ng thng AB ni hai gi ca vm.

Qua cng thc (2-1) ta c th gii thch c tnh u vit ca kt cu vm so vi kt cu dm nh sau: M men un ti mt tit din bt k ca vm bng m men un tng ng trong dm c cng nhp v c cng ti trng tr i tch s H.yk. Tch s H.yk lm cho m men un trong vm nh hn m men un trong dm. Nu kho chn c hnh dng ca vm sao cho tch s H.yk lun lun bng ng i lng M d k (z) th m men un ti mi tit din ca vm u bng khng, lc vm hon ton khng chu un m ch chu nn. Nh vy khng nhng s tit kim c vt liu m cn c th s dng c nhng vt liu ch chu c nn nh gch, xy vm.
2. Biu thc lc ct

Gi s cn thit lp biu thc lc ct Qk(z) ti tit din bt k k c honh z trn vm ba khp chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng (Hnh 2.26). T nh ngha v lc ct, ta c: d Qk(z) = VA .cosk - P1.cosk - P2.cosk + ZA.sin.cosk - ZA.cos.sink Vi ZA =
HA cos

Ta c th vit:
HA HA .sin.cosk cos.sink cos cos d Qk(z) = ( VA - P1 - P2)cosk + HA.tg.cosk - HA.sink i chiu vi dm n gin c cng nhp v c cng ti trng ta thy i lng d ( VA - P1 - P2) trong biu thc trn chnh l lc ct Q d k (z) trong dm ti tit din k tng ng c honh z, cho nn: Qk(z) = Q d k (z).cosk - HA.(sink - tg.cosk)
d Qk(z) = ( VA - P1 - P2)cosk +

Nhng do ti trng tc dng thng ng HA = HB = H nn: Qk(z) = Q d k (z)cosk - H(sink - tg.cosk) Trong :
47

(2-2)

Qk(z) - lc ct ti tit din k bt k c honh z trong vm chu ti trng tc dng thng ng.
Qd k (z) - lc ct ti tit din k tng ng trong dm n gin c cng nhp v cng chu ti trng thng ng tc dng nh trong vm; k - gc hp gia phng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k v phng nm ngang; - gc hp gia phng nm ngang vi phng AB ni lin hai gi.

H - lc x ca vm.
3. Biu thc lc dc

Tng t nh trn, nu vn quy c lc dc ko l dng th biu thc lc dc Nk(z) ti tit din k bt k c honh z ca vm ba khp chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng c dng: Nk(z) = - Q d k (z).sink - H.(cosk + tg.sink) (2-3)

Trng hp c bit nu hai gi c nh A, B c cng cao (ngha l nu gc = 0) th cc cng thc (2-1), (2-2), (2-3) s c dng n gin hn nh sau: Mk(z) = M d k (z) - H.yk Qk(z) = Q d k (z).cosk - H.sink; Nk(z) = Q d k (z).sink - H.cosk.
V d 2-7: Cho vm c trc bin thin 1 theo phng trnh y = .(12 - z)z. 9

(2-4)

q = 2kN/m

1,5 1,5 1,5

Xc nh ni lc ti tit din k c honh z = 3m (Hnh 2.27) y l bi ton h ba khp chu ti trng thng ng. Cc s liu ca bi ton: Tng ng vi honh zk = 3m, ta xc nh c tung theo cng thc: yk =
1 (12 3).3 .(12 - zk).zk = = 3m 9 9
A

P k 4m 6m Hnh 2.27

P P

P=4kN

B z

6m

Gc nghing ca tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k so vi ng nm ngang c cc nh nh sau:

48

tgk = yk = T suy ra:

1 1 2 .(12 - zk) = .(12 - 2.3) = 9 9 3 2 tg k = =0,555; sink = 1 + tg 2 k 3 1 + 2 2 3

( )

cosk =

1 1 + tg 2 k

1+ 2

( 3)

= 0,832.

Trong trng hp ny hai gi A, B c cng cao nn gc = 0, do ta c

d VA = VA; d VB = VB;

ZA = HA;

ZB = HB.

T phng trnh cn bng ton h ta tnh c cc thnh phn phn lc:

MB = 0 MA = 0
d VA = VA = 12kN. d VB = VB = 12kN.

ZA = ZB = Z = HA = HB = H Vi H =
tr MC = (12.6 - 2.6.3)/4 = 9kN. h

V ti trng tc dng thng ng v hai gi c nh c cng cao ( = 0) nn ta c th dng cng thc (2-4) tnh cc ni lc. Mk = M d k - H.yk = 12.3 - 2.(32/2) - 9.3 = 0 Qk = Q d k cosk - H.sink = (12 - 2.3).0,832 - 9.0,555 = 0 Nk = - Q d k .sink - H.cosk = -(12 - 2.3).0,555 - 9.0,832 = -10,81kN.
V d 2-8: V biu ni lc cho khung ba khp nh hnh 2.28. Gii: a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng ton h v xt cn bng phn bn tri ca khp C ta lp c 4 phng trnh xc nh 4 thnh phn phn lc trong khung:

MA= VB.6 + 10.4.2 + 20 - 40.4 = 0 MB = VA.6 - 10.4.4 + 20 - 40.4 = 0 MCT = HA.4 - 50.4 + 10.4.2 = 0 X = HB + 30 - 40 = 0

VB = 10kN VA = 50kN HA = 30kN HB = 10kN

b) V cc biu ni lc: V y l h khung nn ta phi v biu m men un, lc ct v lc dc. H c 4 on thanh l AD, DC, CE, EB. Kt qu tnh ton ni lc: 49

* on AD: Trong on ny khng c ti trng tc dng trong thanh: - Biu lc ct v lc dc c dng song song vi ng chun. NAD = NDA = - 50kN (nn) QAD = QDA = - 30kN - Biu m men un c dng ng thng MAD = 0; MDA = 30.4 = 120kNm (cng tri) * on BE: Tng t on AD: NBE = NEB = + 10kN (ko) QBE = QEB = + 10kN MBE = 0; MEB = 10.4 = 40kNm (cng tri) * on CE: Tng t on AD: NCE = NEC = - 30kN (nn) QCE = QEC = + 10kN MCE = 0; MEC = 20kNm (cng di) * on CD: Trong on ny chu ti phn b u q vung gc vi trc thanh: - Biu lc dc c dng song song vi ng chun: NCD = NDC = - 30kN (nn) - Biu lc ct c dng bc nht: QDC = 50kN; QCD = - 10kN - Biu m men un c dng bc hai: MDC = 120kNm (cng trn) MCD = 0 Tung treo:
M =
120kNm 50kN VA=50kN 4m

10kN/m

20kNm

E 40kN

HA=30kN 4m 30kN 2m

HB=10kN

VB=10kN

50kN

+
10kN

10kN

30kN

+
10kN

20kNm 40kNm 20kNm

M
2

ql 10.4 = = 20 (vng xung) 8 8

Hnh 2.28

50

3.5.3. Khi nim v trc hp l ca vm ba khp

trn nhn xt, nu kho chn hnh dng ca trc vm th c th lm cho m men un trong vm ba khp nh i thm ch hon ton bng khng ti mi tit din, nh th s tit kim c vt liu. Do ny sinh vn : nn chn trc vm sao cho hp l v trc vm th no l hp l?
1. nh ngha trc hp l ca vm

V mt kt cu, ta gi trc hp l ca vm l trc chn sao cho th tch vm c gi tr nh nht m vn m bo iu kin bn. Ni chung, dc theo trc vm, din tch tit din F ca vm l hm ca cc ni lc M, N, Q v kh nng chu lc [] ca vt liu dng lm vm. F = F(M, N, Q, []) Do , th tch V ca vm c chiu di S s l: V = F(M, N, Q,[])ds
0 S

Thng th cc ni lc M, N, Q thay i khi trc vm bin i cho nn bi ton xc nh trc vm hp l ng vi iu kin Vmin l mt bi ton phc tp. Ta c th da vo nhng nhn xt trong thc t thit k di y n gin ha bi ton: vi nhng vm c kch thc thng thng, khi bin i trc m vn gi nguyn nhp v mi tn vng th chiu di trc vm v lc dc bin i t, cn m men un v lc ct bin i nhiu. Vi nhng nhn xt , ta c th xem gn ng l th tch vm do m men un v lc ct quyt nh. Do , ni mt cch gn ng, th tch ca vm nh nht khi m men un trong vm bng khng v lc ct l o hm ca m men un cng bng khng. C th minh ha nhn xt gn ng bng cch so snh biu ng sut php trn mt tit din vm trong trng hp M v Q khc khng, vi biu ng sut php trong trng hp M v Q bng khng (Hnh 2.29). Khi M v Q bng khng, ng sut php phn b u, vt liu mi im trn M tit din u c s dng nh nhau, nn N N c th pht huy ht kh nng ca vt liu. Da vo l lun gn ng nh trn ta Hnh 2.29 c th i n nh ngha v trc hp l ca vm nh sau:
Trc hp l ca vm l trc ch sao cho m men un ti tt c cc tit din ca vm u bng khng (do lc ct cng bng khng).

51

Trong trng hp vm chu ti trng di ng th trc hp l cng thay i ty theo v tr ca ti trng. Nu ti trng bt ng ln hn rt nhiu so vi ti trng di ng th khi chn trc hp l c th ch k ti nh hng ca ti trng bt ng m b qua nh hng ca ti trng di ng. Khi xc nh trc hp l ca vm ba khp ta phi xt n ti trng tc dng trn vm trong c trng lng bn thn vm. Thng thng th khi trc vm thay i, trng lng bn thn ca vm v cc ti trng tc dng trn vm cng thay i theo. Lc ta gp trng hp ti trng thay i ph thuc dng ca vm. i khi trc vm thay i, trng lng bn thn ca vm v cc ti trng tc dng trn vm thay i khng ng k, lc ta gp trng hp ti trng khng ph thuc dng ca vm. Thc ra trng lng bn thn ca vm l mt i lng ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vm. Tuy nhin, khi tnh gn ng ta c th c on trng lng bn thn vm, lc ti trng tc dng trn vm (gm c trng lng bn thn vm) c xem l c lp vi hnh dng vm. By gi ta tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp trong mt vi trng hp thng gp trong thc t.
2. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng khng ph thuc dng trc vm

Trong trng hp ti trng tc dng thng ng khng ph thuc dng vm, biu thc m men un trong dm tng ng cng khng ph thuc dng vm, do ta c th dng cng thc (2-1) xc nh trc hp l ca vm: y(z) =
M d (z) H

(2-5)

Ta thy lc x H khng ph thuc z nn trc hp l ca vm c dng biu m men un trong dm tng ng (c nhp v ti trng nh ca vm) vi t l cc tung nh hn H ln.
V d 2-9: Tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng phn b u theo chiu di nhp vi cng q, cho bit vm c chiu di l l, mi tn f, khp C chnh gia nhp.

Biu thc m men un trong dm chu ti trng phn b u: Md(z) =

q z(l - z) 2
tr MC ql 2 = f 8f

Tng t nh v d 2-8, ta xc nh c: H = Do , theo (2-5) ta c: y(z) =

8f 4f q z ( l z ) 2 = 2 z (l z ) ql l 2

Nh vy, trong trng hp ny trc hp l c dng ng parabol bc hai.

52

3. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng ph thuc dng vm

Trong trng hp ny, khng th xut pht t biu thc (2-5) xc nh trc hp l c v bn thn hm Md(z) cng ph thuc ti trng. Nu ly vi phn hai ln biu thc (2-5) ta s c phng trnh vi phn trc hp l biu th trc tip theo hm ti trng q.
d2y q = dz 2 H

(2-6)

Trong hm ti trng q khng nhng ph thuc bin s z m cn ph thuc hm y cn tm. Trong mt s trng hp ta c th tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (2-6) bng phng php gii tch chnh xc, cn ni chung th cch gii s gp nhiu kh khn v ch c th gii quyt bng cc phng php ng dn. Di y l mt v d c th gii c bng phng php gii tch.
V d 2-10: Tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp i xng cong trn tru, chu ti trng thng ng ph thuc dng vm (chng hn vt liu xy hoc t p bn trn vm) theo quy lut sau (Hnh 2.30)

q(z) = qo + y. Trong : q(z) - cng ca ti trng phn b ti tit din bt k. qo - cng ca ti trng ti nh C ca vm.
- h s t l.
A f

qo C

q(z) = qo + y z q=qo+f B y

y - tung ca tit din bt k trong vm ng vi h trc ta chn;

d 2 y q o + y = dz 2 H

Hnh 2.30

Phng trnh vi phn ca trc hp l trong trng hp ny c dng:

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny c dng quen bit nh sau: y = A.shkz + B.chkz qo ,

vi k =

A, B l cc hng s tch phn c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin ca bi ton: * Ti nh C ca vm i xng cong trn tru, gc nghing ca tip tuyn bng khng, ngha l khi z = 0 th dy/dz = 0. * nh C l gc ta cho nn ti tung y ca vm bng khng, ngha l khi z=0 th y = 0.
53

T cc iu kin ny ta c: Khi z = 0: dy/dz = kA.chkz + kB.chkz = kA.ch0 + kB.sh0 = 0, nn kA = 0, A = 0. q q q Khi z = 0: y = A.shkz + B.chkz - o = B - o = 0, suy ra B = o q Nh vy phng trnh trc hp l ca vm c dng y = o (chkz - 1). ng cong ca phng trnh ny chnh l ng dy xch catnit. xc nh h s k, ta dng iu kin: f . q 2 Khi z = l/2: y=f= o k = arg ch q + 1 l o cho tin ta gi: m =
q o + f qo

f qo = ml

Nh vy phng trnh trc hp l ca vm c th biu din di dng sau: f y= (chkz - 1) ml 2 Cn h s k c xc nh theo cng thc sau: k = argchm l Nu ch rng argchm = ln m + m 2 1 th ta c th xc nh k theo cng thc: 2 k = ln m + m 2 1 l Nu cho bit tr s m th ta c th xc nh c h s k v tip tm c trc hp l ca vm ba khp.

4. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng vung gc vi trc vm

Cc cng trnh lm vic trong mi trng cht lng hoc cht kh thng chu p lc vung gc vi trc. tm trc hp l ca vm, trc tin ta cn kho st cn bng ca mt on v cng b ca trc hp l ca vm (Hnh 2.31). Ly tng m men ca cc lc i vi tm cong 0 ca phn t
Mo = N - (N + dN) = 0
u q dS N d Hnh 2.31 N+dN

T ta c dN = 0 nh vy N = const. Vit phng trnh hnh chiu theo phng u:

u = N.sin d d + N.sin - qds = 0 2 2

d d Gc d v cng b nn c th xem sin . 2 2

Ta c: N.d - q.ds = 0
54

Nhng ds = d nn sau khi thay vo iu kin ny, ta c:

= N q

(2-7)

V N=const nn bn knh cong ca vm t l nghch vi cng ca ti trng phn b q. Biu thc (2-7) l phng trnh vi phn ca trc hp l ca vm chu ti trng vung gc vi trc vm. Gii phng trnh ny cho trng hp ti trng q phn b bt k rt phc tp. Trng hp c bit, khi q = const (ti trng phn b u) ta c = const. Nh vy, trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng phn b u vung gc vi trc ca vm l ng trn.

2.6. CCH TNH H GHP TNH NH CHU TI TRNG

Ta s tm hiu h ghp tnh nh chu ti trng bt ng thng qua h v trn hnh 2.32. Th t thc hin:
a)
C P1 D q P2 F G H P3

E A B HF q D P1 C VF F VD VD D HD VF HF F G

P2 H P3

HD

b)

Hnh 2.32

+ Phn tch cu to ca h ghp ta thy: - Khung ba khp ABCD l h khung chnh ca khung DEF
55

- Khung DEF l khung ph ca ABCD v l khung chnh ca dm FGH. - Dm FGH l dm ph ca khung DEF. + Cn c vo tnh cht chu lc ca h chnh v h ph nu trong 2.1.2, a h ghp v s tnh tch bit tng h ring bit nh trn hnh 2.32b. + Thc hin tnh ton theo th t: tnh h ph trc ri chuyn sang tnh h chnh. i vi h trn q = 10kN/m P = 40kN a) B A hnh 2.32. trc ht cn tnh h ph FGH chu tc dng 3m 2m 8m 3m ca cc lc P2, P3; cch xc nh phn lc VF, HF nh P = 40kN bit cc phn trn. Tip b) xt h EDF, ngoi ti trng 20kN q = 10kN/m tc dng ln h (ti trng 20kN 20kN phn b q) cn phi k n lc truyn t h ph FHG c) 40 80 xung. Nhng p lc ny c 60 gi tr bng VF v HF bit 20 nhng chiu ngc li. Thc + 45 hin tnh ton h DEF vi + 20 cc lc bit v xc nh c cc phn lc VD, HD ti 40 60 khp D. Sau cng tnh h d) chnh ACBD chu ti trng 60 tc dng ln h (lc P1) 45 20 + v cc p lc t ti D truyn + t DEF xung. Nhng p lc 20 ny c gi tr bng VD v HD nh bit nhng vi chiu Hnh 2.33 ngc li.
P = 40kN q = 10kN/m C

35

M
(kNm) 35

Q
(kN)

V d 2-11: V biu ni lc trong h dm ghp cho trn hnh 2.33.

3m

3m

8m

M
(kNm)

Cc kt qu tnh ton c trnh by trn hnh 2.33b,c.

75 Hnh 2.34

80

56

Ch thch: So snh biu m men un trn hnh 2.33d ca dm ghp hai nhp vi biu m men un trn hnh 2.34 ca hai dm n gin c cng nhp chu ti trng tng ng, ta thy m men un ln nht trong dm ghp l 60kNm, cn m men un ln nht trong dm n gin l 80kNm. iu cho ta thy dng dm ghp c th tit kim vt liu hn so vi dng dm n gin c cng nhp v ti trng. 2.7. TNH H C H THNG TRUYN LC CHU TI TRNG BT NG

Nhim v ch yu khi tnh h c h thng truyn lc chu ti trng bt ng l xc nh ni lc (hoc v cc biu ni lc) trong kt cu chu lc chnh. v c biu ni lc trong kt cu chu lc chnh (thng l cc dm dc chnh) ta phi truyn ti trng t cc dm dc ph xung dm dc chnh. Xt h c h thng truyn lc nh hnh 2.35a. Ta thy cc dm dc ph lm vic nh cc dm n gin k trn cc gi ta hay cc mt truyn lc. Di tc dng ca ti trng, trong dm dc ph s pht sinh phn lc v ni lc.
2kN 5kN/m 8kNm

a)
2m 2kN 2m 4m 5kN/m 3m 8kNm 1m

b)
1 1 1 10 11 10 12 2 2 2

c)

Hnh 2.35

tnh kt cu chnh, ta thay th tc dng ca ti trng trn dm dc ph bng nhng p lc ca n xung kt cu chu lc chnh ti v tr phn lc ca dm dc ph nhng ngc chiu. S truyn ti trng t dm dc ph xung kt cu chu lc chnh nh trn hnh 2.35b,c. Ta thy cc lc tc ng trn kt cu chnh ca h c h thng truyn lc l cc lc tp trung c v tr t c nh ti cc mt truyn lc.
V d 2-12: V biu ni lc cho dm trn hnh 2.36a. Gii: Th t tin hnh:

1. Phn tch s cu to v truyn lc nh hnh 2.36b. 2. V biu ni lc:Biu lc ct trn hnh 2.36c. Bin m men trn hnh 2.36d.
57

20kN/m

80kNm

40kN

20kN/m

a)
2m 2m 20kN/m

K
2m 80kNm 2m 2m 2m 40kN 4m 20kN/m

b)
40 40 20 20 20 20 40 60 40 40

60 100

80 3 3 40

Q
(kN)

c)

+
80 3

160 40 3 3

M
(kNm)

d)

160

Hnh 2.36

BI TP CHNG 3
1. V biu ni lc cc kt cu cho trn hnh 2.37 n hnh 2.40. Da vo biu ni lc, cho bit gi tr ni lc ti cc tit din K1, K2, K3. 2. V biu ni lc cho cc khung hnh 2.41 n hnh 2.46. 3. Tm v tr khp C v D sao cho m men un ti tit din trn hai gi ta trung gian bng nhau v bng ME (Hnh 2.47). 4. Tnh phn lc v ni lc ti tit din K ca vm ba khp cho trn cc hnh 2.48 n hnh 2.50. 5. Tnh ni lc cho cc thanh nh du ca dn cho trn cc hnh 2.51 n hnh 2.58. 6. V gin Mc xoen - Crmna cho cc dn trn hnh 2.51, hnh 2.56 v hnh 2.58 v xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh c nh du. 7. V biu ni lc cho h lin hp tnh nh trn hnh 2.59.
M=60kNm
P=10kN

q=4kN/m K2

q=10kN/m K1 2m 4m 2m

M=100kNm K2 2m 2m 2m

P=40kN

K1 4m 4m 6m

2m

Hnh 2.37

Hnh 2.38

58

K1

q1=10kN/m P=30kN M=40kNm 2m 4m

q2=20kN/m K2 2m 2m K3 3m

3m

3m

Hnh 2.39
q=20kN/m P=60kN M=40kNm q=20kN/m

K1 1m 2m 1m 1m 2m

K2 3m 2m

Hnh 2.40

M=qa2

M=qa2

P= qa P= qa

a 2a
P= 2qa

a 3a
q

M=qa2

a a a a
P= qa

P= qa

2a

2a

Hnh 2.41
M=40kNm

Hnh 2.42
q=20kN/m

Hnh 2.43

P=40kN q=20kN/m

3m

3m
P=80kN

2m 2m 2m 2m 4m 4m

P=100kN

3m 1m 2m 4m 2m

4m

M=40kNm

Hnh 2.44
q C l x l-x

Hnh 2.45

Hnh 2.46

D y l-y

E l/3

Hnh 2.47

59

P=100kN K R=4m

q=10kN/m K

q=20kN/m q=20kN/m 2,5m f=4m 2,5m K P=80kN y= (24 - z).z 72

2m

2m

2m

2m

5m

5m

12m

4m

8m

Hnh 2.48

Hnh 2.49

Hnh 2.50
P P

P 45o

P P 4m

45o d/3 d/3 d/3

6x3m

Hnh 2.51

Hnh 2.53

Hnh 2.52

P d P d d d 4d 4d 4m 20 20 40kN 6x3m

Hnh 2.56

Hnh 2.54

Hnh 2.55 q
P 30o P 45o P

2P 4d

Hnh 2.57

Hnh 2.58

Hnh 2.59

60

CHNG 3

CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H THANH PHNG TNH NH CHU TI TRNG DI NG

3.1. KHI NIM V TI TRNG DI NG V NG NH HNG

3.1.1. Khi nim v ti trng di ng

Ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh, ngoi ti trng c v tr c nh (hay bt ng), cn c ti trng c v tr thay i, m ta gi l ti trng di ng nh on xe la, on t, on ngi i trn cu v.v Di tc dng ca ti trng di ng, mi i lng nghin cu (nh phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v v.v) u thay i theo v tr ca ti trng. Do , khi tnh ton cng trnh chu ti trng di ng ta phi gii quyt hai vn c bn sau: + Xc nh v tr ca on ti trng di ng, m khi on ti trng di ng ti v tr , th i lng nghin cu c gi tr ln nht. V tr nh vy gi l v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng di ng i vi i lng nghin cu. + Xc nh gi tr ca i lng nghin cu (phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v v.v) khi bit v tr ca h lc di ng. Trong tnh ton ta gi thit rng on ti trng di ng trn cng trnh chm n mc c th coi l tc dng tnh. Ta ch xt ti trng di ng c v tr thay i nhng hng v tr s khng i, khong cch gia cc ti trng trong on ti trng di ng l khng thay i. C nhiu phng php gii quyt hai vn trn, song vi cc trng hp c th p dng c nguyn l cng tc dng th phng php ng nh hng l n gin hn c. Ni dung c bn ca phng php ng nh hng l: tnh mt i lng nghin cu no do nhiu lc tc dng gy ra (c nh hay di ng), trc ht ta tnh i lng do mt lc bng n v gy ra, ri p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.

3.1.2. nh ngha ng nh hng: ng nh hng ca i lng nghin

cu S xut hin ti mt v tr K xc nh trn cng trnh (vit tt l ahSK, v d nh phn lc lin kt, ni lc, chuyn v ti mt tit din K no ) l th biu din lut bin thin ca SK do mt lc tp trung bng n v c phng v chiu khng i di ng trn cng trnh gy ra.

3.1.3. Nguyn tc chung v ng nh hng:

T nh ngha trn, khi v ng nh hng ca i lng SK ta thc hin theo th t sau: 1. Lp h trc ta ri cho lc P = 1 di ng ti v tr c ta z no . 61

2. Coi lc P = 1 t c nh ti ta z, tnh SK l hm ca ta z: SK = SK(z). 3. Cho z bin thin (tc l P = 1 di ng trn cng trnh), v th ca hm SK= SK(z), ta c ahSK cn tm. Khi v ng nh hng ta quy c: - Chn ng chun vung gc vi phng ca lc di ng (hoc song song vi trc ca thanh) - Dng cc tung vung gc vi ng chun - nh du vo ng nh hng Ch : Nu i lng nghin cu SK khng phi l mt hm duy nht lin tc theo ta z trn ton b cng trnh, th ahSK bao gm nhiu on vi cc quy lut bin thin khc nhau, ta cn phi xc nh c cc quy lut trong tng on tng ng vi v tr ca lc P = 1 khi di ng.

3.1.4. Phn bit ng nh hng vi biu ni lc

Xt ahMK v biu ni lc m men un ca dm n gin cho trn hnh 3.1. + ahMK do lc P = 1 di ng gy ra cn biu m men un M do ton b ti trng tc dng tnh trn dm gy ra. + Xt tung ti tit din I ta c: yI l gi tr m men ti tit din K do P = 1 t ti tit din I (P = 1 di ng n v tr I) gy ra, v mi tung trn ahMK u cho gi tr m men un ti tit din K, cc tung khc nhau tng ng vi cc v tr khc nhau ca lc P = 1. Cn MI l gi tr m men ti tit din I do ton b ti tc dng tnh ln dm gy ra v, mi tung ca biu ni lc cho ta gi tr ni lc ti mt ct tng ng.
z P=1 I K a a l-a a z K l-a P P I z

+
yK

yI

ahMK Hnh 3.1

MK

MI

+ Th nguyn ca tung ng nh hng: Khi v ahSK ta thit lp phng trnh ahSK theo ti trng tp trung P = 1 l mt lc khng th nguyn. Thc t ti trng l i lng c th nguyn, do ta c: Th nguy n ca i lng S Th nguyn ca tung ahSK = Th nguy n ca lc Nh vy, ng nh hng ca phn lc lc, ca lc ct v lc dc l h s; cn ca phn lc m men v mmen un l chiu di. 62

3.2. NG NH HNG PHN LC V NI LC TRONG MT S KT CU THNG GP

3.2.1. ng nh hng trong dm n gin

y ta p dng nguyn tc chung trnh by trn v cc ng nh hng trong dm n gin, cc kt qu ny s c s dng v nhanh cc ng nh hng trong mt s kt cu phc tp hn nh: h dm ghp, h c h thng truyn lc... 1. ng nh hng phn lc Xt dm c u tha nh hnh 3.2a. Gc ta chn ti gi ta A, lc P = 1 t cch gi mt khong l z. Khi P = 1 t trn dm th honh z ca lc bin thin trong khong (-l1 z l + l2). Dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ta xc nh c hm biu din qui lut bin i ca phn lc ti cc gi ta: lz MB = RA.l - 1.(l - z) = 0 ta c: ahRA = l z MA = RB.l - 1.z = 0 ta c: ahRB = l Cc biu thc trn chng t phn lc RA v RB l hm bc nht theo bin s z. Khi z thay i trong khong (-l1, l + l2) th ng nh hng RA v RB l ng thng xc nh qua hai im: Khi z = 0 ta c: RA = 1; RB = 0; ta c: RA = 0; RB = 1; Khi z = l Cc ng nh hng phn lc RA v RB v trn hnh 3.2b,c vi quy c du ca phn lc hng ln trn l dng. 2. ng nh hng ni lc ti mt tit din bt k trn dm Khi P = 1 vung gc vi trc dm, ni lc trong dm ch c mmen un v lc ct. Ty thuc mt ct K nm gia hai gi ta hay u tha m cch v nhanh v dng ng nh hng c khc nhau. Mt khc, khi P = 1 di ng trn phn dm bn tri v bn phi tit din K, ni lc ti tit din K bin i theo hai qui lut khc nhau. Bi vy, v c cc ng nh hng ni lc ta phi phn bit xc nh hai hm s . a) Tit din trong nhp: Ta v ahMK v ahQK ti tit din K nm trong khong gia hai gi ta (trong nhp ca dm). + Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri tit din K tc l -l1 z a, ta xt cn bng ca phn dm bn phi tit din K (v c t lc hn), kt qu: z z ahMK = (l - a); ahQK = l l 63

Trn Hnh 3.2d,e ta v hai ng thng biu th hai phng trnh trn ng vi v tr ca P = 1 di ng bn tri tit din K, gi l nhng ng tri. Mi ng thng xc nh bng hai im: Khi z = 0 ta c: MK = 0; Khi z = l ta c: MK = l-a; QK = -1 + Khi P = 1 di ng trn phn bn phi tit din K tc l a z l + l2. Xt s cn bng ca phn dm bn tri tit din K, kt qu: QK = 0

a)
c

z m A K l1 RA a l

P=1 B n b l2

RB

b) + c) d)
L
ng tri

ahRA

1 +
1 A a A A B

ahRB

+
K' Q

- ahMK
B

ng phi

e)
P c

1 R

lz ahMK = .a; l
ahQK =

ng tri

B
ng phi

ahQK

lz l

f) g)

.tri

ahMm 1

Trn hnh 3.2d,e ta v hai ng thng biu th hai phng trnh trn ng vi v tr ca ti trng P = 1 di ng bn phi tit din K, gi l nhng ng phi. Mi ng thng xc nh bng hai im: Khi z = 0 Khi z = l Nhn xt:

ahQm
.phi

h) i) Hnh 3.2

- ahMn ahQn

ta c ta c

MK = +a; MK = 0;

QK = +1 QK = 0

Hnh 3.2d,e ln lt l ahMK v ahQK cn tm.

1) T ahMK ta thy ng tri v ng phi giao nhau ti im K ng di tit din K v ng ko di ca ng phi ct ng dng thng ng ng di gi ta A ti im A vi tung AA = a l khong cch t gi ta A n tit din K. T nhn xt trn ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahMK ca tit din bt k trong nhp: 64

- u tin v ng phi bng cch k ng thng i qua hai tung di gi ta A c gi tr AA = a v bng khng ti gi ta B, phn t K ti ht dm l ng phi. - Sau v ng tri bng cch ni tung ti K vi tung bng khng ti gi ta A, phn t u dm n K l ng tri. 2) T ahQK ta thy ng tri v ng phi song song vi nhau, ng thi ti gi ta ahQK c tung bng khng. T nhn xt ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahQK cho tit din K bt k trong nhp nh sau: - Trc tin v ng phi, l ng thng i qua hai tung di gi ta A c gi tr bng -1 v bng khng ti gi ta B, phn t K ti ht dm l ng phi. - Sau v ng tri l ng thng i qua im khng ti gi ta B v song song vi ng phi, phn t u dm n K l ng tri. b) Tit din u tha V d v ahMm v ahQm ti tit din m u tha tri ca dm. + Khi P = 1 di ng phn tri tit din m, ta chn gc ta ti tit din m, chiu trc z nh trn hnh 3.3 v xt s cn bng phn dm bn tri tit din m, ta c: ahMm = -1.z = -z ahQm = -1. v i 0 z c
P=1 c z m

Hnh 3.3

T hai biu thc trn ta c: Qm = -1; Khi z = 0 Mm = 0; Khi z = c Mm = -c; Qm = -1; Trn hnh 3.2f,g ta v cc ng tri ca ahMm v ah Qm ng vi 0 z c. + Khi P = 1 di ng trn phn bn phi tit din m, ni lc ti mt ct m lun bng khng nn ng nh hng trng ng chun. Cch v ng nh hng ti tit din n u tha bn phi ca dm cng tng t nh khi v cho tit din m. Kt qu nh trn hnh 3.2h,i, lc ny ahQn mang du dng. Nhn xt: 1) ng nh hng m men un ti tit din K thuc u tha c dng hnh tam gic trong khong t mt tha n tit din K v c du m, tung ln nht ti mt tha c gi tr bng khong cch t mt tha n tit din K. 65

2) ng nh hng lc ct ti tit din K thuc u tha c dng hnh ch nht vi tung bng +1 hoc -1 ph thuc K u tha phi hay tri. 3) ng nh hng ni lc trong dm cng son c dng nh ng nh hng ni lc ti tit din u tha. 3.2.2. ng nh hng trong h dm ghp tnh nh Trn c s phn tch h ghp thnh h chnh v h ph (s tng), ta c tnh cht quan trng sau: Khi P = 1 di ng trn h chnh s khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trn h ph. Ngc li, khi P = 1 di ng trn h ph s gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h ph v c trong cc h chnh ca n. Ta trnh by cch v ng nh hng trong dm ghp tnh nh thng qua v d v ahRE ca dm tnh nh nhiu nhp cho trn hnh 3.4a.
P=1 A d d K1 d d B 2d E d C d K2 d D

a)

b) c) d) a a e) d f) Hnh 3.4 2 d b b 1 RE

+ +
d c c 1

ahRE ahMK1 d

d 2

4 m n

d ahQK2
z P=1

Dm cho c s tng nh trn hnh 3.4b. Ta nhn thy, khi P = 1 di ng trn ton dm, s c lc n di ng trn dm BC c cha phn lc RE cn v ng nh hng. Lc ny phn ah RE trong khong dm BC v c bng cch tch ring dm BC ra m khng lin quan ti cc dm khc. y l dm n gin c u tha, cch v cc ng nh hng nh trnh by 3.2.1, kt qu trn hnh 3.4c. 66

RC =

(l-z) l

RD =

z l

ahRE(on CD) RE
2d d

Hnh 3.5

Tip theo, cho P = 1 di ng trn cc dm cn li, xy ra hai trng hp: + Nu dm k tip l dm chnh ca n (dm AB) theo tnh cht nu, lc P = 1 di ng trn dm ny khng gy ra i lng cn v ng nh hng, nn ahRE trong khong dm chnh AB trng vi ng chun (on ab trn hnh 3.4d). + Nu dm k tip l dm ph ca dm c cha i lng cn v ng nh hng (dm CD), vi h trc ta chn nh hnh 3.5. nh hng ca P = 1 c truyn t h ph vo h dm chnh thng qua phn lc (l z ) (l z ) 3 khp ni RC = . . l lc tp trung nn RE = RC.yC = l l 2

Phn lc RE bin thin theo qui lut bc nht khi P = 1 di ng t C ti D. ahRE trong khong dm ph CD c v trn hnh 3.5. Ghp cc hnh li trn mt ng chun, ta c ahRE trn hnh 3.4d. Qua cch v ahRE trn y, ta rt ra cch v nhanh ng nh hng phn lc v ni lc trong h dm ghp tnh nh nh sau: 1. Cho P = 1 di ng trc tip trn dm cha i lng cn v ahSK. Tin hnh v ahSK trong dm n gin nh trnh by 3.2.1. 2. Cho P = 1 di ng trn cc dm k tip vi dm cha i lng cn v ahSK: + Nu dm k tip l dm chnh, th ahSK trng vi ng chun. + Nu dm k tip l dm ph, th ahSK l on thng ni tung bit ti khp ni vi dm chnh v tung bng khng ng di gi ta cn li ca dm ph. Vn dng iu ny ta c th v nhanh ahMK1 v ahQK2 ca dm trn hnh 3.4a nh sau: Mt ct K1 thuc dm chnh AB. V ahMK1 khi P = 1 di ng trn dm AB (ng gy khc aKb). Tip theo cho P = 1 di ng trn dm BC l dm ph ca dm AB nn d ahMK1 l on thng ni tung bng bit ti khp ni B v tung bng khng ti 2 gi ta E ca dm BC. Cui cng cho P = 1 di ng trn dm CD l dm ph ca dm BC d ti khp ni C v nn ahMK1 trong on dm ny l on thng cd ni tung bng 4 tung bng khng ti gi ta D (hnh 3.4e)
Mt ct K2 thuc dm ph CD. Tch ring dm CD ra, l dm n gin, phn ahQK2 trong on dm ny l ng cmnd trn hnh 3.4h. Cc dm k tip dm CD l dm BC v AB u l dm chnh nn ahQK2 trong cc on ny u trng vi ng chun.
67

3.2.3. ng nh hng trong dn dm

3.2.3.1. ng nh hng phn lc

Ta nghin cu cch v ng nh hng phn lc trong h dn dm thng qua v d cho trn hnh 3.6a. Cng tng t nh trong dm, ta xc nh v tr ca ti trng di ng P = 1 theo ta chy z t gi ta tri, tip tm phn lc RA v RB tng ng vi v tr ti trng , ta c:

Suy ra:

MB = RA.l - P(l - z) = 0 lz ahRA = ; l

MA = RB.l - Pz = 0 z ahRB = l

V th bin thin ca hai i lng trn theo z, ta s c ahRA v ahRB nh trn hnh 3.6 v hnh 3.6c. Nhng ng nh hng ny c dng ging nh ng nh hng phn lc trong h dm bit.
3.2.3.2. ng nh hng ni lc trong cc thanh dn

C th s dng cc phng php tnh trnh by trn v ng nh hng ni lc trong cc thanh dn.
a) 1
P=1

9 d 10

3 d b)

2 4 RA

5 4d

7 RB

ahRA

+
c) a

1 1

+
d) c 1 b e) a b d

ahRB

ahN1-2

+ d +
c 1 b Hnh 3.6 e ahN5-6 c - 1 ahN9-10 d

f) a

68

1) Dng tch mt

Khi s dng phng php tch mt v ahSK ta ln lt xt cc v tr ca lc P=1 nh sau: * Khi P = 1 t ngay ti mt b tch. * Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct * Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t b ct. thy r cch lm, ta xt mt s v d c th i vi dn trn hnh 3.6a. + ng nh hng N1-2. Tch mt 2 (Hnh 3.7a)
* Khi P = 1 t ngay ti mt 2 (Hnh 3.7a):

T phng trnh hnh chiu theo phng 1-2 ta c:

Y = N1-2 - 1 + RA = 0
Suy ra N1-2 = - RA + 1. Nhng ti im ny RA = + 1 nn N1-2 = 0 Tung ahN1-2 ti im ny bng khng (im b trn hnh 3.6d). Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct 3-2 v 2-4. Mt 2 chu tc dng ca cc lc nh trn hnh 3.7b. T phng trnh hnh chiu:

Y = N1-2 + RA = 0 ta c N1-2 = -RA = -(l - z)/l.

ng biu din ca phng trnh ny l ng acd trn hnh 3.6d. Phn thch dng ca ng ny bao gm im a l im ng di mt 3 v on cd l on ng di cc mt 4 10 v phng trnh ny ch ng khi lc P = 1 di ng ngoi hai t 3 - 2 v 2 - 4.
a) y N1-2 N2-3 P=1 2 RA Hnh 3.7 N2-4 RA N2-3 b) y N1-2 2 N2-4 P=1 Hnh 3.8 N4-5 5 N5-7 N4-5 5 N5-7 a) y N5-6 b) y N5-6

* Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t b ct 3-2 v 2-4.

Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng trong nhng on ny l on thng ni lin cc tung ng nh hng ng di cc mt. - Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 3-2, ng nh hng tng ng l on ab. - Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 2-4, ng nh hng tng ng l on bc. Ton b ahN1-2 l ng gy khc abcd trn hnh 3.6d.

69

+ ng nh hng N5-6: Tch mt 5

* Khi P = 1 t ti mt 5 (Hnh 3.8a)

T phng trnh cn bng:

Y = N5-6 - 1 =0,

N5-6 = 1.

Tung ca ahN5-6 ti mt ny bng +1 (im c trn hnh 3.6e). * Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct 4-5 v 5-7 (Hnh 3.8b). T phng trnh hnh chiu:

Y = N5-6 = 0

N5-6 = 0.

ng biu din ca phng trnh ny l ng thng trng vi ng chun. Phn thch dng ca ng ny bao gm hai on ab v de (Hnh 3.6e). * Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t 4-5 v 5-7. Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng trong nhng on ny l on thng ni lin tung ng di cc mt ca mi t. - Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 4-5, ng nh hng tng ng l on bc. - Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 5-7, ng nh hng tng ng l on cd. Ton b ahN5-6 l ng gy khc abcde trn hnh 3.6e. + ng nh hng N9-10: Tch mt 9 Trong trng hp ny ti trng truyn vo dn qua ng bin di (ng xe chy di) nn lc P = 1 khng tc dng ti mt 9. Do , sau khi tch mt 9, ta d dng nhn thy rng N9-10 lun lun bng khng vi bt k v tr no ca ti trng trn ng bin di. Vy ahN9-10 trng vi ng chun (ng abd trn hnh 3.6f). Nu gi thit ti trng P = 1 di ng trn ng bin trn (ng xe chy trn) th ahN9-10 s c dng khc i.
* Khi P = 1 t ti mt 9. Kho st s cn bng ca mt 9 di tc dng ca cc lc v trn hnh 3.9 ta c:
N2-3 P=1 9

N9-10

Y = N9-10.cos + 1.cos = 0
Suy ra: N9-10 = -1 Tung ca ahN9-10 ti mt 9 l on cd trn hnh 3.6f.

Hnh 3.9

* Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi t 8-9 b ct. Tch mt 9, ta thy N9-10 = 0. ng biu din trng vi ng chun. Phn thch dng l on ab. * Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 8-9. Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng l on bc. Vy khi ti trng di ng trn ng bin trn, ton b ahN9-10 l ng gy khc abcd (Hnh 3.6f).
70

2) Dng mt ct n gin

Khi s dng cch lm ny, cn phn bit hai loi mt ct: * Mt ct trong nhp, khi mt ct ny chia dn thnh hai phn, mi phn u c phn lc ta. V d mt ct 1-1 trn hnh 3.10a. * Mt ct u tha, khi mt ct ny chia dn thnh hai phn, trong mt phn khng c phn lc ta. V d mt ct 3-3 trn hnh 3.10a.
c - Mt ct trong nhp: Gi s cn v ng nh hng lc dc trong cc thanh 1-2 v 1-4 khi ng xe chy di.

+ ng nh hng N1-2. Thc hin mt ct 1-1 qua thanh 1-2 v hai thanh khc l 1-3 v 2-4. xc nh N1-2 ta dng phng trnh cn bng tng m men ca cc lc i vi im k l giao im ca hai thanh 1-3 v 2-4. Gi im k l tm m men. Xt ba trng hp:
a)

3
5 r 7 2d

6 3

d d

RA

4 P=1 2 1 2 z l =6d f e b
.ni

k
RB

d 2d

b) a + c) a + d) d + r a
2

2
.tri .tri

.ni

1
.phi

+ ahN1-2
d

2
.phi

+
c

ahN1-4

.ni

b
.tri

c Hnh 3.10

.phi

ahN5-6

* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct: (-2d z +2d), kho st s cn bng ca phn phi, ta c:

Mk = N1-2.2d + RB.2d = 0;

N1-2 = - RB = - z/l = - z/6d

(a)
71

 l phng trnh ca ng tri khi P di ng phn bn tri mt ct. Phng trnh ny c dng bc nht. v ng tri, ta tm gi tr hai im: Khi z = 0 Khi z = l = 6d ta c ta c N1-2 = 0; N1-2 = -1.

Phn thch dng ca ng tri v bng ng lin nt trn hnh 3.10b. Phn ny bt u t mt bn tri ca dn di mt s 2 l mt cui cng ca phn bn tri mt ct khi ng xe chy di (on ab).
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn phi mt ct, tc l mt 4 n u mt bn phi ca dn (3d z 8d). Kho st s cn bng ca phn tri, ta c:

Mk = N1-2.2d + RA4d = 0;

N1-2 = -2RA = (6d - z)/3d

(b)

l phng trnh ng phi, c dng bc nht. v ng phi ta cn tm hai gi tr: khi z = 0 ta c N1-2 = -2; khi z = l = 6d ta c N1-2 = 0 Phn thch dng ca ng phi bt u t mt s 4 tc l mt u tin ca phn bn phi khi ng xe chy di cho n ht u mt bn phi ca dn. Trn hnh 3.10b ta v on ny bng ng lin nt cd.
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 2-4 b ct.

Trong thc t ti trng khng t vo cc thanh ca dn m thng t vo cc mt thng qua h thng truyn lc pha trn. Bi vy khi P = 1 di ng trong khong ny th theo nguyn tc ca h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng l on thng bc ni lin tung ng di mt 2 ca ng tri v tung ng di mt 4 ca ng phi.
Hnh 3.10b l ahN1-2 khi xe chy trn ng bin di. Nhn xt:

- Ta d dng nghim thy: ng tri v ng phi ct nhau di tm m men k. Tht vy, trong phng trnh ca ng tri v ng phi, cho z = 4d, ta u tm c N1-2 = 2/3. iu chng t ng tri v ng phi ct nhau di im k. - Nu ng xe chy ng bin trn th dng nh hng N1-2 s khc i. Lc ny phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ae (Hnh 3.10b) tc l bt u t u mt bn tri ca dn v kt thc di mt 3 l mt cui cng ca phn bn tri khi lc P = 1 di ng ng bin trn. Phn thch dng ca ng phi bt u t mt 1 cho ti u mt phi ca dn (ng fd). ng ni l on ef tng ng di t 1-3. Ton b ahN1-2 khi ng xe chy bin trn l ng gy khc acfcd (Hnh 3.10b). + ng nh hng N1-4. Thc hin mt ct 2-2 qua thanh 1-4 v hai thanh song song 1-0, 2-4. xc nh N1-4 ta dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng Y vung gc vi hai thanh song song nm ngang.
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct 2-2 (-2d z +2d), kho st s cn bng ca phn bn phi, ta c: 72

Y = N1-4.cos45O + RB = 0,

N1-4=-

2 RB z = O cos 45 6d

(c)

l phng trnh ng tri, c dng bc nht. Khi z = 0 Khi z = l = 6d ta c ta c N1-4 = 0; N1-2 = 2

Phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ab trn hnh 3.10c.

* Khi P = 1 di ng bn phi mt ct 2-2 (3d z 8d), kho st s cn bng ca phn dn bn tri, ta c:

Y = N1-4.cos45O + RB = 0,

N1-4 =

2 (6d z ) RA (d) = O 6d cos 45

l phng trnh ng phi, c dng bc nht. Khi z = 0 Khi z = l = 6d ta c N1-4 = ta c N1-2 = 0.

2;

Phn thch dng ca ng phi l on cd trn hnh 3.10c.

* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t b ct 2-4: p dng quy tc ca h c h thng truyn lc; ta c ng ni bc nh trn hnh 3.10c. ahN1-4 cho trn hnh 3.10c. Nht xt: Khi mt ct i qua ba thanh trong c hai thanh song song, ng nh hng ni lc trong thanh khng song song c ng tri v ng phi song song vi nhau. Tht vy, ta d dng nhn thy cc phng trnh ca ng tri v ng phi c cng mt h s gc. d - Mt ct u tha: Gi s cn v ng nh hng lc dc trong thanh 5-6 khi ng xe chy di.

Thc hin mt ct 3-3 qua thanh 5-6 v cc thanh 6-7, 7-8. Mt ct ny chia dn thnh hai phn, trong phn bn tri khng c phn lc ta. Vi loi mt ct ny ta ch nn kho st s cn bng ca phn khng c phn lc, d ti trng di ng phn bn tri hoc bn phi mt ct v lm nh vy th s lc tham gia phng trnh cn bng s t nht.
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct, tc l di ng t mt tri ca dn n mt 7. Nu chn gc ta ti gi A v chiu dng ca trc z hng v bn tri th ta tm c phng trnh ah N5-6 trong khong (d z 2d):
tr M7 = N5-6.r - l(z - d) = 0;

N5-6 = (z - d)/r.

l phng trnh ng tri. Khi z = 2d; Khi z = d, ta c ta c N5-6 = d/r; N5-6 = 0.

73

Phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ab (Hnh 3.10d) ng di u mt tri ca dn v mt 7.

* Khi P = 1 di ng phn bn phi mt ct, tc l t mt 8 n u mt bn phi ca dn. Lc ny trn phn bn tri ch c cc ni lc N5-6, N7-6 v N7-8; phng trnh cn bng c dng: tr M7 = N5-6.r = 0; N5-6 = 0 l phng trnh ng phi. ng phi trng vi ng chun. Phn thch dng l on cd (Hnh 3.10d) ng di mt 8 v u mt phi ca dn. * Khi P = 1 di ng trn t b ct (t 7-8), cng tng t nh trn, theo nguyn tc ca h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng trong on ny l on thng ni lin tung ng di mt 7 ca ng tri v tung ng di mt 8 ca ng phi. Trong trng hp ny ng ni l on bc trng vi ng chun. ahN5-6 cho trn hnh 3.10d. Ch thch: 1. V nguyn tc c th dng mt trong hai phng php k trn v ng nh hng lc dc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn dm tnh nh. Trong nhng bi ton c th, nn chn phng php no cho php thit lp c phng trnh ng nh hng t mt phng trnh cn bng tnh hc. 2. Trng hp khng th thit lp c phng trnh ng nh hng t mt phng trnh cn bng, c th dng phng php mt ct phi hp hoc v trc mt s ng nh hng c lin quan. V d mun v ahNk-d ca dn trn hnh 3.14 ta cn v trc ahNk-e bng mt ct qua ba thanh d-e, k-e v g-f, sau dng mt ct qua cc thanh c-d, k-d, k-e v g-h v ahNk-d. 3. Trong thc hnh, khi gp nhng dn phc tp, ta c th v ng nh hng bng cch: cho P = 1 ln lt t ti tng mt, xc nh lc dc trong thanh cn v ng nh hng, di mi mt dng mt tung bng gi tr lc dc tng ng vi khi P = 1 t ti mt , ni cc tung li vi nhau bng nhng on thng (theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc) ng gy khc chnh l ng nh hng cn tm.

3.2.4. ng nh hng trong vm ba khp

3.2.4.1. ng nh hng phn lc

y ch trnh by cch v ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn phn lc trong h ba khp chu ti trng thng ng P = 1 di ng m khng trnh by cch v ng nh hng ca cc phn lc ton phn A v B v l cc ng nh hng va kh khn, va khng cn thit.

74

1) ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn phn lc VAd v VBd

z a) A VAd

P= 1 l1 l

C f Z l2

VBd B

Khi trn h ba khp c ti trng thng ng P = 1 di ng vi v tr c xc nh bng honh z, ta tm c biu thc gii d d tch ca ng nh hng VA v VB t cc iu kin cn bng:

b) 1 c) d) l1 f e) 1 f)
l1l2 tg l.f

MB = 0 MA = 0

ahVAd = (l - z)/l. ahVBd = z/l.

+ +
.tri

ahVAd ahVBd ah H f
l2

Ln lt cho honh z hai gi tr khc nhau ta s v c ng nh hng cc thnh phn phn lc ny nh trn hnh 3.11b,c. v hon ton Ta thy cc ging nh cc ah phn lc trong dm.
2) ng nh hng lc x H ahVAd ahVBd

+
l1l2 l.f

.phi

ahVA
l1l2 tg l.f

Ta bit biu thc gii tch ca m men un ti mt tit din bt k trong vm khi chu ti trng thng ng l: Mk(z) = M d k (z) - H.yk. MC = M d C - H.yc

ahVB 1

Hnh 3.11

p dng cng thc ny cho tit din khp C ca vm, ta c: (v yc = f nn H = M d C /f) Khi lc P = 1 di ng trn vm, tung f l hng lng cn i lng M d C v H bin i nn ta c th vit d ahM C ahH = f Nh vy, ta v ng nh hng lc x H bng cch v ng nh hng ca m men un trong dm tng ng ti v tr khp C, ri chia cho hng lng f. ng nh hng H v trn hnh 3.11d.
3) ng nh hng lc vm Z

Khi lc thng ng P = 1 di ng trn h ba khp ta c ng thc: H = Z.cos ahH ahZ = Do cos Nh vy, ta v c ng nh hng Z bng cch ly ng nh hng H chia cho hng lng cos .
75

4) ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn phn lc ng VA v VB

Khi ti trng thng ng P = 1 bt k v tr no trn h ba khp ta c: d d VA = VA + H.tg; VB = VB - H.tg Khi P = 1 di ng, i lng tg khng thay i, cn cc i lng khc u thay i cho nn ta c th vit:
ahVA = ahVAd + (ahH).tg ahVB = ah VBd - (ahH).tg
d (hoc Nh vy, v ng nh hng VA (hoc VB) ta ly ng nh hng VA d ng nh hng VB ) cng (hoc tr) vi ng nh hng H nhn vi tg. Cc ahVA v ahVB v trn hnh 3.11e, f.

3.2.4.2. ng nh hng ni lc

Cng l lun nh trn, ta v c cc ng nh hng ni lc theo nhng cng thc sau y suy ra t cng thc (2-4).
ahMk = ahMkd - (ahH).yk ahQk = (ahQkd).cosk - (ahH).(sink - tg.cosk) ahNk = -(ahQkd).sink - (ahH).(cosk + tg.sink) 1) ng nh hng m men un ti tit din k
u zk k A A b) zk c)
Z
yk M D

P= 1 C

T cng thc (2-4) ta c:

ahMk = ahMkd - (ahH).yk
a)

l-u

Ta thy: v ahMk trong h ba khp (Hnh 3.12a) ta cn ly ahMkd (Hnh 3.12b) ca dm n gin tng ng tr i ahH c nhn vi hng lng yk (Hnh 3.12c). Thc hin php tr bng cch t chng hai ng nh hng ln nhau, phn gch gch trn hnh 3.12d chnh l kt qu cn tm. em cc tung kt qu t ln ng chun ta c ahMk nh trn hnh 3.12e. Cch lm nh vy thng tn kh nhiu thi gian cho nn y ta t vn tm mt cch v thc hnh nhanh chng. T kt qu v trn hnh 3.12 ta c cc nhn xt c dng lm c s cho cch v thc hnh.

f l
Z

B B

l1

l2 ahMkd

+ +
l1l2 yk l.f

(ahH)yk

d) zk + e) a f) zk
.tri

ahMk
l2

.phi

f b

yk

c e

.ni

+ d
Hnh 3.12

ahMk

a1

76

1) Phn ae ca ahMk gi l ng tri ng vi trng hp P di ng trn phn bn tri tit din k. Phn ec ca ahMk gi l ng phi ng vi trng hp P di ng trn phn bn phi tit din k, t k n khp C. Phn cn li ca ahMk gi l ng ni ng vi khi P di ng trn phn CB. Ta nhn thy nu v c ng phi th s tm c ton b ahMk, bi v ng tri ae bao gi cng i qua im a c tung bng khng ng di gi A v i qua im e nm trn ng phi ng di tit din k; ng ni bao gi cng i qua im b c tung bng khng ng di gi B v i qua im c nm trn ng phi ng di khp C. ng phi c xc nh bng hai im: im a1 vi tung aa1 = zk v im khng d nm trn ng chun. im a1 tm c d dng, ch cn phi tm im khng d. 2) im khng d ca ng phi l im ng di v tr ti trng P = 1 sao cho m men un Mk = 0. N chnh l im nm trn ng chun ng di giao im D ca ng Ak v ng BC. Tht vy, khi P = 1 t ti im D th phn lc B c phng BCD, cn phn lc A c phng AD i qua trng tm ca tit din k. Do , khi P = 1 t ti im D th m men un ti tit din k c xc nh theo phn lc A i qua k nn c gi tr bng khng. Nh vy im khng d nm trn ng chun ca ng phi l im ng di giao im D ca ng BC v ng Ak. l iu phi chng minh. Hai nhn xt trn cho php ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ng nh hng m men un ti mt tit din k nm phn bn tri vm nh sau: + Xc nh im khng d ca ng phi l im nm trn ng chun ng di giao im ca ng BC v ng Ak. + ng di gi tri A, dng on aa1 = zk. Ni im a1 vi im khng d s c ng phi ec (e l im nm trn ng phi ng di tit din k cn c l im nm trn ng phi ng di khp C). + Ni a vi e, c ng tri ae. + Ni c vi im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c ng ni cn bng. ng gy khc aecb l ahMk cn tm.
Ch thch:

+ T hnh 3.12 ta thy tam gic AND ng dng vi tam gic AkM; tam gic BDN ng dng vi tam gic BCL, ta tnh c: y y f f (l - u) = k u v = (l - u), do : = k u = l2 l2 zk zk
vi u l khong cch theo phng nm ngang t gi ta tri n im khng d. Suy ra: u=

f .l l 2 (y k / z k ) + f
77

Dng cng thc ny ta xc nh c d dng v tr ca im khng d bng gii tch. + Trng hp tit din k ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng tng t. Khi v ah Mk cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v phn bn tri.
2) ng nh hng lc ct ti tit din k

Theo (2-4):

ahQk = (ahQkd).cosk - (ahH).(sink - tg.cosk)

Nh vy, v ahQk trong h ba khp (Hnh 3.13a) ta cn em ahQkd ca dm n gin tng ng nhn vi hng lng cosk (Hnh 3.13b) ri tr i ahH c nhn vi hng lng n = (sink - tg.cosk), (Hnh 3.13c). Qu trnh thc hin c trnh by trn hnh 3.13. T hnh 3.13 ta thy ahQk gm ba on thng: on ae bn tri tit din k, on e1c bn phi tit din k v on ni bc. an thng e1c i qua im a1 vi aa1 = cosk v qua im khng d. im khng d chnh l im ng di v tr ca ti trng P = 1 di ng t k n C sao cho lc ct Qk bng khng, ngha l sao cho hp lc bn tri tit din k (phn lc A) song song vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti tit din k. V tr ca ti trng P = 1 chnh l giao im ca ng AD song song vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti tit din k v ng BC i qua hai khp B v C. Do ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahQk i vi tit din thuc phn bn tri ca vm nh sau: + Xc nh im khng d ca ng phi l im ng di giao im D ca hai ng BC v AD. ng AD l ng k t A song song vi tip tuyn ca trc vm t i k. + ng di gi tri A dng tung aa1 = cosk. Ni a1 vi d s c on phi e1c ca ahQk, on ny tng ng vi trng hp P = 1 di ng trn phn kC. + T im a k ng thng song song vi a1d. ng dng thng ng k t tit din k ct ng va v ti im e. on ae l ng tri ca ahQk. ng di tit din k, ahQk bao gi cng c bc nhy bng cosk.
t Q k N P= 1 D C f l1 l l2 cosk Z l-t

a)
ak A

k Z

B B

b)
cosk

+ +
l2 .n f

(ahQkd)cosk (ahH).n

c)
l1 .n f cosk

d)

+
e e1 .phi c d

.ni

ahQk
l2 .n f

e)

cosk

.tri

b ahQk

a1

Hnh 3.13

78

+ T khp C k ng dng thng ng, ng ny ct ng phi ti c. Ni c vi im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c on ni cb. ng aee1cb l ahQk.
Ch thch:

+ Cng c th xc nh v tr ca im khng d bng cng thc gii tch. T hnh 3.13. ta c: f f (l t ) do (l t ) = t(tgk - tg) v = t(tgk - tg) = l2 l2 fl t= l 2 ( tg k tg) + f t l khong cch theo phng ngang t im khng d n gi tri A ca h ba khp.

+ Trng hp tit din k phn ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng tng t. Khi v ah Qk cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v phn ming cng bn tri song cn i du.
3) ng nh hng lc dc ti tit din k

Theo (2-4)
ahNk = -(ahQkd).sink - (ahH).(cosk + tg.sink)

Nh vy, v ahNk ta cn em ahQk ca dm n gin tng ng nhn vi hng lng -sink (Hnh 3.14b) ri cng vi ahH nhn vi hng lng u, vi u = -(cosk + tg.sink) (Hnh 3.14c). Php cng ny c thc hin trn hnh 3.14d. v c kt qu nh trn hnh 3.14e. T hnh v ta thy ahNk gm ba on thng: ng tri ae, ng phi e1c, v ng ni cn bng. V tr ca ng phi c xc nh bng im a1 v im khng I. tm im a1, t im khng a ng di gi tri ta dng tung aa1 = sink. im I ca ng phi l im nm trn ng chun ng di giao im I ca ng BC v ng AI k t A vung gc vi tip tuyn ti k ca vm. Tht vy, im khng I l im ng di mt v tr ca im t lc P = 1 khi lc ny di ng trn on kC th phn lc B c phng BC, lc thc hin mt ct qua tit din k ta s thy hp lc bn tri tit din ch l phn lc A; chnh phn lc ny gy ra lc dc Nk bng thnh phn chiu ca lc A ln phng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k. Mun cho lc dc Nk bng khng th ti trng P = 1 trn on vm kC phi c v tr sao cho phn lc A vung gc vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti k, ngha l phi c phng AI. V h nm trong trng thi cn bng nn ba lc P = 1, A, B phi ng quy, do
79

 lc P = 1 c v tr trn on kC sao cho n i qua giao im I ca phn lc B v phn lc A.

a)
I k P= 1 D k N k E C

f
Z

A A

Z l1

b)
sink

l2 l (ahQkd)(-sink)

c)

l1 .u f

l2 f

(ahH).u d)
l1 .u f sink l2 f

.u

e1 e
.phi

ahNk
l2 f

c
.ni

e)
I

a1
sink

.u

a .tri Hnh 3.14

ahNk b

im t I ca ti trng P = 1 nh trn hnh v c th nm ngoi phn kC. Nu tng tng im I c gn vi phn kC ca h bng thanh DE th c th xem nh lc P = 1 trc tip tc dng ln on kC v gi tr ca lc dc Nk tng ng ti tit din k s phi bng khng. Lc , ng di im I s l im khng I ca ng phi e1 c. T nhn xt trn ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahNk nh sau: + Xc nh im khng I ca ng phi. im ny l im ng di giao im I ca ng BC v ng AI i qua A vung gc vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti k.

80

+ T a t tung aa1= sink, ni a1 vi I s c ng phi e1c ca ahNk ng vi trng hp P = 1 di ng trn on kC. + T a k ng tri ae song song vi e1c. Di tit din k bao gi ahNk cng c bc nhy bng sink. + Ni c vi im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c ng ni cb. ng gy khc aee1cb l ahNk ca h ba khp.
Ch thch:

+ T hnh 3.9a. ta c f f (l + v) do v(tg + cotgk) = (l + v ) l2 l2 v l khong cch theo phng nm ngang t im khng I n gi tri A. T ta suy ra cng thc gii tch xc nh v tr im I nh sau: = v(tg + cotgk) v = v= fl l 2 ( tg + cot g k ) f

+ Trng hp tit din k phn ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng tng t. Khi v ahNk cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v ming cng bn tri.

3.2.5. ng nh hng trong h c h thng truyn lc

Vi h c h thng truyn lc, P = 1 di ng trn dm ph dc, trong khi i lng cn v ng nh hng li thuc kt cu chu lc chnh. Nu so snh ahSK no trong hai trng hp: khi P = 1 di ng trc tip trn kt cu chu lc (ni cha i lng cn v ng nh hng, ng nt t trn hnh 3.15c), v khi P = 1 di ng trn dm dc ph (ng nt lin); Ta thy trong qu trnh di ng trn dm dc ph, s c nhng thi im lc P = 1 n t ng trn cc mt truyn lc. nhng v tr lc P = 1 t trn dm dc ph hay trn kt cu chu lc chnh l hon ton nh nhau, v ton b p lc s truyn qua mt truyn lc xung kt cu chu lc chnh. iu ny c ngha l tung ahSK ng di cc mt truyn lc trong hai trng hp l nh nhau (cc tung yA, yB, yC... trn hnh 3.15b), i lng cn v ng nh hng SK bin thin theo qui lut bc nht. Tht vy, lc P = 1 truyn p lc xung kt cu chu lc qua hai phn lc ti cc mt truyn lc B v C theo hm bc nht. i lng SK tnh c:
P=1 a) A B
z K

P=1 RC = z l yD

b) yA c)

RB =

(l-z) l

yB Hnh 3.15

yC

ahSK

81

SK = RB.yB + RC.yC = cng l hm bc nht.

(l z ) (l z ) .yB + .yC. l l

Qua phn tch trn, ta suy ra cch v nhanh ng nh hng trong h c h thng truyn lc nh sau: Trc ht v ahSK vi gi thit P = 1 di ng trc tip trn kt cu chu lc chnh (khng c mt truyn lc), sau ni tung ca ng nh hng va v ng di cc mt truyn lc bng cc on thng trong phm vi gia hai mt truyn lc, ta c ng nh hng cn v.
Ch :

+ ng di cc mt truyn lc t vo t, tung ng nh hng bng khng. + ng di cc mt truyn lc m ahSK c bc nhy th: nu xt mt ct K bn tri ta ly tung bn phi, v ngc li, nu xt mt ct K bn phi, ta ly tung bn tri.
3.3. CCH XC NH CC I LNG NGHIN CU DO TI TRNG GY RA BNG PHNG PHP NG NH HNG

Trong mc ny trnh by cch s dng ahSK xc nh gi tr ca SK do h lc bt k tc dng trn cng trnh gy ra. trnh by c tng qut ta gi thit ng nh hng ca i lng nghin cu SK l ng cong bt k. Khi v ahSK, cho P = 1 di ng c phng cng phng vi h lc cho.

3.3.1. Ti trng tp trung

Gi s trn cng trnh c c h lc tp trung P1, P2, Pn nh trn hnh 3.16. Tung yi l gi tr ca i lng SK khi c mt lc P = 1 t ti v tr ca Pi gy ra, vy nn gi tr ca i lng SK do Pi gy ra l S KPi = Pi.yi Theo nguyn l cng tc dng th: SK = S KP1 + S KP2 + + S KPi + + S KPn = P1.y1 + P2.y2 + Pi.yi ++ Pn.yn Hay SK =
n

P1 y1

P2

Pi

Pn ng chun

y2

yi

yn

ahSK Hnh 3.16

S KPi =
i =1

P .y
i =1 i

(3-1)

Nh vy gi tr ca i lng SK do cc lc tp trung gy ra bng tng i s cc tch s gia gi tr ca lc tp trung vi tung ng nh hng ti cc im t lc tng ng.

82

+ Cc lc Pi c coi l dng khi n cng chiu vi lc P = 1 khi v ng nh hng. + Du ca tung yi ly theo du ca ahSK.

3.3.2. Ti trng phn b

Gi s cng trnh chu tc dng ca ti trng phn b bin i theo quy lut q(z) nh trn hnh 3.17. Trc tin ta xt nh hng ca mt phn t ti trng trn chiu di dz (phn gch cho trn hnh 3.17). C th xem phn t ti trng ny nh mt lc tp trung dP = q(z)dz v hy xc nh gi tr ca i lng dSK do lc dP gy ra theo (3-1): dSK = dP.y(z) = q(z)dz.y(z) Do vy gi tr ca i lng SK do c on ti trng phn b gy ra l:
zb

SKq =

za

dS
zb

= q(z) y(z)ds
za

zb

(3-2)
za

zb z q(z) dz

Trng hp ti trng phn b u (q = const) ta c: SKq = q y(z)ds = q.

za

ab

q(z)dz y(z)

Khi c nhiu on lc phn b th: SKq =

ahSK

S
i =1

Kq i

= q i i
i =1

(3-3)

Hnh 3.17

Trong i l din tch ca phn ahSK nm di on ti trng phn b u qi. Nh vy, gi tr ca i lng SK do ti trng phn b u gy ra bng tch ca cng ti trng q vi din tch ca phn ng nh hng nm di on ti trng. + Lc phn b qi l dng nu n cng chiu vi chiu ca lc P=1 dng v ahSK. + Du ca din tch i ly theo du ca ahSK.

3.3.3. M men tp trung

Gi s trn cng trnh c m men tp trung M tc dng nh hnh 3.18. Thay th m men tp trung M t ti honh z bng mt ngu lc gm hai lc tp trung P c cnh tay n z, vi z tin ti 0. Theo (3-1) ta xc nh c i lng SK do hai lc ny gy ra l: SK = lim [P.y(z + z ) P.y(z)]
z 0

z M

z P P ng chun y(z) y(z+z)

ahSK

Hnh 3.18

83

Thay P =

M ta c: z
SKM = M lim

y(z + z) y(z) = M.y(z) z 0 z Hay SKM = M.tg Khi c nhiu mmen tp trung tc dng th:
SKM =

SKMi = M i tgi
i =1

(3-4)

i =1

Nh vy, nh hng ca m men tp trung n i lng SK bng gi tr ca m men tp trung nhn vi gi tr o hm ca ng nh hng ti im t m men hay nhn vi tang ca gc gia tip tuyn ca ng nh hng ti im t m men vi phng ca ng chun. + M men tp trung Mi l dng khi c chiu quay thun chiu kim ng h. + tgi l dng khi ng nh hng ng bin.
Ch : 1) Trng hp ng nh hng c bc nhy ti ni t lc tp trung, hoc c mi gy ti ni t m men tp trung (Hnh 3.19), lc ny ta phi tnh hai gi tr ca i lng SK tng ng vi tit din bn tri v bn phi ca im t lc. ph ph S tr hoc S tr K = P.y K = M.tg
ah S
yph P M

ytr tr ph

Hnh 3.19

S = P.y
ph K

tr

hoc

S = M.tg
ph K

tr

(3-5)
P1 P2

2) Trng hp c nhiu lc tc dng trn cng mt on thng no ca ahSK nh trn hnh 3.20, th trong cng thc (3-1) ta c th thay th cc lc bng hp lc ca chng. Gi s trn phn ng thng ca ahSK c cc lc P1, P2, Pn tc dng v hp lc ca chng l R. Gi l gc hp bi on thng ny vi ng chun v khong cch t cc lc tp trung ti giao im 0 (xem hnh v) l z1, z2,zn v ca hp lc l zo khi theo (3-1) ta c:

Pi

Pn

o
z1 z2

y1

y2

yo

yi

yn

zo zi zn

ah SK

Hnh 3.20

SK = P1y1 + P2y2 + + Pnyn = P1z1tg + P2z2tg + + Pnzntg SK = (Pizi)tg = R.zo.tg = R.yo

(3-6)

(V m men ca mt h lc ly i vi mt im bng m men ca hp lc ca chng ly i vi im ), (3-6) l iu phi chng minh.

84

V d 3-1: Tnh gi tr m men un v lc ct ti tit din K ca dm cho trn hnh 3.21a bng phng php ng nh hng. ahQK v ahMK do P = 1 di ng v c nh trn hnh 3.21b,c. Ti tit din K c m men tp trung v lc tp trung nn cn phi xc nh cc gi tr ca m men un v lc ct ng vi cc tit din bn tri v bn phi im t m men v lc tp trung.

a)

20kN K 2m 2m

40kN

10kN/m

60kNm 2m 4m 1

0,25 0,25

b) c)

+
1

+
0,75 0,5

ahQK

1,5 2 1,0 1,5

+ ahMK (m)

+ Ni lc ti tit din bn tri tit din K:

Hnh 3.21

1.4 1,5 tr = 60. + 20.(1,5) + 40.1,5 + 10. = 35kNm (cng di) MK 6 2 0,5.4 0,75 tr = 60. QK + 20.(0,25) + 40.0,75 + 10. = +37,5kN 6 2
+ Ni lc ti tit din bn phi tit din K:

1,5 1.4 M ph + 20.(1,5) + 40.(1,5) + 10. = 95kNm (cng di) K = 60. 2 2

0,5.4 0,25 Q ph = 2,5kN + 20.0,25 + 40.(0,25) + 10. K = 60. 2 2 Nu dng phng php mt ct ta cng s tnh c cc gi tr ni lc nh trn.
V d 3-2: Tnh gi tr ni lc ti tit din K ca dm c mt truyn lc chu ti trng cho nh trn hnh 3.22a bng phng php ng nh hng. Gii: Th t tin hnh:

1. Phn tch s tng nh hnh 3.22b. 2. V cc ng nh hng ni lc ti K. Vi ahQK, ta phi v ahQKtr v ahQKph v ti K c mt truyn lc t vo. Cc ng nh hng ni lc trn hnh 3.22c,d v e.

85

a)

20kN/m

80kNm

40kN

20kN/m

K
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 4m

b)
2 1 3

c)
1

+
2 3 2

ahQKph

d)

+
2

+
Hnh 3.22

ahQKtr

e)

ahMK (m)

3. Tnh cc gi tr ni lc ti K: 1 1 2 80 2/30 Q ph kN + 40. - 20. .4. = K = - 80. 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 100 2 / 3 1 tr QK kN = 20. .(4.1) - 80. + 40. - 20. . 4. = + 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 1 4 160 4/30 kNm. MK = - 80. - 40. + 20. .4. = 3 2 3 3 4

3.4. XC NH V TR BT LI NHT CA ON TI TRNG DI NG BNG NG NH HNG

Khi tnh ton cng trnh di tc dng ca ti trng di ng, cc on ti trng nh: on xe la, on t, on ngi i li .v.v khi di ng phi tun th nhng quy nh c th v ti trng, khong cch.v.v.. Nhng on ti trng nh vy gi l on ti trng tiu chun. Ty theo mc ch s dng, mi cng trnh c tnh ton vi mt on ti trng tiu chun nht nh. V tr ca on ti trng di ng c xc nh theo ta z ca mt trong s cc ti trng trong on. Bi vy i lng nghin cu SK cng bin i ph thuc vo ta z, ngha l SK = f(z).
86

Nh trn bit, v tr bt li nht (v tr tnh) ca on ti trng di ng i vi SK l v tr gy nh hng ln nht n i lng nghin cu SK. Do vic tm v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng c lin quan n vic tm cc tr ca hm SK=f(z). Ni chung hm SK = f(z) t cc tr nhiu ln ng vi mt s v tr no ca on ti trng.

SK

H minSKmin D SK=f(z) G maxSKmax I L K M z

A C B

Hnh 3.23

Trong s nhng cc tr c cc tr ln nht v tr s tng ng vi tng du ca n (on EF v on GH trn hnh 3.23), ta k hiu l max SK max (hoc min SK min ). V tr ca

on ti trng ng vi v tr c max SK max (hoc min SK min ) l cc v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng i vi i lng SK. Nh vy, ng li chung tm v tr bt li nht l ln lt cho on ti trng di ng ti mi v tr trn cng trnh, pht hin ht cc v tr m hm SK = f(z) t cc tr (cho SKmax hay SKmin), so snh cc SK max (hoc SK min ) tm ra max SK max (hoc
min SK min ), v tr c max SK max (hoc min SK min ) l v tr bt li nht cn tm. Biu hin cc tr v mt ton hc nh sau: + Nu hm SK = f(z) lin lc v o hm cp mt S'K = f(z) cng lin tc th iu dS K = 0). Hm SK s t kin cc tr xy ra khi o hm cp mt bng khng ( S'K = f(z) = dz cc i hay cc tiu ty theo o hm cp hai ca n m hoc dng. Trong thc hnh ta t gp trng hp ny v o hm S'K = f(z) thng khng lin tc. + Nu hm SK = f(z) lin tc nhng o hm cp mt ca n khng lin tc (Hnh 3.24) th khi tm cc tr ta thng xt du ca o hm cp mt. Trn hnh 3.24 ti cc im c honh z1, z3, z4 hm SK t cc i, cn li cc im c honh z2, z5, z6 honh SK t cc tiu. Ta thy, ti ni SK t cc i (gi l zi honh c cc i), o hm cp mt khi chuyn t tri sang phi, phi tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau:

SK S >0 o z1 z2 z3 1 S<0 K

SK >0 2

=0 3 SK

SK <0 SK =0 5

SK >0 6 z

z4

z5

z6

Hnh 3.24

87

Chuyn t:

dS K > 0 dz > = (ti z = zi - dz)

sang

dS K < =0 dz < (ti z = zi + dz)

(3-7)

Ti ni hm t cc tiu, o hm cp mt phi: dS K < dS K > Chuyn t: sang =0 >0 dz < dz = (ti z = zi + dz) (ti z = zi - dz)

(3-8)

V ti trng v ng nh hng c nhiu dng khc nhau, nn khng c mt nguyn tc chung c th no tm v tr bt li. Di y s trnh by mt trng hp hay gp trong thc t. l: trng hp on ti trng tp trung di ng trn ng nh hng dng a gic. Trong trng hp ny pht hin cc v tr cc tr ca SK, ta dng cch th dn. gim nh khi lng tnh ton, ta da vo mt s tnh cht sau:
1) Hm SK ch c th t cc tr khi c t nht mt trong s cc lc tp trung t vo mt nh no ca ahSK.

Xt ahSK c dng a gic a) mt du (Hnh 3.25), Rj (j=1, 2m) l hp ca cc lc tc dng trn on thng th j ca ng nh hng. Gi cc 1 gc nghing ca tng on thng ng nh hng vi ng chun l 1, 2,m. Di tc dng ca cc ti trng P ta c th xc nh i lng SK theo cng thc (3-6) SK =

R1

R2

Rj

Rm

y1

y2 2

yj

ym m dyj=dz.tgj

ahSK

dz

b)

Hnh 3.25

R y
j=1 j

Gi s cho on ti trng dch sang phi mt lng v cng b dz, th SK s thay i mt lng vi phn dSK =

R dy
j =1 j m

m dyj = dz.tgj (xem hnh 2.12b) Nn dSK =

R jtg jdz
j =1

hay

m dS K = R jtg j dz j =1

(3-9)

(3-9) l biu thc tnh o hm cp mt ca SK da vo ahSK. Mun SK t cc tr th o hm cp mt ny phi i du. iu ny ch xy ra khi Rj thay i (v tgj trong (3-9)
88

khng i), mun vy, phi c t nht mt trong s cc ti trng dch chuyn t on thng ny sang on thng khc, ngha l phi vt qua mt nh no ca ahSK. l iu phi chng minh.

dS K i du) l P*. Tnh dz cht trn ch l iu kin cn ch khng phi iu kin , v khng phi lc P no t nh ahSK cng l P*.
K hiu ti trng t nh ahSK lm cho SK t cc tr (
2) Nu ti trng P* t mt nh li ca ng nh hng th i lng SK s c gi tr tuyt i cc i, cn i qua nh lm th SK s c gi tr tuyt i cc tiu.

Xt ahSK mang du dng v on ti trng dch chuyn hng sang phi nh trn hnh 3.26. Gi s c mt lc P* trng vi mt nh no ca ahSK. Theo (3-7) v (3-8) nu:
R1 Rtr

P* Rph

Rm

dS dS K dS K = K <0 dz dz dz dS th SK t cc i, cn nu K > 0 th SK t dz cc tiu. Mt khc theo (3-9), khi P* dch chuyn t bn tri sang bn phi nh ta c:

ph

tr

tr

ph

ahSK Hnh 3.26

m dS K m ph R jtg j + P * tg tr =P*.(tgph- tgtr) = P*.tg. + = R tg P * tg j j dz j =1 j =1 R rng l nu ng nh hng mang du dng v nh li th .tg < 0 (tgph < tgtr v tr i s), cn khi nh lm th .tg > 0 (tgph > tgtr v tr i s). dS Vy khi P* t nh li K = P*.tg < 0; SK c gi tr cc i. Cn khi P* t dz dS nh lm K = P*.tg > 0; SK c gi tr cc tiu. l iu cn chng minh. dz

i vi ahSK mang du m chng minh cng tng t. T nhng tnh cht trn rt ra kt lun: V tr bt li nht ca on ti trng tp trung di ng trn ng nh hng c dng a gic mt du ch c th xy ra khi c t nht mt trong s cc ti trng t ti mt nh li no ca ng nh hng. Da vo kt lun ny, ta c th tm v tr bt li theo cch th dn nh sau: Ln lt cho tng ti trng tp trung t ti tng nh li ca ng nh hng. Mi ln t th nh vy cn tin hnh: dS K theo cng thc (3-9) trong hai trng hp: Khi on ti + Tnh o hm cp mt dz trng bn tri v bn phi v tr va gi thit mt on dz.
89

dS K i du, i lng SK t cc i (nu ahSK dz mang du dng), hoc cc tiu (nu ahSK mang du m).Tnh SK max (hoc SK min ) theo cng thc (3-1) dS K khng i du, chng t lc P gi thit t trn nh li Nu o hm cp mt dz ca ahSK khng phi l P*, lc ny dch on ti trng sang pha khc. Nu tm SK min m dS K > 0 th cho on ti trng dch chuyn theo chiu chuyn ng (sang c hai ln tnh dz dS K phi); cn nu c hai ln tnh < 0 th dch on ti trng theo chiu ngc li. Nu dz tm SK min th lm ngc li. + So snh cc SK max (hoc SK min ) tm max SK max (hoc min SK min ), v tr tng ng ca on ti trng l v tr bt li nht cn tm. V nguyn tc, nu c n lc tp trung v m nh li ca ahSK, th phi th (nm) ln nh trn. Song thc t c th loi bt mt s ln th, v v tr bt li thng xy ra khi cc ti trng ln nm trn phn ng nh hng c tung ln v cng nhiu ti trng nm trong phm vi ng nh hng cng tt. Ch : 1) Trng hp ahSK c bc nhy, ta coi bc nhy nh mt on ph c: y P* tg = = (v z 0); z du (+) hay du (-) ty thuc vo y = yph - ytr dng hay m. Ta thy: z + + Khi y > 0 (xem hnh 3.27) i lng s t gi tr cc y>0 dS K i nu 0 ng vi P* bn phi nh li (bn phi dz nh li ahSK bc nhy) mt on dz (v o hm bn tri bng +). Hnh 3.27 dS K + Khi y < 0, th SK t cc i nu 0, ng vi P* gi thit bn tri nh li dz (bn tri bc nhy). 2) Trng hp ahSK c dng a gic hai du, lc ny ta phi tm c maxSKmax v minSKmin. Xt hai trng hp: + Nu on ti trng c th ct ri c (ch khng ch khong cch ti thiu gia cc ti trng nh on t) th tch chng ra tng nhm ring bit b tr chng trn tng phn ng nh hng dng (nu tm SKmax) hoc m (nu tm SKmin), ta tr v trng hp ahSK c mt du. + Nu on ti trng khng ct ri ra c (on xe la), vic tnh ton vn nh khi ahSK c mt du, nhng phi k ti nh hng ca ti trng t phn ng nh hng khc du. Cc ti trng ny lm gim gi tr i lng nghin cu. 3) Trng hp c ti trng phn b di ng, ta phn chng thnh nhiu lc tp trung tnh gn ng.
+ Nu trong hai ln tnh, o hm
90

V d 3-3: Xc nh v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng di ng i vi i lng SK c ng nh hng nh trn hnh 3.28a. 1. Tnh cc tgi vi gi thit ti trng di ng hng sang phi. tg2 = 0,25; tg3 = -0,5; tg1 = 0,75; 2. Tnh s nh li ca ng nh hng: tg12 = tg2 - tg1 = 0,25 - 0,75 = -0,5 < 0 nh li. tg23 = tg3 - tg2 = -0,5 - 0,25 = - 0,75 < 0 nh li. 3. Pht hin cc v tr t lc 3m 4m 3m a) dS k P4=50 i du. P1=30 P3=30 P2=50 dz 4m 4m 8m H c 4 lc tp trung v hai nh li, ta phi th 42 = 8 v tr t lc, 1 2,5 3 nhng do tm SKmax nn ta ch cn gi 1 3,75 4 + ahSK thit 4 v tr tnh th nh 2 3 hnh 3.28b,c,d v e l . P 2 P3 P1 Th ln 1: Cho lc P1 t trn b) nh li c tung bng 4 (trn hnh P2 c) P4 P3 P1 v, lc gi thit l P* c nh thm du ) xem hnh 3.28b. Xt hai P4 P2 P3 P1 d) trng hp. + Khi P1 bn tri nh (P1 nm e) P4 P2 P3 P1 trn on 2) ta c: dS K Hnh 3.28 = 30.0,75+ (50 + 30).0,25 = 42,5 > 0 dz + Khi P1 bn phi nh (P1 nm trn on 3) ta c: dS K = 30.0,75+ 50.0,25 + 30.(-0,5) = 20 > 0 dz dS K Trong c hai ln tnh u dng, lc P1 t trn nh ny khng phi l P*. Cho dz on ti trng dch tip sang phi. Th ln 2: Lc ny lc P2 trng nh c tung bng 4, ng thi lc P3 trng nh c tung bng 3 (Hnh 3.28c), ta c: + Khi on ti trng nm bn tri v tr ang xt, tnh: dS K = (50 + 30).0,75 + 50.0,25 + 30.(-0,5) = 57,5 > 0 dz + Khi on ti trng nm bn phi v tr ang xt, tnh: dS K = 50.0,75 + 30.0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = 5 > 0 dz v tr ny on ti trng khng cho SK t cc tr. Tip tc dch sang phi, lc P4 s gp nh c tung bng 3. Th ln 3: Cho P4 t nh li c tung bng 3 (Hnh 3.28d) 91

+ Khi P4 bn tri nh, tnh: dSK = 50.0,75+ 30.0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = 5 > 0 dz + Khi P4 bn phi nh, tnh: dSK = (50 + 30).0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = -20 < 0 dz Vy theo iu kin (3-7), lc P4 t nh ang xt l P*. i lng SK lc ny t cc i. Th ln 4: Tip tc dch on ti trng sang phi, lc P3 t nh c tung bng 4 (Hnh 3.28e) + Khi lc P3 bn tri nh, tnh: dSK = (50 + 30).0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = -20 < 0 dz + Khi lc P3 bn phi nh, tnh: dSK = 50.0,25 + (50 + 30 + 50).(-0,5) = -42,5 < 0 dz dS K v tr ny on ti trng khng cho SK t cc tr. C hai ln tnh u m, nu dz dS K tip tc dch on ti trng sang phi th cc o hm cng m cho n khi on ti dz trng ra khi ahSK. Nh vy trng hp ny, v tr ca on ti trng t trong ln th 3 l duy nht hm SK t cc i, y l v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng i vi i lng SK ang xt. 4. Tnh gi tr max SK max . T v tr bt li nht (Hnh 3.28d) ta xc nh gi tr ca i lng SK theo cng thc (3-1). max SK max = 50.3 + 30.(3 +0,75.1) + 50.2,5 + 30.1 = 417,5 n v ca SK.
3.5. BIU BAO NI LC

Khi thit k cng trnh di tc dng ng thi ca c ti trng bt ng v ti trng di ng, ta phi bit c gi tr ni lc ln nht v nh nht c th xy ra ti cc tit din ca cng trnh.
Biu ni lc, m mi tung ca n biu th gi tr ni lc ln nht (hoc nh nht) c th xy ra ti tit din tng ng, gi l biu bao ni lc.

R rng, cng trnh c thit k theo biu bao ni lc s bn vng di tc dng ca ti trng bt k. Xt tung K ca biu bao ni lc S no (k hiu l Sb K ), theo nguyn l cng tc dng, s gm gi tr ca SK do ti trng bt ng gy ra (k hiu l Sbd K ) l mt s xc nh khng i, cng vi gi tr ln nht (hoc nh nht) ca SK do ti trng di ng gy ra dd (k hiu l max Sbd K v min SK ). C th biu din di dng ton hc: Mt tung K ca biu bao max v min.
92

bd bd Sb K max = SK + max SK

bd bd Sb K min = SK + min SK

(3-10)

Cn c biu bao max v min: bd Sb + max Sdd max = S

bd Sb + min Sdd min = S

(3-11)

xc nh gi tr ln nht (hoc nh nht) ca SK do ti trng di ng gy ra ta s dng ah SK nh trnh by. Khi v biu bao ni lc, ta thng chia kt cu ra lm nhiu on, tnh cc tung biu bao ti cc im chia, ri ni cc tung bng cc on thng.
V d 3-4: V biu bao ni lc m men un ca dm trn hnh 3.29 chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn q = 20kN/m (ti trng c nh) v h lc di ng P1, P2 (ti trng 4m tm thi).
30kN 70kN
2 3

q=20kN/m
4 5 6

a)

3m
230

3m
280

3m
150

3m

2m

2m

160

40

b)

Mb
(kNm)

c)
3m

70

30
0,5 1,5 0,75

1,0

+
2,25

ahM1 (m)

d)
6m

30
1,5

70kN
1,5

1,0 440 2,0

+
3,0

ahM2 (m)

180

160

140

160

e)

60

Mbao (kNm)
Mbmax Mbmin
40

425

Biu M do q=20kN/m gy ra v c trn hnh 3.29b. Chia dm lm su on. xc nh by gi tr max MKdd v by gi tr min MKdd ta phi v by ng nh hng mmen cho by tit din tng ng vi gi thit lc P = 1 di ng c phng thng ng v chiu hng xung. (Tt nhin, hai tung biu bao hai u dm l bit bng khng, nn ch cn li nm tit din).
93

bd

520

Hnh 3.29

345

Trn hnh 3.29c,d cho ta ahM1, v ahM2 (cc tit din cn li lm tng t), v v tr ca ti trng di ng cho max M idd (v nt lin), v cho min M idd (v nt t). ng vi hai tit din 1 v 2 ta c: dd dd max M1 = 70.2,25 + 30.1,25 = 195 kNm; min M1 = 70.(-1) = - 70 kNm max M dd 2 = 30.1 + 70.3 = 240 kNm;
b max M1 = 230 + 195 = 425 kNm;

min M dd 2 = 70.(-2) = -140 kNm

b min M1 = 230 - 70 = 160 kNm

Tung biu bao m men ti tit din 1 v 2 tnh theo cng thc (3-10):

max M b 2 = 280 + 240 = 520 kNm;

min M b 2 = 280 - 140 = 140 kNm

Cc tit din 3, 4, 5 lm tng t. Cui cng ta v c cc biu bao m men max (ng lin nt) v min (ng nt t) trn hnh 3.29e.

BI TP CHNG 3
1. V ng nh hng m men un, lc ct, lc dc cho tit din K ca dm cho trn hnh 3.30 trong hai trng hp: a) P = 1 di ng c phng thng ng t A ti B. b) P = 1 di ng c phng nm ngang t A ti B. 2. Tnh ni lc ti tit din K ca dm cho trn hnh 3.31 bng phng php ng nh hng khi P = 1 di ng trn dm CD. 3. Dng phng php ng nh hng xc nh ni lc ti cc tit din K1, K2, K3 cho cc dm cho trn hnh t hnh 2.37 n hnh 2.40 v hnh 2.48. 4. Tm v tr bt li nht cho on ti trng tp trung di ng trn ng nh hng c dng a gic cho trn hnh 3.32 v hnh 3.33.
B C K A l/2 l/2 3m 20 20 6 4m 4 3 A K 2m 2m 2m B 2m q=30kN/m D

Hnh 3.31
3m 20 lmin=4m 20kN 60 4m 60kN

Hnh 3.30
4m 10 20 2 6m 2m 3m 20

+
4m

ahSK
6m 6m 8m

+
4m

6 6m

Hnh 3.32

Hnh 3.33

94

CHNG 4

CHUYN V CA H THANH
Nghin cu cch xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh phng n hi tuyn tnh nhm gii quyt hai mc ch sau: * Kim tra cng ca cng trnh. * Chun b c s cho vic nghin cu h siu tnh. Trong Sc bn vt liu vic tnh chuyn v trong h n gin c xc nh thng qua phng trnh ng n hi. Trong C hc kt cu t c hai mc ch trn ta ch cn xc nh chuyn v ti cc v tr xc nh trn h kt cu m khng cn tm ng n hi ca h. 4.1. KHI NIM

4.1.1. Khi nim v bin dng v chuyn v

Xt dm nh hnh v. Khi chu lc, trc dm b cong v c v tr mi. ng cong ca trc dm khi bin dng gi l ng bin dng ca trc dm. Di y chng ta s nu ra khi nim v bin dng v chuyn v. 1. Bin dng S thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca h gi l bin dng.
1
ng bin dng

P 2 2' 3' 3

Hnh 4.1

Bin dng ca h l do kt qu bin dng ca cc phn t v cng b trong cc cu kin ca h to thnh, hay ni mt cch khc l kt qu ca s thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca cc phn t trong h. 2. Chuyn v Khi h b bin th v tr cc tit din trong h cng b thay i. S thay i v tr ca cc tit din c gi l chuyn v. Ni mt cch khc ni lc lin quan n bin dng ca h v chuyn v l h qu ca bin dng. Nh vy mt phn t trong h c ba kh nng (Hnh 4.1): + Khng chuyn v nhng c bin dng (phn t 1). Phn t ny st ngm nn khng chuyn v c nhng vn c bin dng do ti ngm vn c ni lc. + C chuyn v v c bin dng (phn t 2) + C chuyn v nhng khng c bin dng (phn t 3). Phn t ny khng b bin dng v ti khng c ni lc, nhng vn c chuyn v do h qu bin dng ca cc phn t khc. 95

Trong thc hnh ngi ta thng dng khi nim chuyn v ca tit din thay cho chuyn v ca phn t Xt khung trn hnh 4.2, khi chu ti ng bin dng l ng nt t. Sau bin dng, ti tit din K c cc chuyn v: Chuyn v thng theo phng x k hiu l x Chuyn v thng theo phng y k hiu l y Chuyn v gc xoay k hiu l cho tng qut cc thnh phn chuyn v trn c k hiu chung bng ch km theo hai ch s k v m (km), trong : + Ch s th nht: k ch v tr v phng ca chuyn v. + Ch s th hai: m ch nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn v. Ta gi km l chuyn v n v ch chuyn v ti v tr K, theo phng K do nguyn nhn m bng n v gy ra.
o y P K x

y
K x

Hnh 4.2

4.1.2. Cc gi thit p dng v cc phng php tnh

Khi tnh ton chuyn v ca h thanh thng phng ta tha nhn cc gi thit sau: 1. Vt liu ca h l n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut Hc. 2. Cc chuyn v v bin dng ca h l rt nh so vi kch thc hnh hc ban u ca chng. T cc gi thit trn ta c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng khi tnh chuyn v ca h do nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi. xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh ta c th i theo mt trong hai hng sau: * Xut pht t nguyn l bo ton nng lng. Xc nh chuyn v theo th nng bin dng n hi. * Xut pht t nguyn l cng kh d ca h n hi. Cch xc nh chuyn v theo th nng ch p dng c cho h chu tc dng ca ti trng, trong tnh ton cn gp nhiu bt tin v cha gii quyt c vic xc nh chuyn v trong nhng h chu s thay i nhit v chuyn v gi ta. Cch xc nh chuyn v theo nguyn l cng kh d cho php ta c th thit lp c cng thc tnh tng qut tnh chuyn v ca h khi chu nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Ta chn cch th hai. 96

4.2. CNG KH D CA H N HI

4.2.1. nh ngha cng kh d

Cng kh d l cng sinh ra bi cc lc thc hin trn nhng chuyn v v bin dng v cng b m ta tng tng ra, hoc do mt nguyn nhn bt k no gy ra. Chuyn v v bin dng v cng b phi ph hp vi cc iu kin lin kt ngoi v ni ca h, tc l tha mn iu kin ng hc v c gi l chuyn v kh d v bin dng kh d. phn bit s khc nhau gia cng thc v a) P1 cng kh d ta xt v d sau: 11 + Dm trn hnh 4.3a chu tc dng ca lc P1 b bin dng theo ng t nt, tit din u tha P1 c chuyn v 11 do chnh lc P1 gy ra gi l b) P2 chuyn v thc. 11 + Sau ta tc dng tip thm lc P2 dm b 12 bin dng thm nh hnh 4.3b. Tit din u tha P c) c thm chuyn v 12 theo phng ca lc P1 nhng do lc P2 gy ra gi l chuyn v kh d i B C P1 vi lc P1. Xt mi quan h gia lc (P) v chuyn v (l) trn hnh 4.3c ta thy: + Cng thc T11 l cng do lc P1 sinh ra trn chuyn v thc 11, trong qu trnh bin dng lc P1 tng t 0 n P1 nn: 1 T11 = P1.11 2 (l din tch hnh tam gic OAB trn hnh 4.3c). + Cng kh d T12 l cng do lc P1 sinh ra trn
o 11 A D l

12

Hnh 4.3 a)

P1 11

b)

P2 12

chuyn v kh d 12, trong qu trnh bin dng lc P1 khng thay i nn:

Hnh 4.4 T12 = P1.12 (l din tch hnh ch nht ABCD). Do chuyn v 12 khng ph thuc vo lc P1 nn trng thi cn bng bin dng (TTCB - BD) ca h do lc P2 tc dng c th tch ring vi TTCB - BD ca h do lc P1 tc dng (Hnh 4.4).

Trng thi th nht: Trng thi lc do lc P1 tc dng (Hnh 4.4a), tng qut ta gi l trng thi k do lc PK tc dng (Hnh 4.5a). Trng thi th hai: Trng thi chuyn v kh d 12 do lc P2 tc dng gy ra (Hnh 4.4b), tng qut ta gi l trng thi m(Hnh 4.5b). 97

4.2.2. Nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho h n hi (S.D.Poisson 1833)

Trong C hc l thuyt ta bit ni dung nguyn l cng kh d ca Lagrange p dng cho h rn tuyt i l:
iu kin cn v mt h cht im (ca vt rn) cn bng di tc dng ca cc lc l tng cng kh d ca cc lc trn nhng chuyn v kh d v cng b tng ng phi bng khng.

Tkm = 0

(4-1)

Trong trng hp h bin dng n hi th ngoi cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc ta cn phi k n cng kh d ca cc ni lc trn nhng bin dng kh d. Nguyn l c pht biu nh sau:
iu kin cn v mt h n hi cn bng di tc dng ca cc lc l tng cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc Tkm trn cc chuyn v kh d v cng b tng ng v cng kh d ca cc ni lc Vkm trn cc bin dng n hi kh d tng ng phi bng khng.

Tkm + Vkm = 0

Hay

Tkm = - Vkm

(4-2)

4.2.3. Cng kh d ca ngoi lc

Khi nim v cng kh d trnh by trn c th m rng cho trng hp h chu tc dng ca nhiu lc nh sau: Xt mt h n hi cn bng hai trng thi k v m nh hnh 4.5.
Trng thi k h chu tc dng ca mt nhm lc gm: Lc tp trung Pk; M men tp trung Mk v cc phn lc ti cc gi ta
j Rk nh hnh 4.5a.

a)
1 R1k

Pk 2 ds R2k qm 2
o t1

Mk

"k"
3

R3k km

Trng thi m h b bin dng do nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi no : ti trng; s thay i nhit dc theo th trn
o , th di t o t1 2 ; chuyn v cng bc ca gi

b)
1 1 m

"m"
3 m
2

km

ds

to 2

ta im (Hnh 4.5b).

Hnh 4.5

Cng kh d Tkm ca cc ngoi lc t tnh trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi m c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng:
1 2 3 3 Tkm = Pk.km + Mk.km - R 1 k . m - R k .0 - R k . m

C th vit di dng tng qut nh sau:

98

j Tkm = Pki .ikm + R k .jm

i =1

j=1

(4-3)

Trong : Pki l lc tng qut th i trng thi k, trong ly i t 1 n n lc. ikm l chuyn v kh d tng qut tng ng vi lc tng qut th i do cc nguyn nhn trng thi m gy ra. j l phn lc ti lin kt ta th j trong trng thi k, trong ly j t 1 n n Rk lin kt. jm l chuyn v ca lin kt ta th j trong trng thi m. Cng ca ngoi lc s ly du dng khi lc v chuyn v cng chiu, ly du m khi lc v chuyn v ngc chiu.

4.2.4. Cng kh d ca ni lc
tnh cng kh d ca ni lc Vkm cho ton h trc ht ta tnh cng kh d ca mt on thanh c chiu di ds nh ty (Hnh 4.6). trng thi k ta tch mt phn t c chiu di ds. Trong trng hp tng qut ca bi ton phng ti mt ct tri v phi ca phn t c cc lc Mk, Nk, Qk tc dng (b qua cc i lng v cng b). Cc lc ny l ni lc ca h trng thi k nhng li l ngoi lc i vi phn t ang xt trn hnh 4.6a. trng thi m ti v tr tng ng ta cng tch mt phn t c chiu di ds (Hnh 4.6b). trng thi m ny phn t s b bin dng do cc ni lc Mm, Nm, Qm v s thay i nhit trong thanh gy ra, gm bin dng gc dm, bin dng di dsm v bin dng trt TB m .
a)
Qk Nk Mk Mk Nm Nk Qk ds Mm ds ds+ds

b)

Qm

o t1

Mm

"k"

"m"
Qm

Nm

to 2
e)
TB TB.

c)
d Mm Mm Nm

d)

ds 2

"m"

Nm

"m"
ds

Qm

"m"

Qm

ds

ds

Hnh 4.6

99

Theo nguyn l cng tc dng ta c: Bin dng xoay: dm = d(Mm) + d(to) Bin dng dc: dsm = ds(Nm) + ds(to)
TB TB o Bin dng trt: TB m = (Qm) + (t ) 1. Bin dng do cc ni lc Mm, Nm, Qm Do Mm tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b xoay to thnh gc: ds M m ds = (Hnh 4.6c). d(Mm) = EJ

Do Nm tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b dn di dc trc mt on: N ds (Hnh 4.6d). ds(Nm) = m EF Do Qm tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b trt mt gc: TB Q m (Hnh 4.6e). = G GF Trong : : H s iu chnh c xt ti s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip (ph thuc vo hnh dng ca mt ct). TB(Qm) =
2. Bin dng do s thay i nhit
o Gi t1 v t o 2 l s thay i nhit th trn v di ca thanh. n gin ta chp nhn cc gi thit sau:

+ Dc theo th bin ca tng on thanh nhit thay i nh nhau. + Theo chiu cao ca tit din nhit thay i theo qui lut bc nht. Biu bin thin nhit c dng ng thng nh trn hnh 4.7a c v vi gi o o thit t o 2 > t 1 . Theo biu ta d dng tnh c bin thin nhit trc ( t c ) ca thanh: o + b to to + to a t1 h 2 tc = tc = 1 2 Nu a = b = th ta c: 2 h 2 thnh lp cng thc tnh bin dng do s thay i nhit ta gi thit: t > 0; t > 0;
o 1 o 2 o to 2 > t 1 ; gi l h s dn n v nhit ca vt liu.

a)

b)
o t1 o ds+ t 1 ds

to c
t

b a
o 2

1 h 1

2 2

Nh vy th trn ca phn t s dn di mt on
o bng . t1 .ds, trc ca phn t (th trung ha) s

to c

ds 2

dn di l . t .ds v th di ca phn t s dn
o c

ds+ t o 2 ds

di l . t o 2 .ds (Hnh 4.7b).

100

Hnh 4.7

Bin dng ca phn t do s thay i nhit gm hai thnh phn: Bin dng di dc theo trc thanh do nhit t o c gy ra: ds(to) = . t o c .ds Bin dng xoay gia hai tit din u tri v phi ca phn t: to - to t d(to) = . 2 1 ds = ds h h * Bin dng trt gia hai tit din do nhit gy ra: TB(to) = 0 (b)

(c)

Tnh cng kh d phn t dTkm ca cc lc Mk, Nk, Qk ca phn t trng thi k trn chuyn v kh d tng ng ca phn t trng thi m theo cng thc (4-3) dTkm = 2Mk.

dm ds ds m + 2Qk. TB + 2Nk. 2 2 2

Theo (4 - 2) ta c th tnh c cng kh d ca ni lc phn t dVkm: dVkm = - dTkm = - (Mk.dm + Qk.TB.ds + Nk.dsm) Trn ton h cng kh d ca ni lc trng thi k trn nhng bin dng kh d tng ng trng thi m bng: Vkm = - [Mk.dm + Qk.TB.ds + Nk.dsm] Thay cc thnh phn bin dng (a), (b), (c) tnh trn vo ta c: M M Q Q N N t = k m ds + k m ds + k m ds + t c N k ds + M k ds EJ GF EF h (4-4)

Vkm

4.2.5. Cng thc biu din nguyn l cng kh d ca h n hi

Thay cng thc tnh cng kh d ca ngoi lc (4-3) v cng kh d ca ni lc (4-4) vo (4-2) ta c biu thc y ca nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho h n hi nh sau:

Pki .ikm + R kj .jm =

i =1 j=1

M kM m Q Q N N ds + k m ds + k m ds + EJ GF EF

+ t c N k ds + M k
Ghi ch:

t ds h

(4-5)

+ Cng thc (4-5) c p dng cho cc h n hi tuyn tnh gm nhng thanh thng hoc nhng thanh cong c cong nh (Thanh cong c xem l c cong nh khi

101

h/ 1/10. Trong : h l chiu cao ca tit din, l bn knh cong b nht ca trc thanh trng thi ban u). + Cc tch phn trong cng thc (4-5) l tch phn nh hn, c ly trn tng on thanh trong cc hm di du tch phn l lin tc. Du tng v phi p dng cho cc on thanh trong h. Du tng v tri ly theo s lc trng thi k.
4.3. CNG THC MCXOEN - MO TNH CHUYN V CA H THANH PHNG (1874)

4.3.1.Cng thc tng qut

Cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h n hi tuyn tnh c thit lp da trn nguyn l cng kh d (4-5). Xt h thanh bt k (c th l tnh nh hoc siu tnh), ng thi chu tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn m sau:
+ Ti trng Pm (c th l lc tp trung P, lc phn b q, m men tp trung M). + S thay i nhit : t1m v t2m + Chuyn v cng bc
j m

a)

j t1m t2m

"m"

Pm

qm K km

ti cc lin kt ta. Gi trng thi ny ca h l trng thi thc m. Do tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn m h b bin dng theo ng t nt nh trn hnh 4.8a.
b)
j
j

"k"
K

PK

Rk

Hnh 4.8

Yu cu xc nh chuyn v ti tit din K no trn h. Trong trng hp h phng bt k, ti tit din K c th c ba chuyn v l chuyn v ng, chuyn v ngang v chuyn v gc xoay. Ta k hiu chung l km. Gi s cn tm thnh phn chuyn v thng ng ti tit din K (Hnh 4.8a) do nguyn nhn m gy ra. thc hin c yu cu trn ta tng tng to ra trn h cho mt trng thi kh d (cn gi l trng thi gi to) k trong t lc Pk sao cho lc ny sinh cng kh d trn chuyn v km cn tm (Hnh 4.8b). Ngha l: Nu chuyn v cn tm l chuyn v thng ti mt tit din no theo phng u th trng thi kh d k ta cn t lc Pk di dng mt lc tp trung ti tit din , theo phng u, chiu chn ty .
102

 Nu chuyn v cn tm l chuyn v xoay ti mt tit din no th trng thi kh d k ta cn t lc Pk di dng mt m men tp trung ti tit din , c chiu chn ty . p dng nguyn l cng kh d ca lc trng thi k trn cc chuyn v v bin dng kh d trng thi m (4-5) ta c: n MkMm Q Q N N j j ds + k m ds + k m ds + Pk.km + R k . m = EJ GF EF j =1 + t c N k ds + M k Chia c hai v ca biu thc cho Pk v k hiu: M Q N Mk = k ; Qk = k ; Nk = k ; Pk Pk Pk Ta c cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v ca h n hi tuyn tnh: km =
j Rk = j Rk Pk

t ds h

MkMm Q Q N N ds + k m ds + k m ds + EJ GF EF + t c N k ds + M k
n t j .jm ds R k h j=1

(4-6)

Trong :
M k , Q k , N k :Biu thc ni lc ca h trng thi k do lc Pk = 1 gy ra.

Mm, Qm, Nm :Biu thc ni lc ca h trng thi m do cc nguyn nhn m (Pm, tm, m ) gy ra.
j Rk :Phn lc ti lin kt th j trng thi k do lc Pk = 1 gy ra.

jm :Chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt th j trng thi m :H s dn n di do nhit t : chnh nhit hai pha ca thanh (t = t2m- t1m) tc :Nhit ti trc thanh.
Ch : 1. Chiu ca lc Pk = 1 c th chn ty . Nu kt qu tnh chuyn v mang du dng

th chuyn v cn tm cng chiu vi lc Pk gi thit. Nu kt qu mang du m th ngc li.

j j 2. Tch s R k . jm ly du dng khi phn lc R k cng chiu vi jm .

3. Cc tch phn trong cng thc l tch phn nh hn c ly tch phn trn tng on thanh trong cc hm di du tch phn l lin tc. Du tng v phi p dng cho cc on thanh trong h. 103

4. Cng thc c dng tnh chuyn v trong h tnh nh cng nh h siu tnh nu bit c ni lc trong h hai trng thi m v k. 5. Cng thc ch p dng cho cc h n hi tuyn tnh gm nhng thanh thng hoc nhng thanh cong c cong nh.

4.3.2. Cch vn dng cng thc tnh chuyn v

Cng thc (4-6) l cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h bt k chu tc dng ng thi ca nhiu nguyn nhn. Trong thc t ty theo tng trng hp c th ta ch cn vn dng mt vi s hng ca cng thc. Di y ta s xt mt s trng hp thng gp.
1. H chu tc dng ca ti trng

Khi h ch chu tc dng ca ti trng. Trng thi m c gi c th hn l trng thi p. Khi cng thc tnh chuyn v ca Mc xoen - Mo c dng:
kp =

M kM p EJ

ds +

Q kQp GF

ds +

NkNp EF

ds

(4-7)

Trong : Mp, Qp, Np L cc biu thc ni lc do ti trng tc dng trng thi p.

V d 4-1: Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti A ca khung c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn hnh 4.9a. Cc thanh c mt ct ngang khng i v c dng hnh ch nht kch thc (bh).

thy r nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc so vi nh hng ca m men. Trong v d ny ta tnh chuyn v c xt n nh hng ca c ba thnh phn ni lc M, Q, N:
A y =

M kM p EJ

dz +
a)
A

QkQp GF

dz +

NkNp EF
b)

dz

()

Theo yu cu ca bi ton tnh chuyn v ng ti A, ta lp trng thi k: t lc tp trung Pk = 1 c phng thng ng hng t trn xung (c th chn chiu ty ) ti tit din A ca h cho nh trn hnh 4.9b.
104

q B z J z J a

Pk=1 B z z

"p"

"k"
C

C a

Hnh 4.9

Trng thi p(Hnh 4.9a) l trng thi thc do lc phn b q gy ra chuyn v A. Cc biu thc ni lc trng thi p v k l: qz 2 ; Qp = - qz ; Thanh AB: Mp = 2 M k = - 1.z = - z ; Qk = - 1 ; Thanh BC: Mp =
qa 2 ; 2 M k = - 1.a = - a ;

Np = 0 ; Nk = 0 ; Np = - qa ; N k = -1 ;

Qp = 0 ; Qk = 0 ;

Thay cc i lng ny vo cng thc () ta c: a a qa 2 dz a qz 2 dz a dz dz A y = ( z ) EJ + ( 1)( qz ) GF + ( 1)( qa ) EF EJ + ( a ) 2 2 0 0 0 0

4 EJ 8J 5qa 4 + + 1 = (1 + ) 5a 2 GF 5a 2 F 8EJ Gi l h s k n nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc so vi nh hng ca m men un. tnh h s ta cn lu : J bh 3 h2 = + Tit din ch nht c: = 1,2; t s = F 12.bh 12 E + Vt liu n hi ta c lin h: G = 2 (1 + )

5qa 4 8EJ

Trong l h s bin dng ngang Poisson. Thay vo ta c: 8 h2 4 h2 2h 2 [1 + 1,2 (1 + ) ] = + 1,2 2 (1 + ) = 5 12a 2 5 12a 2 15a 2 Kt qu cho thy tr s ca ph thuc vo t s h/a. + Nu a >> h th = 0 tc l nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc khng ng k. + Nu cho a = 4h v = 1/3 th = 0,022 = 2,2% ta thy nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc so vi nh hng ca m men l nh, khng ng k v c th b qua c.
Ch :

Khi vn dng cng thc (4-7) tnh chuyn v cho h chu tc dng ca ti trng ty theo tng trng hp c th ta c cc cng thc rt gn sau : Vi h dm v khung. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc ta c:
ds (4-8) EJ Vi h vm c cong thoi. C th b qua nh hng ca lc ct Q. Cng thc tnh chuyn v c dng:

kp =

MkMp

105

ds (4-9) EJ EF Vi h dn khp. Ni lc trong h dn khp ch tn ti lc dc N cn M v Q bng khng. Nn ta c:

kp =

MkMp

ds +

NkNp

kp =

NkNp EF

ds

(4-10)

Trong thc t, cc i lng E, F, lc dc NP, N k thng khng thay i trong tng thanh dn do : L n N N NkNp L NkNp ik ip kp = = Li (4-11) ds ds = EF 0 EF i =1 (EF )i 0
V d 4-2: Xc nh chuyn v ng ti mt 5 ca dn c kch thc v s chu lc trn hnh 4.11a. Cho bit cc thanh dn u c EF = const.

Da vo cng thc (4-10) ta thc hin theo th t sau: 1. Lp trng thi k (Hnh 4.10b) v xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn. 2. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn trng thi p (Hnh 4.10a).
a)
1 d 4 P d 5 d 6 P 4 5 6 PK=1 2 2P

"p"
3

b)
1 2

"k"
3

1 2
Hnh 4.10

1 2

Khi xc nh phn lc v ni lc trong cc thanh dn ta cn lu tnh i xng ca h gim bt khi lng tnh ton. Kt qu tnh phn lc ghi trn hnh v. Xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh dn hai trng thi p v k:
Trng thi p: Dng nhn xt khi tch cc mt dn 1, 3 v 5 ta c:

N1-2 = N1-4 = N3-2 = N3-6 = N5-2 = 0; Tch mt 4 (hoc mt 6) ta c: N4-5 = N6-5 = P; N4-2 = N6-2 = - P 2
106

 Trng thi k: Tng t nh trn ta c:

N1-2 = N1-4 = N3-2 = N3-6 = 0; N4-5 = N6-5 = 1/2 ; N4-2 = N6-2 = - 2 ; Tch mt 5 ta c: N5-2 = 1 Vn dng cng thc (4-11) ta tnh c chuyn v ng ti mt 5 nh sau: 1 3,328 Pd 1 2. - P 2 - 2 d 2 + 2.P. d = 5y = EF 2 EF Kt qu mang du dng cho ta thy mt 5 chuyn v i xung theo chiu ca lc Pk = 1 gi thit.

)(

2. H tnh nh chu s thay i ca nhit

Khi h ch chu tc dng ca nhit . Trng thi m c gi c th hn l trng thi t. Vi lu : S thay i nhit ch gy ra ni lc trong h siu tnh m khng gy ra ni lc trong h tnh nh. Ta c Mt = Qt = Nt = 0. Cng thc tnh chuyn v c dng: t kt = t c N k ds + M k ds (4-12) h Khi trong tng on thanh c:
Nhit thay i nh nhau theo chiu di ca tng on thanh . H s bin dng di v nhit ca vt liu nh nhau ( = const). Chiu cao ca tit din h = const. Cng thc (4-12) c vit li: kt =

t N ds + h M ds
c k k

Vi cc thanh thng ta c: M k ds = Mk :Din tch biu m men un trong tng on thanh trng thi k.

N ds =
k

Nk

:Din tch ca biu lc dc trong tng on thanh trng thi k.

thun tin khi xt du ca s hng th nht, ta biu din chng di dng tr tuyt i. Lc ta c cng thc thc hnh tnh chuyn v khi c s thay i nhit nh sau: t kt = t c N k + (4-13) Mk h Trong : t :Tr tuyt i ca hiu i s chnh nhit hai pha ca thanh Tch s t . M k > 0 (ly du dng) khi M k cng v pha c nhit thay i ln hn v ngc li s ly du m khi cng v pha c nhit thay i nh hn.
107

V d 4-3: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti tit din C, khi cc thanh trong khung c nhit thay i nh trn hnh 4.11a. Cho bit cc thanh ca h c , h khng i.
a)
C -to +t
o

Pk = 1 C

b)

c)

d)

"k" Mk
1 1 1 +

o -2to +t

"t "

+to B

-2to

Nk
1

A a

Hnh 4.11

Lp trng thi k nh trn hnh 4.11b, tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men un (Hnh 4.11c) v biu lc dc (Hnh 4.11d). Tnh cc gi tr tC v t ca cc thanh c thay i nhit :
+ Thanh CD: + Thanh AC v BD:
tC = tC =

+t-t = 0; 2 + t 2t t = ; 2 2

t = + t ( t ) = 2 t t = + t (2t ) = 3t

Vn dng cng thc (4-13) ta c:

nC (t ) = 2 t

a.a t a.a t 3t + (1 a ) + 0 ( 1 a ) + ( 1 a ) 2 2 2 h 2 h

nC (t ) = 2,5 ta 2
Kt qu mang du m, chng t chuyn v ngang ca im C ngc chiu vi lc Pk =1 gi thit (tit din C dch chuyn sang tri).
3. H tnh nh chu chuyn v cng bc ca lin kt ta

Cng tng t nh trng hp h chu s thay i ca nhit . Khi cc lin kt ta chuyn v cng bc, trong cc h tnh nh khng pht sinh ni lc. Do cng thc tnh chuyn v c dng:
j k = R k .jm j=1 n

(4-14)

j j Tch s R k . jm mang du dng khi phn lc R k cng chiu vi chuyn v jm ca lin kt ta th j. Mang du m trong trng hp ngc li.

108

V d 4-4: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti u t do C ca khung khi ngm A chu chuyn v cng bc theo phng ngang l a, theo phng thng ng l b v xoay thun chiu kim ng h mt gc bng (Hnh 4.12a).

Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn: + Lp trng thi k trong t lc Pk = 1 vo u t do C theo phng ngang (Hnh 4.12b). + Tm cc phn lc ti cc lin kt c chuyn v cng bc do Pk = 1 gy ra, kt qu ghi trn
hnh 4.12b.

a)

B C

b)
C

Pk=1

L A a

" "
1 L L

"k"

Hnh 4.12

n + Vn dng cng thc (4-14) ta c: C = [(1.a) (0.b) + (L.)] = (a + L.)

Kt qu tnh mang du m cho ta thy tit din C dch chuyn sang phi (ngc vi chiu ca Pk =1 gi thit).

4.3.3. H dn tnh nh khi chiu di cc thanh ch to khng chnh xc

Khi lp rp cc thanh ch to khng chnh xc vo h dn, cc mt dn s chuyn v. Bi ton c th gii quyt tng t nh trng hp h chu s thay i nhit . Cc thanh c chiu di c ch to di hn chiu di yu cu l c xem nh chu bin dng v nhit tng ng l .tc.L = ; cn cc thanh b ch to ht so vi chiu di yu cu l c xem nh chu bin dng v nhit tng ng l .tc.L = -. Vi L l chiu di ca thanh dn. Mt cch tng qut, nu gi i l di ca thanh dn th i b ch to di hay ngn hn chiu di yu cu th sau khi p dng cng thc (4-13) ta c: k = N ik . im
i =1 n

(4-15)

V d 4-5: Xc nh vng ti K ca dn c kch thc v s nh trn hnh 4.13a, nu trong khi ch to chiu di ca cc thanh 1-2 v 2-3 b ht mt on bng .

Khi vn dng cng thc (4-15) vo bi ton trn ta c: i = 2; 1-2 = 2-3 = - . Lp trng thi k nh trn hnh 4.13b v tnh h trng thi k: + Xc nh phn lc, kt qu ghi trn hnh 4.13b. + Tnh ni lc trong thanh dn 1-2 v 2-3 trng thi k.
109

a)
1 a 4

3 1

b)

"m"
5 K a a 6

"k"

Hnh 4.13
-2 2 -3 N1 =k = Nk

1 2
1

5 K PK = 1

1 2

1 2

Do :

k = ( ) ( ) =
1 2 2

Kt qu cho thy im K s chuyn v xung mt on bng .

Ch : Trong trng hp h chu nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau ta c th vn dng nguyn l cng tc dng tnh ring bit vi tng nguyn nhn ri cng cc kt qu. 4.4. TNH CC TCH PHN TRONG CNG THC CHUYN V DO TI TRNG TC DNG BNG CCH NHN BIU

i vi h gm cc thanh thng nh dm, khung, dn ta c th tnh cc tch phn trong cng thc chuyn v mt cch n gin v tin li hn so vi cch ly tch phn trc tip. Cch tnh ny gi l cch nhn biu do A.N.Vrsaghin xut vo nm 1925. Ta s nghin cu ni dung ca phng php qua cch tnh tch phn trong s hng u ca cng thc (4-7). T=
z2

M k (z).M P (z) dz EJ z1

(a)
a)

y dz C Mp(z)

Gi s trong on thanh thng ang xt (Z1, Z2) c: . EJ = const . Biu thc ni lc Mp(z) c dng bt k lin tc trong on . Biu thc ni lc M k (z) c dng bc nht Gi l gc nghing gia ng thng ca biu M k (z) v ng chun (trc z) . T hnh 4.14b ta thy: M k (z) = Z.tg
110

Mp

b)
o

z1 z zc z2

Mk(z)

yk

Mk
z

Hnh 4.14

(b)

Thay (b) vo (a) vi lu trong on (Z1, Z2) ta c: tg = const nn:

2 1 tg z M P (z ) dz T= EJ z1

K hiu Mp(z).dz = dp l vi phn din tch ca biu Mp (phn gch cho) trn hnh 4.14a. Tch phn c vit li:

T=

2 1 tg z d P EJ z1

Ta nhn thy tch phn v phi ca biu thc chnh l m men tnh ca din tch biu Mp i vi trc oy. Nn z.d P = z C . P . Trong : + Zc l honh trng tm din tch ca biu m men un MP vi trc oy. + p l din tch ca biu m men un MP. + K hiu y k = tg.Zc l tung ca biu M k ng vi trng tm din tch ca biu m men un MP. Tch phn (a) c vit li: sau:
T= 1 1 .tg Z . p = .y . c EJ EJ k p

S hng u ca cng thc (4-7) c tnh theo cch nhn biu v k hiu nh

MkM p 1 i ds = ip .yk = M p . Mk EJ EJ

(4-16)

Lm tng t vi cc tch phn cn li ca cng thc (4-7) ta c th vit li cng thc tnh chuyn v cho h chu ti trng di dng nhn biu nh sau:
kp = M p . M k + Q p . Q k + N p . N k

(4-17)

Trong k hiu nhn biu ni lc ca (4-17) bao gm vic ly tng cc kt qu nhn ca tng on thanh v trong mi on thanh u c xt n cng EJ, EF, GF tng ng.
Cc ch khi nhn biu : 1. Tung y k buc phi ly biu c dng ng thng. Din tch p ly biu c dng bt k. 2. Nu biu ly din tch v v biu ly tung cng du th kt qu nhn biu mang du dng v ngc li. 3. Theo tnh cht tch phn ca tch phn xc nh, khi biu ly din tch (min ly tch phn) l hnh phc tp, ta c th chia thnh nhiu hnh n gin (hnh d tm ngay c din tch v trng tm ca n) p dng ring bit cch nhn cho tng hnh ri cng kt qu li vi nhau. 111

h zC

C L

= h.L zc = L/2

h C zC L

parabol bc 2 (P2) tip tuyn

= 2h.L/3 zC = L/2

C zC L

= h.L/2 zC = L/3

C zC

P2 L

tip tuyn

= h.L/3 zC = L/4

tip tuyn h C zC L Pn tip tuyn h.L = n+1 L zc = n+2 P2 C zC L h = 2.h.L 3 3.L zc = 8

Hnh 4.15

4. Biu i xng nhn vi biu phn xng cho kt qu bng khng.

M A

"p"
q C a L 1 4 2 5 b B

Trn hnh 4.15 s cung cp cc s liu v din tch v v tr trng tm ca mt s hnh n gin thng gp. Ta s tm hiu cch nhn biu khi gp cc hnh phc tp (kh tnh din tch v tm v tr trng tm ca n) thng qua cc hnh n gin ni trn qua v d sau: Tnh chuyn v thng ng ca tit din C trn dm c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn hnh 4.16. Trn hnh 4.16 ta thy biu m men un trng thi p lin tc t A n B. Nhng trng thi k biu m men un gm hai on thng c h s gc khc nhau nn khi nhn biu ta phi chia thnh hai on AC v CB ri nhn ring trong tng on.

MA=M 3

Mp

MC Pk=1 C

"k"
A

y k1 yk 3

yk 2

yk 5
Mk

yk 4
Hnh 4.16

Vi cch chia hnh khi nhn biu trn on AC (Hnh 4.17) ta c th chia biu Mp thnh 2 hnh tam gic v mt hnh parabn bc hai (Hnh 4.17b,c,d) v tng t vi on CB ta cng chia thnh mt hnh tam gic v mt hnh parabn bc hai. Ta c kt qu nhn l:

112

dc = MP M k =

1 [-1. y k1 + 2. y k 2 + 3. y k 3 + 4. y k 4 + 5. y k 5 ] EJ
qa 2 8

a) MA
A

C MC

Mp

b) MA 1 c) d) e)
3
qa 2

MC

y k1 yk3

yk 2

Mk

Hnh 4.17

V d 4-6: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti mt ct C ca khung c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn hnh 4.18a. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.

Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn: + Lp trng thi k (Hnh 4.18c). Tnh h trng thi k, biu m men un trng thi k c v trn hnh 4.18d. + Tnh h trng thi p, biu m men un trng thi p c v trn Hnh 4.18b.
n + Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v ngang ti C: c = Mp Mk

2 a) M = qa

b)
qa2 D qa2 2 qa qa B qa a
2 2

c)
PK = 1 C

d)

C a A

"p"
EJ = const

"k"

Mk
8 1 1

Mp
3qa 2 1

3qa 2

Hnh 4.18

n C =

2 qa 2 a qa 2 a 2 1 qa 2 .a a qa 2 a 2 .a. . . .a . . .a . 2 3 8 2 2 3 2 2 3 EJ 2 3

n = C

qa 1 1 1 1 EJ 6 6 6 24

5qa = 24 EJ
4

113

Kt qu tnh cho ta thy mt ct C s dch chuyn sang tri mt on bng (ngc vi chiu Pk = 1 gi thit).
4.5. CCH LP TRNG THI KH D K TNH CHUYN V

5qa 4 24EJ

TNG I GIA HAI TIT DIN V GC XOAY CA THANH DN

Trong thc t khi tnh ton nhiu trng hp ta cn phi xc nh chuyn v thng v chuyn v gc gia hai tit din vi nhau. Cc chuyn v gi l chuyn v tng i, cch lp trng thi k tnh cc chuyn v ny c khc so vi cch lp trng thi k tnh chuyn v tuyt i. Sau y ta s xt mt s trng hp thng gp trong thc t tnh ton.

4.5.1. Chuyn v thng tng i

Chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im theo mt phng u no l hiu s hnh chiu ca khong cch gia hai im theo phng u lc sau v trc khi bin dng. Gi s cn tm chuyn v tng i gia hai im A v B theo phng thng ng y do nguyn nhn m no gy ra trn h (Hnh 4.19a). T hnh v ta thy hnh chiu ca khong cch gia hai im A v B theo phng y lc trc bin dng bng khng cn sau khi bin dng hnh chiu khong cch gia chng ln phng y l: A'B' = A + B Vy khi hai im c chuyn v ngc chiu nhau th chuyn v tng i gia chng bng tng ca hai chuyn v tuyt i ca hai im . Ta c AB = A + B. tnh chuyn v tuyt i A v B.ta cn lp hai trng thi k1 v k2 (Hnh 4.19b v Hnh 4.19c). Nu b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc bng cch nhn biu ta c: A = Mm Mk1
a)
Pm C C A C A A y B B B B A,B,C C A

"m"

b)

"k1"

Pk=1 B

B = Mm Mk2 AB = Mm Mk1 + Mm Mk2

= M m [ Mk 1 + Mk 2 ] = M m Mk
114

c)

"k2"

B Pk=1

d)

"k"

Pk=1

B Pk=1

Hnh 4.19

Trong M k l biu m men trng thi k l t hp ca hai trng thi k1 v k2 (Hnh 4.19d). Khi hai im c chuyn v cng chiu nhau nh hai im A v C th chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im theo phng y l hiu ca hai chuyn v tuyt i ca A v C. Ta c: AC = A - C, vit di dng tng i s th: AC = A +(- C) Vi cch lp lun tng t nh trn c hai trng hp u cho ta cch to trng thi k khi cn xc nh chuyn v thng tng i nh sau: Mun tm chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im no theo phng u bt k th trng thi k ta cn t hai lc Pk = 1 ngc chiu nhau theo phng u vo hai im ang xt. Sau khi lp trng thi k cc bc tnh tip theo ging nh cch xc nh cc chuyn v tuyt i.
V d 4-7: Xc nh chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im A v B theo phng ngang ca khung c kch thc v s chu lc nh hnh 4.20. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
a)
A

"p"
EJ = const q

b)
B

Pk=1
A

c) "k"

Pk=1

d)

Mp
qa2 8

Mk

Hnh 4.20

Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn thc hin theo th t sau: + Lp trng thi k: t hai lc nm ngang Pk=1 ngc chiu nhau ti A v B (Hnh 4.20c). + Tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men un Mk (Hnh 4.20d). + Tnh h trng thi p: V biu m men un Mp (Hnh 4.20b). + Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v ngang tng i gia A v B:

AB = Mp Mk

n AB =

2 qa 2 qa 4 a a = EJ 3 8 12EJ 1

Kt qu mang du dng cho ta thy chuyn v ngang tng i gia hai tit din A v B hng theo chiu ca hai lc Pk = 1 gi thit (hai im A v B xch li gn nhau).
115

4.5.2. Chuyn v gc tng i

Chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit din l hiu s ca gc hp gia hai tit din lc sau v trc khi bin dng. V d cn tm chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit din A v B ca h c s chu lc trn hnh 4.21. T hnh 4.21a ta thy gc hp gia hai tit din A v B lc trc khi bin dng bng khng, cn sau khi bin dng l AB v
a) "m"
Pm A A B B AB

b)

AB = A + B .
Vy chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit din A v B c tnh bng tng hai chuyn v gc tuyt i ti hai tit din .

"k"

Mk=1

Mk=1

Hnh 4.21

Vi l lun tng t nh chuyn v thng tng i ta c kt lun: Mun tm chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit din th trng thi k ta cn t hai m men tp trung Mk = 1 ngc chiu nhau ti hai tit din (Hnh 4.21b).
V d 4-8: Xc nh chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din A v B ca khung c s chu lc nh hnh 4.22. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.

Th t thc hin nh sau: + Lp trng thi k: t hai m men tp trung Mk = 1 ngc chiu nhau ti A v B (Hnh 4.22c). + Tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men un Mk (Hnh 4.22d). + Tnh h trng thi p: V biu m men un Mp (Hnh 4.22b).
a)
A a P = qa

b)
B

Mk= 1

c)

"p"
EJ = const q qa2

Mp
qa2
2

Mk= 1 B

d)

"k"
8 1

Mk
1 1

qa a

Hnh 4.22

+ Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia A v B:

AB = Mp Mk
11qa 3 1 qa 2 .a qa 2 .a 2 qa 2 + . . 1 . 1 . . a . 1 = 12 EJ 3 8 EJ 2 2 Kt qu mang du dng cho ta bit chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din A v B l cng chiu vi cp m men Mk= 1 gi thit. AB =

116

4.5.3. Chuyn v gc xoay ca thanh dn

c im ca h dn l khi chu lc trong cc thanh dn ch tn ti mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc, khi b bin dng thanh dn vn thng, chng ch b bin dng di lm cho cc mt dn b chuyn v thng do cc thanh dn s b xoay. Gi s cn tm gc xoay ca thanh dn AB trong dn c s chu lc trn hnh 4.23a. Trn hnh 4.23b nu gi AB l v tr ca thanh AB sau bin dng ng thi gi A v B l chuyn v ti mt A v B theo phng vung gc vi trc thanh AB. Gi AB l gc xoay ca thanh dn AB ta c: 1 + B 1 AB = tgAB = A = A + B a a a Ta thy gc xoay ca thanh AB trong dn chnh l tp hp ca hai chuyn v A v B vi h s l 1/a. Vy ta c th pht biu cch lp trng thi k nh sau:

a)
A

P A

b)

A A a

AB B B B

c)

Pk= 1 a A

B 1 Pk= a

Hnh 4.23

Mun tm gc xoay ca thanh bt k trong dn th trng thi k ta cn t hai lc tp trung ti hai u thanh, ngc chiu nhau, vung gc vi trc thanh v c gi tr bng n v chia cho chiu di ca thanh (Pk = 1/a).
4.6. CC NH L V S TNG H

Di y s trnh by bn nh l v s tng h phc v cho vic nghin cu v tnh ton h siu tnh sau ny.

4.6.1. nh l tng h v cng kh d ca ngoi lc

nh l ny do E. Betti xut vo nm 1872. Xt mt h n hi tuyn tnh hai trng thi m v k (Hnh 4.24). + trng thi m h chu cc ngoi lc Pm v cc chuyn v gi ta m (Hnh 4.24a). + trng thi k h chu cc ngoi lc Pk v cc chuyn v gi ta
a)
Rm m k Pk Pm km

"m"

b)

"k"

k (Hnh 4.24b).
Theo cng thc cng kh d (4-5) ta c:

mk

Rk

Hnh 4.24

117

 Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi m trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi k: n n M M Q Q N N i i j P . Rm . jk = m k ds + m k ds + m k ds (a) + m mk EJ GF EF i =1 j=1 Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi k trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi m: n n MkMm Q Q N N i i j j P . ds + k m ds + k m ds (b) k km + R k . m = EJ GF EF j=1 i =1
So snh (a) v (b) ta c:

P
i =1

i m

j j .imk + R m . jk = Pki .ikm + R k .jm j=1 i =1 j=1

hay

Tmk = Tkm

(4-18)

Vy nh l Betti c pht biu nh sau:

Trong h n hi tuyn tnh cng kh d ca ngoi lc t vo h trng thi m trn nhng chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi k tng h bng cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc t vo h trng thi k trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi m.

Cn hiu khi nim tng h nh sau: + Hai trng thi m v k phi xy dng trn cng mt h. + Chuyn v trng thi ny phi c v tr v phng tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc trng thi kia. Sau y ta s vn dng nh l Betti chng minh cc nh l khc.

4.6.2. nh l tng h v cc chuyn v n v

nh l ny do J. Maxwell xut nm 1864. Xt mt h n hi tuyn tnh hai trng thi: + trng thi m h chu mt lc Pm = 1 gy nn chuyn v km theo phng ca lc Pk (Hnh 4.25a). gy nn chuyn v mk theo phng ca lc Pm (Hnh 4.25b). Theo nh l Betti ta c: 1.mk = 1.km Vy:
118
a)

Pm=1 km Pk=1 mk
Hnh 4.25

"m"

b)

"k"

+ trng thi k h chu mt lc Pk (c th l lc tp trung hoc m men tp trung)

mk = km

(4-19)

nh l Maxwell c pht biu nh sau:

Trong h n hi tuyn tnh chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc Pm do lc Pk bng n v gy ra tng h bng chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc Pk do lc Pm bng n v gy ra.

4.6.3. nh l tng h v cc phn lc n v

nh l ny do L. Rayleigh (1842- 1919) xut nm 1875. Xt mt h n hi hai trng thi: + trng thi m: Gi ta th m c chuyn v cng bc bng n v gy ra ti gi ta th k phn lc n v rkm (Hnh 4.26a).

a)

m=1

"m"

rkm
b)
k=1 m

"k"

rmk
Hnh 4.26

+ trng thi k: Gi ta th k c chuyn v cng bc bng n v gy ra ti gi ta th m phn lc n v rmk (Hnh 4.26a). Theo nh l Betti ta c: 1.rmk = 1.rkm Vy: rmk = rkm (4-20) nh l Rayleigh c pht biu nh sau:
Trong h n hi tuyn tnh, phn lc n v ti lin kt m do chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt k bng n v gy ra tng h bng phn lc n v ti lin kt k do chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt m bng n v gy ra.

4.6.4. nh l tng h v chuyn v n v v phn lc n v

nh l ny do A.A.Gvoziev xut nm 1927. Xt mt h n hi hai trng thi: + Trng thi m: Gi ta th m c chuyn v cng bc bng n v (m = 1), gy ra chuyn v ti mt im k l km (Hnh 4.27a).
rmk

m=1
m km k

a)

"m"

b)
m

Pk=1 k

"k"

Hnh 4.27

+ Trng thi k: Mt lc bng n v (Pk = 1) gy ra ti gi ta th m phn lc n v l rmk (Hnh 4.27b). Cng kh d Tmk = 0 v trng thi m khng c ngoi lc tc dng. Cng kh d: & Pk Tkm = & r m +
mk km

119

& &mk + Tkm = r km

p dng nh l Betti (Tkm = Tmk = 0) ta c:

& & rkm = - mk

(4-21)

Nh vy nh l c pht biu nh sau:

Trong h n hi tuyn tnh phn lc n v ti lin kt k do lc Pm bng n v gy ra tng h bng chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc Pm do chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt k bng n v gy ra nhng tri du.

BI TP CHNG 4
1. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti tit din K, chuyn v ngang ti tit din I, chuyn v gc xoay ti tit din C, chuyn v thng tng i gia hai tit din A v B theo phng AB, chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din E v F ca cc h c kch thc v s chu lc trn cc hnh t hnh 4.28 n hnh 4.39. 2. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti mt B, chuyn v ngang ti mt C v gc xoay ca thanh AB trong dn c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn cc hnh t hnh 4.40 n hnh 4.43.
q = 20kN/m 4m J K 2J C 4m 8m 2J J K 8m 4m 4m EJ = const 4m q = 10kN/m C

Hnh 4.28
M=200KNm 2J q=10kN/m I P= 100kN I

Hnh 4.29

F
EJ = const

4m

L F

E 4m

E L

Hnh 4.30

Hnh 4.31

120

P=100kN K I 2m J 2m q= 10KN/m 2J

M=200kNm

q= 10KN/m 2J K 2J F J 2J 3m 3m

2m E B 2m J

A 1m

Hnh 4.32
1m -2to K

Hnh 4.33
-20o

I
3m -2to -20o 3m

K +10o +10o ,h=const 4m 4m

I -20o

6m -2to

+to ,h=const 3m 3m

Hnh 4.34
I 6m J F a 6m 2 F a

Hnh 4.35

q K F a J F

F a

Hnh 4.36

Hnh 4.37

q R EJ=const I P B EJ = const R A

Hnh 4.38

Hnh 4.39

121

P A

P1=1kN EF P2=2kN

EF EF 3m

EF=const
d/2 B

1,5EF EF 1,5EF

EF 4m

EF

3m

Hnh 4.40

Hnh 4.41
A - d + - + d +to +to A

B d d d

Hnh 4.42

Hnh 4.43
A B

3. Xc nh chuyn v thng tng i gia hai tit din A v B ca khung c kch thc v s cho trn hnh 4.44. Khung chu p lc ca ct nc c chiu cao l h. Bit EJ = const; Trng lng ring ca nc l 0. 4. Xc nh h s k :

Hnh 4.44

a) Chuyn v gc xoay ti C trn dm hnh 4.45 bng khng. b) Chuyn v thng ng ti I bng chuyn v thng ng ti F trn dm hnh 4.46.
P= kq J 6m 2J 4m q 2J 4m C

Hnh 4.45
q F kEJ 3m I 3m kEJ 2m 2m EJ 2m P=2q EJ 2m

Hnh 4.46

122

CHNG 5

TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP LC

5.1. KHI NIM V H SIU TNH

5.1.1. nh ngha
Trong cc chng trc ta lm quen vi h tnh nh, l h ch cn dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc l xc nh ht cc phn lc v ni lc ca h. Trong thc t ta thng gp nhng h m nu ch s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc th cha xc nh ht cc thnh phn phn lc v ni lc. tnh cc h , cn b sung thm phng trnh thng l cc phng trnh bin dng, nhng h nh vy gi l h siu tnh. H c gi l siu tnh nu trong ton h hoc trong mt vi phn ca h ta khng th ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc xc nh c tt c cc phn lc v ni lc. V mt cu to hnh hc, h siu tnh l h bt bin hnh v tha lin kt. S lin kt tha l c trng ca h siu tnh, song y lin kt tha l nhng lin kt khng cn thit cho s cu to hnh hc ca h nhng vn cn cho s lm vic ca cng trnh. V d dm v khung trn hnh 5.1a, b l h tnh nh. Cc h dm, khung, dn, vm trn hnh 5.1c,d,g,h l h siu tnh v t ba phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ta cha th xc nh c ht cc phn lc. H siu tnh c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh thc t nh cu giao thng, nh dn dng v cng nghip, cc p ngn, cng, cu mng, trm thu in v..v...
a) c) d) g) h) b)

Hnh 5.1

5.1.2. c im ca h siu tnh

i chiu vi h tnh nh th h siu tnh c cc c im sau: 1. Chuyn v, bin dng v ni lc trong h siu tnh ni chung nh hn trong h tnh nh c cng kch thc v ti trng. Kt qu tnh vng gia nhp, m men un ln nht trong dm tnh nh mt nhp v dm siu tnh mt nhp hai u ngm ghi trong bng 5.1 cho ta thy chuyn v v ni lc trong dm siu tnh nh hn trong dm tnh nh kh nhiu. 123

Bng 5-1
q q EJ l l

Dm

EJ

vng gia nhp

Ymax

5ql 4 = 384EJ

Ymax

ql 4 = 384EJ

Gi tr m men un ln nht

Ti gia nhp M =

ql 2 8

Ti ngm M =

ql 2 12

V vy dng h siu tnh s tit kim vt liu hn so vi h tnh nh tng ng. y cng l u im chnh ca h siu tnh.
2. Trong h siu tnh pht sinh cc ni lc do s thay i mhit , s chuyn v cc gi ta, s ch to v lp rp khng chnh xc gy ra (nhng nguyn nhn ny khng gy ra ni lc trong h tnh nh).

thy r tnh cht ny, ta xt mt vi v d:

So snh dm n trn hnh 5.2a vi dm siu tnh mt nhp trn hnh 5.2b cng chu s thay i nhit khng u, trn l t1, di l t2 vi t2 > t1 ta thy:

Di tc dng ca nhit dm c khuynh hng b un cong, nhng trong dm tnh nh cc lin kt khng ngn cn bin dng ca dm nn khng pht sinh phn lc v ni lc, ngc li trong dm siu tnh, cc lin kt (ngm) cn tr khng cho php dm bin dng t do, do pht sinh phn lc v ni lc.

a)

t1 t2

c)

b)

t1 t2

d)

Hnh 5.2

Khi lin kt c chuyn v cng bc (b ln) dm tnh nh cho trn hnh 5.2c b nghing i, cc lin kt khng ngn cn v cho php chuyn v t do nn khng pht sinh ni lc. Ngc li, khi gi phi ca dm siu tnh trn hnh 5.2d b ln, gi ta gia khng cho php dm chuyn v t do nh trng hp trn, dm b un cong theo ng t nt, do trong dm s pht sinh ni lc. Khi ch to, lp rp khng chnh xc (hnh 5.3). Gi s chiu di ca thanh CD trong h siu tnh b ngn so vi chiu di thit k mt on bng . Sau khi lp rp, thanh CD b dn ra ng thi dm AB cng b un cong, do trong h tn ti cc ni lc ban u. 124
C A D B

Hnh 5.3

Khi thit k kt cu siu tnh ta cn c bit lu n nhng nguyn nhn gy ra ni lc k trn. i khi c th s dng tnh cht ny to sn trong h nhng ni lc v bin dng ban u ngc chiu vi ni lc v bin dng do ti trng gy ra. Bin php ny lm cho s phn phi ni lc trong cc cu kin ca cng trnh c hp l hn v do tit kim c vt liu.
3. Ni lc trong h siu tnh ph thuc vt liu, kch thc v hnh dng ca tit din trong cc thanh.

Sau ny ta s thy, tnh h siu tnh ta phi da vo iu kin bin dng m bin dng li ph thuc cc cng EJ, EF... nn ni lc trong h siu tnh cng ph thuc EJ, EF ca cc thanh. Ba c im trn s thy r hn trong qu trnh tnh h siu tnh sau ny.

5.1.3. Bc siu tnh

Vi nhng gi thit c chp nhn trong c hc kt cu, ta c th a ra khi nim v bc siu tnh nh sau:
Bc siu tnh ca h siu tnh bng s lng lin kt tha qui i ra lin kt thanh ngoi s lin kt cn thit cho h bt bin hnh.

C th tnh bc siu tnh (k hiu l n) theo ba cch sau:

1. Theo nh ngha

Ta c th dng cc cng thc (1-2), (1-3), lin h gia s lng cc ming cng v s lng cc lin kt nghin cu trong chng 1 suy ra cng thc xc nh bc siu tnh n ca h: n = (T + 2K + 3H) - 3 (D - 1) n = T + 2K + 3H + C - 3D Trong : D - s cc ming cng tnh nh (ming cng c chu vi h). T, K, H - s lin kt thanh, lin kt khp, lin kt hn dng ni D ming cng ( qui i ra lin kt n gin) . C - s lin kt ta ni vi t c qui ra lin kt thanh.
2. Loi b dn lin kt
Tri t

H bt k khng ni t H ni t

a)

Theo cch ny ta s loi b dn cc lin kt trong h siu tnh a h siu tnh cho v h tnh nh (bt bin hnh lin kt). S lin kt b loi b ( qui i ra lin kt thanh) l bc siu tnh cn tm.

b)
A B C D

Hnh 5.4

125

V d 5-1: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca cc h trn hnh 5.4.

Khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.4a nu b 3 trong 4 ngm h s tr thnh tnh nh. Do n = 3.3 = 9, h siu tnh bc 9. Dm siu tnh tn hnh 5.4b nu b cc lin kt A, B, C s c dm cng sn quen thuc nn n = 1.2 +1 + 1 = 4. Nu b lin kt B v D ta c dm n gin c u tha nn n = 1 + 1.3 = 4 dm siu tnh bc 4.
3. Theo cng thc n gin
a)
P P

b)
P P

Trc khi thit lp cng thc ta hy kho st mt v d sau: Xt mt khung c chu vi h (hnh 5.5a). Khung ny l tnh nh, v khi thc hin mt ct nh trn hnh v ta ch cn s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc l c th xc nh ni lc ti mt tit din bt k no thuc h.

c)
P P

d)
P P

Hnh 5.5

Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt lin kt loi mt (lin kt thanh), h s tha mt lin kt (hnh 5.5b). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng mt (n = 1). Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt lin kt loi hai ( lin kt khp ) h s tha hai lin kt tng ng loi mt (hnh 5.5c). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng hai (n = 2). Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt mi hn (lin kt loi ba) h s tha ba lin kt tng ng loi mt (hnh 5.5d). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng ba (n = 3). Qua v d trn ta c: Mt chu vi kn c bc siu tnh bng ba, nu thm vo chu vi kn mt khp n gin th bc siu tnh gim xung mt n v. Bi vy, vi h siu tnh c V chu vi kn v K khp n gin th bc siu tnh n ca h c xc nh theo cng thc: n = 3V - K (5-1)
Ch thch: Khi s dng cng thc (5-1) cn quan nim tri t l ming cng h. V d, khi xt h trn hnh 5.4a th s chu vi kn trong trng hp ny bng 3 ch khng phi bng 4 v phi quan nim tri t l ming cng h nh trn hnh v. Bc siu tnh ca h ny bng n = 3.3 - 0 = 9.
E

V d 5-2: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca khung trn hnh 5.6.

Coi t l mt ming cng h i qua A, C, D. Ta thy h c 4 chu vi kn (V = 4), s khp n gin l 5 (K = 5) l 3 khp n ti A, B, C v 1 khp phc tp c qui i thnh 2 khp n gin ti E. Vy n = 3.4 - 5 = 7. H siu tnh bc 7.

B C

Hnh 5.6

126

5.1.4. Cc phng php tnh h siu tnh

So vi cc h tnh nh bit, vic tnh ton cc h siu tnh thng phc tp v khi lng tnh ton ln. C nhiu phng php tnh h siu tnh, trong c hai phng php c bn l phng php lc v phng php chuyn v. 1. Phng php lc (c cp trong Chng ny), l phng php tng qut p dng cho kt cu dng thanh bt k vi cc nguyn nhn khc nhau. H c bc siu tnh cng cao vic tnh ton cng phc tp. 2. Phng php chuyn v (c cp trong Chng 6), thng dng tnh cho h dm, khung. Vic tnh ton kh thun tin v c kh nng t ng ho cao. Nhc im ca hai phng php ny l phi gii h phng trnh nhiu n s. khc phc nhc im ny cc phng php gii ng dn da trn c s ca phng php chuyn v ra i. Mt trong cc phng php l phng php phn phi m men (c cp trong Chng 7). Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca my tnh in t, phng php phn t hu hn c p dng rng ri v rt hiu qu i vi cc bi ton c hc mi trng lin tc ni chung v c hc vt rn bin dng ni ring. Ta s nghin cu phng php ny trong mn hc phng php s.
5.2. NI DUNG PHNG PHP LC TNH H SIU TNH

5.2.1. Ni dung c bn ca phng php

T nh ngha ta thy khng th tnh phn lc, ni lc trc tip trn h siu tnh cho m phi tnh thng qua mt h khc cho php d dng xc nh phn lc, ni lc. H mi ny suy ra t h siu tnh cho bng cch loi bt cc lin kt tha gi l h c bn. bo m cho h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh cho ta cn phi b sung thm cc iu kin ph. l ni dung tm tt ca phng php lc. H c bn ca phng php lc l mt h bt bin hnh suy ra t h siu tnh cho bng cch loi b tt c hay mt s lin kt tha. Nu loi b tt c cc lin kt tha th h c bn l tnh nh, cn nu ch loi b mt s lin kt tha th h c bn l siu tnh c bc thp hn. iu quan trng l h c bn phi bt bin hnh v cho php ta xc nh c ni lc mt cch d dng. Bi vy trong a s trng hp, ta thng dng h c bn tnh nh. i vi h siu tnh trn hnh 5.7a, c th chn h c bn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. V d trn hnh 5.7b,c,d,e cho ta ba cch chn h c bn tnh nh t mt h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.7a. thit lp cc iu kin ph ta hy so snh s khc nhau gia h siu tnh cho (hnh 5.7a) vi h c bn (gi s dng h c bn hnh 5.7b). Ta nhn thy: Ti v tr loi b lin kt trong h siu tnh c cc phn lc XB, YB cn trong h c bn (hnh 5.8) th khng c cc thnh phn lc ny.
127

a)
P A

XB P

b)

B P A

c)

B P A

d)

B P A

e)

YB

Hnh 5.7

Trong h siu tnh, chuyn v theo phng ca cc lin kt b loi b u bng khng, cn trong h c bn cc chuyn v ny c th tn ti.

Nh vy, mun cho h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh cho, ta cn:

Trong h c bn, t cc lc X1, X2,..., Xn tng ng vi v tr v phng ca cc lin kt b loi b. Nhng lc ny cha bit v gi vai tr n s (hnh 5.8). V cc n s l lc (lc tp trung hoc m men tp trung) nn phng php ny mang tn l phng php lc.
P A

B X2

X1

Hnh 5.8

Thit lp iu kin b sung l buc chuyn v trong h c bn tng ng vi v tr v phng ca cc lin kt b loi b phi bng vi cc chuyn v thc tng ng trong h siu tnh (thng cc chuyn v ny bng khng). Ni khc i, chuyn v trong h c bn tng ng vi v tr v phng ca n s X1, X2,...,Xn do cc lc X1, X2,...,Xn v do cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi (ti trng P, s thay i nhit t, s ch to lp rp khng chnh xc v chuyn v gi ta ) gy ra phi bng khng.

Trn hnh 5.8, vi nguyn nhn ti trng ta c hai chuyn v ngang v ng ti B l: X1 ( X1 , X 2 , P ) = 0

X 2 ( X1 , X 2 , P ) = 0

Nu h c bc siu tnh l n v h c bn tnh nh th ta c n iu kin:

X k ( X1 ,X 2 ,...X n ,P,t , ) = 0 vi k = 1, 2,... n. (5-2)

Cc iu kin (5-2) c gi l cc phng trnh c bn ca phng php lc. Vi h c n bc siu tnh ta thit lp c n phng trnh c bn xc nh n n s X1, X2,... Xn . Sau khi tm c cc lc X1, X2,... Xn ta xem chng nh cc ngoi lc tc dng trn h c bn (hnh 5.8). Lc ny cc lc tc dng trn h c bn u bit, ta d dng tm c ni lc v bin dng trong h c bn, chnh l ni lc v bin dng trong h siu tnh cho, v cc lc Xi tha mn h phng trnh c bn tc l tha mn iu kin lm vic nh nhau gia h c bn vi h siu tnh cho.
128

Ch : 1. Khi chn h c bn cho h siu tnh chu cc chuyn v cng bc ti cc gi ta. v phi ca phng trnh c bn lun bng khng nh trng hp ti trng v nhit tc dng ta ct cc lin kt c chuyn v cng bc m khng loi b n.

Tht vy, gi s xt h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.9a nu chn h c bn bng cch loi b lin kt ti A c chuyn v cng bc (Hnh 5.9b) th iu kin bin dng theo phng ca n s X1 s khc khng: X1 ( X1 , ) = - a

a)
X1

b)

X1 A c) m n X1 a

Hnh 5.9

Nu chn h c bn bng cch ct lin kt c chuyn v th iu kin bin dng vn bng khng (Hnh 5.9c) bi v lc ny chuyn v tng ng vi cp n s X1 l chuyn v tng i, tuy gi A c chuyn v cng bc nhng chuyn v tng i gia hai im ct m v n vn bng khng. X1 ( X1 , ) = 0
2. Khi chn h c bn cho h dn siu tnh hoc h siu tnh c cc thanh hai u khp vi cng hu hn (EF ) v ti trng khng tc dng trn thanh, ta quy nh ch c php ct v thay th bng cc cp lc XK ngc chiu nhau m khng c php loi b.
a)
A EF P EJ B A X1

b)

P EJ X1 B A

c)

P X1 m n X1 B

Hnh 5.10

Vi h trn hnh 5.10a: nu chn h c bn bng cch loi b thanh cng AB (Hnh 5.10b) th phng trnh c bn biu th chuyn v tng i gia A v B theo phng AB, chuyn v ny khc khng v trong thanh AB c bin dng dc trc; nu chn h c bn bng cch ct thanh AB (Hnh 5.10c) th chuyn v tng i gia hai im m v n bng khng v phng trnh c bn lun bng khng.

5.2.2. H phng trnh chnh tc

1. Thnh lp h phng trnh chnh tc

Trong gio trnh ny ta ch nghin cu nhng h c th p dng c nguyn l cng tc dng, vi nhng h ny ta c th biu th phng trnh c bn th k ca h (5-2) di dng:
129

 X k ( X1 , X 2 ,...X n , P, t , , z ) = X k X1 + X k X 2 + ... + X k X k + ... + X k X n +

+ X kP + X kt + X k = 0 cho gn, ta b bt cc ch s X: k1 + k2 + ... + kk + ... + kn + kP + kt + k = 0 Trong : km - chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc XK do lc Xm gy ra trong h c bn; kP, kt, k - chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc XK do ring ti trng, thay i nhit , chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn. Nu gi km l chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc XK do ring lc Xm=1 gy ra trong h c bn, ta c: km = km.Xm Do phng trnh c bn th k c dng:

k1.X1 + k2.X2 +...+ kk.Xk +...+ kn.Xn + kP + kt + k = 0.

Vi h c n bc siu tnh sau khi ln lt cho k = 1, 2,..., n ta s c h n phng trnh c bn ca phng php lc. H phng trnh (5-3) sau y c gi l h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc. Cc h s km (vi k m) ca phng trnh chnh tc gi l h s ph. Cc h s kk gi l h s chnh. Cc s hng kP, kt, k gi l s hng t do.

11X1 + 12X2 +...+ 1kXk +...+ 1nXn + 1P + 1t + 1 = 0 21X1 + 22X2 +...+ 2kXk +...+ 2nXn + 2P + 2t + 2 = 0
............................................... k1X1 + k2X2 +...+ kkXk +...+ knXn + kP + kt + k = 0 ............................................... n1X1 + n2X2 +...+ nkXk +...+ nnXn + nP + nt + n = 0 H phng trnh (5-3) c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau: [F].{X} + {} = 0 Trong : (5-3)

[F] - ma trn cc h s {X}- vc t n lc {}- vc t cc s hng t do

ngha vt l ca phng trnh chnh tc th k l tng chuyn v ti im t lc Xk theo phng Xk do cc n X1, X2, ... Xn v ti trng, s thay i nhit v chuyn v gi ta gy ra trn h c bn phi bng khng.
130

2. Cch tnh cc h s v s hng V bn cht, cc h s v s hng t do trong (5-3) l chuyn v nn c th xc nh theo cng thc Mc xoen - Mo: M M Q Q N N km = k m ds + k m ds + k m ds . (5-4) EJ GF EF Trong : ( M k , Q k , N k ), ( M m , Q m , N m ) - ln lt l biu thc m men, lc ct, lc dc do ring Xk = 1, Xm = 1 gy ra trn h c bn.

i vi nhng h c th p dng php nhn biu theo Vrsaghin, ta c:

km = M k M m + N k N m + Q k Q m ;
Trong : M k , Q k , N k , M m , Q m , N m - ln lt l biu m men, lc ct, lc dc do Xk = 1, Xm=1 gy ra trong h c bn. Cc h s chnh kk lun dng, cc h s ph km c th dng, m hoc bng khng. - Cc s hng t do: M Mo N No Q Qo kP = k P ds + k P ds + k P ds (5-5) EJ EF GF o o Trong : Mo P, N P, Q P - Biu thc gii tch ca m men un, lc dc v lc ct do ring ti trng gy ra trong h c bn. Trong trng hp c th p dng cch nhn biu ta c:
o o kP = M o P M k + NP N k + QP Q k

Trong :
o o Mo P , NP , QP - Cc biu ni lc do ring ti trng gy ra trong h c bn. kt = M k .. t .ds + N k ..t c .ds . (5-6) h Vi nhng h gm nhng thanh thng c tit din khng i trong tng on thanh v nhit thay i nh nhau dc theo chiu di ca tng on thanh, ta dng cng thc thc hnh sau: kt = .t c .. (N k ) + . t . (M k ) h Trong : (N k ) v (M k ) - l din tch biu lc dc v biu m men un do lc

Xk =1 gy ra trong h c bn.

k = R ik .im

(5-7)

Trong : im - l chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt th i ca h siu tnh; R ik l phn lc ti lin kt th i do lc Xk=1 gy ra trn h c bn. Ch : Nu nguyn nhn tc dng trn h siu tnh khng phi l chuyn v cng bc ca lin kt ta m do ch to, lp rp khng chnh xc th k c xc nh theo (4-15).
131

5.2.3. Cch tm ni lc trong h siu tnh

Gii h phng trnh chnh tc (5-3) s xc nh c gi tr cc n lc X1, X2,... Xn v t y ta c th v biu ni lc theo hai cch sau:
1. Cch tnh trc tip

t tt c cc n lc ng chiu v tr s vo h c bn cng vi ti trng cho. V h c bn thng l tnh nh nn cc biu ni lc s c xc nh d dng nh trnh by trong chng 2.
2. Cch dng nguyn l cng tc dng M men un, lc ct, lc dc trong h siu tnh do P, t, gy ra c th xc nh theo biu thc cng tc dng (xem Chng m u). Vi m men un ta c:
o o Mcc = M1 .X1 + M 2 .X2 + ... + M n .Xn + M o P + M t + M

(5-8)

Trong : Mcc - biu m men trong h siu tnh do P, t, gy ra.

M1 , M 2 ,... M n - biu m men trn h c bn do ring X1 = 1, ... Xn= 1 gy ra.
o o Mo P , M t , M - biu m men trn h c bn do ti trng, thay i nhit ,

chuyn v cng bc ca cc lin kt ta gy ra. Trong trng hp h c bn l h tnh

o nh th M o t = M = 0.

Biu thc (5-8) hay c p dng v biu m men un v cc biu M1 , M 2 ,

... M n , M o P c xy dng trong qu trnh tnh h s, s hng t do ca h phng trnh chnh tc. Biu lc ct, lc dc thng c xc nh theo cch sau y. 3. Cch v biu lc ct, lc dc

Ta c th v biu lc ct t biu m men bit v xc nh biu lc dc t biu lc ct bit.

a. Xc nh gi tr lc ct ti u mi on thanh theo cng thc:

QAB = Q o AB
Trong :

M AB l AB

(5-9)

QAB - gi tr lc ct ti tit din A ca thanh AB trong h siu tnh. Qo AB - gi tr lc ct ti tit din A ca thanh AB do ti trng tc dng trong on thanh AB gy ra khi coi thanh nh mt dm n gin hai u khp. MAB - hiu i s cc tung m men hai u on thanh A v B.
132

MAB- ly du dng khi t trc thanh quay mt gc nh hn 90o v phng ca ng ni hai tung m men hai u thanh l thun chiu kim ng h v ly du m khi quay ngc chiu kim ng h. Ta c th chng minh cng thc (5-9) nh sau: Gi s bit biu m men MP nh hnh 5.11a. Tch thanh AB xt, ti tit din b ct t thm cc ni lc M, Q, N nh hnh 5.11b. Sau thay tc dng ca lc ct v lc dc bng cc lin kt thanh nh hnh 5.11c.
a)
M q P

b)
MAB q MBA

c)
MA q MB

B NAB QAB lAB QBA NBA MA lAB

A ql 2

NBA

MP
lAB

MB

Hnh 5.11

lAB

xc nh lc ct trong on thanh AB ta ch cn tm lc ct trn s dm n quen thuc (hnh 5.11c). Ti mi gi ta phn lc c ba nh hng ca MA, MB v q. Dng phng php mt ct ti A, xt cn bng phn tri ta c: Q AB = ql AB M BA - M AB M BA - M AB + = Qo AB + 2 l AB l AB

trnh phin phc v qui c du ca m men trong s hng th hai, ta c th vit cng thc di dng tr tuyt i nh (5-9).
b. Xc nh gi tr lc dc t lc ct:

Cch v biu lc dc theo biu lc ct bit da trn c s kho st s cn bng v lc ca cc nt hoc ca tng phn h c tch ra khi h thanh (thng qua cc phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu).
5.3. CC V D P DNG

5.3.1. H siu tnh chu ti trng bt ng

V d 5-3: V biu ni lc trong khung cho trn hnh 5.12a.

Qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin theo th t nh sau:

1. Xc nh bc siu tnh. H cho c bc siu tnh bng 2. 2. Chn h c bn. C nhiu cch chn h c bn, ta chn h c bn nh hnh 5.12b. 3. Thit lp h phng trnh chnh tc. H siu tnh bc hai (n = 2). 133

Ta c hai phng trnh chnh tc: 11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0 (a) 21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0 Khi xc nh cc h s v s hng t do ca h phng trnh chnh tc trong khung v dm, ta b qua nh hng ca lc dc v lc ct khi tnh cc chuyn v. Ta cn v cc biu m men un n v ln lt do X1 = 1; X2 = 1 v biu m men un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn (hnh 5.13a, b, c). Ta c:
a) a M1
X1= 1

a)
q a

b)
q

EJ = const X1

Hnh 5.12

X2

b)
a

c)
q

qa2 2

M2
X2= 1

qa2 8

MP

Hnh 5.13

11 = M1 . M1 = 22 = M 2 . M 2 =

4a 3 1 a 2 2a 2 a a + = EJ 2 3 3EJ

1 a 2 2a a3 = EJ 2 3 3EJ a3 1 a2 a = 2EJ EJ 2

12 = 21 = M1 . M 2 = 1P = M o P . M1 = 2P = Mo P . M2

5qa 4 1 1 qa 2 2a 2 qa 2 a qa 2 a a a a + = EJ 2 2 3 3 8 2 2 8EJ

a qa 4 1 qa 2 = a = 2 4EJ EJ 2

Thay cc kt qu vo h phng trnh chnh tc, ta c: 4a 3 a3 5qa 4 X1 X2 + =0 3EJ 2EJ 8EJ 134

a3 a3 qa 4 X1 + X2 + =0 2EJ 3EJ 4EJ

Hay:
-

4 1 5 X1 - X2 + qa = 0 3 2 8 1 1 1 X1 + X2 - qa = 0 . 2 3 4

4. Gii h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc n s X1, X2. Kt qu:

X1 = -

3 qa; 7

X2 =

3 qa. 28

5. V biu m men un. Trong v d ny ta v biu m men un theo nguyn l cng tc dng. Vi h ch chu ti trng ta c:

MP = M1 .X1 + M 2 .X2 + M o P T biu thc trn ta xc nh cc gi tr m men ti cc u thanh v p dng cch treo biu ca dm n s v c biu MP ca h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.14a.
6. V biu lc ct theo biu m men un:

Trn thanh ngang AB: biu lc ct l hng s, c dng ng thng song song vi ng chun v c gi tr:

QBA =

1 qa 2 qa 2 3qa =+ + a 28 14 28

Trn thanh ng BC: biu lc ct c dng bc nht, ta ch cn xc nh gi tr ca lc ct ti cc u thanh QCB v QBC ri ni li vi nhau bng ng thng ta c:

QCB = Q = QBC = Q =
a) 14
qa2 A B qa2 8C qa 28
2

tr

qa 1 qa 2 3qa + =+ 0 a 14 7 2 qa 1 qa 2 4qa 0 =+ a 14 7 2
28

ph

b) 3qa
B + 4qa 7 A

c)
B

3qa QBA= 28 NBA 4qa QBC= 7

d)
B

3qa 28

MP

A 4qa 7

+ C 3qa 7

QP

NBC

NP
C

Hnh 5.14

Biu lc ct v trn hnh 5.14b.

135

7. V biu lc dc theo biu lc ct bng cch tch nt:

V ti trng vung gc vi trc thanh nn lc dc khng thay i trong tng thanh, do ch cn xc nh mt gi tr lc dc ti mt tit din no trong mi thanh l v biu . Tch nt B (hnh 5.14c), sau khi t ti nhng tit din b ct cc lc ct c gi tr v chiu bit theo biu Q ng thi t cc lc dc NAB v NBC cha bit (gi thit l dng hng ra ngoi mt ct), ta vit phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu:
X = NAB + Y = - NBC -

4qa = 0, 7

suy ra NAB = suy ra NBC = -

4qa 7 3qa 28

3qa = 0, 28 Biu lc dc v trn hnh 5.14d.

V d 5-4: V biu ni lc trong khung cho trn hnh 5.15a.

H cho c bc siu tnh bng mt. Chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.15b. Phng trnh chnh tc:
11X1 + 1P = 0 .

a)

D 2J

b)
C J B

l A

F=

J 10l2

xc nh 11 v 1P ta cn v biu M1 v biu M o P (Hnh 5.15c,d). Ngoi ra, phi xt n nh hng ca lc dc trong thanh hai u khp AB, nn ta cn xc nh thm lc dc trong thanh AB do X1 = 1 v do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn, kt qu ghi trn hnh 5.15c,d. Xc nh h s 11 v s hng t do 1P:
11 = M1 M1 + N1 N1 = 2 1P = M o P M1 =
c)
l

X1

X1

d)
l P Pl

M1
A N1=+1 B X1=1 A

MP
B NP =0
o

Hnh 5.15

1 l.l 2l l 3 1 67l 3 + + l 1 1 = EJ 2 3 2EJ EF 6EJ

1 Pl 2 1 Pl 2 2 7 Pl 3 l + l = 2EJ 2 EJ 2 3 12EJ 7P 134

Thay cc tr s ny vo phng trnh chnh tc v gii ra ta c: X1 = -

136

a) 7
134

Pl

127 Pl 134

b)

7 P 134 P +

127 P 134

c)
P

127 P 134

MP

QP

+ 7 P 134

NP

Hnh 5.16

Cng thc hin cc bc tip theo tng t nh trong v d trn, ta d dng v c biu m men un, lc ct v lc dc nh trn hnh 5.16a,b,c.

5.3.2. H siu tnh chu s thay i nhit

V d 5-5: V biu m men un trong khung chu s thay i ca nhit c kch thc v s nh hnh 5.17a. Cho bit chiu cao h ca cc tit din khng i, h = a/10. EJ = const. Vt liu c h s dn n v nhit l .
a)
a +to a +to +2to

b)
+t +t
o o

c)
X1

d)
X1=1 1 X1=1

+2t

1 1

M1

1 1

N1

Hnh 5.17

H cho c mt bc siu tnh. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.17b. Phng trnh chnh tc c dng: 11X1 + 1t = 0 Biu M1 v N1 v trn hnh 5.17c,d. Tnh cc h s: 1 a a 2 2a 3 11 = M1 M1 = a 2 = EJ 2 3 3EJ 1t = . t . (M1 ) + .t c .. (N1 ) h 2t t a a t + 2t (1 a ) 2 = -13at .2 + = - . h 2 2
19,5

Mt
( EJt ) a

Hnh 5.18

Thay vo phng trnh chnh tc v gii phng trnh ta c: X1 = 19,5EJ

t a2

Biu m men un c xc nh theo biu thc: Mt = M1 X1. Kt qu v trn hnh 5.18.

137

5.3.3. H siu tnh c thanh ch to chiu di khng chnh xc

V d 5-6: V biu m men un trong khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.19a khi thanh AB c chiu di ch to b ht mt on l .
a)
2J l A J J J F= 2 10l B X1 l X1

b)

c)

M
A a= B 6EJ 67l2

Hnh 5.19

H cho c mt bc siu tnh. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.19b. Phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
11X1 + 1 = 0

H ny c kho st trong v d 5-4 khi h chu ti trng, do ta c th s dng mt s s liu c. Biu M1 nh trn hnh 5.15c. 67l 3 6EJ S hng t do 1 biu th chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca cc lc X1 do ht ca thanh AB gy ra trn h c bn. k = N ik im H s chnh c gi tr:
11=
i

Trong trng hp ny i = 1; 1m = - ; N11 = 1. Do : 1 = 1.(-) = - . 6EJ Nghim ca phng trnh chnh tc: X1 = 67l 3 Biu m men un trong h siu tnh c xc nh theo cng thc M = M1 X1 Kt qu nh trn hnh 5.19c.

5.3.4. H siu tnh chu chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt ta

V d 5-7: V biu m men un trong dm lin tc cho trn hnh 5.20a, khi ngm v gi ta C b ln xung mt on A b xoay thun chiu kim ng h mt gc = l bng . Cho bit EJ = const.

H cho l dm siu tnh bc hai. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.20b.

138

H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

11X1 + 12X2 + 1 = 0 21X1 + 22X2 + 2 = -

a)

l l l

c)
l l X1= 1

M1

Xc nh cc h s v s hng t do: 11 = M1 M1

b)
X1 X2

d)
2l 2l

M2
X2= 1

1 l 2 2 l3 = l = EJ 2 3 3EJ 3 1 2l.2l 2 8l 22 = M 2 M 2 = 2l = EJ 2 3 3EJ

Hnh 5.20
18

12 = 21 = M1 M 2 =

1 l2 EJ 2

2 5l3 l + l = 3 6EJ

30

M ( EJ ) 2
7l

1 = - l. = - 2 = - 2l. = - 2

Hnh 5.21

Thay cc h s tnh c vo h phng trnh chnh tc v gii ta c cc n lc: EJ EJ X2 = - 2,57 3 X1 = 9,43 3 ; l l Biu m menun c tnh theo biu thc cng tc dng: M = M1 .X1 + M 2 .X2 Kt qu v trn hmh 5.21.

5.3.5. Dn siu tnh

V d 5-7: Cho dn chu ti trng nh hnh 5.22a. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh ca dn. Bit EF = const.

Trnh t tnh nh sau:

1. Bc siu tnh. Vi h dn ni t ta c:

n = D + C - 2M = 6 + 3 - 2.4 = 1
3. Phng trnh chnh tc. 11X1 + 1P = 0

Dn siu tnh bc mt.

2. H c bn. Ct thanh 2-3 h c bn c chn nh hnh 5.22b.

Tnh h s 11 v s hng t do 1P:

139

Cn tnh lc dc trong cc thanh dn trn h c bn ln lt do cp n lc X1 = 1 (hnh 5.22c) v ti trng (hnh 5.22d) gy ra. Kt qu tnh c ghi trn ct 3, 4 ca bng 5-2.
P a 1 a 2 1 3

a)

b)
X1 X1

c)
X1=1 X1=1

d)

1 0

2 0

P 1 P

2 P

Hnh 5.22

km =

N ik .N im li ; (EF)i i

suy ra 11 = suy ra 1P =

1 6 2a (1 + 2 ) N i1.N i1.l i = EF i =1 EF 1 6 Pa (2 + 2 ) o N i1.N iP .l i = EF i =1 EF

o N ik .N iP kP = li ; (EF)i i

Gii phng trnh chnh tc ta c: X i =

4. Xc nh lc dc trong dn siu tnh

1P = - 0,707P 11

o Vn dng nguyn l cng tc dng N iP = N i1X1 + N iP ta tnh c lc dc trong cc

thanh ca dn siu tnh cho. Kt qu c ghi trn ct 7 ca bng 5-2. Bng 5-2 Thanh 1-2 1-3 1-4 3-4 3-2 4-2

140

li
a a a 2 a a 2 a -

N i1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2

N oi P 0 0 P 2 -P 0 -P

N i1 . N i1 .li a 2 a 2 a 2 a 2 a 2 a 2 2a(1 + 2 )

o N i1 . N iP .li

NP + 0,499P + 0,499P + 0,703P - 0,5P - 0,707P - 0,5P

0 0 2Pa Pa 2 0 Pa 2 Pa(2 + 2 )

4 V d: N 3 =P

1 1 2 (-0,707P) + (-P) = - 0,5P; N1 (-0,707P) + 0 = + 0,499P. P =2 2

5.4. CCH TNH CHUYN V TRONG H SIU TNH

5.4.1. Cch tnh chuyn v

Cng thc tnh chuyn v ca Mcxoen - Mo (4-6) l tng qut, p dng cho h siu tnh cng nh tnh nh. Khi s dng cng thc ny ta cn phi tnh h hai trng thi, trng thi m l trng thi thc ca h, trng thi k l trng thi kh d c to ra bng cch t mt lc Pk = 1 c v tr v phng tng ng vi chuyn v cn tm vo h ban u. Nu tnh chuyn v trc tip trn h siu tnh cho, ta s phi gii h siu tnh hai ln vi hai nguyn nhn khc nhau. Nh vy khi lng tnh ton s rt nng n. Song nu lu ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu tnh do nguyn nhn m gy ra chnh l ni lc v chuyn v trong h c bn tnh nh tng ng chu tc dng ca cc n lc v nguyn nhn m, th tnh chuyn v trn h c bn tng ng s n gin hn nhiu. V nh vy ta ch phi gii h siu tnh mt ln trng thi thc m, cn trng thi ph k s c tnh trn h c bn tnh nh bt k c suy t h siu tnh cho bng cch loi b cc lin kt tha. d hiu hn ta xt khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.23a. Gi s cn tnh chuyn v ngang ti k do nguyn nhn m gy ra (ti trng P, s thay i nhit t, s ch to khng chnh xc v chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt ta ).
a) b) c) a
k k
o Mk

d)

e)
1

2a

m 2a

m X1

Pk=1

Pk=1

Qo k

Pk=1

No k

X2

Hnh 5.23

Thay vic lp trng thi ph k t h siu tnh (hnh 5.23a) ta lp trng thi k t h c bn tng ng (hnh 5.23b), ta c:
km = ok ( X1 , X 2 , P, t , ) = ok ( X1 , X 2 , P ) + okt + ok

(5-10)

Trong :
ok ( X1 , X 2 , P ) - chuyn v ngang ti k do cc n lc v ti trng cho gy ra trn h

c bn tnh nh. Nu biu din di dng nhn biu ta c: o o ok ( X1 , X 2 , P ) = Mm . M k + Qm . Q k + Nm . N o k

(5-11)
141

okt , ok - chuyn v tng ng ti k do nhit , chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt

ta gy ra trn h c bn tnh nh chn lm trng thi ph k v chng c xc nh: okt = . t . (M k ) + .t c .. (N k ) (5-12) h

o ok = R ik im i

(5-13)

Trong : Mm , Qm , Nm - cc biu ni lc do cc nguyn nhn (P, t, ) gy ra trn h siu tnh (c c sau khi vn dng cc phng php gii h siu tnh).
o o Mk , Qk , No k - cc biu ni lc trng thi ph k trn h tnh nh bt bin hnh c suy t h siu tnh cho (hnh 5.23c,d,e). (M o ) , (N o ) - ln lt l din tch ca biu m men v lc dc trong trng thi
k k

ph k chn.
o R ik - phn lc ti lin kt c chuyn v cng bc i trong trng thi ph k.

Xt cc trng hp ring hay gp (h dm, khung).

H ch c ti trng tc dng:
o kP = MP . M k

(5-14) (5-15)

H chu tc dng ca nhit :

o kt = Mt . M k + okt

H chu chuyn v lin kt ta:

o k = M . M k + ok (5-16) T v d khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.23 ta suy ra cng thc tnh chuyn v cho h thanh phng bt k c cong nh nh sau: MoM Q oQ No N km = k m ds + k m ds + k m ds + EJ GF EF o + . t . (M o ) + .t c .. (N o ) - R ik (5-17) i k k h i

5.4.2. V d p dng
V d 5-8: Cho h siu tnh chu tc dng ng thi ca ba nguyn nhn P, t, nh hnh 5.24. Yu cu: Xc nh gc xoay ti nt B (B=?). Cho bit cc biu m men un trn h siu tnh MP, Mt, M nh hnh 5.25a, b, c.

Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn:
142

+ Lp trng thi ph k nh hnh 5.25d: t Mk = 1 vo h tnh nh c suy t h siu tnh (n = 2) bng cch loi b hai lin kt tha A. + Tnh h trng thi k:
o v lc dc N o V biu m men M k k nh trn hnh 5.25e,f.

4m P = 2q B - 15o q + 25o ,EJ = const h = 0,4m A - 15o C =

4m

+ Xc nh gc xoay ti B theo nguyn l cng tc dng:

B(P, t, ) = BP + Bt + B
o BP = MP . M k =

Hnh 5.24

1 8q 4 4q 4 16q 1 = (rad) 1 + EJ 7 2 2 2 7EJ

o Bt = Mt . M k + o Bt =

1 (133,9 + 79,84)EJ 40 4 1 + 1 4 = 26,7 (rad) EJ 2 0,4 15 o B = M . M k + o -=+ (rad) B = + 14 14 16q Vy chuyn v gc xoay ti B l: B = (rad) 26,7 + 7EJ 14 =
8q 7

a)
133,9

b)

79,48

3 56

c)

4q 7 2q A

MP

Mt
(EJ)

M
(EJ)

33 56

d)
Mk = 1 B Mk=1

e)
Rk=1
o

f)
Mk=1

o Mk

Nko = 0

Hnh 5.25

143

5.5. CCH KIM TRA TNH TON TRONG PHNG PHP LC

Khi gii bi ton siu tnh theo phng php lc ta phi tri qua kh nhiu php tnh trung gian, do d dn n nhng sai s ln trong kt qu cui cng. sm pht hin ra cc sai s v nhm ln trong tnh ton ta nn vn dng mt s tnh cht c lp vi cc php tnh s dng kim tra li qu trnh tnh ton v kt qu tnh cui cng.

5.5.1. Kim tra qu trnh tnh ton

1. Kim tra cc biu n v M k v biu M o P

Vn dng cc lin h vi phn v iu kin cn bng ca tng b phn c tch ra khi h nh bit trong Sc bn vt liu kim tra.
2. Kim tra cc h s km v cc s hng t do

Gi MS l biu m men n v tng cng do cc n X1 = X2 =...= Xk =...= Xn = 1 tc dng ng thi trong h c bn. C th tm biu ny mt cch c lp hoc bng cch cng cc biu n v M k :
MS = M1 + M 2 +...+ M k +...+ M n

(5-18)

Nhn MS vi cc biu n v M k v M o P ta c kt qu nh sau:

M k . MS = M k [ M1 + M 2 +...+ M n ]

= [ M k M1 + M k M 2 + ...+ M k M n ] = k1 + k2 +...+ kk +...+ kn =

m =1

km
n n

(5-19)

Lm tng t ly MS nhn vi MS ta c kt qu:

MS MS = [ M1 + M 2 +...+ M n ][ M1 + M 2 +...+ M n ] =
o MS M o P = [ M1 + M 2 +...+ M n ] M P

km
k =1 m =1 n

(5-20)

M1 M o P

M2 Mo P

+...+

Mn Mo P

= 1P + 2P +...+ nP =

kP
k =1

(5 - 21)
iu kin kim tra cho cc h s km v kp nh sau:

144

 Kt qu nhn MS vi mt biu n v M k no phi bng tng cc h s thuc hng th k ca h phng trnh chnh tc. Kt qu nhn MS vi chnh MS phi bng tng cc h s km ca h phng trnh chnh tc.
o Kt qu nhn MS vi M P phi bng tng cc s hng t do kP ca h phng trnh chnh tc.

3. Kim tra kt qu gii h phng trnh chnh tc

Sau khi tm c cc n s Xk ta thay chng vo h phng trnh ban u, cc n s Xk ng th cc phng trnh chnh tc u bng khng. Tuy nhin, trong thc hnh tnh ton, do hu qu ca vic lm trn cc s liu tnh ton trung gian n mt s hu hn cc s thuc phn thp phn nn sau khi thay th cc lc Xk tm c vo h phng trnh chnh tc ban u, kt qu thng khc khng. nh gi sai s, trong mi phng trnh ta c th tp hp cc s liu v biu th kt qu tnh bng hiu ca hai s A v B. Ni chung A - B 0. Mc sai s c biu th qua sai s t i = AB (100%) A

Ty theo yu cu v mc chnh xc cn thit ca cng tc thit k, ngi ta quy nh sai s t i cho php [] v ngi thit k phi tnh ton sao cho bo m c iu kin [].

5.5.2. Kim tra biu ni lc cui cng

Trc khi v biu lc ct v lc dc ta cn kim tra biu m men va tm c xem c ng khng. Ngoi cch kim tra s b da vo cc nhn xt v dng ca biu , xt cn bng m men ti cc nt ta c th kim tra biu m men mt cch chnh xc theo iu kin chuyn v bng cch tnh chuyn v ti cc lin kt trong h siu tnh m ta bit trc (thng l bng khng vi trng hp h chu P, t hoc c th khc khng vi trng h chu chuyn v cng bc ). Ta c th vit li chng thnh iu kin sau:
o kP = MP M k =0 o kt = Mt M k + okt = 0 o k = M M k + ok = chuyn v ti k trn h siu tnh.

(5-22)

T (5-22) ta c cch kim tra biu m men cui cng theo iu kin chuyn v l: Trng hp ti trng tc dng. Biu MP tm c s ng nu
145

kP = MP M k = 0

(5-23)

Trng hp h chu s thay i ca nhit . Biu Mt tm c s ng nu: kt = Mt M k = - kt (5-24)

Trng hp h chu chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta: Biu M tm c s ng nu: k = M M k = - k + chuyn v thc ti k Trong :
M k - biu m men n v do n lc Xk = 1 gy ra trn h c bn. N ng vai tr
o Mk trong (5-22).

(5-25)

kt, k - s hng t do trong phng trnh chnh tc th k do nhit , ch to khng chnh xc, chuyn v gi ta gy ra. N ng vai tr okt , ok trong (5-22).
Ch :

Nu ta thay M k bng MS , s c cch kim tra biu m men tng qut hn theo iu kin chuyn v nh sau: MP M S = 0 Mt MS = - kt
k =1 n n

(5-26)

M MS = - k + cc chuyn v thc ti cc lin kt trn h siu tnh.

k =1

V d 5-9: Kim tra kt qu tnh ton trong v d 5-3.

kim tra ta v biu m men un tng cng MS = M1 + M 2 nh hnh 5.26.

1. Kim tra cc h s:
a

Theo hng th nht. Nhn MS vi M1 (xem hnh 5.13a):

3 1 1 2a 1 5a MS M1 = a a + a a a = EJ 3 2 2 6EJ

Ms
X1=1 X2=1

Mt khc 11 + 12 =
146

4a a 5a = (ng). 3EJ 2EJ 6EJ

Hnh 5.26

 Theo hng th hai. Nhn MS vi M 2 (Hnh 5.13b):

MS M 2 =

1 1 1 a3 a a a = 6EJ EJ 3 2

a3 a3 a3 + Mt khc 21 + 22 = = (ng) 2EJ 3EJ 6EJ Kim tra ton b cc h s:

MS MS =

1 1 2a 1 2 2a 3 a a + a a a = EJ 3 2 3 2 3EJ 4a 3 a3 a3 a 3 2a 3 + = (ng). 3EJ 2EJ 2EJ EJ 3EJ

Mt khc

k,m

km =

2. Kim tra cc s hng t do. Nhn biu MS vi M o P (hnh 5.13c):

MS M o P = 1 1 qa 2 3 qa 2 1 3qa 4 a a + a a = EJ 3 3 4 2 2 8EJ

Mt khc 1P + 2P =

5qa 4 qa 4 3qa 4 = (ng). 8EJ 4EJ 8EJ

3. Kim tra kt qu cui cng. Biu m men trn hnh 5.14a sau khi kim tra v dng v cn bng nt ta s kim tra chnh xc theo iu kin chuyn v bng biu thc u ca (5-26). Ta c: qa2 1 1 qa 2 2 2 qa 2 1 0,5a MP MS = a a a a 28 EJ 2 14 3 3 8 2 4qa B 3qa 7 1 1 qa 2 2 1 qa 2 1 + a a a a 28 a q EJ 2 14 3 2 28 3 2qa 2 1 1 C =0 = 3qa EJ 42 42 3qa 7 (chng t MP v ng). 28 Hnh 5.27 T biu m men v ng, ta suy ra biu lc ct v lc dc.

Sau kim tra QP , NP theo iu kin cn bng b phn bng cch ct mt phn bt k ca h xem ni lc v ngoi lc c tho mn cc phng tnh cn bng hay khng. V d kim tra QP , NP trn hnh 5.14b, ta thc hin mt ct qua C v tit din gia ca thanh AB v kim tra mt phn ca h nh hnh 5.27.

147

4 3 X = + qa - qa - qa = 0 7 7 Y = + 3 3 qa qa = 0 28 28

Qua cc ni dung trnh by trn ta thy tuy cch kim tra c u im l c lp vi cc php tnh dng nhng vn cn tn ti mt vi khuyt im sau: Cch kim tra cn phc tp, khi lng cc php tnh dng kim tra cn ln. Cch kim tra ch c th tin cy c khi ngi thc hin khng b mc sai lm v nguyn tc tnh ton. V iu kin kim tra vn c th c tha mn khi ngi tnh ton v ngi kim tra cng mc sai lm nh nhau trong cc bc v biu hoc nhn biu . Ngoi ra trong thc hnh tnh ton cn lu , do hu qu ca php lm trn cc s liu nn cc iu kin kim tra ni trn thng s khng ng nht bng khng hoc bng nhau. Lc ny ta cn nh gi sai s theo quy cch trnh by trong phn kim tra kt qu gii h phng trnh chnh tc.

5.5.3. Mt s ch khi tnh h siu tnh bc cao

Trong thc t ta thng hay gp nhng h siu tnh bc cao. Khi tnh ton cc h ny ta cn tm cc bin php nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu tnh v gim nh khi lng tnh ton.
1. Cc bin php nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton

Nhng sai s khi phi lm trn cc s liu tnh ton s c nh hng n kt qu cui cng. Thng thng, mun bo m cho kt qu cui cng t chnh xc n m con s thuc phn thp phn, cc s liu tnh ton trung gian cn t chnh xc ti thiu n m + 2 con s thuc phn thp phn. Tuy vy, khi tnh h siu tnh bc cao ta phi gii mt s lng ln cc phng trnh chnh tc th vn ny cng cn phi lu khi nghim ca h phng trnh chnh tc khng n nh. Nhng nghim c gi l khng n nh khi ta thay i rt nh gi tr ca cc phn t ca h phng trnh s gy ra nhng thay i ln i vi kt qu cn tm. khc phc vn ny ngoi cc bin php ton hc, v mt c hc kt cu ta c th nu ra mt vi cch khc phc nh sau: Chn phng php tnh sao cho s lng n s l t nht. i vi mi bi ton c th ta nn cn nhc xem trong s cc phng php nh phng php lc, phng php chuyn v, phng php hn hp (xem cc Chng sau)... nn chn phng php no i hi s n t nht. Khi dng phng php lc ta nn chn h c bn sao cho h lm vic cng st vi h siu tnh cng tt. l h c bn khi chu cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi s pht sinh cc ni lc v chuyn v khng chnh lch nhiu so vi ni lc chuyn v trong h siu tnh.
148

Lc ny cc n lc X ch gy ra mt phn nh hng nh n kt qu cui cng. Tt nhin, bin php ny i hi ngi thit k phi c nhiu kinh nghim. Dng cc bin php gim thiu s lng cc phng trnh cn phi gii, s trnh by trong phn tip theo di y.
2. Cc bin php gim nh khi lng tnh ton

Khi tnh cc h siu tnh bc cng cao th khi lng tnh ton, c bit l khi lng gii h phng trnh cng tng ln gp bi. Bi vy, cn ch vn dng cc bin php di y gim nh khi lng tnh ton.
a. Cc bin php gim thiu s lng phng trnh cn gii

Chn phng php tnh sao cho s n s l t nht ( ni trn). Khi tnh h siu tnh theo phng php lc ta khng chn h c bn tnh nh m chn h c bn siu tnh c bc thp hn. Bin php chn h c bn siu tnh cho php ta thay th vic gii h n phng trnh bng cch gii hai h c s lng phng trnh l n1 v n2 vi n1+ n2 = n. Gii hai h c s phng trnh n1 v n2 i hi tn t thi gian hn gii mt h c s phng trnh l n = n1+ n2. Trong trng hp h siu tnh cho l h i xng, nn trit s dng tnh cht i xng. Cc bin php c th s c trnh by trong mc 5.6 di y.
b. Cc bin php n gin ha cu trc ca h phng trnh chnh tc

H phng trnh chnh tc c cu trc n gin l h phng trnh c nhiu h s ph bng khng. Gii h phng trnh c cng nhiu h s ph bng khng th khi lng tnh ton cng c gim nh so vi khi gii h phng trnh c y cc h s ph. t c mc ch , trong phm vi c hc kt cu, ta c th vn dng cc bin php sau: Nu h c tnh cht i xng, nn trit s dng tnh cht i xng (xem mc 5.6 di y). Chn h c bn hp l. Tng ng vi mi h siu tnh ta c th chn h c bn theo nhiu cch khc nhau min l h c bn phi bt bin hnh. Vic chn dng h c bn ny hay h c bn khc c nh hng quan trng n khi lng tnh ton trong cc bc sau: xc nh ni lc (v biu ), xc nh cc h s v s hng t do v c bit l trong bc gii h phng trnh chnh tc. Nh vy, h c bn hp l l h c bn chn sao cho vic tnh ton c n gin trong cc khu nu trn.
149

 t c yu cu , ta nn chn h c bn bng cch ct h thnh nhiu b phn c lp vi nhau. Lc ny, cc biu n v s phn b cc b, vic xc nh cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc s n gin v trin vng c nhiu h s ph bng khng. V d vi h siu tnh trn hnh 5.28a, ta c th nu ra hai cch chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.28b v c so snh. H c bn hnh 5.28b: Ni lc trong h ny ni chung phn phi trn ton h (chng hn, di tc dng ca ring lc X1=1, biu M1 phn b trn phn ln cc thanh ca h c bn). Do , xc nh cc h s v s hng t do mt nhiu cng sc, tt c cc h s ph u tn ti. H c bn hnh 5.28c: H c bn ny gm nhiu b phn c lp vi nhau, mi biu ni lc n v ch phn b trong hai b phn ln cn ca h c bn. Do , vic v cc biu n v s n gin hn, xc nh cc h s v s hng t do cng d dng v nhanh chng, nhiu h s ph bng khng ( 17 = 18 = 19 = 0). Vy h c bn hnh 5.28c hp l hn h c bn hnh 5.28b. Bin i v tr v phng ca cc n s. Bin php ny s c trnh by trong mc 5.6 di y.
P

a)

b)

X1 X3 X2 X3 X2

X4 X6 X5 X6 X5

X7 X9 X8 X9 X8 X8 X9

c)

X1

X1 X4 X3

X4 X7 X6

X7

X2

X5

Hnh 5.28

150

5.6. CC BIN PHP N GIN HO KHI TNH H SIU TNH C S I XNG Trong thc t ta thng gp nhng h c hnh dng, kch thc hnh hc v cng i xng qua mt trc. Nu bit cch vn dng tnh cht i xng ca h th khi lng tnh ton s c gim nh kh nhiu. Khi tnh cc h siu tnh i xng ta c th dng mt s bin php c th di y n gin ha tnh ton.

5.6.1. Chn s h c bn i xng

T h siu tnh c s i xng, loi b lin kt ti cc v tr nm trn trc i xng ca h, ta c h c bn c tnh i xng. V d vi h khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.29a, nu chn h c bn c s i xng nh hnh 5.29b, ta c M1 v
M 3 i xng (Hnh5.30a,c) v cc cp
Hnh 5.29 c) a)
C 2J h J A a a J B h A a a B

b)
X1 X3 X2 X3 X2 X1

n X1, X3. i xng.

a)
X1= 1

b)

X2=1 X2=1

X3= 1 1

Hnh 5.30

M1

M2
h

M3

Cn M 2 phn i xng (Hnh 5.30b) nn bit ngay: 12 = 21 = M1 M 2 = 0; 23 = 32 = M 2 M 3 = 0. Ngoi ra chn h c bn nh trn cn rt tin li cho vic v cc biu n v, nhn biu n gin hn. Qu trnh gii h phng trnh nhanh gn hn do c nhiu h s ph bng khng. Nhng u im ny khng c nu chn h c bn c cu to bt k.

5.6.2. S dng cc cp n s i xng v phn i xng

Gi s xt h siu tnh i xng nh trn hnh 5.31a. Chn h c bn cng c tnh cht i xng nh trn hnh 5.31b. Cc n s trong h c bn i xng gm hai loi: Loi n s c tnh cht i xng hay phn xng. V d cp n s X2 c tnh i xng, cp X3 c tnh phn xng. 151

 Loi n s ch c v tr i xng cn v tr s th khc nhau. V d hai n s X1 v X4. trit s dng tnh cht i xng, ta phn tch hai n s c v tr i xng thnh hai cp n s: mt cp i xng v mt cp phn xng. V d, phn tch hai n s X1 v X4 thnh hai cp: cp Y1 i xng v cp Y4 phn xng (Hnh 5.31c). Tt nhin hai cp n s mi Y1 v Y4 phi tha mn iu kin: Y1 + Y4 = X1; Y1 - Y4 = X4. Cch phn tch ny lun lun c th thc hin c v Y1 v Y4 l nghim duy nht ca cc n s X1 v X4. a) P 1 Y1 = (X1 + X4); 2 1 Y2 = (X1 - X4) 2

Sau khi phn tch nh trn ta s thc hin tnh ton vi cc cp n s mi Y1, Y4 v cc cp n s v bn cht mang tnh cht i xng hoc phn i xng X2 v X3. H phng trnh chnh tc c dng: 11Y1 + 12X2 + 13X3 + 14Y4 + 1P = 0
21Y1 + 22X2 + 23X3 + 24Y4 + 2P = 0 31Y1 + 32X2 + 33X3 + 34Y4 + 3P = 0 41Y1 + 42X2 + 43X3 + 44Y4 + 4P = 0

b)
X1

X2

X3 X3

X2

P X4

c)
Y4 Y1

X2

X3 X3

X2

Y1

Y4

Hnh 5.31

Trong trng hp ny, cc cp n s Y1 v X2 i xng do cc biu M1 v M 2 i xng. Cc cp n s X3, Y4 phn xng do cc biu M 3 v M 4 phn xng. Nh bit, kt qu nhn biu i xng vi biu phn xng s bng khng. Do cc chuyn v km s bng khng khi mt ch s ca n biu th cp n s i xng cn mt ch s biu th cp n s phn xng. C th l cc chuyn v:
31 = 13 = 41 = 14 = 23 = 32 = 24 = 42 = 0

Lc ny h phng trnh chnh tc s chia ra thnh hai h phng trnh c lp:

11Y1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0 21Y1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0 (a) 33X3 + 34Y4 + 3P = 0 43X3 + 44Y4 + 4P = 0 (b)

Mt h (h a) ch cha nhng cp n s i xng cn mt h (h b) ch cha nhng cp n s phn xng.

152

Vi h siu tnh i xng bc n, nu p dng cc cp n s i xng v phn xng nh ni trn th ta c th a h phng trnh chnh tc v hai h phng trnh c lp: mt h c n1 phng trnh v mt h c n2 phng trnh vi n1 + n2 = n.
Kt lun va thu c trn khng ph thuc vo nguyn nhn tc dng, ngha l nguyn nhn tc dng c th bt k. Trong trng hp c bit khi: Nguyn nhn tc dng (P, t, ) i xng: Chng hn h chu ti trng tc dng i

xng, lc ny M o P i xng nn 3P = 4P = 0.
Thay vo h (b) ta c h phng trnh thun nht, v nh thc cc h s ca h phng trnh chnh tc trong phng php lc lun lun khc khng nn X3 = Y4 = 0 Nh vy, ta c th kt lun: nu h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng th cc cp n s phn xng bng khng.
Nguyn nhn tc dng (P, t, ) phn i xng: Chng hn h chu ti trng tc dng

phn i xng, lc ny M o P phn xng nn 1P = 2P = 0. Gii h (a) ta c Y1 = X2 = 0. Cng l lun tng t nh trn, ta i n kt lun sau: nu h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn xng th cc cp n s i xng bng khng.
Ch : Khi tnh h siu tnh c s i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng ta ch cn tm cc cp n s i xng (cc cp n s phn xng bng khng) hoc ngc li. Trong trng hp h c hai trc i xng, nu cng vn dng bin php nh ni trn vi c hai trc i xng th h phng trnh chnh tc s phn thnh bn h phng trnh c lp. Gi n1, n2, n3, n4 - ln lt l s phng trnh ca bn h ni trn, ta c: n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 = n.

5.6.3. Phn tch nguyn nhn tc dng bt k thnh i xng v phn i xng
Vi mt h siu tng chu nguyn nhn tc dng bt k (Hnh 5.32a) bao gi ta cng c th a v tng ca hai h chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng v phn i xng nh hnh 5.32b,c.
a)
q P q 2

b)
P 2 P 2 2 2

c)
P 2 q P 2 2
o

to

+ 2 + 2

t t + 2 - 2

Hnh 5.32

153

Trn c s nguyn l cng tc dng, ni lc v chuyn v trong h cho c xc nh bng tng i s cc ni lc v chuyn v trong h chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng v h chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn i xng. u im ca h chu tc dng ca nguyn nhn i xng (hoc phn i xng) dc cp trong mc B trn v bin php bin i s tnh sau y.

5.6.4. Bin php bin i s tnh

Bin php ny p dng cho h c s tnh i xng tng ng vi hai bi ton h chu nguyn nhn i xng v h chu nguyn nhn phn i xng. Ni dung ca bin php ny l thay th vic tnh h i xng bng vic tnh na h vi s tnh tng ng bo m sao cho ni lc v bin dng trong c hai trng hp l nh nhau. Sau khi tm c kt qu trn mt na h ta d dng suy ra kt qu trn na h cn li theo cc tnh cht sau:
Trong cc h i xng chu nguyn nhn i xng: ng bin dng, m men un, lc dc c tnh cht i xng, cn lc ct c tnh cht phn xng. Trong cc h i xng chu nguyn nhn phn xng: ng bin dng, m men un, lc dc c tnh cht phn xng cn lc ct c tnh cht i xng.

Cc tnh cht trn c rt ra trn c s l lun v tnh cht chn (i xng) hoc l (phn xng) ca cc hm ng thi lu n cc lin h vi phn quen bit gia cc hm ti trng, ni lc v chuyn v. So vi cc bin php khc, bin php bin i s tnh cho php gim nh khi lng tnh ton rt lng k nn hay c p dng. Sau y ta s nghin cu cch tm s tnh tng ng thc hin tnh ton vi mt na h.
1. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng

Gi s xt h siu tnh i xng qua trc A-A, chu lc i xng nh hnh 5.33a.
a)
P B A P P

b)

P B

c)
P/2

P/2

q C EF D (n=9) A

q C

EF/2 (n=5)

Hnh 5.33

154

Trong trng hp ny h c thanh CD trng vi trc i xng. m bo tnh i xng ca kt cu, thanh CD khng th b un cong tc l m men un trong thanh CD khng c. T y ta ct i h ti B v C xt mt phn i xng. Phn tch chuyn v ca tit din B v C trong h nguyn thm lin kt cho ph hp vi chuyn v: Do ng n hi c tnh i xng, nn tit din B v C nm trn trc i xng s khng c chuyn v gc v chuyn v ngang. Ti C nu b qua bin dng nn n hi trong thanh CD th chuyn v ng cng s bng khng. Vy thm lin kt ngm trt ti B v ngm cng ti C l tha mn (Hnh 5.33b). Nh vy tnh h siu tnh cho vi n = 12 lc ny ta ch cn tnh h siu tnh vi n = 5. Nu xt c bin dng nn n hi ca thanh CD th s tnh s nh hnh 5.33c.
2. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn i xng

Gi s c h siu tnh chu lc phn i xng nh hnh 5.34a.

a)
q Mo B q C P EJ D (n=9) (n=4) C N P/2 EJ/2 D P q

c)

Mo/2 B

b)
N

M Q M

Mo B

M N Q M C Q P/2

d)
M Q C Q

e)

Hnh 5.34

Thanh CD trng vi trc i xng, trong trng hp ny c m men un (v thanh CD vn c th b un cong). Do , khi a v s h mt na phi xt c thanh CD. T ng n hi ca h ta thy tit din B c chuyn v ngang v xoay m khng c chuyn v ng. thy r c cc chuyn v trn ti B, ta tch nt B vi cc ni lc c quy lut nh hnh 5.34b. S tnh ton l mt phn i xng ca h cho, ti B t thm lin kt thanh chng theo phng ng, cng trong thanh CD b b i bng mt na cng thanh CD trong h nguyn (Hnh 5.34c). V thanh CD khng c lc dc nn ti nt C (Hnh 5.34a) khng c chuyn v ng m ch c chuyn v ngang v chuyn v xoay. cc chuyn v ny chnh l chuyn v ti u C ca thanh cng xn CD khi c tch ring bit (Hnh 5.34d) do cc cp lc M, Q, N v ti trng gy nn. Khi a v s mt na (Hnh 5.34e) thanh cng xn CD ch cn chu tc dng ca mt na cc lc trn, do m bo chuyn v ti nt C trn hnh 5.34c bng chuyn v ti C trn hnh 5.34a th cng EJ ca thanh CD ca s mt na bng mt na cng EJ ca thanh CD trong h nguyn.
155

Nh bin php n gin ha nn tnh h 9 bc siu tnh, ta ch cn tnh h c 4 bc siu tnh v t suy ra ni lc ca h nguyn cho vi lu ni lc trong thanh CD (trng vi trc i xng) bng gp i cc gi tr tm c trn s mt na.

5.6.5. Bin php thay i v tr v phng ca cc n lc

Ni dung chnh ca bin php ny l dng cc thanh tuyt i cng, a h cho v h tng ng thc hin tnh ton. Vi bin php ny ta c th kho chn v tr v phng ca cc n sao cho cu trc ca h phng trnh chnh tc c n gin, ngha l c nhiu h s ph bng khng. Xt h siu tnh trn hnh 5.35a. Gi s ct h ti mt tit din bt k ri dng lin kt hn gn vo hai tit din C v C. hai bn tit din b ct ta gn hai thanh CB v CB c cng bng v cng. Nu ni hai thanh tuyt i cng ny vi nhau bng mt mi hn ti BB nh trn hnh 5.35b, lc ny ta a c cc n lc C n v tr mi B. Tng t ta c th ni hai thanh tuyt i cng bng mt khp v mt thanh (hnh 5.35c), hoc bng ba thanh (hnh 5.35d) th h mi v h cho s lm vic hon ton nh nhau.
a)
C C

b)

C C B Hn B

c)

C C

d)

C C

Hnh 5.35

Tht vy, di tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi, cc thanh tuyt i cng khng b bin dng nn hai tit din C v C phi chuyn v nh nhau, ngha l cc chuyn v tng i gia chng bng khng. iu hon ton thng nht vi cch lm vic ca h cho ban u. Sau khi a h v h tng ng, ta chn h c bn bng cch ct cc lin kt ni gia hai thanh tuyt i cng v thc hin tnh ton trn h tng ng nh thng l. V c nhiu cch lp h tng ng nn ta cng c nhiu cch chn h c bn tng ng vi nhiu cch chn v tr v phng ca cc n lc. Nh vy, ta c th chn la sao cho h phng trnh chnh tc c cng nhiu h s ph bng khng cng tt. thy r c hiu qu ca bin php ny, ta kho st mt d n gin sau.
V d 5-10: Chn h c bn cho khung trn hnh 5.36a sao cho tt c cc h s ph u bng khng.

H tng ng v trn hnh 5.36b, v h c bn tng ng nh hnh 5.36c. Cc biu n v v trn hnh 5.36d,e,f. Theo tnh cht i xng: 12 = 21 = 23 = 32 = 0.

156

Mun cho 13 = 31 = 0 ta chn c = 2h/3 v khi tung trn M3 tng ng vi trng tm ca M1 trn thanh ng s bng khng.
a)
P h l c=2h/3 P

b)
P c

c)
P

X2 X2 X1 X1

X3

X3

e) d)
X1= 1 l2

X2= 1 l2

f)
c

M1
h

M2
h-c

X3= 1

M3

h-c

Hnh 5.36

5.6.6. Tm n hi
i vi nhng h siu tnh bc ba to thnh mt chu vi kn (Hnh 5.37) ta c th s dng khi nim tm n hi. Bin php tm n hi l mt trng hp c bit ca bin php s dng thanh tuyt i cng nu trn. Gi s xt h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.38a. Bin i h cho bng cch t thm thanh tuyt i cng nh trn hnh 5.38b.

Hnh 5.37

H c bn tng ng v trn hnh 5.38c. Vn t ra l tm v tr ca im C v phng ca cc lc X1, X2 sao cho tt c cc h s ph u bng khng. Lc ny h phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
11X1 + 1P = 0 22X2 + 2P = 0
a)
P

b)

(5-27)
c E J=

33X3 + 3P = 0 v vic gii h phng trnh ny s rt d dng. im C c v tr tha mn vi yu cu trn gi l tm n hi.

c)

y k z c X1 y X2 X3 z

V tr ca tm n hi C v phng ca cc lc X1, X2 c xc nh theo cc iu kin km = 0. Trc khi vit cc iu kin ny, ta cn thit lp cc biu thc gii tch ca m men un n v.

Hnh 5.38

157

T hnh 5.38c, ta c: M1 = -1.y; M 2 = 1.z ;

M 3 = 1.

T cc iu kin km = 0, v gi thit b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc khi tnh chuyn v ta c:

13 = 31 =

M1 M3
0 s

1 1 ds = ( y) ds = 0 EJ EJ 0
s

1 1 23 = 32 = M 2 M3 ds = z ds = 0 EJ EJ 0 0 12 = 21 =

M1 M 2
0

1 1 ds = ( y) ds = 0 EJ EJ 0

Nu gi dv = ds/EJ l vi phn ca ti trng n hi th cc iu kin trn s c dng:

ydv = 0 zdv = 0 yzdv = 0

(5-28)

ngha ca (5-28) nh sau: nu ti mi trng tm ca mt phn t chiu di ds ca kt cu ta quy c t mt ti trng n hi dv c gi tr dv = ds/EJ th:
Hai cng thc u ca (5-28) biu th iu kin m men tnh ca cc ti trng n hi i vi h trc yz bng khng. Do , tm n hi C phi l trng tm ca cc ti trng n hi v. Cng thc cui ca (5-28) biu th iu kin m men qun tnh ly tm ca cc ti trong n hi i vi h trc yz bng khng. Do h trc vung gc yz phi l h trc qun tnh chnh.

V vy ta c th s dng cng thc xc nh trng tm v trc qun tnh chnh ca cc lc tm v tr ca im C v phng ca y, z theo th t sau: 1. Chn h trc bt k yo, zo (Hnh 5.39), xc nh ta yoc v zoc ca im C theo cng thc xc nh ta trng tm quen bit:

yo y

yc k c zX y 2 z zc zo

yoc o

X1 X3 EJ= zoc

yodv ; yoc = dv

zoc =

z odv dv
2 z c y cdv

(5-29)

Hnh 5.39

2. Sau khi bit v tr ca C ta chn h trc ta yc, zc i qua tm n hi v xc nh gc nghing gia h trc qun tnh chnh y, z vi h trc trung tm yc, zc theo cng thc:
tg 2 =

yc2dv zc2dv

(5-30)

158

Ch thch:

Khi h gm cc thanh thng v cc tit din trong tng on thanh khng i, to yoc v zoc c tnh theo biu thc n gin sau:
Siz EJ i 1 ; yoc = i = n li EJ i i =1
n

zoc =

EJ
i =1 n

Siy
i

l EJi i i =1

(5-31)

Trong : Siz , Siy l m men tnh ca on thanh th i i vi trc z, trc y (bng tch s

ca chiu di on thanh th i vi khong cch t trng tm ca n n trc z, y ).

Vic xc nh v tr ca tm n hi C tng i d dng nhng vic xc nh phng ca trc chnh thng phc tp. Do , i vi nhng h khng i xng ta ch nn tm v tr ca C c c hai cp h s ph 13 = 31 = 0 v 23 = 32 = 0 m khng tm phng ca trc chnh (lc ny 12 = 21 0), lc h phng trnh chnh tc c dng: 11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0 21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0 33X3 + 3P = 0 Tm n hi v cc trc qun tnh chnh ca cc ti trng n hi c y tnh cht ca trng tm v ca cc trc qun tnh chnh ca ti trng. Chng hn: Hai trc qun tnh chnh lun lun vung gc. Nu h i xng th mt trc chnh trng vi trc i xng ca h cn tm n hi cng nm trn trc i xng .

(5-32)

Chnh v vy bin php tm n hi thng p dng cho h c t nht l mt trc i xng (Hnh 5.40a), tm n hi C nm trn trc i xng, mt trc chnh trng vi trc i xng cn trc chnh th hai s i qua C v vung gc vi trc i xng. Khi h c hai hoc nhiu trc i xng (Hnh 5.40b,c) tm n hi C l giao im ca hai trc i xng v phng ca hai trc chnh y v z trng vi phng ca hai trc i xng vung gc.
a)
yc y

b)
zc

ycy

c)
zcz

ycy

yc o

zcz

Hnh 5.40

159

 Khi thit lp cc iu kin (5-28) ta gi thit b qua nh hng ca bin dng dc trc v bin dng trt. Nu k n cc nh hng ny th hai iu kin u dng xc nh v tr ca tm n hi s khng thay i v lc ny N3 = Q3 = 0; cn iu kin cui cng s khc i. Tuy nhin nh hng ny ni chung rt nh.
V d 5-11: Tm tm n hi ca h khung siu tnh bc ba c mt trc i xng nh trn hnh 5.41a.
a)
P B a J A yyo yoc c a 0 2J D J E a zo z X2 c X1 X3 yoc X3 X2 X1 X1 yoc=a/3 X3 X2

b)

c)

Hnh 5.41

Khung c mt trc i xng nn tm n hi nm trn trc i xng y v ta ch cn tm tung yoc. p dng cng thc (5-29), ta tm c:
ds yo y dv o = EJ = yoc = ds dv EJ p dng cng thc (5-31), ta c: a l DE Sz l BD 0 EJ 2EJ + 2 EJ 2 a = yoc = = l l BD l DE 3 + 2 EJ 2EJ EJ Sau khi tm c tm n hi C, mt trc qun tnh chnh y trng vi trc i xng cn mt trc z vung gc vi trc trn v i qua C. Trn hnh 5.41b,c trnh by hai kiu chn h c bn bng cch dng thanh tuyt i cng a cc n s v tm n hi. H phng trnh chnh tc c dng (5-27), cc bc tnh tip theo quen thuc.
5.7. TNH VM SIU TNH 5.7.1. Khi nim v vm siu tnh

dz dy yBD EJ BD + 2 yDE EJ DE a 0
a

EJ BD + 2 EJ DE
0

dz

dy

a 3

Vm siu tnh chia thnh ba loi: Vm khng khp (Hnh 5.42a), vm mt khp (Hnh5.42b) v vm hai khp (Hnh5.42c).
160

a)

b)

c)

(n=3)

(n=2)

(n=1)

Hnh 5.42

Vm l mt loi kt cu ph hp vi khu nhp ln, c th lm bng nhng vt liu c sn a phng nh gch, v.vTrong ba loi vm k trn vm khng khp c dng nhiu nht v ni lc c phn b u n hn theo chiu di ca vm. Khi thit k vm ta cn quan tm n hai vn l dng trc ca vm v tit din vm:

Chn dng trc ca vm sao cho vi th tch vm l nh nht m vn m bo iu kin bn. Ngi ta cng chng minh c i vi vm siu tnh khng tn ti vm khng c m men nu k n bin dng nn n hi trong vm. Hin nay ngi ta thng chn dng trc vm siu tnh theo dng hp l ca vm ba khp. Qui lut bin thin ca tit din vm cn chn sao cho ph hp vi s phn b ni lc trong vm m trc ht l m men un v lc dc.
i vi vm hai khp (Hnh 5.43a) p dng qui lut J = Jo.cos. Tit din ngang ca vm s tng dn t chn ti nh. S bin thin ca tit din ph hp vi qui lut phn b ca m men t chn ti nh vm. i vi vm khng khp (Hnh 5.43b) n gin trong tnh ton thng p dng qui J lut: J = o cos Trong : J - m men qun tnh ti tit din bt k c honh z (gc chn nh vm). Jo - m men qun tnh ti tit din nh vm. - gc nghing ca ng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din c honh z so vi phng ngang.
a)
J Jo, Fo

b)
J

z Jo, Fo

y
z

Trc vm

c Jc

Hnh 5.43

161

Vi qui lut trn tit din vm tng dn t nh ti vm. Khi tnh vm siu tnh theo phng php lc cn ch ti hai vn sau:

Khi tnh chuyn v trong vm theo cng thc tng qut (4-6) khng c b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc. i vi vm c cong ln (
k n cong.

< 10), khi tnh chuyn v cn p dng cng thc c h

5.7.2. Tnh vm khng khp

Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu cch tnh vm khng khp i xng v vm khng i xng thng t dng v nguyn tc tnh ton cng tng t nh vm i xng. Gi s cn xc nh ni lc trong vm siu tnh khng khp cho trn hnh 5.44a. Vn dng phng php lc tnh. Dng bin php tm n hi vi h c mt trc i xng:
1. Xc nh to tm n hi C theo (5-29) ta c:
ds 2 y EJ 0 ds 2 EJ 0
l 2 l 2 l

yoc =

y EJ o
0
l

dz

dz EJ o 0

dz Jo ds = cos ; J = cos

(5-33)

2. Chn h c bn v a n s v tm n hi nh hnh 5.44b. 3. H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

a)

11X1 + 1P + 1t = 0 22X2 + 2P + 2t = 0 33X3 + 3P + 3t = 0

4. Xc nh cc h s kk:

P
to 2

o t1

zo

l2

yo y l2

kk =

M k M k EJ +
0

ds

b)

P
o t1

+ Qk Q k
0

ds ds + Nk Nk GF EF 0

X1 X3 to 2 l2

X1 X2 X2 X3
to 2

o t1

zo yoc

V vm i xng nn ta ch cn tnh cho mt na vm, sau nhn i cc kt qu (cc biu thc ni lc c ghi trn hnh 5.45).
162

l2

Hnh 5.44

Khi tnh cc tch phn trn ta cn biu din cos theo z: 1 cos = 2 dy 1+ dz
a)
yoc X1=1 z
yyo l2
M1 = 1 (y - y c ) N1 = 1 (cos ) Q1 = 1 (sin )

zo k y

b)
yoc X2=1
yyo

zo z
l2

c)
yoc X3=1 z
yyo l2

zo k y

M2 = z N 2 = - sin Q 2 = cos

M 3 = 1 N 3 = Q3 = 0

Hnh 5.45

Cc s hng t do km c xc nh theo cng thc (5-17). Cc bc tnh cn li quen thuc.

Ch :

i vi vm siu tnh m trc v chiu cao ca tit din ngang bin i khng theo qui lut ca cc hm s cp th vic xc nh tm n hi, cc h s v s hng t do bng cng thc tch phn s rt phc tp. Trong trng hp ta c th p dng hai cch tnh gn ng sau y: Tnh gn ng cc tch phn. Bin i s vm mt cch gn ng, a trc vm c dng ng cong v dng ng gy khc vi cc im chia 0, 1, 2.,n c khong cch theo phng ngang nh nhau. Vi mi on gy khc ta xc nh chiu di s, gc nghing v khong cch t trng tm ca on n trc z. Sau p dng cng thc (5-31) tm tm n hi.
V d 5-12: V biu m men un trong vm khng khp trn hnh 5.46. 4f J Phng trnh trc vm y = 2 z 2 . Lut bin thin ca tit din J(z)= o . B qua cos l nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.

H vm i xng c bc siu tnh n = 3. Chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.46b vi C l tm n hi. Tung yoc ca tm n hi c xc nh theo (5-29):
l

yoc =

2 ydv
0
l

2 dv
0

dz y EJ cos 0
l

EJ cos
0

dz

dz y EJ o 0
l

EJ o
0

dz

l 2 z dz
2 0
l

4f

dz
0

f 3

163

H phng trnh chnh tc: 11X1 + 1P = 0 22X2 + 2P = 0 33X3 + 3P = 0 Xc nh cc h s chnh v s hng t do vi: M1 = (y - yoc) ; M2 = z ;
M 3 = 1.

a)

q zo 0
f yoy

b)
X1 X3

X1

yoc

zo

l qz 2 =vi (- z 0); 2 2 l Mo ) P = 0 vi (0 z 2
Mo P
l

X3 X2 X2 yoy
d d d d d

c)
2a

4f 2l f dz 4f = = 2 2 z2 3 EJ o 45EJ o l 0
2 2 l3 dz 2 dz =2z = 22 = 2 z EJ cos EJ o 12EJ o 0 0 2 l l

d = l/8; a = ql2/128

Hnh 5.46

2 l dz dz = 2 = 33 = 2 EJ cos EJ o EJ o 0 0

1P = ( y y oc )M o P 2P = 3P =

0 f qz 2 dz dz ql3f 4f = = 2 z 2 EJ cos l l 180EJ o 3 2 EJ o

2

z Mo P

qz 2 dz dz ql 4 = z = EJ cos l 2 EJ o 128EJ o
2

Mo P
X1 =

qz 2 dz dz ql3 = = EJ cos l 2 EJ o 48EJ o

2

Thay cc h s kk v kP vo h phng trnh chnh tc v gii phng trnh ta c: ql 2 3ql ql 2 ; X2 = ; X3 = 16f 32 48 Vn dng nguyn l cng tc dng (5-19) ta c biu thc gii tch ca m men un trong vm cho:
164

2a

11 = 2 ( y y oc ) 2

dz = EJ cos

MP
0

 Trong phn tri ca vm, on (-l/2 z 0) qz 2 3qlz M(z) = 4 32 Trong phn phi ca vm, on (0 z l/2) qz 2 3qlz M(z) = 4 32 Thay cc gi tr c th cch u theo z ta c biu m men un ca vm cho nh trn hnh 5.49c.
5.8. TNH DM LIN TC

5.8.1. Khi nim

Dm lin tc l h ch c mt thanh thng t trn nhiu gi ta, trong s gi ta ln hn hai. Trn hnh 5.47a,b,c l ba loi dm lin tc thng gp trong thc t: - Dm lin tc n gin (Hnh 5.47a) - Dm lin tc c u tha (Hnh 5.47b) - Dm lin tc c u ngm (Hnh 5.47c). Tr trng hp c bit trn hnh 5.48 dm l tnh nh, cn ni chung dm lin tc l siu tnh.

a) b) c) Hnh 5.47

Hnh 5.48

Bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc c tnh theo cng thc (1-3) nu Chng 1. Tuy nhin, nu ch l mt dm tnh nh ch cn ni vi tri t bng ba lin kt thanh sp xp hp l th ta c th tnh ngay c bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc theo cng thc n gin sau: n=C-3 Trong : n - Bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc; C - S lin kt ta tng ng lin kt thanh. V d, vi h dm lin tc trn hnh 5.47c ta c C = 8 do bc siu tnh ca h l n = 8 - 3 = 5. Trong thc t, dm lin tc thng chu ti trng thng ng (vung gc vi trc thanh) nn thnh phn ph lc ngang bng khng, lc khng c s phn bit gia gi ta c nh v gi ta di ng, gia ngm cng v ngm trt nu b qua nh hng ca bin dng dc trc. V vy trong trng hp ny ta c th tnh bc siu tnh n ca dm theo cng thc n gin sau: n = Cg + N (5-34)
165

Trong : Cg - s gi ta trung gian (khng tnh hai lin kt ngoi cng) ca dm, khng cn phn bit l gi di ng hay gi ta c nh; N - s ngm ca dm, khng cn phn bit l ngm cng hay ngm trt. V d, trong trng hp ti trng tc dng thng ng:
Vi h trn hnh 5.49a, ta c
a)

Cg = 4; N= 2, do n = 4 + 2 = 6;
Vi h trn hnh 5.49b, ta c

b)

Cg = 2; N= 0, vy n = 2.
Ch :

Hnh 5.49

m bo cho dm lin tc khng bin hnh, t nht phi c mt lin kt ni vi tri t c kh nng ngn cn chuyn v theo phng dc trc, chng hn mt ngm hay mt gi ta c nh. Dm lin tc l mt loi kt cu siu tnh c s dng sm v rng ri trong kt cu cng trnh. N c th l nhng b phn chu lc ch yu nh cu giao thng, cu cng tc, dm cu trc trong trm bm, nh my hoc ch l mt cu kin trong cng trnh nh x g, dm ph trong cu ca van v..vC nhiu phng php tnh dm lin tc. y ta s nghin cu hai phng php thng dng trong thc t l phng php lc v phng php tiu im m men.

5.8.2. Cch tnh dm lin tc theo phng php lc - phng trnh ba m men
Dm lin tc ch l trng hp c bit ca h siu tnh ni chung nn c th vn dng phng php lc nghin cu tnh ton. V dm lin tc rt hay gp trong thc t xy dng nn ta c th c th ha h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc nhm phc v cho vic tnh ton c nhanh chng v n gin hn. Trc tin, ta nghin cu cch tnh dm lin tc n gin, trn c s d dng suy ra cch tnh dm lin tc c u tha hoc u ngm. Xt dm lin tc c tit din khng i trong tng nhp, chu tc dng ng thi ca ti trng (P), s bin thin nhit (t) v chuyn v cng bc (z) ti cc gi ta nh trn hnh 5.50a. Gi s dm c n gi ta trung gian tc l c (n + 1) nhp; ta nh s th t cc gi ta tng dn t tri qua phi, cc nhp v cc c trng trong nhp ly tn theo s th t ca gi ta phi nh trn hnh 5.50a. Vi cch nh s nh vy, theo (5-34) bc siu tnh ca h s bng n.
166

a)

0 z1
l1

i-1 zi-1 zi
li

i+1 zi+1
li+1

t1 t2

n+1

l2

li-1

ln

ln+1

b)

0 z1

M1

M2

Mi-1 zi-1 zi

Mi

Mi+1 t 1 t2 zi+1

Mn

c)

i-1 (i-1) i

Mi=1

i+1 (i+1) i

n+1

Hnh 5.50

Chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.50b vi cc n s Xi l cc m men un Mi ti gi ta th i. Nh vy h phng trnh chnh tc s biu th iu kin cc gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn mi gi ta trung gian bng khng. H c bn va chn c u im l chia dm thnh nhiu b phn c lp vi nhau nn s cho nhiu h s ph bng khng. Tht vy, di tc dng ca ring n s Mi = 1, bin dng ch xy ra trong hai nhp ln cn th i v th (i + 1) (Hnh 5.50c) do ch tn ti cc chuyn v xoay tng i gia hai tit din (chuyn v tng ng vi cc n s) hai bn gi ta trung gian th (i - 1), th i v th (i + 1). Nh vy, vi h c bn chn ta c cc tnh cht sau:
ki = ik = 0 ki = ik 0

khi khi

k (i - 1), i v (i + 1); k = (i -1), i v (i+1).

Lc ny, phng trnh th i ca h phng trnh chnh tc biu th iu kin gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta trung gian th i bng khng, s c dng n gin nh sau:
i(i-1)M(i-1) + iiMi + i(i+1)M(i+1) + iP + it + i = 0

(5-35)

Phng trnh (5-35) c ba n m men nn gi l phng trnh ba m men. Trong :

i(i-1), ii, i(i+1) - Gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i ln lt do cc m men n v Mi-1, Mi v M(i+1) gy ra trong h c bn; iP, i, it - Gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i ln lt o ti trng, do chuyn v cng bc ti cc gi ta v do s bin thin nhit gy ra trong h c bn.

167

 thun li cho vic tnh ton, ta thit lp sn cc h s v s hng t do ca h phng trnh chnh tc. Khi xc nh cc i lng ny ta b qua nh hng ca bin dng trt, cn bin dng dc trc s khng tn ti vi s tnh chp nhn v khi dm ch chu ti trng vung gc vi trc dm. Trn hnh 5.51a,b,c,d l s tnh v cc biu m men un n v cn thit trong h c bn xc nh cc h s.
Xc nh cc h s: Thc hin nhn cc biu n v, ta c: i(i-1) = Mi Mi 1

a)

Mi-1 Ji

i t1

Mi Ji+1 i(i-1)

i +1 t1

Mi+1

t i2 li

t i2+1

b)

li+1

Mi-1=1

Mi-1

c)

Mi=1 1 li+1 Mi+1=1

Mi

1 li

d)

1 li

i(i+1)

1 li+1

Mi+1

e)

1 i ai bi i+1

o MP

ai+1

bi+1

f)
zi-1 i zi i+1 zi+1

1 l 1 l 1 i = i EJ i 2 3 6EJ i

ii = Mi Mi

l 2 l l l 1 1 2 1 i + 1 i +1 = i + i +1 = EJ i 2 3 EJ i +1 2 3 3EJi 3EJ i +1 i(i+1) = Mi Mi +1 = l l 1 1 1 i +1 = i +1 EJ i +1 2 3 6EJi +1

Hnh 5.51

Xc nh s hng t do iP do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn Gc xoay tng i iP gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn c xc nh theo cng thc iP = M i M o P Trong M o P l biu m men un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn (Hnh 5.50e). Thc hin nhn biu ta c: a b iP = i i + i +1 i +1 l i EJ i l i +1EJ i +1 Trong : i v i+1 - din tch biu m men un M o P ti nhp i v nhp (i+1) do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn;
168

ai, bi - khong cch t trng tm ca biu m men un M o P trong nhp i n gi ta tri v gi ta phi ca nhp ; ai+1, bi+1 - khong cch t trng tm ca biu m men un M o P trong nhp (i+1) tnh n gi ta tri v gi ta phi ca nhp . Xc nh s hng t do i do chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn Gc xoay tng i i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta i do chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta gy ra trong h c bn c xc nh theo (5-13):
j jm k = R k j

Trong : jm - chuyn v cng bc cho bit ti gi ta th j ca dm siu tnh;

j Rk - phn lc ti gi j ca h do m men Mi = 1 gy ra trong h c bn .

Nu quy c cc chuyn v ln xung di l dng ta c: 1 1 1 1 i = - i 1 + i + i i +1 li l i +1 l i +1 li

i i +1 i i = i 1 + l l i +1 i Trong : i-1, i, i+1 - ln ti cc gi ta th (i-1), th i v th (i+1) vi quy c hng xung pha di l dng.

hay

Mt khc qua hnh 5.51f, ta thy i l tng hai gc i v i+1 hai bn gi ta i:

i i +1 i i = i + i+1 tgi + tgi+1 = i 1 + l i +1 li Xc nh s hng t do it do s thay i nhit gy ra trong h c bn

Gc xoay tng i it gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i do s thay i nhit gy ra trong h c bn c xc nh theo cng thc (5-12). Vi ch lc dc trong dm bng khng, ta c: l l it = i ( t 2i t1i ) + i +1 ( t 2(i +1) t1(i +1) ) 2h i +1 2h i Trong : hi, hi+1 - chiu cao ca tit din dm ti nhp th i v (i+1); t1i, t1(i+1) - bin thin nhit ti th trn ca nhp th i v (i+1); t2i, t2(i+1) - bin thin nhit ti th di ca nhp th i v (i+1).
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Thay cc tr s va tnh c vo phng trnh chnh tc (5-35) v rt gn phng J J trnh trn bng cch nhn hai v vi 6EJo, k hiu: i = li o ; i+1 = li+1 o ; Ji J i +1 Trong : Jo - l m men qun tnh ca mt nhp no c chn lm chun chung. i, i +1 - Gi l chiu di qui c ca nhp th i v (i +1). Ta c phng trnh ba m men vit cho gi trung gian th i khi dm chu tc dng ng thi ca ti trng, s thay i nhit , v chuyn v gi ta: a b iMi-1 + 2(i + i+1)Mi + i+1Mi+1 + 6Jo i i + i +1 i +1 + l i EJ i l i +1EJ i +1
i i +1 i l l + 6EJo i ( t 2i t1i ) + i +1 ( t 2(i +1) t1(i +1) ) = 0 (5-36) + 6EJo i 1 + l i +1 2h i +1 li 2h i Trng hp dm c tit din khng i trong tt c cc nhp (J = const) ta c th ly Jo = J, lc phng trnh ba m men s c dng: a b liMi-1 + 2(li + li+1)Mi + li+1Mi+1 + 6 i i + i +1 i +1 + l i +1 li i i +1 i l l +3EJ i ( t 2i t1i ) + i +1 ( t 2(i +1) t1(i +1) ) = 0 (5-37) + 6EJ i 1 + l i +1 h i +1 li hi ng vi mi gi trung gian ca dm lin tc ta c mt phng trnh ba m men, nh vy vi dm lin tc c bc n siu tnh bng ta s vit c n phng trnh ba m men cho n gi trung gian, xc nh n n s Mi.

Trng hp dm lin tc c u tha Ta c th a dm c u tha chu ti trng (Hnh 5.52a) v dm lin tc n gin (Hnh 5.52b) bng cch ct b cc u tha v thay tc dng ca phn u tha bng nhng ngoi lc t cc gi bin ca dm lin tc n gin. Ni lc ca dm lin tc n gin trn hnh 5.52b c xc nh bng cch s dng phng trnh ba m men vi m men un ti cc gi bin ca dm bit, chng c gi tr bng m men tp trung Mo v Mn+1.
a)
P 0
c l1

1
ln

q n n+1
ln+1 d

b)

P 0 1 n

qd n+1 Mn+1=qd2 2

Mo=-P.c

Hnh 5.52

Ta cng c th coi cc m men tp trung hai u dm nh ngoi lc t trong nhp th nht v th (n+1). Lc ny, m men ta Mo v Mn+1 s bng khng cn cc i lng
170

1 v n+1 cn c b sung phn nh hng do cc m men tp trung gy ra. Cch ny thng phc tp nn t c s dng. Trng hp dm lin tc c u ngm Trong trng hp dm lin tc c u ngm trn hnh 5.53a, ta tng tng thay ngm v ngm trt bng hai nhp hai u c chiu di bng khng hoc c cng EJ = v c s lin kt tng ng vi ngm (Hnh 5.53b). Ta a bi ton dm lin tc c u ngm v bi ton dm lin tc n gin v c th p dng c phng trnh ba m men nh thng l.
a)
1
l2

2
ln

b)
o EJ= 1
l1=0 l2

2
ln

n EJ= n+1
ln+1=0

Hnh 5.53

Nh vy, vi mi dm lin tc bt k khi quy v dm lin tc n gin tng ng, ta thit lp c h phng trnh ba m men vit cho tt c cc gi trung gian. Sau khi gii h phng trnh s tm c tt c cc m men un ti cc gi ta gi l m men ta. Mun xc nh gi tr m men un v lc ct ti mt tit din bt k trong cc nhp ca dm lin tc. Ta xem mi nhp dm lin tc nh mt dm n gin t t do trn hai gi hai u nhp, chu ti trng v cc m men un xc nh c t h phng trnh ba m men. p dng nguyn l cng tc dng (Hnh 5.54) ta s tm c biu thc m men un ti mt tit din bt k k c honh z trong nhp th i ca dm lin tc nh sau: li z z Mk = M d M i 1 + M i (5-38) k + li li Trong M d k - m men un ti tit din k do ti trng gy ra trong dm n gin t t do trn hai gi ta hai u nhp. Ly o hm biu thc trn ta s c biu thc lc ct ti tit din k ca dm lin tc: dM k M i M i 1 Qk = = Qd (5-39) k + dz li
a) Mi-1 P1
i-1 z
li

P2 k
li-z

Mi

P1

P2

b)
Mk
d

c) Mi-1
Mi-1

d)
Mi z li

Mi-1 li-z li

Mi Mi

Hnh 5.54

Trong Qd k l lc ct ti tit din k do ti trng gy ra trong dm n gin t t do trn hai gi ta hai u nhp. tm phn lc ti gi ta bt k th i, ta ch cn xt cn bng ca phn dm b ct xung quanh gi ta th i.
171

Trnh t tnh dm lin tc theo phng php phng trnh ba m men c trnh by qua v d sau.
V d 5-13: V biu m men un trong dm lin tc trn hnh 5.55a. 1. Ct b u tha, thay tc dng ca phn u tha bng cc lc t gi bin bn tri v thay ngm bn phi bng mt nhp c chiu di l3 = 0 ta c s tnh tng ng nh trn hnh 5.55b l dm lin tc n gin. 2. nh s th t cc gi ta v nhp t tri qua phi nh trn hnh 5.55b.

Chn Jo = J, chiu di quy c ca cc nhp s l: 10J o 12J o 1 = = 10 ; 2 = = 10 m ; 1,2J J

a)
P=10kN M=90kNm 1,2J
2m 6m 6m

3 = 0.

q=24KN/m J
10m

b)
20kNm 0

10kN

90kNm 1
l1=12m

q=24KN/m 2
l2=10m l3=0

c)
' a1 =4m

45 45
' b1 =8m " b1 =4m " a1 =8m

300

Mo P
(kNm)

a2=5m

b2= 5m 263,2

d)

20

90

91,8 73,6

300

MP
1,8 (kNm) 131,6

Hnh 5.55

3. Vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi trung gian (gi 1 v gi 2), ta c a b Gi 1 (i = 1): 1Mo + 2(1 + 2)M1 + 2M2 + 6J 1 1 + 2 2 = 0 l1 1,2J l 2 J
a b Gi 2 (i = 2): 2M1 + 2(2 + 3)M2 + 3M3 + 6J 2 2 + 3 3 = 0 l 2 J l 3 J3

172

4. V biu m men un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn. Kt qu nh trn hnh 5.55c. 5. Xc nh cc i lng trong s hng t do ca h phng trnh ba m men 45.6 45.6 ' ' " " .a1 + 1 .a1 = .4 .8 = - 540 kNm3 1a1 = 1 2 2 2 2a2 = 2b2 = .300.10.5 = 10000 kNm3 3 3 = 0; b3 = 0. 6. Thay tr s ca cc h s vo h phng trnh ba m men, vi ch Mo= - 20 kNm; ta c: 540 10000 + - 10.20 + 2(10+10)M1 + 10M2 + 6 = 0 10 12.1,2

10M1 + 2(10+0)M2 + 0 + 6. Rt gn, ta c: 4M1 + M2 + 557,5 = 0 M1 + 2M2 + 600 = 0.

10000 =0 10

7. Gii h phng trnh, ta c M1 = - 73,6 kNm;

M2= - 263,2kNm.

8. V biu m men un trong dm lin tc cho bng cch v biu do cc n m men ta (ng t nt), sau treo biu M o P trong tng nhp ca dm. Kt qu v trn hnh 5.55d. V d 5-14: Vit phng trnh ba m men dng s tnh dm lin tc chu tc dng ca nhit thay i v gi ta di ch cho trn hnh 5.56a.

S dm lin tc n gin tng ng thay th cho dm cho trong tnh ton c v trn hnh 5.56b. Ngm 1 b xoay mt gc thun chiu kim ng h c thay th bng nhp tng ng c chiu di l1 0 v gi 0 dch chuyn ln pha trn mt on zo = .l1 = .l 1 l

a)

= 1

+3to +2t
o

,h,EJ=const

b)
o o=-.l1

+3to +2t
o

4 4=

l1=0

l2

l3

l4

Hnh 5.56

173

Vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi trung gian 1, 2, 3. Ln lt thay i = 1, 2, 3 vo (5-37) ta c: .l1 0 0 0 l = 0 l1Mo + 2(l1 + l)M1 + lM2 + 6EJ + l1 l lM1 + 2(l + l)M2 + lM3 + 3EJ [l(0 - 0) + l(2t - 3t)] = 0 h 0 0 0 + lM2 + 2(l + l)M3 + lM4 + EJ [l(2t - 3t) + l(0 - 0)] + 6EJ =0 h l l Cho l1 0 v Mo = M4 = 0. Rt gn ta c h phng trnh cn tm: 6EJ =0 2lM1 + lM2 l 3lEJt lM1 + 4lM2 + lM3 =0 h 6EJ 3lEJt =0 lM2+ 4lM3 + h l
V d 5-15: V biu m men un trong dm lin tc chu s bin thin nhit nh trn hnh 5.57a. Cho bit EJ = const; h = const.
a)

+3t +t
l

1
l

2
l

Phng trnh ba m men vit cho gi 1 v gi 2:

l1Mo + 2(l1 + l2)M1 + l2M2 +
l l + 3EJ 1 ( t 21 t11 ) + 2 ( t 22 t12 ) = 0 h2 h1

b)

1,6a a=

0,4a EJt h

Mt

Hnh 5.57

l l l2M1 + 2(l2 + l3)M2+ l3M3 +3EJ 2 ( t 22 t12 ) + 3 ( t 23 t13 ) = 0 h3 h2

Trong : l1 = l2 = l3 = l; t21 = + t ; 8EJt ; 5h

Mo= M3 = 0; t11 = +3t; 2EJt . 5h

h1 = h2 = h3 = h; t22 = t12 = t23 = t13 = 0.

Thay cc s liu trn vo h phng trnh v gii ra ta c: M1 = M2 = -

Biu m men un cn tm v trn hnh 5.57b.

174

5.8.3. Cch tnh dm lin tc theo phng php tiu im m men

Xt mt dm lin tc chu ti trng ch t trn mt nhp. Dng phng trnh ba m men ta v c biu m men nh trn hnh 5.58a. Nhn xt cc nhp khng t ti ta thy m men gi ta ln lt i du v cng xa nhp c ti trng th tr s cng gim. Trong mi nhp ny giao im ca ng biu din m men vi ng chun gi l tiu im m men. Cc im F2, F3 thuc cc nhp pha tri ca nhp t ti gi l cc tiu
' ' im tri, cn cc im F5' , F6 , F7 thuc cc nhp pha bn phi ca nhp t ti gi l cc

tiu im phi. V tr ca tiu im c xc nh bi t s gia on ln v on nh do tiu im chia trong mi nhp gi l t s tiu c K. Nu k hiu cc khong cch t tiu im ti gi tri ca nhp l u (hoc u) v ti gi phi ca nhp l v (hoc v) th khi nhp th i pha tri ca nhp t ti, c t s tiu c tri (Hnh 5.58b):
a)
o 1 M3 M1 2 F2 M2 F3 3 4 Mi , F5 M4 5 , M5 F6 6 F7 , M6 7 M7

b)
i-1

Fi Mi-1 ui , ui
li

, Fi vi , vi

Hnh 5.58

Ki =

vi Mi M = = i u i M i 1 M i 1

(5-40)

v khi nhp i pha phi ca nhp t ti, c t s tiu c phi:

K i' = vi M i 1 M = = i 1 ui Mi Mi

(5-41)

Nh vy, vi dm trn, nu xc nh c cc t s tiu c tri v phi (K v K) v cc m men gi ta hai u hai nhp c t ti (M3, M4) th c th tnh c tt c cc tung m men gi ta ca biu m men cui cng: M2 = M3 M M M M ; M1 = 2 ; M 5 = '4 ; M 6 = '5 ; M 7 = '6 . K3 K2 K5 K6 K7

175

1. Xc nh cc t s tiu c:

thit lp cng thc xc nh t s tiu c tri Ki ca nhp th i pha tri ca nhp c t ti trng (Hnh 5.59), ta vit phng trnh ba m men cho gi ta th (i-1):
i-1Mi-2 + 2(i-1 + i)Mi-1 + iMi = 0

Chia c hai v cho Mi-1: M Mi i 1 i 2 + 2( i 1 + i ) + i =0 M i 1 M i 1 Thay cc t s m men bng cc t s tiu c tri, c:

Mi-2
i-1 i-2 li-1

Mi

Mi-1

li

Hnh 5.59 i 1 + 2( i 1 + i ) K i i = 0 K i 1 T rt ra biu thc tnh t s tiu c tri ca nhp i: 1 K i = 2 + i 1 2 (5-42) i K i 1 Cng thc trn c tnh truy hi v mun tnh c Ki phi bit Ki-1 l t s tiu c tri ca nhp th i-1 k pha tri nhp i, ..., do trc ht phi tm c t s tiu c tri nhp tn cng pha tri, tc l K1 ca nhp thc nht.

Xt nhp th nht c hai trng hp: - Nu gi ta u tin l khp (Hnh 5.60a) th: K1 = M1 M = 1 = Mo 0

- Nu gi ta u tin l ngm (Hnh 5.60b) ta c th thay n bng mt nhp tng tng c di nhp l lo v cng b hoc Jo = (Hnh 5.60c), khi : Ko = Mo = v o = 0; M 1
a)
Mo
o l1 1 l2

M1

Theo (5-43) tm c: 1 Ki = 2 + o 2 =2 1 o Tng t cch lp lun trn ta cng lp c cng thc tnh t s tiu c phi K i' ca nhp th i pha phi nhp c t ti: 1 (5-43) K i' = 2 + i +1 2 i K i' +1 v trc ht phi tm c K 'n ca nhp cui cng th n:
176

M1

b)

o 1

Mo

c)
-1

M1
o Mo 1 l1 l2

l10 (EJo)

Hnh 5.60

- Nu gi n cui cng l gi khp, c K 'n = . - Nu gi n cui cng l ngm, c K 'n = 2.

2. Xc nh cc m men gi ta hai u nhp c ti trng

Gi s trn dm ch c nhp i c ti trng tc dng (Hnh 5.61). xc nh cc m men gi ta Mi-1 v Mi ta vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi ta th i-1 v i:
Mi-1
i-2 i-1 i li li+1

Mi
i+1

Mi-2

li-1

Mi+1

Hnh 5.61

i 1M i 2 + 2( i 1 + i )M i 1 + i M i + i M i 1 + 2( i + i +1 )M i + i +1M i +1 +

6i bi J o =0 l iJi

6i bi J o =0 l i Ji

Trong hai phng trnh trn c bn n m men gi ta m ta ch cn tm Mi-1 v Mi, do c th biu din cc m men gi Mi-2 v Mi+1 qua cc t s tiu c v hai n cn li: Mi 2 = M i 1 ; K i 1 M i +1 = Mi ; K i' +1

Thay chng vo h phng trnh, chia cc v cho i v rt gn, c: 1 6i bi J o M i 1 2 + i 1 2 =0 + Mi + K i 1 l i Ji i 1 6i a i J o + M i 1 + M i 2 + i +1 2 =0 ' l iJi K i i +1 J p dng cng thc (5-42), (5-43) v thay th i = l i o c: Ji 6 b M i 1K i + M i + 2i i = 0 l i Ji M i 1 + M i K i' + 6i a i =0 l2 i Ji

177

Gii h phng trnh trn, tm c cc m men gi ta hai u ca nhp i c ti trng tc dng: 6 ( b K ' a ) M i 1 = 2i i i' i l i (K i K i 1) Mi = 6i (a i K i bi ) ' l2 i ( K i K i 1) (5-44)

Trng hp nhp ngoi cng c ti trng tc dng v gi ta ngoi cng l khp, chng hn nhp th nht chu ti v gi ta s 0 u tin l khp, ta c K1 = , Mo = 0 v M1 theo (5-44) c dng v nh. Chia c t s v mu s ca biu thc cho K1 kh dng v nh , ta c: b1 61 a1 K 6 a 1 = 2 1 '1 M1 = l 1 K1 1 2 ' l1 K1 K 1

(5-45)

Tng t, nu nhp c ti trng l nhp cui cng (nhp th n) v gi ta cui cng l khp, ta c: Mn = 0 v Mn-1 = 6n b n l2 nKn (5-46)

Khi trn dm c mt s nhp chu ti, theo nguyn l cng tc dng, biu m men s l tng cc biu xy dng cho cc trng hp ti trng tc dng ring trong tng nhp.
V d 5-14: V biu m men cho dm trn hnh 5.62a vi J = const; c i = li.

Theo cc cng thc (5-42) v (5-43) tnh cc t s tiu c tri v phi cn thit cho cc nhp: 1 5 1 l =2+ K2 = 2 + 1 2 K1 = 2; 2 = 3,5 5 2 l2 K1 5 1 K3 = 2 + 2 = 4,14 ; 4 3,5 5 1 K '4 = 2 + 2 = 4 ; 4
' K5 = 0;

4 1 ' K3 = 2 + 2 = 3,75 4 4

Xc nh cc m men gi ta ca nhp c ti trng tc dng theo (5-44):

178

5 43 ql 3 3 3 = = = 80 kNm2; 12 12

a3 = b3 = 2m

M2 = M3 =
a)

6 80(2 3,75 2) = - 11,4 kNm 4 2 (4,14 3,75 1) 6 80 (2 4,14 2) = - 3 kNm 4 2 (4,14 3,75 1)
q=20kN/m
1 2 l2=5m l3=4m 3 l4=4m 4 l5=5m 5

o l1=5m

b) 1,0
3,2

11,4 30,0

13,0

MP
3,2

Hnh 5.62

Xc nh m men gi ta ti cc nhp khng chu ti: M1 = Mo = M4 = 11,4 M2 = = 3,2 kNm K2 3,5 M1 3,2 = = - 1,6 kNm K1 2 M3 13 = = + 3,2 kNm ' 4 K4

Biu m men v c trn hnh 5.62b.

BI TP CHNG 5
1. V biu M, Q, N cho cc khung trn hnh 5.63, hnh 5.64. 2. V biu M cho cc khung trn hnh 5.65, hnh 5.66. 3. V biu M, Q, N cho cc khung trn hnh 5.67, hnh 5.68. 4. Xc nh chuyn v ng ti K, chuyn v ngang ti D cho cc khung trn hnh 5.63, hnh 5.67, hnh 5.68. 5. V biu M cho cc khung trn hnh 5.69, n hnh 5.72. 179

6. Chn s tnh hp l v vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s cho cc h trn hnh 5.73, n hnh 5.77. 7. Vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s cho cc h trn hnh 5.78, hnh 5.79. 8. Dng phng trnh ba m men v biu M, Q cho cc dm lin tc trn hnh 5.80, n hnh 5.83. 9. V biu M cho cc dm trn hnh 5.84 n hnh 5.86. 10. Xc nh chuyn v ng ti K, chuyn v gc xoay ti D cho cc h trn hnh 5.80, hnh 5.82, hnh 5.83, hnh 5.85.
P=2qa q 2J J D J
a a 2a

P=2qa

M=qa2 q
4a

q = 30 kN/m 2J 2J
6m

2J F=2J
6m

EJ=const
2a 2a 3a

2J 4m

Hnh 5.63

Hnh 5.64
a/2 a/2

Hnh 5.65
a/2 a/2

2J J J 6m
a 6m

-15o K -15
o

K
o

+25

q=1kN/m

, EJ=const h=a /10

EJ=const = a

Hnh 5.66

Hnh 5.67

Hnh 5.68

2J J J
l

+80o +80o +80o +80 2l

o

to 2J 2to
l

+80o +80 2l
o

J h = l/10
l

, h, EJ = const l

Hnh 5.69

Hnh 5.70

Hnh 5.71

180

3m

3m

q
a/2

2J J q=2kN/m J

2J J 4m

J J J
a

J 4J J q
a 3m 3m

P a/2

P=2qa
3m

y = 9 z2
EJ=const

Hnh 5.72

Hnh 5.74 Hnh 5.73

q=2kN/m EJ=const
5m

2J

2J

2m 3m

F
0,03m 6m 6m

5m

2J J
6m

2J

2m

J 4m
6m

6m

6m

Hnh 5.75

Hnh 5.76

q=2kN/m EF=const

P=6kN F1 F1

F1 F1 F2, J2 F1 3m

F, J

3m a a

a 3m

6m

3m

Hnh 5.79

P=12kN

Hnh 5.78

Hnh 5.77
EJ=const K
3m 3m 6m 2 2 2

q=20kN/m

P=40kN

Hnh 5.80

181

q=30kN/m 2J
6m

P=20 kN J
6m 2m

+2to - to
l

+2to -t
l
o

, h, EJ = const
l

Hnh 5.81
=/a D
a a

Hnh 5.82
M= 750kNm J
40/3 20/3

P= 80kN J/3
10m 3

q=20kN/m J
20m

Hnh 5.84 Hnh 5.83

P=2qa

P=2qa EJ=const EJ=const

3m 3m

q=3kN/m

6m

6m

6m

6m

1m

Hnh 5.85

Hnh 5.86

182

CHNG 6

TNH H SIU TNH PHNG THEO PHNG PHP CHUYN V

6.1. KHI NIM Phng php chuyn v cng nh phng php lc, l cc phng php c bn tnh h siu tnh. Phng php lc p dng tng qut cho cc h dm, khung, vm, dn v h lin hp, cn phng php chuyn v p dng ph hp cho h dm v khung. Ngoi hai phng php c bn trn tnh h siu tnh cn c cc phng php khc nh phng php hn hp, lin hp, phn phi m men Khi tnh ton h siu tnh iu quan trng l bit chn phng php tnh no t kt qu nhanh nht v vic chn thng xut pht t s lng n s ca mi phng php. Phng php lc chn n s l phn lc lin kt hoc ni lc nhng tit din no , cn phng php chuyn v, n c chn l chuyn v ti hai u ca cc on thanh ca h. C cc chuyn v ny ( theo phng php thng s ban u hay phng php lc trnh by Chng 5), ta hon ton xc nh c ni lc v chuyn v ca tng on thanh. Cc bc xc nh biu m men un ca phng php lc nh th no th trong phng php chuyn v cng nh vy (xc nh s n, lp h c bn, t n s, xc nh v gii h phng trnh chnh tc, dng phng php cng tc dng v biu m men un). Cc yu cu cn li nh xc nh lc ct, lc dc, chuyn v trnh by trong Chng 5

6.1.1. Cc gi thit
Ngoi cc gi thit chung bit, trong phng php chuyn v gim s n s ta chp nhn thm ba gi thit. Trong h thanh cc u thanh qui t ti cc nt. Nt c th l nt cng, nh A, B, C hoc nt khp nh D ca hnh 6.1.

D B C

Hnh 6.1

Gi thit 1: Coi cc nt cng trong h l tuyt i cng, do cc thanh qui t ti nt u xoay mt gc nh nhau v gi l gc xoay ca nt. Gi thit 2: Trong khung v dm c th b qua nh hng ca bin dng do lc ct, lc dc so vi nh hng ca bin dng un (gi thit ny khng ng vi nguyn nhn nhit ). Gi thit 3: Trc v sau bin dng, khong cch gia hai u mt on thanh theo phng ban u ca thanh l khng i (gi thit ny khng ng vi nguyn nhn nhit ).

6.1.2. Xc nh s n chuyn v ca mt h
chnh l xc nh s chuyn v gc ca cc nt cng v chuyn v thng c lp ca cc nt. Nu gi ng l s chuyn v gc ca cc nt cng v nt l s chuyn v thng c lp ca cc nt th s chuyn v ca mt h s l: n = ng + nt (6-1) 183

T gi thit 1 th ng chnh bng s nt cng ca h Xc nh s n nt c kh khn hn. Phn tch chuyn dch ca cc nt trn c s gi thit 3 hoc xc nh theo phng php thc hnh sau y: Thay cc nt cng v ngm cng ca h siu tnh cho bng cc khp ta s nhn c h khp. - Nu h khp bt bin hnh th nt = 0 - Nu h khp bin hnh th nt s bng s lin kt thanh chng thm vo va cho h khp tr thnh h bt bin hnh( tc cc nt c c nh ). Vi h cho trn hnh 6.1, sau khi thay tt c cc nt cng v ngm bng khp, ta c h khp nh hnh 6.2a. H khp bin hnh, sau khi thm hai thanh chng nh hnh 6.2b h bt bin hnh lin kt nn s chuyn v thng c lp ca nt nt=2.
a) b)

Hnh 6.2

Ta bit rng cc dm siu tnh mt nhp c EJ = const nh hnh 6.3, chu tc dng ca ti trng, nhit v chuyn v ca lin kt ta (P, t, ), bng phng php lc ta hon ton xc nh c phn lc v ni lc v lp thnh bng tra sn (xem bng 6-1). H siu tnh trn hnh 6.4a, nu ta bit thm chuyn v gc v chuyn v thng ca nt B ( v ) th biu m men trong 2 thanh AB, BC c th v theo cch tra Bng 6-1.

Hnh 6.3

- Dm hai u ngm cng chiu di 2a, cng EJ chu tc dng ng thi ca 3 nguyn nhn P, , (hnh 6.4b) - Dm mt u ngm cng, mt u khp (thanh chng) c chiu di a, cng 2EJ, chu tc dng ng thi ca 2 nguyn nhn q v (hnh 6.4c).
a)
B a P 2EJ 2a EJ A a 6EJ (2a)2 4EJ 2a q 2EJ C a P2a 8

b) A

EJ a

c)
B 2EJ

q C a q

qa2 8

3(2EJ) a

Hnh 6.4

184

Bng 6-1 TT
A EJ l q B

MA ql 2 12

MB ql 2 12

QA

QB

1
a P

ql2 8 b Pab l M

ql 2
Pb 2 (l + 2a ) l3 P ( ) 2 6ab 3 M l 3M ( ) 2 l 6EJ l2

ql 2

Pab 2 l2 Pl ( ) 8 Mb (2a b) l2 M ( ) 4
4EJ l

Pab 2 l2 Pl ( ) 8 Ma 2 ( 2b a ) l M ( ) 4 2EJ l

Pa 2 (3l 2a ) l3 P ( ) 2 6ab 3 M l 3M ( ) 2 l 6EJ l2

6EJ l2

6EJ l2 (t2-t1)EJ h

12EJ l3 0

12EJ l3 0

t1 t2

(t2-t1)EJ h ql 2 8

7
a P

ql 8

5 ql 8 Pb b2 (3 2 ) 2l l 11 ( P) 16 3M b2 (1 2 ) 2l l 9M ( ) 8l

3 ql 8 a Pa 2 2 (3 ) l 2l 5 ( P) 16 3M b2 (1 2 ) 2l l 9M ( ) 8l

b Pab l

Pab (2l a ) 2l 2 3 ( Pl ) 16

0 (0) 0 (0)

M b2 (1 3 2 ) 2 l M ( ) 8

185

(tip theo) Bng 6-1

TT 10

EJ l

MA 3EJ l

MB 0

QA 3EJ l2

QB 3EJ l2

11

3EJ l2

3EJ l3 3 EJ (t2-t1) 2h l

3EJ l3 3 EJ (t2-t1) 2h l

12

t1 t2

3 (t2-t1)EJ 2h Pa a (2 ) 2 l 3 ( Pl ) 8 ql 2 3

13

b Pab l

Pa 2 2l Pl ( ) 8 ql 2 6 Ma l M ( ) 2 EJ l (t2-t1)EJ h

14

q ql2 8

ql

15

M a b

Mb l M ( ) 2 EJ l

16

17

t1 t2

(t2-t1)EJ h

186

6.2. NI DUNG PHNG PHP CHUYN V TNH H SIU TNH CHU TI TRNG BT NG

Nguyn l tnh h siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v cng nh phng php lc: ni lc ca h siu tnh cho c xc nh qua ni lc ca h c bn tng ng (tng ng v lc v chuyn v) vi h siu tnh. Trong phng php chuyn v n l chuyn v nt, h c bn l h siu tnh thm lin kt, bn cht ca phng trnh c bn l phn lc.

6.2.1. H c bn
Cng nh phng php lc, khi tnh h siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v ta khng tnh trc tip trn h cho m tnh trn mt h khc bit cch tnh gi l h c bn. Khc vi phng php lc, khi lp h c bn theo phng php chuyn v, ta t thm vo cc nt ca h cc lin kt ngn cn ht tt c cc chuyn v cn li ca cc nt c trong h, nhm bin cc thanh trong h thnh cc dm mt nhp c lp tng t nh cc thanh dm trong bng 6-1. ngn cn chuyn v xoay ca nt cng ta a vo cc lin kt cht hay lin kt ngm. Lin kt ny ch c tc dng ngn cn xoay ca nt m vn cho php nt c chuyn v thng, do trong lin kt ch pht sinh mt phn lc m men, v vy lin kt ngm cn c gi l lin kt m men. S lin kt m men c thm vo bng s nt cng c trong h. Vi kt cu cho trn hnh 6.5a, nt D c thm vo mt lin kt m men v biu din lin kt ny nh hnh 6.5b.
A

a)
D

b)
D C A

c)
D

Z1 C

P B

P B

P B

Z2

Hnh 6.5

ngn cn chuyn v thng ca nt, ta t vo nt lin kt thanh chng. Loi lin kt ny ch c tc dng ngn cn chuyn v thng m vn cho php nt cng xoay c , do trong lin kt ch pht sinh mt phn lc dc theo thanh chng. S lin kt thanh thm vo bng s chuyn v thng c lp ca cc nt. Trn hnh 6.5a nt cng D c chuyn v gc v chuyn v thng ngang l , ngn cn hai chuyn v ny ta thm lin kt m men ti nt D v lin kt thanh t ti C nh hnh 6.5b v l h c bn ca phng php chuyn v. Trn hnh 6.5b gm cc thanh AD, BD ging nh s dm hai u ngm cng (ngm trt ti A khng c chuyn v ngang nn hon ton nh ngm cng); thanh DC
187

ging nh s dm mt u ngm cng mt u khp (lin kt m men ti D khng c chuyn v ng v ngang nn hon ton c th coi nh ngm cng). Lin kt thanh chng theo phng ngang t ti C hoc A hoc nt D u c cng mt tc dng l ngn cn chuyn v ngang ca nt D, do vi 3 cch t thanh chng h c bn vn ch l mt. Nh vy, vi cch thm y cc lin kt th h c bn ca phng php chuyn v l duy nht (khc vi h c bn ca phng php lc).

6.2.2. H phng trnh chnh tc

H c bn trn hnh 6.5b khc vi h siu tnh cho trn hnh 6.5a l cha c lc tc dng v khng c cc chuyn v v ca nt D. h c bn ging vi h siu tnh cho ta t ti trng P, cho lin kt m men xoay cng bc mt gc Z1 v cho lin kt thanh chng dch chuyn cng bc mt on Z2 nh hnh 6.5c. V cha bit chiu thc ca Z1, Z2 nn ta chn chiu quay ca Z1, chiu dch chuyn ca Z2 l tu . Nu Z1, Z2 ng bng , th h c bn hon ton tng ng vi h cho v ni lc ca h c bn tng ng chnh l ni lc cn tm ca h siu tnh hnh 6.5a. Thc t chuyn v ca nt D l cha bit nn Z1, Z2 l hai n s cn phi tm. iu kin tm Z1, Z2 l phn lc m men ti lin kt D v phn lc thanh chng thm vo trn h c bn tng ng phi bng phn lc tng ng trn h ban u tc bng khng. Ta c 2 phng trnh c bn:

R 1( Z1 ,Z 2 ,P ) = 0
R 2 ( Z1 , Z 2 , P ) = 0 R k ( Z1 ,Z 2 ,...,Z n ,P ) = 0
( k = 1,2,...,n) (6-2) (6-3) Phng trnh c bn tng qut ca h c n n s ti lin kt thm vo th k c dng: H phng trnh (6-3) gi l h phng trnh c bn ca phng php chuyn v. p dng nguyn l cng tc dng ta c th vit (6-3) c th hn:

R k ( Z1 ,Z 2 ,...,Z n ,P ) = R kZ1 + R kZ 2 + ... + R kZ n + R kP = 0

Trong : - RkZm l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k trn h c bn do n chuyn v ti lin kt thm vo th m l Zm gy ra - RkP l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k trn h c bn do ti trng cho gy ra trn h c bn. Nu gi rkm l phn lc n v ti lin kt thm vo th k do n chuyn v Zm=1 gy ra trn h c bn ta c : RkZm= rkmZm H phng trnh c bn (6-3) c th vit li nh sau: rk1Z1 + rk2Z2 +...+ rknZn + RkP = 0
188

(6-4)

Cho k= 1,2,...,n ta c h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php chuyn v r11Z1 + r12Z2 +...+ r1nZn + R1P = 0 r21Z1 + r22Z2 +...+ r2nZn + R2P = 0 ..... (6-5) rn1Z1 + rn2Z2 +...+ rnnZn + RnP = 0 Trong : rkk gi l h s chnh rkm gi l h s ph RkP gi l s hng t do Cc h s v s hng t do l phn lc, s mang du dng khi n cng chiu vi chiu ca n chuyn v v ngc li. Cc h s chnh rkk lun lun dng, cn cc h s ph v s hng t do c th dng, m v bng khng. H phng trnh chnh tc (6-5) c th biu din gn di dng ma trn: [K]{} + {R} = 0 Trong [K] l ma trn cc h s {} l vct cc n chuyn v {R} l vct cc s hng t do

6.2.3. Xc nh cc h s v s hng t do
Cc h s rkm (vi m=1,2,...,n) v s hng t do RkP ca phng trnh chnh tc th k l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do ln lt lin kt thm vo th 1,2,...,n chuyn v cng bc bng n v v do ti trng cho gy ra trn h c bn. Cc phn lc trn c th l phn lc m men (nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt m men), phn lc thng (nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt thanh). C nhiu phng php xc nh chng, song v n l phn lc nn n gin nht l s dng cc iu kin cn bng b phn. Sau khi v ng cc biu m men un do cc nguyn nhn Zm=1 v ti trng gy ra trn h c bn (bng cch tra bng 6-1) ta d dng xc nh cc phn lc trn nh sau: - Nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt m men th rkm v RkP c xc nh t iu kin cn bng mmem ti nt K ca cc biu M m (do Zm =1 gy ra trn h c bn) v

Mo P (do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn). Chiu dng ca rkm v RkP ly theo chiu xoay gi thit ca n ZK. - Nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt thanh chng th rkm, RkP c xc nh t phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ca mt phn kt cu trn h c bn ln lt do Zm= 1 v do ti trng cho gy ra. Chiu dng ca cc phn lc trn ly theo chiu dch chuyn ca n ZK . T cc biu M m v M o P c, ta cn xc nh thm lc ct hoc lc dc va tham gia trong phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu.

189

T h siu tnh trn hnh 6.6a ta c h phng trnh chnh tc: r11Z1 + r12Z2 + R1P = 0 r21Z1 + r22Z2 + R2P = 0 Hnh 6.6b,c,d,e l h c bn tng ng, v biu m men tra bng ln lt do Z1=1, Z2=1, ti trng (P, q) gy ra trn h c bn
Hnh 6.6g,h th hin cch xc nh cc h s r11, r22, r12 v s hng t do R1P, R2P ca h phng trnh chnh tc.
a)
q 2J l P=4ql l l J B l/2 l/2 Z2=1 3EJ 2l2
o Mp

M D

M=2ql2 2J C

b)

q M

Z1

Z2

c)

8EJ Z1=1 l

4EJ l

2EJ l

6EJ l

M1
EJ l

d)

e)

ql2 12 ql2 4

ql2

g)
8EJ l 2ql2 ql2

r11 6EJ l

r12

R1p ql2 12

M2

3EJ 2l2

2EJ l r11= 16EJ l

3EJ 2l2 r12= - 3EJ 2l2

ql2

M ql2 4
2

R1p= - 8ql 3

h)
3EJ 2l3 r22 r22 = 3EJ 2l3 2ql R2p = 2ql R2p

Hnh 6.6

6.2.4. V biu m men un

Sau khi gii h phng trnh chnh tc, tm c cc n chuyn v Z1, Z2, ... Zn, ta c th xc nh m men un cui cng theo nguyn l cng tc dng bit: MP = M1 .Z1 + M 2 .Z2 +...+ M n .Zn + M o P Trong :
M1 , M 2 ,... M n , M o P l cc biu m men n v v biu do ti trng trn h c bn (cc biu ny c sn).

(6-6)

190

Thc hin (6-6) ti hai u ca tng on thanh sau ni thng ri treo biu s c biu m men trong h siu tnh cho. T m men suy ra lc ct, t lc ct suy ra lc dc nh trnh by trong phng php lc. kim tra biu m men un cui cng theo phng php chuyn v ta c th ch cn xt dng, xt cn bng m men nt, xt cn bng b phn l .

6.2.5. V d p dng
V d 6-1: V biu m men un cho khung trn hnh 6.7a.
a)
40kNm A J 20kN H D 2J 3m 40kN 3J B 3m 10kN/m 4m 3J 3m C 40kN E 2m 20kN Z1 E 2EJ 3EJ 2 Z2

b)
40kNm

c)

EJ Z1=1

M1
10kN/m r11 EJ 3EJ 2 r = 4,5EJ 11 40 9,1 9,1 12,7 40 43,6 60 45 20 R2p=-2,5 30 12,5 EJ

r12= - EJ 2

d)

EJ 2 Z2=1 EJ 2

20

R1p=-90 40 30 40

2EJ

43,6 12,7

e)
40 20 40 30

g)

M2
EJ 2 EJ 4

Mp

45 30

Mp

45 18,2

60 45

EJ r22= 24 EJ 6 5EJ 24

Hnh 6.7

a) Xc nh s n, lp h c bn, t n s: Khung cho c mt n chuyn v gc v mt n chuyn v thng n = ng + nt =1 + 1 = 2 Lp h c bn, t n s nh hnh 6.7b. 191

b) H phng trnh chnh tc c dng: r11Z1 + r12Z2 + R1P = 0 r21Z1 + r22Z2 + R2P = 0
o - V cc biu M1 , M2 , Mp v xc nh cc h s, s hng t do nh hnh 6.7c,d,e.

- H phng trnh dng s: 4,5EJ.Z1 0,5EJ.Z2 - 90 = 0 -0,5EJ.Z1 + 0,208EJ.Z2 - 2,5 = 0 29,09 81,82 Z1 = Z2 = (Rad) (m) EJ EJ V biu m men bng cng tc dng, kt qu nh hnh 6-7g
c) Kim tra biu Mp :

- Dng hp l - Nt D cn bng m men: MD = 40 + 12,7 43,6 -9,1 = 0 Phn v biu lc ct t m men, biu lc dc t lc ct v tnh ton chuyn v trnh by trong Chng 5.
6.3. CCH XC NH CHUYN V THNG TNG I GIA HAI U THANH THEO PHNG VUNG GC VI TRC THANH TRONG H C CC THANH NG KHNG SONG SONG

Trong qu trnh v biu m men cui cng nu h c chuyn v thng, th ta phi v biu m men do cc chuyn v thng bng n v gy ra trn h c bn. Trong trng hp h c cc thanh ng song song (Hnh 6.7) th cc nt u thanh ng cng c mt chuyn v thng tng i theo phng vung gc vi trc ca thanh ng, cn cc thanh ngang u di chuyn tnh tin nn khng sinh ra chuyn v tng i gia cc u thanh; cho nn vic v biu n v cng nh dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu xc nh cc h s, s hng t do u rt d dng. Song cn c nhng h thanh ng khng song song nhau nh trn hnh 6.8, khi n chuyn v thng tc dng trn h c bn th cc thanh c bin dng li c phng khng vung gc vi phng ca n. Bi vy mun v biu m men n v ta phi tm xem di tc dng ca chuyn v thng cng bc n v cho, tng thanh ca h s c chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh theo phng vung gc vi trc thanh l bao nhiu tra bng ra biu n v. Xt h trn hnh 6.8a: trn h c bn (Hnh 6.8b) khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v thng cng bc Z2=1 th nt 1 khng dch chuyn ngang ti v tr 1 m ti v tr I, lm cho cc thanh trong h ln lt c cc chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh theo phng vung gc vi trc thanh l A-1; 1-2 v B-2; Chng u c tr s khc vi n chuyn v Z2. v biu m men n v M 2 ta cn phi xc nh cc chuyn v tng i trn. Tng t nh trc y ta c th xc nh chng trn h khp tng ng khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z2=1 (Hnh 6.8c)
192

1 1 2 J J B 3m 1 1 1 I A-1=1,25 A EJ 4 B 3EJ 10 N1-A 3EJ 10 79EJ 240 3m Z2=1 2 C

C

A-1

Z2=1 2 C 2II
C

a)
2,5J A

b)
I 4m A B B-2 A,B,C B-2=1 C,II

1-2

c)

2II

d)

1-2=0,75 I

e)

f)

3EJ 4

EJ 12

N1-2 r22= 31EJ 64

3EJ 4

M2

3EJ 16

3EJ 64

N2-B

Hnh 6.8

Khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z2 = 1 th hnh chiu chuyn v ca nt 1 v 2 trn phng ngang l cc on 1-1 v 2-2 cng bng 1. Mt khc cc thanh A-1 v B-2 chuyn ng, do cc im A,B c nh nn im 1 v 2 di ng theo 1-I v 2-II c phng vung gc vi trc thanh ban u. V vy im I l giao im ca hai ng vung gc vi hai thanh A-1 v 1-2 ln lt k t 1 v 1. im II l giao im vung gc vi hai thanh B-2 v 2-1 ln lt k t 2 v 2 (II 2). Xc nh c v tr cc im I v II ta s tm c chuyn v thng tng i gia cc u thanh theo phng vung gc vi trc thanh ca mi thanh trong h. d dng xc nh cc chuyn v trn ta c th p dng kin thc C hc l thuyt phn tch vn tc ca cc im trong c cu v v s chuyn v cc im nt nh sau (Hnh 6.8d): Ly mt im tu tng trng cho tt c cc im ni c nh vi nt A, B, C. Khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z2 = c-c = 1, tc im c nh C di ra v tr c nh mi C, trn s k c-c song song vi chiu tng ng v bng mt n v theo t xch chn. Chuyn v ca im 2 sinh ra do hai thanh 2-C v 2-B quay xung quanh C v B, nn v tr mi ca 2 l II, trn s chuyn v l giao im ca hai ng vung gc
193

vi hai thanh 2-C v 2-B, k t C v B (C 2 II). i vi thanh 1-2, lc ny im c nh mi l II; Do im I tng trng cho im 1 trn s chuyn v l giao im ca hai ng thng vung gc vi 2 thanh 1-A v 1-2 k t A v II. Trn s chuyn v, cc on A-1, I-II, II-b ln lt l cc chuyn v tng i A-1; 1-2 v B-2 gia hai u thanh ca cc on thanh A-1; 1-2, 2-B. Vi v d trn A-1 = 1,25; 1-2 = 0,75 v B-2 = 1. Biu M 2 ch ra trn hnh 6.8e. tnh cc h s l phn lc thng trong lin kt thanh thm, khng th lp mt phng trnh cn bng tnh trc tip c v c thm thnh phn lc dc trong thanh. Chng hn, tnh r22 trc ht tch nt 1 ca biu M2 v t phng trnh hnh 79 chiu ln phng ng tm c lc dc trong thanh 1-A: N1A= EJ , sau c th 240 dng mt ct qua hai thanh ng v dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang ta tm c r22 (Hnh 6-8f).
6.4. TNH H SIU TNH KHI C CHUYN V GI TA

p dng nguyn l ca phng php chuyn v nu trn, khi tnh h siu tnh c chuyn v gi ta (), phng trnh chnh tc th k c dng : rk1Z1 + rk2Z2 + ...+ rknZn+ Rk = 0 k = 1,2,...n (6-7) Cch xc nh cc h s rkm trnh by 6.2. Vn mi cn gii quyt y l cch v biu M o (do gi ta di ch gy ra trn h c bn) t xc nh s hng t do Rk . Rk l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do chuyn v gi ta gy ra trn h c bn. Rk cng c xc nh t cn bng b phn ca biu M o

Gii h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc n s Zk (k = 1,2,. . .,n) v v biu m men un ca h cho bng phng php cng tc dng : M = M1 Z1 + M 2 Z2 + ... + M n Zn + M o (6-8) Sau y ta xt mt v d minh ho t h siu tnh trn hnh 6.9a: gi C b ln mt on bit l v ngm B b xoay mt gc l = . Cn v biu M theo EJ, l, l n s ca phng php l 2, h c bn tng ng nh hnh 6.9b. H phng trnh chnh tc : r11Z1 + r12Z2 + R1 = 0 r21Z1 + r22Z2 + R2 = 0 Tra bng biu M1 , M2 v xc nh cc h s r11, r22, r12 c hnh 6.6c,d,g,h. Tra bng biu Mo v xc nh s hng t do R1, R2 nh hnh 6.9c,d.

194

a)

A 2J

b)

Z1

Z2

2l J B l l 6EJ l2 EJ l2

c)

e)
2,208

4,416

2,688 1,724

Mo
R1

M
) ( 2EJ l2

2EJ l2

1,276

d)

6EJ EJ l2 2 l 5EJ R1= - 2 l

R2 3EJ l3 R2= 3EJ l3

Hnh 6.9

H phng trnh chnh tc: 5EJ EJ 3EJ =0 Z1 = +0,552 16 Z1 - 2 Z2 2 l l l 2l 3EJ 3EJ 3EJ =0 Z2 = +2,552 - 2 Z1 - 3 Z2 l3 2l 2l Gii h phng trnh, tm c Z1, Z2 v p dng biu thc cng tc dng (6-8) tm m men ti cc u thanh v ni thng s c biu m men un M do gi ta chuyn v ca h cho (Hnh 6.9c).
6.5. TNH H SIU TNH KHI C NHIT THAY I

Khi tnh h siu tnh do thay i nhit , h phng trnh chnh tc c dng: rk1Z1 + rk2Z2 + ... + rknZn + Rkt = 0 k = 1, 2, ..., n (6-9) Trong s hng t do Rkt l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do s thay i nhit gy ra trn h c bn, c xc nh t biu Mto . y ta ch xt bi ton trong trng hp tha nhn hai gi thit:
195

- Nhit thay i nh nhau dc theo chiu di tng thanh ca h. - Nhit thay i bc nht theo chiu cao tit din.
o Vi mt thanh bt k, nu k hiu s thay i nhit ca th trn l t1 cn th di

l t o 2 , th bin dng do s thay i v nhit ca thanh bao gi cng c th xem t hp ca hai bin dng c bn: + Trc thanh b un cong v pht sinh mmen un do s thay i nhit chnh lch hai th: th trn v th di (t). + Trc thanh b dn ra (hay co li) do s thay i u ca nhit dc theo trc thanh o to o 2 t1 = t . S thay i ( to ). Trong tr ng h p ti t di n thanh i x ng v i tr c x th: c c 2 chiu di cc thanh s lm cho cc nt ca h c bn chuyn v, do cc thanh b un cong v pht sinh mmen un. Nh vy, biu M o t do nhit thay i gy ra trn h c bn chnh l tng ca hai biu m men gy ra do hai tc dng: + Tc dng ca s thay i khng u nhit gia hai th ca thanh gy nn M o t' trn h c bn. + Tc dng ca s thay i u nhit lm dn (hay co) cc thanh gy nn M o t ' ' trn h c bn.
o o - t 2 lm trc thanh b un cong m Nhit thay i khng u gia hai th t = t1 khng b co (dn) nn trong h c bn cc nt khng c chuyn v thng, cc thanh tr thnh cc dm c lp vi nhau v b un do t trong tng thanh gy ra. Tc dng ca s

thay i khng u nhit gia hai th ca thanh gy nn biu M o t ' . Dng bng 6-1 ta
o v c M o t ' . Vi khung trn hnh 6.10, biu M t ' do nhit thay i khng u trn

h c bn v c trn hnh 6.10c. Nhit thay i ti th trc t o c lm cho cc thanh b dn (hay co). Do chiu di cc thanh thay i nn cc nt c chuyn v thng, t gy nn chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u mi thanh v to ra m men un trong cc thanh. Gi thit cc thanh ca khung trn hnh 6.10a u c tit din i xng nn nhit ti th trc ca mi thanh c tnh v ghi trn tng thanh tng ng (Hnh 6.10d). Do trc thanh CD dn di l(CD)t = tlCD v thanh BD b co ngn l(BD)t = tlBD, nn nt D chuyn v ti D. Khi D dch chuyn, nt E cng b y ngang ti E1 (EE1 = DD2), tip thanh ED b dn di vi l(ED)t = tlED nn nt E b dch thm on EE1 v c v tr mi l E. T hnh v ta thy chuyn v tng i gia hai u mi thanh CD = DD1;
196

BD = DD2; ED = DD2; AE = DD2 + EE1. Cn c vo cc chuyn v tng i ny tra

bng 6-1 ta v c biu mmen un M o t '' .

Cc chuyn v tng i trn c th xc nh bng cch v s chuyn v (Hnh 6.10e). Chn mt im bt k tng trng cho cc im c nh ban u (a, b, c). Nt D c chuyn v ti D c cc thnh phn chuyn v theo phng ca hai thanh CD, BD bng cc on l(CD)t v l(BD)t. Trn s chuyn v chng c biu th bng cc on CD1 v BD2 theo mt t xch chn v c phng song song cng chiu tng ng.
a)
E +3to 2J J A -to J -t B
l 3
o

b)
D J 4EJ l

Z1=1

+t

h=const
l

h= l 5

+2t

6EJ l 2EJ l

30o

M1

c)
16EJt l 10EJt l

d)
E E1 E +to D D1 D D2 + -t A 16EJt l B
o

Mo t'

t 2 C

h)

3EJt l 10,4EJt l

e)
E

D1

Mo t ''
7,3EJt l E1 4,56EJt l D

E A B C D D2

10,4EJt l

f)
0,4EJt l

12EJt l

k)

Mo t
20,4EJt l 5,2EJt l

Mcc t
17,92EJt l 5,2EJt l

37,7EJt l

43,7EJt l

Hnh 6.10

197

Giao im D ca hai ng vung gc vi phng ca hai thanh k t D1 v D2 xc nh vc t CD v BD c hnh chiu ln lt ln phng vung gc vi cc thanh CD v BD cho ta cc chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh ca cc thanh . im D li c coi l im c nh ban u ca thanh DE khi xt chuyn v nt E. Trn s chuyn v, dn di l(DE)t ca thanh DE c biu th bng on DE1 c phng v chiu tng ng. Thanh AE khng c bin dng nn E2 trng vi A. Giao im E ca hai ng vung gc vi thanh ED v EA k t E1 v E2 xc nh vc t D' E v AE' c hnh chiu ln phng vung gc vi trc thanh cho chuyn v tng i gia hai u ca cc thanh ED v EA.
Trong v d trn cc chuyn v tng i gia hai u thanh BD = CD = tl 3 ;
ED = tl; AE = tl + tl 3 = (1 + 3 )tl.

Biu M o t ' ' v c trn hnh 6.10h.

o o Biu M o t = M t '+ M t ' ' v c trn hnh 6.10f.

EJt EJ xc nh t biu M1 . Kt hp vi r11 = 10 l l (Hnh 6.10b), ta c phng trnh chnh tc: T M o t tm c R1t = 1,24 EJ EJt Z1 + 12,4 =0 l l Gii ra tm c Z1 = -12,4t (rad). 10 Biu Mt trn h siu tnh cho c xy dng theo nguyn l chung trong 6.2. Kt qu ch ra trn hnh 6.10k.
6.6. TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP HN HP V PHNG PHP LIN HP 6.6.1. Phng php hn hp

Chng ta nghin cu hai phng php c bn tnh h siu tnh: Phng php lc v phng php chuyn v. u im ca hai phng php ny th hin tnh tng qut ca chng. V mt l lun chng cho php ta c kh nng tnh bt k mt h no mt cch chnh xc d h phc tp n u. V ng li gii quyt trong hai phng php l ging nhau song khc nhau v ngha v cch gii quyt c th. Vi h dm v khung tnh theo phng php chuyn v thng n gin hn v lp h c bn, v biu m men n v v biu m men do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn, xc nh cc h s v s hng t do cng nh gii h phng trnh chnh tc l d dng hn so vi phng php lc. Song phng php chuyn v c hn ch ln khi xt n nh hng ca bin dng do lc dc v lc ct khi p dng tnh dn khp v thanh cong.
198

Vi khung siu tnh la chn phng php tnh thng thng trc ht cn c vo s n xc nh theo mi phng php. Chng hn cc khung siu tnh trn hnh 6.11a,b dng phng php chuyn v tnh v s n t hn; vi khung trn hnh 6.11c dng phng php lc tnh li hn. Trong thc t cn gp phi nhng kt cu c phn ny dng phng php lc li hn, cn phn kia th dng phng php chuyn v li hn. T t ra vn c th kt hp c hai phng php cng tnh cho mt h. l xut pht im ca phng php hn hp sau y.
a) b) c)

Phng php lc n = 9 P.Php chuyn v n = 1

Phng php lc n = 12 P.Php chuyn v n = 4

Phng php lc n = 1 P.Php chuyn v n = 8

Hnh 6.11

Xt h trn hnh 6.12a, ta thy khung bn tri ABC nu tnh theo phng php chuyn v ch c mt n, song theo phng php lc c ba n; cn i vi phn khung bn phi BDEF nu tnh theo phng php chuyn v s c 3 n song theo phng php lc ch c mt n. Do ta c th dng phng php hn hp vi ni dung phn khung bn tri tnh theo phng php chuyn v, cn phn khung bn phi tnh theo phng php lc, nh vy s n ch cn hai (khung ny nu tnh theo phng php lc s n = 4 v tnh theo phng php chuyn v s n n = 4). H c bn dng tnh thay h cho trn mi phn khung c lp theo mi cch ca mi phng php (hnh 6.12b). phn khung bn tri ta a thm lin kt m men ngn cn s xoay ca nt B, v k hiu chuyn v gc xoay cha bit l Z1. phn khung bn phi loi b lin kt thanh F v thay bng n lc X2. iu kin cho h c bn trn hon ton tng ng vi h cho v mt lc v chuyn v l : - Phn lc lin kt m men thm nt B phi bng khng tc l R 1( Z ,X
1 2 ,P )

=0

- Chuyn v ca tit din F theo phng thng ng phi bng khng tc l 2 ( Z ,X ,P ) = 0

1 2

p dng nguyn l cng tc dng v trin khai cc iu kin trn, ta c h hai phng trnh chnh tc sau: & 12 X2 + R1P = 0 r11Z1 + r & Z1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0 (6-10) 21
199

a) q=30kN/m D
1m A 4m 2J J B J C 4m 6m 2J

P=40kN E J F

b)

q Z1

X2

c)
EJ

2EJ Z1=1 EJ

d)

6 6

EJ 2

M1
21

M2
(m) X2=1

e)
40

60 40 40
o Mp

f)
42,86

60

8,58 34,28 2,86

31,42

Mp
1,43 (kNm)

(kNm)

Hnh 6.12

trong cc h s chnh r11, 22 v cc s hng t do R1P, 2P c ngha v cch tnh nh bit trong mi phng php. r11, R1P phn lc thm vo th 1 (nt B) ln lt do Z1=1 v ti trng cho gy nn trn h c bn, c xc nh bng cch tch xt cn bng m men ti nt B trn biu M1 v M o P
22, 2P - chuyn v ti tit din F theo phng n lc X2 ln lt do X2=1 v ti trng cho gy nn trn h c bn, c xc nh theo cng thc Mo vit di dng nhn biu nh sau: 22= M2 M2 2P = Mo p M2
& cc h s ch xut hin trong phng php hn hp (k hiu c du chm); &12 v - r 21
&12 l phn lc lin kt thm vo th nht do n lc X2 = 1 gy nn trn h c bn, r

c xc nh bng cch tch xt cn bng ti nt B trn biu M 2 ;

200

& l chuyn v ti tit din F theo phng n lc X2 do n chuyn v Z1 = 1 gy nn 21 trn h c bn. tnh chuyn v ny ta dng cng thc Mo tnh chuuyn v do gi ta di

ch do lin kt ta di ch ( k = R ik im ). Ta nhn thy trn h c bn, khi lin kt

i =1

ngm xoay mt gc Z1 = 1rad, phn khung bn phi BDEF khng b bin dng m ch & bng phng php hnh hc thng xoay xung quanh nt B, do cng c th tnh 21 thng (Hnh 6.12c) hoc theo nh l tng h gia phn lc n v v chuyn v n v, & =- r &12 ta c quan h 21 Gii h phng trnh (6-9) s xc nh c cc n Z1 v X2. Theo nguyn l cng tc dng, biu m men cui cng trn h siu tnh cho s l : M P = M1 Z1 + M 2 X 2 + M o P Vi v d c th tnh khung cho trn hnh 6.12a, v biu m men n v M 1 , M 2 (Hnh 6.12c,d) v biu m men do ti trng cho trn h c bn (Hnh 6.12e). Theo nguyn tc tnh trn ta tm c cc h s, s hng t do v h phng trnh chnh tc l: 3EJ.Z1 + 6.X2 +
6.Z1+

0=0

72 120 .X 2 =0 EJ EJ

Gii h phng trnh tm c

Z1 = 2,86 rad ; EJ

X2 = 1,43kN

Biu m men cui cng trn h siu tnh v c trn hnh 6.12f.
6.6.2. Phng php lin hp:

Nhng bi ton v dm, khung ph hp vi phng php hn hp u c th p dng phng php lin hp. S n s ca phng php hn hp v lin hp l nh nhau song phng php lin hp c u im hn l chia h phng trnh chnh tc lm hai nhm phng trnh c lp v t gii h phng trnh n gin hn. Phng php lin hp a h v hai bi ton c lp, mt bi ton theo phng php lc mt bi ton theo phng php chuyn v. Trong phng php lin hp c th thc hin mt trong hai cch sau y. y trnh by 2 cch thng qua mt v d c th l khung siu tnh trn hnh 6.13a c s n theo phng php hn hp l hai, phn ABC ph hp vi phng php chuyn v, phn CDE ph hp vi phng php lc. Cch 1: Bi ton lm theo phng php lc , chn h c bn bng cch ch loi b lin kt ca phn h ph hp vi phng php lc, ta c h c bn tng ng nh hnh 6.13b. Nh vy h c bn l h siu tnh vi phng trnh chnh tc: 111 + 1P = 0;
201

11= M1 M1 ;

o 1p = Mp M1 ;

X1 =

1P 11

Biu ni lc cui cng: MP = M 1 X1 + M 0 P Vn cn gii quyt y l v M1 , Mo p nh th no trong phn siu tnh ABC,
o cn phn tnh nh CDE v d dng. v M1 v Mp cho phn ABC l phn ph hp vi

phng php chuyn v, ta p dng phng php chuyn v t h ban u l h c bn ca phng php lc ln lt vi hai nguyn nhn l X1=1 v ti trng P, q cho. Vi v d c th ny ta s thc hin hai bi ton ph c lp: - Vi X1 = 1 ta c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc nh hnh 6.13c. - Vi ti trng cho, c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc nh hnh 6.13d. - Tip tc cc bc ca phng php chuyn v s c biu M1 , Mo p trong phn ABC - Hnh 6.13e,g l dng ca biu M1 , Mo p theo phng php lc ban u.
a)
l A l B l l P r22.Z2 + R2p = 0 EJ=const P D E

b)
q

P X1

c)
Z2 X1=1

q C

d)
q

e)
Z2 X1=1

g)
q

o Mp

M1
r22.Z2 + R2p = 0

Hnh 6.13

Cch 2: Bi ton lm theo phng php chuyn v, chn h c bn bng cch thm lin kt cho phn h ph hp vi phng php chuyn v, ta c h c bn tng ng nh hnh 6.14a v c phng trnh chnh tc: r11Z1 + R1P = 0
202

a)
q A

P D Z1 C

b)
Z1=1 X2

c)
q

P X2

B 22.X2 + 2= 0 22.X2 + 2p= 0 P

d)
Z1=1

e)
q

M1 Hnh 6.14

o Mp

r11 v R1P c xc nh t iu kin cn bng ca M1 , Mo p . y ta li tm cch v o . M1 , Mp ca phn h ph hp vi phng php lc CDE, cn phn ABC tra bng d dng. v biu ca phn CDE, ta p dng phng php lc t h ban u l h c bn ca phng php chuyn v ln lt vi hai nguyn nhn l chuyn v xoay ti lin kt ngm C bng n v v ti trng cho. Vi h trn hnh 6.12a, ta s thc hin hai bi ton ph c lp: - Vi Z1 = 1 ta c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc nh hnh 6.14b. - Vi ti trng cho, c h c bn tng ng v phng trnh chnh tc nh hnh 6.14c. Tip tc hai bi ton theo phng php lc s v c biu M1 , Mo p trong phn o CDE. Hnh 6.14d,e l dng ca biu M1 , Mp theo phng php chuyn v ban u.

203

BI TP CHNG 6
1. Xc nh s n s theo phng php chuyn v gii cc khung cho trn cc hnh t hnh 6.15 n hnh 6.17. 2. V biu M,Q,N cho cc khung t hnh 6.18 n hnh 6.21. Tnh chuyn v ng ti K v chuyn v ngang ti D ca cc khung trn. 3. Chn phng php v biu m men cho cc khung t hnh 6.22 n hnh 6.25. 4. V s chuyn v cho khung trn hnh 6.26. 5. Vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s gii khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 6.27 bng phng php chuyn v. 6. V biu M cho cc kt cu cho trn hnh 6.28 n hnh 6.31. Tnh gc xoay ca tit din C. 7. Dng phng php hn hp v cc biu m men, lc ct cho cc khung trn hnh 6.32 v hnh 6.33.
EJ= J1 J J1 J J2 J2 EJ=const 2J J

Hnh 6.15
P=20kN 3J q=20kN/m 2J J 2J

Hnh 6.16
q=20kN/m K

Hnh 6.17
P=160kN M=60kNm 6m EJ=const

6m

6m

2m

2m

3m

3m

3m

3m

Hnh 6.18

Hnh 6.19

204

q=40kN/m J 2m 2J 2m 4m P=80kN D J 2J J 2m

q=40kN/m K J

M=60kNm 2m 2J 4m 2J 4m

4m

2m

Hnh 6.20
q=20kN/m J P=60kN 5m J 2J J

Hnh 6.21
q=20kN/m

P=60kN J

EJ=const

5m

2m

2m

2m

2m

4m

3m

3m

4m

Hnh 6.22

Hnh 6.23

M=60kNm P J J 2J J J a q=20kN/m

M=60kNm

q=20kN/m EJ=const

4m

4m

4m

Hnh 6.24

Hnh 6.25
P

45o

6m

8m

4m

4m

Hnh 6.26 Hnh 6.27

205

to 4J to J J q to J l l/2 C P=2ql 2J l/2 l/2

M=ql2

2l

3to

,h=const
l

Hnh 6.29

Hnh 6.28
=
-2to J l -2to 2J +3to l C J l

l
J l 2J

J l

Hnh 6.30

Hnh 6.31

P=100kN 4J 4m q=20kN/m J 3J 4m J 2J 4m 4m 4m 3J M=60kNm 2J 3J

q=20kN/m 2J

6m

4m

4m

6m

Hnh 6.32

Hnh 6.33

206

CHNG 7

TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP PHN PHI M MEN (H.CROSS)
7.1. KHI NIM V BI TON C BN CA PHNG PHP 7.1.1. Khi nim Khi tnh cc h siu tnh theo phng php lc v phng php chuyn v trn c s cc gi thit nu, kt qu nhn c l chnh xc; song vi cc kt cu siu tnh phc tp th khi lng tnh ton kh ln v phi gii h nhiu phng trnh. Khi khng c iu kin p dng cc cng c tnh ton hin i, rt ngn thi gian m vn m bo chnh xc cn thit, ngi ta nghin cu v xut nhiu phng php tnh ng dn cho cc h siu tnh. Phng php phn phi m men (cn gi l phng php H.cross) nghin cu trong chng ny l mt trong nhng phng php . N l mt trong nhng phng php c bn lm c s cho vic nghin cu cc phng php tnh ng dn khc. Phng php phn phi m men c xy dng trn c s ca phng php chuyn v. V khng phi v cc biu trung gian nn phng php phn phi m men c quy c li du ca m men un ti cc u thanh nh sau: M men quay thun kim ng h quanh nt cng hoc ngm c quy c l dng v ngc li l m (hnh 7.1). Quy c du ca lc ct cng nh trc y.
MK>0 K M<0 M<0 M>0 M<0

M>0

Hnh 7.1

Phng php phn phi m men c nhng u im sau: Tnh ton n gin, khng cn dng cc cng c ton hc phc tp. Hu ht cc php tnh trong phng php ch l cc php tnh cng hoc nhn, do c th tnh bng tay hoc dng my tnh ph thng cng thc hin. Phng php ny i hi phi gii rt t phng trnh so vi s lng phng trnh tnh theo cc phng php chnh xc, c trng hp khng cn gii phng trnh no. y l u im cn bn ca phng php. Vi u im ny, phng php phn phi m men rt thch hp vi h siu tnh bc cao. Cc hn ch ca phng php phn phi m men tng t nh phng php chuyn v. Trn thc t n ch p dng c cho h dm hoc khung. 7.1.2. Bi ton c bn v cc cng thc ca phng php Ta xt bi ton c bn sau y lm c s cho phng php ny l tnh khung siu tnh mt nt cng, khng c chuyn v thng, chu m men tp trung tc dng ti nt nh hnh 7.2a. 207

Theo phng php chuyn v ta c biu m men un nh trn hnh 7.2c (Hnh 7.2b l h c bn tng ng vi M o P = 0). Ta phn tch biu MP tm ra quan h gia m

men ni lc ca 3 u thanh quy t ti nt vi m men ngoi lc MK, cng nh lin h gia m men ti cc u A, B, C vi m men ca cc u thanh tung ng ti K:
a)
A K MK C A

b)

MK Z1 K C

c)

4EJKA Z lKA 1

B MKA

2EJKA Z lKA 1 3EJKB Z lKB 1 MK MKC

EJKC Z lKC 1 B

Mp

Hnh 7.2

MKB

Nu t KA =

EJ EJ KA 3EJ KB ; KB = ; KC = KC l KA 4l KB 4l KC

Xt cn bng m men nt K c : M K 4 ( KA + KB + KC ) Z1 = 0 M KA = M KB = M KC =
KA M K = KA .M K + KB + KC KB M K = KB .M K + KB + KC KC M K = KC .M K + KB + KC

Z1 =

4( KA

MK + KB + KC )

KA KA KA

Kj l h s khng ph thuc vo ti trng, ch ph thuc chiu di, cng thanh Kj v lin kt ti u j ca thanh. N chnh l h s phn phi ca m men nt cng MK cho cc u thanh quy t ti nt K:

MKj gi l m men phn phi ti u K ca thanh Kj, ta c: MKj = - Kj. MK

Kj gi l h s phn phi ti u K ca thanh Kj, vi:

(7-1)

Kj =

Kj

(7-2)
K

Kj l cng n v quy c ca thanh Kj c xc nh nh sau:

208

EJ Kj l Kj

Nu u j l ngm cng (7-3)

Kj =

3 EJ Kj Nu u j l khp 4 l Kj 1 EJ Kj Nu u j l ngm trt theo phng vung gc trc thanh 4 l Kj

K l tng s cc cng n v quy c ca cc thanh quy t ti nt K.

T biu MP ta thy m men phn phi MKj v m men ti cc u i din MjK c quan h vi nhau theo mt t l no :

M AK =

1 M KA ; 2

M BK = 0.M KB ;

M CK = M KC

(lu quy c mi v du ca m men) Nu gi MjK l m men truyn th: MjK = KjMKj (7-4)

Kj gi l h s truyn: 1 Nu u j l ngm cng 2 Kj = 0 Nu u j l khp

(7-5)

-1

Nu u j l ngm trt theo phng vung gc trc thanh

Tm li vi phng php phn phi m men tnh h ch c mt nt cng khng c chuyn v thng v chu mt m men tp trung M ti nt, ni dung v trnh t tnh ton nh sau: - Tnh cng n v quy c Kj ca cc thanh theo (7-3) v cc h s phn phi m men Kj ti mt K theo (7-2) - Tnh m men phn phi cho cc u thanh MKj theo (7-1) - Tnh m men truyn cho cc u i din vi nt l MjK theo (7-4) Tng cc m men u thanh tnh c chnh l gi tr m men cui cng cn tm. Cch gii quyt v cc cng thc rt ra trong bi ton trn c ly lm c s tnh cc h siu tnh phc tp khc.
7.2. TNH H SIU TNH GM CC NT KHNG C CHUYN V THNG 7.2.1. H siu tnh ch c mt nt cng

Gi s cn tnh h siu tnh ch c mt nt cng khng c chuyn v thng chu ti trng bt k nh hnh 7.3a. Bi ton ny khc vi bi ton c bn ch ngoi lc khng phi l mt m men tp trung t ti nt (cn gi l m men nt cng). Ta a v bi ton c bn bng cch coi h cho l t hp ca hai h sau:
209

a)
A l P=2ql l l 4J 3 D 2J B

q 2J C

b)

RBP

c)

MB

Hnh 7.3

H th nht (Hnh 7.3b): chnh l h c bn ca phng php chuyn v nn tra bng d dng. H th hai (hnh 7.3c) l bi ton c bn ca phng php phn phi m men vi m men nt cng: (7-6) MB= M 0 Bj
j

(tng m men tra bng ca cc u thanh quy t ti nt B)

V d 7-1: V biu m men un ca khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 7.3a theo q, l, EJ bit.

- Tnh cng n v quy c Bj ca ba thanh quy t ti B theo (7-3) 3 4 1 E( J) E ( 2J ) E(2J ) 2EJ EJ EJ BA = = ; BD = 4 3 = ; BC = 4 = l l 2l 2l l 2l - Tnh h s phn phi cho cc u thanh ti nt B theo (7-2) 2EJ EJ 2 1 2l l BA = = ; BC = BD = = 2EJ EJ EJ 3 2EJ EJ EJ 6 + + + + 2 l 2l 2l 2l l l 2 1 1 ( B = + + = 1) 3 6 6 Cc h s phn phi tnh c, c ghi ti cc u thanh tng ng trn s tnh (Hnh 7.4b)
a)
A ql2 3 3ql2 4 B q
+29 +7 72 72 +5 -5 72 72 +5 +5 +1 +1 36 18 3 6 2 1 3 6 1 B A C 6 -3 4 +5 72 (ql2) -49 72

b)

c)
49 5 36

29 72

72 1 5 8 +7

C ql2 6

18

(ql2) 1

72

o Mp

Mp

Hnh 7.4

210

- Ngm nt B, tra bng biu M o P nh hnh 7.4a v xc nh gi tr m men ti cc u thanh theo quy c du ca m men: 3 2 ql 2 ql 2 0 0 M M0 M = + ; = q l ; = + BC CB BD 3 6 4 Cc gi tr ny c ghi vo cc u thanh ca s tnh (Hnh 7.4b) ql 2 3 2 5 o o ql = ql 2 - Tnh m men nt cng ti B: M B = M BC + M BD = 3 4 12 - Thc hin bi ton c bn, phn phi m men ti nt B theo (7-1) v ghi ln s : 2 5 1 5 5 5 M BA = ql 2 = + ql 2 ; M BC = M BD = ql 2 = + ql 2 3 12 6 12 18 72 - Tnh m men truyn ti cc u i din ca nt B theo (7-4) v ghi ln s : 1 5 5 5 5 M AB = + ql 2 = + ql 2 ; M DB = 0 ; M CB = 1 + ql 2 = ql 2 2 18 36 72 72 - Gi tr m men cui cng ti mi tit din u thanh bng tng i s cc tr s

ghi ti :

pp M Bj = M 0 Bj + M Bj ;

tr M jB = M 0 jB + M jB

(7-7)

Biu m men c v trn hnh 7.4c

7.2.2. H siu tnh c nhiu nt cng Gi s cn tnh h c hai nt cng, khng c chuyn v thng, chu ti trng bt k v trn hnh 7.5a. Tng t nh trn, a v dng bi ton c bn ta bin khung siu tnh cho thnh tng ca hai khung trn hnh 7.5b v hnh 7.5c. Cc gi tr m men u thanh ca khung hnh 7.5b tnh c nh tra bng 6-1. Di y ta ch xt cch tnh khung trn hnh 7.5c bng phng php phn phi m men. Cc cng thc phn phi m men thit lp trn l ch i vi h ch c mt nt cng v cc u i din l lin kt ngm, khp hoc ngm trt m khng phi l nt cng xoay c.
a)
A P B C D q E

b)
A P

RDP D

REP E

c)
A

MD= -RDP D

ME= -REP E

+
B C B C

Hnh 7.5

Do vi h gm nhiu nt cng (hnh 7.5c) ta phi bin i gii quyt tng b phn ca h, trong ch c mt nt cng xoay. Chng hn mun phn phi MD (ca nt D), ta thm vo nt E mt lin kt m men ngn cn s xoay ca nt E (cht nt E). Khi b phn khung ABDE ging bi ton c bn (hnh 7.6a). Theo cng thc t (7-1) n (7-5), ta tnh c cc h s phn phi m men v thc hin phn phi v truyn m men ta c:
211

M men phn phi 1 M1 DA = DA .M D 1 M1 DB = DB .M D

1 M1 DE = DE .M D

M men truyn M 'AD = M1 DA ' M BD = 0 1 M 'ED = .M1 DE 2

Trong ch s 1 v du biu th tng ng vi ln phn phi th nht ca nt.

a)
A MD D E

b)
A D

ME E

Hnh 7.6

Nt D sau khi phn phi cn bng m men, nhng ti nt E do t thm lin kt m men nn m men nt cng ME lc ny thm lng MED mi truyn ti ngha l:
' M1 ED = M E + M ED

thc hin phn phi m men nt E tng t nh phn phi m men nt D, ta phi tho b lin kt a thm vo nt E v a thm lin kt m men ngn cn s xoay ca nt D (cht nt D). Nh vy b phn khung DEC li ging bi ton c bn (hnh 7.6b). Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men cho b phn khung DEC, ta c: M men phn phi M men truyn 1 1 M1 M 'DE = .M1 ED = ED .M E ED 2 1 1 M 'CE = .M1 M1 EC EC = EC .M E 2 Nt E sau khi phn phi cn bng m men, nhng ti nt D li c lng m men ' M DE mi truyn ti, nn ti li xut hin m men nt cng khng cn bng M 2 D = M DE .
1 M men nt cng D lc ny b hn nhiu so vi trc y ( M 2 D << M D ). n y, ta thc hin xong mt chu trnh phn phi m men. bi ton ny, ta thy sau mt chu k phn phi th nht, ti nt D li xut hin m men nt cng khng cn bng M 2 D . Bi vy ta phi tip tc tin hnh chu k phn phi th 2, qu trnh tnh ton hon ton nh chu k trc, ngha l: Phn phi m men nt cng M 2 D (tm cht nt E v tho cht nt D) ta c: M men phn phi M men truyn 2 2 ' M DA = DA .M D M 'AD = M 2 DA 2 '' M2 = . M M = 0 DB DB D BD 1 2 ' M2 M 'ED = .M 2 DE = DE .M D DE 2

212

Trong ch s 2 v du biu th tng ng vi ln phn phi th hai ca nt. Nt D sau khi phn phi ln th hai cn bng, nhng nt E li cn cht v c m '' men nt cng M 2 E = M ED , do li phi phn phi tip. Qu trnh c ln lt tip din mi, sau mi ln phn phi, m men nt cng gim dn, cho ti khi t ti tr s khng c ngha trong thc tin na th dng li. Sau n chu k phn phi, m men cui cng u mi thanh ca h trn hnh 7.5c bng tng gi tr i s m men phn phi v m men tch ly dn. Kt qu cng chnh xc khi qu trnh tnh ko di. tin li, vic tnh ton c hai h trn hnh 7.5b c th hin chung trn mt s . Ta s tm hiu k thm cch lm ny thng qua v d sau.
V d 7-2: V biu m men un v lc ct cho khung siu tnh trn hnh 7.7. a) Tnh cng n v quy c ca cc thanh v h s phn phi m men t mi nt ra cc u thanh: Trong qu trnh tnh, cc nt cng c c nh nn c coi nh lin kt ngm khi tnh v .

- Ti nt E:

EA =

EJ ; 6 EJ 6

EF =

2EJ EJ = 8 4

EA =

EA = = 0,4 ; EA + EF EJ + EJ 6 4
EJ ; 4

EF =

EF = = 0,6 EA + EF EJ + EJ 6 4
3 3EJ 9EJ . = 4 10 40

EJ 4

Kim tra : E = EA + EF = 0,4 + 0,6 = 1 - Ti nt F: EF = FE =

3 2 EJ EJ FB = . = ; 4 6 4

FC =

EJ 4 FE = = 0,345 = FB ; EJ EJ 9EJ + + 4 4 40

FC = 0,31

Kim tra : F = FE + FB + FC = 0,345+ 0,345 + 0,31 =1 Cc h s phn phi m men ghi trong cc vung trn s (hnh 7.7b)
b) Tnh cc m men u thanh do ti trng cho trong h c nt b cht:

Tra bng 6-1 c: Mo EF = 120 kNm ; Mo FE = 120 kNm ;

Mo FC = 250 kNm

Cn M o ED = 50.2 = 100 kNm . Chng c ghi trn cc u thanh tng ng trn s tnh (hnh 7.7b).

213

a)

50kN D E J 2J

120kN F 2J

20kN/m 3J C 6m

A 2m
+99 +1,5 -22,5 +120,0

B 4m 4m
-164,4 -0,3 +0,8 -44,9 -120,0 +209,5 -0,2 -40,3 +250,0

10m

b)

-100

0,4

0,6

0,345
-44,9 -0,3 -45,2

+1,0

0,31 0,345

+0,5

164,4 100

209,5 250

c)

99 1,0

240 45,2

Mp (kNm)
0,5 121,0 51,8 + 68,2 0,25 + _ 7,53

d)

50

79,0

Qp (kN)

Hnh 7.7

c) Tnh cc m men nt cng cho chu k phn phi th nht v tnh h gm cc m men t ti nt (tnh loi h nh hnh 7.5c)

- Ti E: M1 E = 100 + 120 = 20 kNm - Ti F: M1 F = 120 + 250 = 130 kNm

214

 tng tc ca qu trnh lp ta chn nt F c m men nt cng ln hn phn phi trc. - Cht nt E phn phi nt F ln mt vi M1 F = 130 kNm M men phn phi
M1 FE = 0,345.130 = 44,9 kNm M1 FC M1 FB = 44,9 kNm = 0,31.130 = 40,3 kNm M 'EF

M men truyn 1 = (44,9) = 22,5 kNm 2 M 'BF = 0 M 'CF = 0

Chng c ghi ln cc u thanh tng ng v sp thnh ct cng vi cc gi tr ghi trc (hnh 7.7b) - Cht nt F, m nt E, phn phi nt E ln 1 vi M1 E = 20 22,5 = 2,5kNm M men phn phi M men truyn 1 M1 M 'FE = (1,5) = 0,8 kNm EF = 0,6.( 2,5) = 1,5kNm 2 1 M1 M 'AE = (1,0) = 0,5 kNm EA = 0,4.( 2,5) = 1 kNm 2
' Cht nt E m nt F, phn phi nt F ln hai vi M 2 F = M FE = 0,8 kNm M men phn phi M men truyn 1 ' M2 M 'EF = (0,3) = 0,15 kNm FE = 0,345.0,8 = 0,3kNm 2 2 ' M FB = 0,3 kNm M 'BF =0 2 '' M FC = 0,31.0,8 = 0,2 kNm M CF = 0
' M men truyn M 'EF = 0,15 kNm qu nh so vi cc gi tr m men c trong h, nn khng cn chuyn tip na v ta dng qu trnh phn phi y.

d) Tnh cc gi tr cui cng ca cc m men u thanh v v biu m men cho h siu tnh cho (hnh 7.7c). Cng i s tt c cc gi tr m men ghi u mi thanh, chng hn:

MFE = -120 44,9 +0,8 - 0,3 = -164,4 kNm Ton b qu trnh ny th hin trn hnh 7.7b. Biu MP c v trn hnh 7.7c. Biu QP c suy ra t MP tng t phng php lc. Kt qu v trn hnh 7.7d.
V d 7-3: V biu m men un cho dm lin tc cho trn hnh 7.8a.

Dm cho c tnh cht i xng, chu ti trng i xng, do ta ch cn tnh cho na dm theo s trn hnh 7.8b.
215

5kN

a)

A 2,25m B 2,25m 5kN

2kN/m C 6m 2kN/m B C 5,32 9,0 5,69 D 3m

7kN D 3m 3,5kN

2kN/m 6m 2,25m

5kN

2,25m

b)

5,625

5,69 10,5 9,0

5,32

5,625

c)
-5,32 -0,01 -0,2 -0,90 -4,22 +5,32 -0,01 +0,03 -0,20 +0,40 -0,90 +6,00

d)

1/2

-5,69 +0,06 -0,10 +0,80 -0,45 -6,00

+5,69 +4,81 +0,04 -0,04 +0,40 -0,04

Mp

(kNm)

1/2

2/3

+5,25 +5,25

1/3

Hnh 7.8

a) Xc nh cng n v quy c v h s phn phi : EJ 1 EJ EJ 3 EJ EJ BC = CB = ; CD = . = BA = . = ; 6 4 3 12 4 4,5 6 EJ 1 6 - Nt B: BA = = = BC EJ EJ 2 + 6 6 EJ EJ 2 6 12 = 1 - Nt C: CB = = ; CD = EJ EJ 3 EJ EJ 3 + + 6 12 12 6 b) Tnh m men u thanh trong h c nt b cht. Tra bng 6-1 3Pl 3.5.4,5 Mo Mo = = 4,22 kNm BA = AB = 0 ; 16 16 Pl 3,5.3 ql 2 2.6 2 o o Mo = M = = = 6 kNm ; M o = = 5,25 kNm CD = M DC = BC CB 12 12 2 2 c) Tnh m men nt cng:

MB = 6 4,22 = 1,78 kNm MC = -6 + 5,25 = - 0,75 kNm

M B > M C nn ta tin hnh phn phi m men nt B trc.

216

d) Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men nh hnh 7.8d.

Cng cc kt qu tnh ton trong tng ct, s c m men ni lc ti cc u thanh. Ta v biu m men cho na dm bn tri v suy ra biu m men cho na dm bn phi theo nguyn tc i xng. Biu MP v trn hnh 7.8c.
V d 7-4: V biu m men un cho h trn hnh 7.9a.

y l bi ton phn phi m men cho h siu tnh c nt khng chuyn v thng do gi ta di ch gy ra.
a)
B C

b)
B
-0,5

+0,5 -0,5 +1,0

C
+1,0 -0,25 +0,75

c)
3EJ l2 4,5EJ l2

0,5 0,5 ( 6EJ ) l2

l A

EJ=const A -0,25 l

M
1,5EJ l2

Hnh 7.9

a) Tnh cng n v quy c ca cc thanh v h s phn phi m men (, ) EJ EJ 1 l BA = BC = BA = BC = = EJ EJ 2 l + l l Cc h s phn phi m men ghi trn s (hnh 7.9b) b) Tnh m men u thanh do ln gi ta cho gy ra trong h c nt b cht. 6EJ Tra bng 6-1 c: Mo = Mo BC = CB 2 l Cc tr s ny c ghi trn u thanh tng ng trn s (hnh 7.9b). c) Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men nh hnh 7.9b. Do h ch c mt nt cng khng c chuyn v thng nn qu trnh phn phi v truyn m men ch thc hin mt ln. Cng cc kt qu tnh ton trong tng ct s c tr s m men ti cc u thanh. Biu M ca khung v c trn hnh 7.9c. 7.3. TNH H SIU TNH GM CC NT C CHUYN V THNG

Xt khung cho trn hnh 7.10a, h c hai chuyn v thng c lp. Ging nh phng php lc v phng php chuyn v trc y ta thay vic tnh h siu tnh cho bng h bit cch tnh gi l h c bn. Trong phng php phn phi m men, ta chn h gm cc nt khng c chuyn v thng lm h c bn bng cch a vo cc nt ca h mt s thanh chng va ngn cn ht cc chuyn v thng ca cc nt (bng nt trong phng php chuyn v). H c bn ny khc vi h c bn ca phng php chuyn v l cc nt vn xoay c.
217

 h c bn ging vi h cho v mt chuyn v, cn to cho cc lin kt thanh chng thm (1,2) nhng chuyn v cng bc (Z1, Z2). l nhng n cn tm ca phng php phn phi m men. Tng t nh phng php chuyn v, iu kin xc nh n trn l phn lc ti mi lin kt thm trn h c bn do tt c cc n chuyn v thng (Z1, Z2) v ti trng cho gy ra bng khng. Vi v d trn hnh 7.10a iu kin ny c vit l: R1( Z1 ,Z2 ,P ) = 0
a)
P q Z2

b)
P

Z2

Z1

Z1

Hnh 7.10

R 2 ( Z1 ,Z2 ,P ) = 0
H phng trnh trn l h phng trnh c bn ca phng php phn phi m men. S dng nguyn l c lp tc dng, khai trin h phng trnh c bn ta c h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php phn phi m men. Vi h c n chuyn v thng c lp ca cc nt , h phng trnh chnh tc c dng ging nh (6-4). C th l: r11Z1 + r12 Z 2 +... + r1n Z n + R1P = 0 r21Z1 + r22 Z 2 +... + r2 n Z n + R 2 P = 0 ..... (7-8) rn1Z1 + rn 2 Z 2 +... + rnn Z n + R nP = 0 Trong : rkm (k=1,2...,n) l phn lc ti lin kt thanh chng thm vo th k do lin kt thanh chng thm vo th m chuyn v cng bc bng n v (Zm=1) gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men. RkP (k=1,2,...,n) l phn lc ti lin kt thanh chng thm vo th k do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men. xc nh cc phn lc ny, ta cng p dng iu kin cn bng nh lm trong phng php chuyn v, ch khc l cc biu m men n v M K (k = 1,2,...,n) v biu m men do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn c c khng phi bng cch tra bng nh trong phng php chuyn v, m phi tin hnh gii bi ton phn phi m men cho h c nt khng c chuyn v thng (h c bn) do ln lt cc lin kt thm vo c chuyn v cng bc Zm=1 v do ti trng cho gy ra (nh lm 7.2). V d trn hnh 7.10a, c h c bn nh hnh 7.10b. H phng trnh chnh tc l:
r11Z1 + r12 Z 2 + R1P = 0 r21Z1 + r22 Z 2 + R 2 P = 0

218

Chng hn xc nh r12 ta dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang (X = 0) i vi phn khung c cha lin kt 1 c tch ra v do Z2 = 1 tc dng trn h c bn (hnh 7.11a); tnh R2P ta dng mt ct tch phn khung c lin kt 2 trn h c bn do ti trng tc dng (hnh 7.11b).

a)

Z2=1 r22

b)
P

R2p

r12

R1p

Hnh 7.11

Mun vy phi v cc biu m men n v ln lt do cc n Z1 = 1, Z2 = 1 v biu m men un do ti trng M o p gy ra trn h c bn. Sau khi xc nh c cc h s v s hng t do gii h phng trnh chnh tc (7-8), tm c cc n chuyn v thng Z1, Z2 ..., Zn. Biu m men cui cng c xy dng trn c s cng tc dng bit: M P = M1 Z1 + M 2 Z2 + .. + M n Zn + M o P
Ch thch:

(7-9)

Trng hp h siu tnh chu s bin thin nhit hoc chuyn v cng bc cc gi ta, nguyn tc tnh ton hon ton tng t nh trng hp ti trng, ch vic thay M o p
o bng M o t hoc M l cc biu m men do s thay i nhit v chuyn v cng bc cc gi ta gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men.

V d 7-5: V biu m men un cho khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 7.12a. a) Lp h c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc

H cho (Hnh 7.12a) c mt chuyn v thng c lp nn h c bn nh trn hnh 7.12b, phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
r11Z1 + R1P = 0

xc nh r11 v R1P ta phi v M1 v M o p bng cch phn phi m men trn h c bn. Cc h s phn phi m men trn h c bn tnh c trong v d 7-2 v biu Mo p chnh l M P v c trn hnh 7.7c (v khung cho trn hnh 7.12 chnh l khung lm v d 7-2 vi gi khp c nh C c thay bng thanh ng CG)
b) V biu m men M1 do n chuyn v Z1 =1 gy ra trn h c bn.

y l bi ton phn phi m men cho h siu tnh vi nt khng chuyn v thng do gi ta di ch gy ra. Biu M1 chnh l tng ca hai biu sau:
219

a)

50kN D E J 2J

120kN F 2J

20kN/m 3J C 6m

A 2m 4m 4m 120kN E J 2J

B 10m 20kN/m F 2J 3J

b)

50kN D

Z1 C

Hnh 7.12

- Biu do Z1=1 gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php chuyn v (cc nt b cht), c c nh tra bng 6-1 (Hnh 7.13b). Vi quy c v du ca m men, ta c:

M EA = M AE =
a)
D E

6 EJ EJ ; = 6 62

M FB =

3.E.2J EJ ; = 62 6
Z1=1

M GC =

EJ 12

=
A B G

b)

c)
rE1 E rF1 F C Z1=1 D ME = rE1 E MF = rF1 F C

+
A B G A B G

Hnh 7.13

Cc tr s trn c ghi trn s tnh (hnh 7.14a). Trong lin kt m men t thm vo ti cc nt E v F xut hin cc phn lc m men (hnh 7.13b):
220

rE1 = M EA = rF1 = M FB =

EJ =-i 6 EJ =-i 6

- Biu do cc m men nt cng ME = -rE1 = i v MF1 = -rEi = i t ti nt trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men (nt khng b cht) (hnh 7.13c) bng phng php phn phi m men nh trnh by 7.2, vi phn phi u tin xut pht t nt E. Cc gi tr m men phn phi v m men truyn ghi trn s tnh hnh 7.14a. Biu
M1 do n Z1 = 1 gy ra trn h c bn ch ra trn hnh 7.14b.

c) Tnh h s r11 v R1P:

- Tnh r11: bng cch tch v xt cn bng phn khung trn biu M1 (hnh 7.14b,c). T phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang:
a)
-100 -0,65 +0,07 -0,12 -0,60 -0,51 -0,01 +0,04 -0,24 -0,30 -0,23 -0,01 -0,22

Z1=1 C

0,6 0,4 +1,00

-0,40 +0,05 +0,83 +0,65 +0,03 -0,20 +1,00 A

F 0,345 0,31 0,345

+1,00 -0,24 -0,01 +0,75

M1

( EJ ) 6 G +0,5

0,65

0,51 0,23 0,75 0,5

b)
0,65 0,83

M1
( EJ ) 6

c)
0,247 EJ 6 0,125 EJ 6

r11=0,455 0,083 EJ 6

EJ 6

d)
0,25 7,53 0

R1p=-7,28kN

Hnh 7.14

221

X = r11 QEA QFB QCG = 0 r11 = 0,247i + 0,125i + 0,083i = 0,455i Tnh R1P bng cch tch xt cn bng phn khung trn biu M o p do ti trng gy ra. Cc gi tr lc ct ny chnh l cc gi tr lc ct ca v d 7-2 (hnh 7.7d). T phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang ta c: X = R1P QEA QFB QCG = 0 R1P = 0,25 7,53 + 0 = 7,28 kN
d) Gii h phng trnh chnh tc:

Thay cc gi tr r11v R1P tnh c vo phng trnh ta c: 0,455iZ1 7,28 = 0

Z1 = 7,28 16 = (m) 0,455i i

e) V biu ni lc cui cng theo cng thc (7-9).

Kt qu cho trn hnh 7.15.

172,6 100 88,6 11,4 240 33,2 205,8 250

Mp
13,8

(kNm)

8,0

Hnh 7.15

T biu MP v c ta s suy ra biu QP v NP nh trnh by trong Chng 5.

222

BI TP CHNG 7
Dng phng php phn phi m men v biu M, Q, N cho cc khung sau:
q=12kN/m P=80kN 2m

q=10kN/m 2J

P=30kN

(EJ=const)

6m 6m J

2m

6m

1,5m 1,5m 6m 2m

Hnh 7.16
P=40kN 3J 6m q=10kN/m 6m 6m (EJ=const) 6m 5m 5m q=10kN/m 2J

Hnh 7.17
P=20kN 2J

2m

2m

Hnh 7.18
M=80kNm P=20kN q=12kN/m P=20kN

Hnh 7.19

M=80kNm (EJ=const)

3m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

3m

Hnh 7.20
J 3m J 4m 1,5J

4,5m

Hnh 7.21

223

1,5l 3m 2J l J 6m P=20kN

P=10kN F=2J F=2J 2J J 2J

Hnh 7.22

6m

9m

Hnh 7.23

224

CHNG 8

H KHNG GIAN
8.1. CC LOI LIN KT TRONG H KHNG GIAN H thanh khng gian l h m trc thanh v ti trng khng cng nm trong mt phng. Trong thc t hu ht cc cng trnh c s tnh l h khng gian. Ging nh h phng, mt h khng gian mun c kh nng chu ti trng phi c cu to thnh h bt bin hnh. Khi nghin cu cu to hnh hc ca h khng gian, thay khi nim ming cng trong h phng ta a vo mt khi nim mi gi l vt th. Vt th l mt h khng gian bt bin hnh mt cch r rt. Trong khng gian, mt vt th ny i vi mt vt th khc c coi l bt ng c su bc t do, l ba chuyn v tnh tin v ba chuyn v xoay. Mt h khng gian gm nhiu vt th ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt. Cc loi lin kt thng dng trong h khng gian nh sau:

8.1.1. Thanh hai u c khp l tng (Hnh 8.1a)

Lin kt ny kh c mt chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh (phng y), tc kh c mt bc t do; song vn cho php vt chuyn v thng trong mt phng vung gc vi thanh v quay quanh ba trc bt k. Trong lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc dc theo trc thanh. Lin kt thanh c khp cu hai u l loi lin kt c bn thng dng nht trong h khng gian. Mi lin kt khc thng l t hp ca mt s lin kt loi ny.
o z y

a)
x

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h) Hnh 8.1

8.1.2. Hai thanh c mt khp cu chung mt u (Hnh 8.1b)

Lin kt ny kh c hai bc t do l nhng chuyn v thng ca vt th trong mt phng ca hai thanh, song vn cho php n chuyn v thng theo phng vung gc vi mt phng ca hai thanh v quay quanh ba trc bt k. Ti lin kt c th pht sinh hai thnh phn phn lc (phng x v y).

225

8.1.3. Hai thanh song song (Hnh 8.1c)

Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh v chuyn v xoay trong mt phng ca hai thanh. Ti lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc dc theo hai thanh v phn lc m men nm trong mt phng ca hai thanh.

8.1.4. Ba thanh khng cng trong mt mt phng, c khp cu chung mt u (Hnh 8.1d)
Lin kt ny kh c c ba chuyn v thng ca vt th theo cc phng, tc kh c ba bc t do; song vn cho php vt th xoay quanh ba trc i qua khp chung. Trong lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc i qua khp chung, lc ny c th phn thnh ba thnh phn (phng x, y, z)

8.1.5. Ba thanh song song khng cng nm trong mt mt phng (Hnh 8.1e)
Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh v hai chuyn v gc quay quanh cc trc nm trong mt phng vung gc vi cc thanh (trc x, z). Ti lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc dc theo ba thanh v hai phn lc m men.

8.1.6. Ba thanh cng trong mt mt phng, trong hai thanh song song v thanh th ba c u khp chung vi mt trong hai thanh trn (Hnh 8.1f)
Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng v chuyn v xoay ca vt th trong mt phng ca cc thanh (mt phng xoy). Ti lin kt c th pht sinh cc phn lc dc theo trc thanh v mt m men nm trong mt phng ca cc thanh.

8.1.7. Mi hn (Hnh 8.1g)

Lin kt ny kh ton b cc chuyn v ca vt th, tc kh tt c su bc t do. Trong lin kt ny c th pht sinh ba phn lc theo phng ba trc ca h ta v ba phn lc m men trong ba mt phng ca h ta . Mi hn tng ng vi su thanh. Trn y l by loi lin kt c bn thng dng. Ngoi ra cn c th t hp cc lin kt thanh c cc lin kt loi khc, chng hn nh khp ta (Hnh 8.1h) Trng hp mi hn hay khp cu ng thi ni mt s vt th th lin kt l lin kt phc tp. phc tp ca lin kt phc tp bng s vt th c ni tr i mt. 8.2. CU TO HNH HC CA H KHNG GIAN

8.2.1. Cch ni hai vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh

Mun ni hai vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh cn phi dng lin kt kh ht su bc t do ca vt th n i vi vt th kia; do cn s dng s lin kt t nht phi tng ng vi su thanh v sp xp hp l; nu khng h s bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi. Di y l mt s trng hp su thanh sp xp khng hp l cn trnh: 226

1. Su thanh cng ct mt ng thng (ng ab Hnh 8.2a): ng thng l trc quay ca vt th n i vi vt th kia, tc h b bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi. 2- S thanh ng quy mt im hoc song song ln hn ba (Hnh 8.2b): cc thanh ng quy (hoc song song) ch kh c ti a ba bc t do nn s thanh cn li t hn ba khng kh ht ba bc t do na, do h bin hnh.
a) b)
b

c)
a b b

Hnh 8.2

3- Ba thanh cng trong mt mt phng v ng quy mt im (Hnh 8.2c): Khi ba thanh ny ch kh c hai bc t do, nn ba thanh cn li khng kh nt bn bc t do na, v vy h bin hnh.

8.2.2. Cch ni nhiu vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh

Trc ht thnh lp iu kin ni V vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh. Coi mt trong s cc vt th l bt ng th i vi vt th , h c 6(V - 1) bc t do cn kh. Gi T l s lin kt thanh tng ng vi s lin kt c trong h. Vy iu kin cn v s lng lin kt ni cc vt th vi nhau thnh mt h bt bin hnh nh sau: 6(V - 1) T (8-1)

Trng hp h khng gian ni t bng s lin kt ta quy ra s lin kt thanh tng ng l C: 6V T + C (8-2)

Nu khng m bo iu kin trn, tc thiu lin kt, h s bin hnh. Trng hp iu kin cn m bo vi du =, h va lin kt, nu sp xp lin kt hp l kh ht bc t do, s bt bin hnh, ta c h khng gian tnh nh. Cn ng vi du < l h tha lin kt, nu sp xp hp l th h bt bin hnh, ta c h khng gian siu tnh. nhn bit vic sp xp cc lin kt c hp l hay khng, vi cc h khng gian n gin thng gp, cng tng t nh h phng, ta tm cch a v trng hp hai vt th ni vi nhau trn xem xt hoc pht trin dn t mt vt th ra ton h. 227

8.2.3. Cu to hnh hc ca dn khng gian

Tng t nh trong dn phng, do c im v cu to ch gm cc thanh thng ni vi nhau bi cc khp cu hai u nn i vi dn khng gian cng c th lp c cng thc iu kin cn n gin hn nhiu. Gi s trong h dn c T thanh v M mt. i vi dn khng ni t, ta quan nim mt tam gic khp l vt th bt ng, nh vy trong h cn li M - 3 mt cn ni vo vt th bt ng v c T - 3 thanh ni. i vi dn ni t bng C lin kt ta tng ng lin kt thanh, coi tri t l vt th bt ng, trong h c M mt cn ni vo vt th bt ng v c T + C thanh ni. Ta c iu kin cn v lin kt nh sau: i vi dn t do: 3M T + 6 i vi dn ni t: 3M T + C (8 - 3) (8 - 4)

ngha cc du tng t nh trng hp trn Dn khng gian thng gp l loi dn li (Hnh 8.3), c cc thanh dn u nm trn cc mt phng bin ca mt a din kn v mi mt l mt h phng bt bin hnh. Ngi ta chng minh c rng mt a din li l bt bin hnh khi tt c cc mt bin ca n u l h phng bt bin hnh.

Hnh 8.3

8.3. XC NH PHN LC V NI LC TRONG H KHNG GIAN TNH NH

8.3.1. Xc nh phn lc
Nu mt h bt bin hnh ni c nh vi t bng su thanh, th c th xc nh phn lc t h su phng trnh cn bng tnh hc, thng thng hay dng hai nhm phng trnh sau: 1. Nhm su phng trnh gm ba phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu v ba phng trnh cn bng m men: X = 0; M1 = 0; Y = 0; M2 = 0; Z = 0; M3 = 0. (8-5)

Trong cc trc X, Y, Z hay cc trc ly m men 1, 2, 3, phi khng c song song vi nhau hoc khng c cng nm trong mt mt phng. 2. Nhm su phng trnh cn bng m men: M1 = 0; M4 = 0; 228 M2 = 0; M5 = 0; M3 = 0; M6 = 0. (8-6)

Trong cc trc phi tha mn cc iu kin sau: - Cc trc khng c ct qua mt ng thng. - Khng c c qu ba trc song song vi nhau - Nu c ba trc ct nhau ti mt im th ba trc cn li khng c song song vi nhau. Nu cc iu kin trn khng c bo m th mc d cc phng trnh (8-5), (8-6) tha mn nhng vt th vn khng nm trong trng thi cn bng. Ngoi hai nhm phng trnh cn bng tnh hc thng dng nu trn cn c th c nhiu nhm phng trnh cn bng khc. Cn ch n vic chn trc chiu hoc trc ly m men, cng nh th t phng trnh sao cho mi phng trnh c t n phn lc nht. V d 8-1: Xc nh cc phn lc ca h cho trn hnh 8.4 Dng cc phng trnh cn bng vi cc th t sau y: R4 = P Y = -P + R4 = 0 P Mcd = P.4 -R6.12 = 0 R6 = 3 P X = R3 - R6 = 0 R3 = R6 = 3 P Mbc = P.3 - R5.12 = 0 R5 = a 4 P 3 P b Mcg = R1.4 - R6.3 = 0 R1 = 4 P 1 Z = R1 + R5 - R2 = 0 R2 = 2

5 e 6 f h g 4

d c 4 2 3 12

Hnh 8.4

8.3.2. Xc nh ni lc
xc nh ni lc ti mt tit din trong h khng gian vn p dng nguyn l mt ct. Nguyn tc chung l dng mt ct i qua tit din cn tm ni lc v chia kt cu ra hai phn ring bit. Thit lp cc phng trnh cn bng tnh i vi mt phn kt cu c tch ra, ta xc nh c cc ni lc cn tm. Xt cn bng mt b phn trong khng gian, ta lp c su phng trnh cn bng tnh, nn s ni lc cha bit khng c qu su. V vy, tr trng hp c bit, thng thng i vi khung, mt ct khng c i qua hai tit din, i vi dn khng c ct qu su thanh. Ring i vi dn, nu tch xt cn bng phn dn ch c mt mt (phng php tch mt) th vi h lc ng quy cn bng ch lp c ba phng trnh; Do thng thng tch mt dn khng qu ba thanh. Tng t i vi dn phng, ta cng c nhng nhn xt thng dng t phng php tch mt i vi dn khng gian nh sau: - Nu ti mt c ba thanh qui t v khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong c ba thanh u bng khng. 229

- Nu ti mt ct c n thanh qui t, trong c (n - 1) thanh nm trong cng mt mt phng th lc dc trong thanh cn li bng khng khi ti mt khng c ti trng tc dng hoc ti trng nm trong mt phng ca (n - 1) thanh k trn. V d 8-2: Xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh dn trn hnh 8.5. S dng phng php tch mt cng cc nhn xt v theo th t sau: Tch mt 2, c: N23 = 0; Tch mt 3, c: N31 = N35 = N36 = 0 Tch mt 1, c: N14 = N16 = 0; N12 = - P P Tch mt 6, c: N24 = ; N25 = - Pcotg sin Tch mt 5, c: N54 = 0

3 2

P 4m

1 6

5 4 3m

Hnh 8.5

V d 8-3: V biu m men un v xon ca khung cho trn hnh 8.6a.

a) b) 8m A q=20kN/m D 160 C 4m P=50kN 560 160 400 480 c) 560

B 4m

160

M un Hnh 8.6

M xon

Thanh CD c m men un trong mt phng YOZ do q gy nn. Thanh CB c m men un trong mt phng XOZ do q gy nn. Thanh AB c m men un trong mt phng XOZ do q v trong mt phng XOY do P. Biu m men un ca khung v c trn hnh 8.6b. Lc phn b cn gy nn m men xon trong cc thanh BC, AB v biu v c trn hnh 8.6c.

8.3.3. Tnh dn khng gian bng cch phn tch thnh nhng dn phng
Nu dn khng gian gm nhiu dn phng bt bin hnh ghp li th ta c th phn tch thnh cc dn phng tnh ring. C s l lun ca vic phn tch ny l: Trong dn khng gian, nu ti trng ch tc dng trong mt phng ca tng dn phng bt bin hnh ring bit m cn bng vi nhau, hoc cn bng vi cc phn lc ta ca h thuc trong mt phng y, th lc dc ch pht sinh trong nhng thanh thuc dn phng , cn cc thanh khc ca dn khng gian khng nm trong mt phng y s c lc dc bng khng. 230

P1 a) P2 P2 2 9 2 11 12 7 1 6 7 5 8 10 P1 3 P2 2 2 4 b) 1 P2 2 P2 9 3

5 6 P2 10 2

11 12

Hnh 8.7

Chng hn xt dn khng gian cho trn hnh 8.7a, ta nhn thy ch c cc thanh trong hai dn thng ng c ni lc khc khng v c xc nh bng cch tnh ring tng dn nh trn hnh 8.7b. Kt qu tnh dn trong v d 8-2. cho thy lc dc ch sinh ra trong cc thanh ca dn phng bt bin hnh 1-2-4-5 v kt qu hon ton ging vi kt qu khi tnh ring dn phng y. Trng hp ti mt bin ni gia cc dn phng c h lc tc dng mt cch bt k th ta c th phn tch thnh cc thnh phn nm trong tng dn phng mt sau s tnh cho tng dn ring bit. V d lc P bt k ti mt 1 ca dn cho trn hnh 8.8. c phn tch thnh cc lc P1, P2, P3. P1 ch gy ra cc ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn phng a-5-1-4-8-d. P2 gy ra ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn phng a-5-1-2-6-b. P3 c phng trng vi giao tuyn ca hai mt dn nn c th tnh trn s ca mt trong hai dn trn. Ni lc trong cc thanh a-5 v 5-1 xut hin trong c ba s tnh trn s bng tng cc kt qu ring r. 8.4. XC NH CHUYN V TRONG H THANH KHNG GIAN Nguyn tc xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh khng gian cng ging nh h phng, ch khc l cng thc tnh phc tp hn do phi xt n c su thnh phn ni lc: Mx, My, Mz, Qx, Qy, Nz (Hnh 8.9). Tng t cch chng minh trong h thanh phng, cng thc tnh chuyn v trong h thanh khng gian c cong nh, do ti trng tc dng nh sau: 231
2 P1 P2 5 8 a d b c P3 1 4 6 7 3

Hnh 8.8

kP =

M xk M xP
0

ds ds ds + M yk M yP + M zk M zP + EJ x EJ GJ y xoan 0 0

NkNP
0

ds + EF

x Q xk Q xP
0

ds + GF

Q yk Q yP

ds GF
Qy

(8-7)

Trong : GJxon cng ca tit din khi chu xon. Vi tit din vung c Jxon 0,1426a4; Vi tit din ch nht hp (a > b) b3 r 4 c: Jxon (a 0,63b) ; Vi tit din trn Jxon = ; a 2 Cc tch phn trn c th c tnh bng cch nhn biu Vrsaghin nh trong h phng. Vi dm khung, tit din ch yu l un, thng b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.

Qx Mz z N z y My

Mx x

Hnh 8.9

Vi h dn, cng thc tnh chuyn v vn nh trc y trong chng 4. Cc nh l v cng v chuyn v rt ra trong h phng vn ng cho h khng gian. 8.5. TNH H KHNG GIAN SIU TNH Tnh h khng gian siu tnh theo cc phng php c bn - phng php lc v phng php chuyn v, v nguyn tc ging nh khi tnh h siu tnh phng, nhng phc tp hn do: - S n trong h khng gian nhiu hn. - S ni lc trong cc thanh nhiu hn.

8.5.1. p dng nguyn l chung ca phng php lc

S n ca h bng s lin kt tha v c suy ra t cng thc (8-1). n gin ta thng p dng cch loi b lin kt tha c h khng gian tnh nh, va ng thi lp c h c bn. H c bn ca h cho trn hnh 8.10a, lp c bng cch ct qua bn thanh ngang ta s c bn cng sn tnh nh (Hnh 8.10b). Ti mi tit din b ct xut hin su n ni lc, nh vy s n lc ca ton h l 6.4 = 24.
a) b)

Hnh 8.10

Vi h siu tnh bc n, tng t trc y, ta lp c h phng trnh chnh tc:

11X1 + 12X2 + ... + 1kXk + ... + 1nXn + 1P = 0 21X1 + 22X2 + ... + 2kXk + ... + 2nXn + 2P = 0 ... n1X1 + n2X2 + ... + nkXk + ... + nnXn + nP = 0
232

Trong ngha ca phng trnh, ca cc h s v s hng t do vn nh trong h phng. H s v s hng t do c xc nh theo cng thc (8-7)

ik =

M xi M xk
0

ds ds ds + M zi M zk + M yi M yk + EJ x EJ y GJ xoan 0 0 + Ni Nk
0 s

ds + EF

x Q xi Q xk
0
s

ds + GF

Q yi Q yk

ds GF

iP =

M
0

xi

Mo xP

ds ds ds + M yi M o + M zk M o + zP yP EJ x EJ y GJ xoan 0 0
+ Ni No P
0 s

ds + EF

x Q xi Q oxP
0

ds + GF

Q yi Q o yP

ds GF

Chng cn c th xc nh qua cch nhn biu v b qua nh hng ca lc ct, lc dc. Vi dn siu tnh: N ij N kj l j ik = EFj j

EFj Sau khi gii h phng trnh chnh tc tm c cc n lc, ni lc cui cng trong h siu tnh c xc nh theo nguyn l cng tc dng:
j

iP =

N ij N o Pj l j

S = S1 X1 + S 2 X2 + ... + S n Xn + S o P V d 8-4: V biu m men un v xon ca khung siu tnh trn hnh 8.11b. Bit EJ =1, Jx = Jy = J. GJ xoan
a)
P z y 6m 6m 6m Mz,2 x 6P Mz,1

b)

P Mx,p o Mp

c)
X1=1

6 6 Mx,1

M1

d)

6 6 6 My,2

e)
P 18P 16

Mx= 66P 16 Mz= 12P 16 30P 16

M2

My,2 X2=1

Mp

Hnh 8.11

233

H c bn v biu m men do ti trng v trn hnh 8.11b. Cc biu m men n v v trn hnh 8.11c,d.Cc h s v s hng t do xc nh theo cch nhn biu :

11 = M1 M1 =

6.6 2 1 6.6 2 1 6.6.6 360 + + = . .6. . .6. 2 3 EJ x 2 3 EJ x GJ xoan EJ

6.6 2 1 6.6 2 1 6.6.6 360 . .6. . .6. + + = 2 3 EJ y 2 3 EJ y GJ xoan EJ

22 = M2 M2 = 12 = M1 M2 =

6.6.6 216 = GJ xoan EJ 6.6.P 2 6 72 P ; . . = 2 3 EJ EJ

o 1P = M1 Mp = o 2P = M2 Mp = 0;

H phng tnh chnh tc: 360X1 + 216X2 - 72P = 0; 216X1 + 360X2 + 0 = 0; 5 3 T tm c: X1 = X2 = P ; P; 16 16 p dng biu thc (8-13) c biu m men trn h siu tnh (Hnh 8.11e). Kim tra biu cui cng:
M1 Mp =

30P 6 2 6 66P 6 2 6 12P 6 . . . . . . + .6. =0 16 2 3 EJ 16 2 3 EJ 16 GJ xoan

8.5.2. Tnh khung siu tnh phng chu lc khng gian

Trong trng hp khung siu tnh phng (Hnh 8.12), cc n lc trong mt phng ca h (X1, X2, X3) ch gy ra cc chuyn v trong mt phng , m khng gy ra cc chuyn v theo phng cc n cn li (theo X4, X5, X6). H phng trnh chnh tc lun lun tch thnh hai nhm c lp: Nhm th nht gm ba phng trnh vi ba n lc nm trong mt phng ca h (X1, X2, X3), v nhm th hai gm ba phng trnh vi ba n lc cn li (X4, X5, X6). Nh vy vic gii su phng trnh su n s l n gin i rt nhiu.
a)
X3 X1 X2 X2 X3 Pngang x z y

b)
X6 X5 X4 X5 X4 X6

Png

X1

Hnh 8.12

Mt khc, nu ta cng phn tch ti trng cho thnh ti trng tc dng trong mt phng ca h (Png trong hnh 8.12a) v ti trng thng gc vi h (P trong hnh 8.12b) th 234

khi lng tnh s hng t do cng gim i ng k. Ti trng nm trong mt phng ca h ch gy nn nhng n lc trong mt phng ca h (X1, X2, X3), cn ti trng vung gc ch gy nn cc n cn li (X4, X5, X6). V d 8-5: V biu m men un ca khung cho trn hnh 8.13a, bit tit din ca J E thanh hnh trn c = 2,5; xoan = 2. G J H c bn v trn hnh 8.13b. T tnh cht i xng, khung siu tnh ch c mt n lc X1 (m men un ti tit din b ct). Biu do X1 v do ti trng v trn hnh 8.13c,d. Phng trnh chnh tc: 11X1 + 1P = 0 H s 11 v s hng t do 1P xc nh c: 13,5 1.3.1 1.3.1 + 11 = M1 M1 = .2 = EJ EJ G.2.J

1 15,75P 3P 3 1 3P o = 1P = M1 Mp .2 = . . + .3. G.2.J EJ 2 2 EJ 2 T phng trnh: 13,5X1 - 15,75P = 0, tm c X1 = 1,167P. Biu m men un cui cng v trn hnh 8.13e.
a)
3m J 3m 6m P J 3m J z y x

b)
P2 P2 X1 X1 o 1 X1=1

c) M1
1

Mz,1

Mx,1 3P 2 P

d)
3P 2

Mp
P 2 P 2

3P 2 3P 2 Mz=0,333P

e) Mp
0,333P 1,167P

3P 2

Mx,p

Mz,p

Mz=0,333P

Mz,p

Hnh 8.13

V d 8-6: V biu m men un trong h dm trc giao cho trn hnh 8.14a. H dm trc giao c th a v s tnh n gin nh trn hnh 8.14b. Do h c bn lp c trn hnh 8.14c, u gm cc dm n gin chu cc lc tc dng trong mt phng ca tng dm. Cc biu n v v biu do ti trng v trn hnh 8.14e, f. 235

H phng trnh chnh tc:

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0 21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0 Cc h s v s hng t do: 97 1 3 2 3 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 11 = M1 M1 = .3. . . . + .2. . . + .4. . . . = ; 2 2 3 2 0,5EJ 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2EJ 9EJ 40 22 = M2 M2 = ; 9EJ 42 12 = M1 M2 = ; 27EJ 2 5 2 46P 1 o = .2.2 P. .1 1.2P. 1P = M1 Mp = ; 3 2.2 0,5EJ 3EJ 2
o = 0; 2P = M2 Mp

a)
E P C 2m 3m 0,5J A 2J 3m 0,5J P 2m

B 2m 2m F 2m D 2m 2m

b)

c)
P X1 X2 P 0,5J 3 2

d)

X1=1 4

2J

M1

e)
0,5J

X2=1

f)
P P

4 2J

2P

2P o Mp

M2 Hnh 8.14

236

H phng trnh chnh tc dng s: 97 42 46 X1 + X2 P=0 9 27 3 42 40 0=0 X1 + X2 27 9 T tm c: X1 = 1,4984P, X2 = -0,5244P. Biu m men un cui cng v trn hnh 8.15.

0,2988P 0,246P 0,5244P

0,5106P

0,5106P 1,6483P

Mp

Hnh 8.15

8.5.3. Tnh h khng gian siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v
Tng t nh h phng, cc n s trong phng php chuyn v l cc chuyn v gc xoay v chuyn v thng ca cc nt khung. Mi nt khung khng gian c th c su chuyn v: Ba chuyn v gc xoay quanh ba trc ta v ba chuyn v thng hng theo ba trc . Vi cc gi thit nh s dng trc y, ta c s n chuyn v gc bng ba ln s nt cng trong h (v mi nt cng c ba n gc xoay); cn s n chuyn v thng bng s chuyn v thng c lp c trong h. Cng ging nh i vi h phng, xc nh s n chuyn v thng ta a h cho v h khp bng cch thay tt c cc nt cng v lin kt ngm bng khp ri xt tnh bin hnh ca h khp . S n chuyn v thng bng s lin kt thanh chng thm vo va c nh cc nt ca h khp theo cc phng. H cho trn hnh 8.16a c 12 n chuyn v gc v 4 n chuyn v thng.
a) b)

Hnh 8.16

H c bn l h cc cc nt hon ton c c nh, lp c bng cch a cc lin kt ngm chng xoay (theo ba trc) vo cc nt cng v t thm cc lin kt thanh chng ngn chuyn v thng ca nt. H c bn ca khung cho c v trn hnh 8.16b. Trn hnh 8.17. v mt s biu do ti trng, do n chuyn v n v tc dng trn h c bn. Khi n chuyn v gc xoay tc dng cc thanh ni vi nt u bin dng: Cc thanh nm trong mt phng gc xoay b un, cn cc thanh khc vung gc vi mt phng b xon. M men xon do gc xoay n v bng: GJ xoan GJ xoan EJ Mz = i= = i; EJ l l
237

H phng trnh chnh tc c dng nh trc y: ri1Z1 + ri2Z2 + ... + rinZn + RiP = 0 (i = 1, 2, ... n)

ngha phng trnh, cc h s v s hng t do vn nh trong h phng. Gii h phng trnh chnh tc tm c cc n chuyn v v m men cui cng c xc nh theo biu thc cng tc dng: MP = M1 Z1 + M 2 Z2 + ... + M n Zn + M o P
Pl1 8 i1 Pl1 P 8 i2 l h Mz l1 4i2 z =1 4i1 2i2

a)

b)

2i1

Hnh 8.17

238