ADDU HIGH SCHOOL

Atomic Structure & periodic trends

1. Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following species: (i)
1 1H

(ii)

17

8O

(iii)

2He

2+

(iv)

132 54Xe

(v)

27 3+ 13Al

2. Use the periodic table to write symbols for the following species: (i) 19 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons (i) C (i) N3(i) Cl(i) Cr (ii) Ar (ii) Cu (iii) Sc3+ (ii) Fe (ii) Ga3+ (iii) . Pb2+ (ii) 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons (iii) 1 proton, 2 neutrons, 1 electron (iii) Mg+ (iv) Mn2+ (v) Fe3+ (vi) V3+ (iii) Br 3. Write the electronic configuration of the following using the arrow and box method: 4. Write the electronic configuration of the following using the orbital method: 5. Write the electronic configuration of the following using the shorthand arrow and box method: 6. Write the electronic configuration of the following using the shorthand orbital method:

183. Which of the following equations represents the first ionisation of sulfur? A B C D S(s) + e S(g) S(g) + e S(g) S(s) S+(g) + e S(g) S+(g) + e
(Total 1 mark)

184. Which element marked on this graph is a halogen?

Department of science / Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE, Grade 11- 2011

B
First Ionisation Energy

D A

Atomic number (increasing in steps of one)

A B C D
(Total 1 mark)

Department of science / Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE, Grade 11- 2011

185. This question is about the following ionisation energy sequences. The values are all in kJ mol1. A B C D 1400 420 1000 1520 1000 3100 1250 2700 950 4400 1520 3900 830 5900 420 5800 700 8000 590 7200

Select from A to D the sequence which is most likely to represent the following: (a) The first ionisation energies of five consecutive members of the same group in the Periodic Table, in order of increasing atomic number. A B C D
(1)

(b)

The first five ionisation energies of an s-block element. A B C D

(1)

Department of science / Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE, Grade 11- 2011

(c)

The first five ionisation energies of a noble gas. A B C D

(1) (Total 3 marks)

7. Why does atomic size decrease across a period? 8. Why does atomic size increase down a group? 9. Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms? 10. Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms? 11. A sample of iron from a meteorite was found to contain the isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe. (a) The relative abundances of these isotopes can be determined using a mass spectrometer. In the mass spectrometer, the sample is first vaporised and then ionised. (i) State what is meant by the term isotopes. (ii) Explain how, in a mass spectrometer, ions are detected and how their abundance is measured (b) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element. (ii) The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample of iron were found to be as follows. m/z Relative abundance (%) 54 5.8 56 91.6 57 2.6

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of iron in this sample. Give your answer to three significant figures. (c) (i) Give the electron arrangement of an Fe2+ ion. (ii) State why iron is placed in the d block of the Periodic Table. (iii) State the difference, if any, in the chemical properties of isotopes of the same element. Explain your answer. 12. Why does atomic size decrease across a period? 13. Why does atomic size increase down a group? 14. Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms? 15. Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms?

16. (a) Define the term first ionisation energy. (b) First ionization energies of the elements show periodicity. The graph below shows the first ionization energy of twelve successive elements in the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number. The letters are not the symbols for the elements
Department of science / Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE, Grade 11- 2011

I.E/kJ/mol
C

K
A E G H J M D F

K L M

(i) Give the letters of the two elements in Group 0 (the noble gases).Explain your answer in terms of ionization energy. (ii) Give the letter of the Group 3 element. Explain your answer in terms of ionization energy. (iii) Explain why there is a decrease in the first ionization energy of the elements from E to F shown on the graph (iv) Explain why there is an increase in the first ionization energy of the elements from F to H shown on the graph (v) Explain why there is an decrease in the first ionization energy of the elements from H to J shown on the graph 17. The mass spectrometer can be used to determine the isotopic composition of a sample of an element. The diagram below represents a low resolution mass spectrometer in which four areas have been identified.

(a) Name the process occurring in each of the areas labeled A, B, C and D (b) Describe briefly how the positive ions are formed from gaseous atoms in a mass spectrometer. (c) What is used to accelerate the positive ions in a mass spectrometer? (d) What is used to deflect the positive ions in a mass spectrometer?

Department of science / Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE, Grade 11- 2011