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Question about the soul

, A walk through the visible world to find the invisible.


from

Gustav Theodor Fechner

Second edition concern of Dr. Eduard Spranger.

Hamburg and Leipzig


Publisher From Leopold Voss , 1907.

Content Author's Preface I. The core question in general II Royal term on soul, mind, body, body, nature III. Attack of the soul question IV General counter-arguments against the expansion of the kingdom of the soul of man and wildlife beyond V. The plant soul. Reasons against VI. The plant soul. Positive reasons for VII Experience principles of faith One difficulty VIII IX. The soul of the stars and the world X. Basic View XI. World View
XII. Final view

Preface.

As a student, I had an office boy, who was not able to find yourself out of bed easily. Once, when I lay's it, I reached it the following way. I called him from 5 to 5 minutes more and the same word, "Arise!" to. The first time it had no success, the second time he said: "Leave me alone!" The third time: "It's no good to you!" The fourth time he was silent, but it was boiling, the fifth time he began to rant and curse; sechstemal that he cried: "It is unbearable!" The siebentemal he really gave it any longer, jumped out of bed to pounce on me, but his anger soon vanished by now he was even glad to see except the bed, and did not set down again. So I have a erstesmal, spoke to an audience that can not be found in the bed of old views with the "book of life after death": "Get up," and I spoke a second time with the "Nanna", "Rise ! to ", I said a third time with the" Zend-Avesta: Stand up "" "! I said a fourth time with the moon book: "Stand up!" I now speak a fifth time: "Get up!" and if I live, I will a sixth and siebentesmal "Get up!" call, and it is always just the same, "Get up!" be. Now I do not mean that I would not force with such frequent calls to stand up, if not the time to get up would be really there, but getting up must come soon, even if I did not call, I can do something most by my reputation, to accelerate, and do what I can in this regard. For calls that will wake a sleeping world, is a strong breath, I'm just a breath in this breath. It is thought that machines replace life more and more, railways and telegraphs cover the land, to point out an entirely opposite direction of time. And in fact, if it goes on like this, only one of the two is possible: all life on earth goes into the machine, or any machine go into a life on the earth at last. But since one can not be, it can only be the other, and so is precisely the current trend of the time, which, best reflects the trend that is represented by this font and works in her hands. Only you have to be hungry, then you reach for the bread. It is thought that the one-sidedness of so much materialism gains ground, to point out an entirely opposite tendency of the time. And just that one still finds in the grossest bar from the failed philosophy of the ships, the only life-saving equipment from sinking, proves that it is a new ship and a new ride. If the wind the ship, blowing his journey? If we believe today's idealists, yes. But where is the belief they go? Just ask the wind itself. That's what makes winning so much ground to materialism today that he is the only one in the philosophy which still has the floor. But the ground is also everything he has. For who is with him all faith go? The questions themselves are faith with him. Here, a new site will be opened to them with the answer to the old faith. Simply and without image, this document gives some short, what I said earlier in the same sense long, some long, which I used in short, some new, what I said earlier still, principles and arguments precisely than earlier, general views of general than before. The first chapter provides information on the conditions of the task, the final chapter conclude with general aspects.

I. The core question in general. Ask someone on the soul, is, are the most pressing question that you can ask him what he had in mind. Deeper is the question that anyone can set themselves, as with his soul itself, and more generally, the question of how the world of souls, who had listened to his, ordered, and certainly the most urgent and important issues which can provide even a soul, which she has to face the world of the souls of himself and. So here we have soul issues preferred sense. If only we had also someone we could ask to our own soul after. But who could it be? Indisputably only one in which the question of just even one would be something to what he had in his own soul, one in which all living souls weave are. But now only asks again whether there really are such, and as we come to him, and whom do we finally ask hereafter? The philosophers, theologians? We stand up to them, alas, that bickering! Where is the answer to that is no bickering's? You can see here about the area, the sense of the difficulty of the questions to which it could act here and will act in part. However, we go to the right, and only count everything up and share everything one as we are used to it, to finally get to the particles around which it will finally take action here, and so of course to get to some of the things you do not is as usual. The closer can understand different among soul question, the question of the nature of the soul, the question of the fate of the soul, the question of the relationship of the soul to the body, the question of the expansion of the soul kingdom by nature, the physical world. Basically all just sub-questions of a more general question, which are not to be treated quite independently. But it may be the one before the other act, and that will be the case here with the last. No matter, then, how soul question else wants summarize - I keep me in this regard only freedom before I leave each other - here is the question of the expansion of the soul kingdom by the natural or physical world understood among them, and if not for the exclusive be made but the main object of contemplation. Even in this limited importance but the soul question is far enough, and in turn has some sub-questions, some of which you certainly do not do it because you have the answer before the question, or do you think you have. Are people inspired? Are the animals animated? Are the plants animated? Are the stones inspired? Are the animated world body? If the animated world? How far does the soul in the human body itself? And of these issues is the last on its own again represents some sub-questions: Is the whole man inspired?

If only the nervous system inspired? If only the brain animates? If only a part of the brain animates? If only one point in the brain animates? Has a trunk without head nor soul? Has a head without a body nor soul? Are the various functions of the soul to different body parts and how distributed? Questions that need to precede the question: what does that mean anyway animation of a body? Seat of the soul in a body or body parts? There are also some more general questions. Can have animated parts of an organic whole, without the whole to be animated? can animate a whole otherwise than as generated by an animated whole? If the whole of the consequences of a whole-souled be something else again as a whole souled ? These questions are not wont to do, but it would be good if they did, and you would easily find or would find other answers, as you find the answer to some specific questions. And further, you can provide some counter-questions: Does God have a body? Did the angels bodies? otherworldly souls have bodies? If the higher spiritual in man as well as the lower bound to the corporeal? Questions, which again must be preceded by the question: Is there a God? Are there angels? Is there otherworldly souls? What is meant by the higher spiritual? You see, the questions are many, and there are important, the breadth and depth of leading questions, the question of the soul, even in the narrowest sense in which we summarize here, be subordinate. You abzuhandeln completely and thoroughly in connection would require a heavy work; I do not want to be here. So I will limit myself again, as I just do not the how, and how far extends the soul in our body, making the question of the spread of the soul realm beyond us, as the subject of contemplation, and only the question of the inspiration of the physical world, not the question of Bekrperung summarize the spirit world in the eye, so let the last major issue with their sub-questions and counter-questions aside entirely. After I said what I'll attack from the overall question would be something to say about it, as I will attack it. A double transition is free from top to bottom, from bottom to top. At the top is the most common question, the question of the inspiration of the whole world. Does a frog without a head a soul? Egg yes, says Tiller, because he behaves almost like a frog with head. 1) Has the world with a thousand heads, a soul? No egg, thinks the

whole world, because it behaves neither like a frog head with another man. There are other reasons not to, but some also for the flow in part from the answers to the questions that you do not wont to do, and of which it would be good if they did. Enough, it is a question, and remains the top issue. The bottom question, however, is the individual to the lowest level of animation in the world. Is it the animals, there are plants, there are even the stones? Question of raising the top you can walk down to the bottom, ascending from the last to the first lifting. The natural philosophy maintains downstairs to go, let's go upstairs. The tired, so it will apply again to shorten as much as possible.
1)

Eduard Pflger (born 1829) examined in his book "The sensory functions of the spinal cord of vertebrates, together with a new theory on the line laws of reflections, Berlin 1853" to prove that the brain could not be considered the exclusive seat of consciousness . His investigations make reflex movements of the familiar "dekapitierter" (beheaded) and frogs to turn against the opinion that this is to unconsciously - handle mechanical movements: rather, it is apparent that the spinal cord is the seat of the sensorium. This "dispute over the spinal soul" spun continues in a comprehensive literature. See Section subs.

We can directly start from the bottom but not, because we are not directly below, but everyone must start from where he stands. Basically everyone is immediately merely his own soul safe. Cogito, ergo sum , there is no denying nor doubt, ask lots This is the starting point of the whole question. But also no one doubts his brother's soul, even if many, whether it is to keep the Negroes this, and apart from Descartes and some moderns hold each the singing nightingale in the trees and the roaring lion in the desert for a little more than acoustic machines. To draw our task in the shortest, is also not to be proved now that people and animals have souls, but are regarded as the conceded and went from there. How do we go from here on, we could have gone so far from their own inspiration. But we save ourselves and others like the already gone part of the way. So much of what and how, and now a few words from the basics of treatment. The philosophy is all ready darzubieten us such as theology, to avoid such. We grasp at first, and begin there but assume no philosophical basis as generally known and valid, in the next chapter with the necessary preliminary discussions about the identity and non-identity of being and thought, the ratio of the ideal and the real, the relationships and levels by the Absolute condescends to reality, the concept of creation, the relationship between God and the world, nature and spirit, force and matter, life, mind, body, need freedom, finite, infinite, all of which with still many other very much belongs to the philosophical question of our preparation, but it will then be necessary to go through the different philosophical views about historically and critically shortly to clarify and secure their own positions in the dispute. Certainly not an easy task, and the more and more difficult with each new solution. Fortunately Sisyphus! Your rock always rolls back down, but it remains the old you familiar stone, the stone which the roll the wise, get only the top to roll down again, but after each rolling down he is once again become so heavy, and the old handle are canceled. Now he just lies down and does not want to move yet again, so much arms and breathing have already set it to start the new roles. On! We come in

again! However, with sorrow I see that all who were following me so far, look at this announcement, this call out into the distance, and I with the philosophers to wallow in my next chapter, the stone of the philosophers alone and still need to overcome the counter caulking all will have, So I will prefer to start differently. Let the philosophers roll their stone, and contrary to circulate each other, uphill, downhill, and instead just climb the mountain itself, the most comfortable levels seeking and keeping us on the firmest projections. That is, we try instead to deal with fluctuating terms that lasts only as long as we keep the path integral experiential aspects which always hold. One wonders at the outset: Is this way possible? The whole question is not a question of experience. We still want to try it, and instead to use philosophical preliminary discussions as a base, looking philosophical views itself to be suborder. And we do not begin with a general world view, but we include it. I know well that fighting over the soul question today in a different sense than in the I summarize here. But why should I wear one more drop into the raging sea fruitless? And finally, what does it matter if the world is to be idealistic or materialistic dead, a spirit of words or does not? With that of idealism is generous enough, the real life question is not whether the world a spirit by which only we know, but who also knows around us has.And this question with its sub-questions, it is, in short, what it will be here. Following the review of future considerations:
Gleichviel also, wie man Seelenfrage sonst fassen will ich behalte mir in dieser Hinsicht nur die Freiheit vor, die ich jedem anderen lasse wird hier die Frage nach der Ausdehnung des Seelenreiches durch die Natur oder Krperwelt darunter verstanden, und, wenn nicht zum ausschlielichen, aber zum Hauptgegenstande der Betrachtung gemacht werden.

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Contribuu a millorar la traducci

Some conceptual and preliminary discussions of principle. The counter-arguments against a generalization of Naturbeseelung about people and animals out. The question of the plant soul as the lowest level of the soul, which may come into question, in particular. Principle of experiential justification of belief in the highest and last things. The question of the soul of the stars and the world. Difficulties for individual freedom and continued existence. Basic View, world view, end view. II Royal term on soul, mind, body, body, nature.

Soul, mind, body, body, nature, everything is connected so that it thoroughly after a can not ask without asking after the other with. Above all, ask yourself first, what is it actually with all the wonders that is what we meant by all this. What are we to understand by this? I do not mean that they are the essence, the answer to that I have already been rejected by I refused philosophical preliminary

discussions. You will not even be at a loss for an answer when it calls, but only at a loss of what to make of it. According to one is the Absolute, after another phrase, a liquid, a third of a plurality of rigid essence, what all things, and hereby also the soul, the body, the natural subject in the last instance. Here it will be indifferent to which of these responses you want to keep, for we shall summarize soul, mind, body, body, nature here just after pages of their appearance in the eye. - "Very superficial!" I hear say. Rather superficially, just to take the appearance of something superficial. But let's not argue here about early in the second, but only in the last chapter. But it is still, even the show in the phenomenal world, where I'm meant those words which are gradually become more incomprehensible by the ever growing profundity of philosophical explanation. It's show. What everyone wants then look behind the appearance yet, is anybody, only that he was looking for it behind what is shown here behind and nothing else, we should understand us. In this business of identification I will of course speak of the spirit and essence, call the soul itself a being. But there will always be only info away, when something really demonstrate Erscheinliches it can be abstract or from Erscheinlichem. Under soul so I understand the uniform nature, which no one but himself appears in us as elsewhere, wherever such occur, itself bright, dark for each outer eye, at least sensual sensations verknpfend in itself, about which according when the soul level rises higher, higher and higher consciousness builds up relationships. Under body of the soul towards the erfaliche only in physical appearance physical system, which the physicist and physiologist called that. The soul show 'I inside the body with an outwardly facing fingers, the fingers of the soul with the soul, the body with the fingers of the body. A Under body I understand a body to a soul is in a similar relationship when our body to our soul. Under natural or physical world , often world par excellence, the whole, erfaliche only in external appearance of the physical system, there is, with all its movements, conditions, provisions. Will now be asked: Does a plant soul? So this means: Appears to what outwardly to be seen of her and what her body is, to what the botanist called plant and examined by external senses and tools, something like internally in the form of sensation, feeling and otherwise, which the botanist sees nothing yet can abstract from everything seen, what just linked only in self erfalich and appearance similar to a unit, as all the provisions of our own, self-appearing soul? In other words, there's the plant to express an inner brightness, in the her body appears to us? Or it is dark by their full depth and the outer appearance the whole thing, what is there of you, or at least what appears from her? Nature has a soul or world? ie: Belongs to the totality of what with external senses erfalich what is clear, graspable to the overall system of externally around each rolling, verdant and flourishing, creatures and their history supporting, world body as an only himself appearing unified being, as the totality of what is clear and graspable

in humans, is part of the overall system of its waves of blood, bone, veins, nerves such, a being which can be seen as little with telescopes, earth drills, scales, chemical reagents, and all the math in the world, than the corresponding nature in us with microscopes, scalpels 2) , chemical analysis and mathematics?
2)

scalpel (Scalpellum): a little to anatomical and surgical purposes used knife.

In short: there's a God to the world, not outside, not behind it, not in a distant beyond it, but in corresponding relation to the world, as our soul to our body? no matter how one wants to grasp even of the immediate and the deeper the relationship. I now ask only the questions, not in order to decide now, but only the sense to make them clear. Now it is just to say what I mean by spirit against the soul, to complete the circle of the terms in which we turn in the following always. You know, almost every one conceives the relationship of mind and soul differently, and some also probably the case that you can not believe it. Maybe a few more on here than just words necessary, but useful. A picture! Imagine a circle and divide it crosswise into right and left, and then back into a top and bottom half. One is the use now, indifferent to mention the whole circle of spirit or soul, the other to call the right spirit, the soul left, and the third, to name the top side of spirit, the lower soul. I speak only of the chief customs, because who can remember all the criss-crossing partitions. In the first sense, one mind and soul as a whole is equivalent to the body or body as a whole with respect to, and is it right to say that the soul goes to heaven, the spirit goes to heaven. It's the whole circle. In the second sense, to the mind as active as Schaffendes than convincing (hence the name of ingenium and genius ) and the soul as desire end, receiving end, Gebrendes, in a word, the mind as Male, the soul as female side to side, and thus divides the circle into two complementary halves neighborly. Even the article the and the call the sex; also falls the mind in this sense primarily on the man, the soul of the woman's side. The active reason, the active mind, the working of the mind and will are hereby vorwaltend the man thing, mind, emotion, sensation, hope, love, longing, costumes, soul, and hereby mainly the woman thing. The Spirit builds the house, the city, the state, the soul sits in the house, and muses spins the long thread, and ensures that the mind does not starve and die of thirst. The spirit is breath, wind (Gscht, smoke, , animus , coherently with ( ) that runs into the distance and rushes through the woods, the soul of a sea that surges in itself (probably connected with i ,shake) the wind has no rest, resting the lake as smooth as glass, it reflects the moon and stars,. because the wind

comes, she picks up on waves. The spirit is king, the soul queen at his side and the king ruled the country, the queen the king. In the third sense of the spirit occupies the upper, the soul of the lower point. The soul in this third sense, the sensual, the corporeal Verwandtere, or semirecessed into it yet, thus bound, probably did not even half body, for the spirit what it does in higher and freer relationships and aspirations and weaves, body only as a further pad down here need, once no longer need. The spirit is still the king, but the soul is no longer the Queen at his side, but the maid at his feet, who cooks and bakes for him. The previous contrast is more the living thing, the more current the philosophical use, and use in crossing both ways, they cover in half, but only half of it. Poor soul, because you know yourself not to philosophize, you lowered the philosophy the handmaiden! Only in the sense of the past and hereby ordinary use, one can speak of a beautiful soul, in the current philosophical there's no beautiful soul, for all the beauty of the mind thing. Only in the last sense, the soul goes to heaven with the spirit, the soul passes in the present with the body and is the name of happiness in his soul derivation of an accident. The mind alone is immortal, and draws the soul in death as a glove. A soulful and spirit are full eye in the previous sense only to the small difference in height of the woman and man against each other differently. However, in the present sense, there is no soulful eyes, or is such a soulful eye, which expresses sensual desires and moods. However, probably shy away from the philosopher, despite his definition of the soul, to call such a soulful, but the necessary consequence of making such inconsistencies. The higher feelings of love, friendship, hope, devotion, they are actually quite matter of the soul in the previous, but not in the current sense, because they are not underground, not sensual, the body is not related, as the thought, and only the sensuous is now the soul thing, but it's true good and right at this sense that they are called to distinguish it from the more sensual feelings spiritual feelings. Also agrees well to the fact that we speak only of animal souls, but never of animal spirits, after all the animal soul only sensible foundation of the human soul seems comparable, although it is no less true to the previous sense, since the animal souls rather follow instincts, impressions, as produce something creative out of it. This falls into that corner, with which cover both ways of halving the circle. Each now sets the partitions through the circle a little different, the vertical bit more to the right or left, the wagrechte slightly lower or higher, and the ancient Christian Church Fathers such as wagrechte quite high, according to the spirit ( ) only enthusiasm by the Holy Spirit meant. Some places the wrong wall, pulls here and

there partitions, and tears down walls drawn by others, and says now he've got it. Now get to the actual nor the inauthentic and the transcendent meanings. Which the soul is nothing more than life force to which it is a simple, rigid, to its selfpreservation bekmmertes beings; the abstract unit of each thing, which it is in a peripheral center. The soul has a No. l, 2 and 3 And everyone thinks he has it. The spirit of many coincides with the law, with force, with every community, even if they only abstracted from the corporeal, only conceivable, but not himself thinking is. Nature has a mind, only you certainly do not think that she has it yourself, we have their spirit. God is a Spirit, just think certainly in anything that has properties, such as a ghost. And so it is probably last touched by one another, and each prong thinks of the great agitators to have contributed something to clarify. And what's the last of all the only true and proper meaning? I think every one is equal to true. But every word means exactly what every one wants, except that of course do not want everyone else should, than the other and no one should hold the springs for the flight of the bird. It is also important because the language used now is unsteady, the fluctuation by adjusting a screw that you can solve another time and again, to put an end where strength is needed. And thus add 'I. Follows the screw for the use of the mind and soul in this font now, not hindering that another share it different for its other purposes The first, the longest use will be there, which I will follow here, as I equivalent to the same being the body or body understand compared to under mind and soul, what appears itself because this use is to use the best for our purpose. For how can I lower the whole unit of the self-appearing system with everything and higher content appearing therein, the outwardly appearing body and body over still call if I have the name of soul, wanted to distribute mind to its pages, regions, items? Just to make that whole relationship to the body, and indeed from most general aspects, not the discussion of its internal affairs, it is something to do here, but where there is still a distinction Active and Receptive, a Niederes and higher, the spirit, the soul applies, it will not matter to the missing words; simus faciles In verbis, in re difficiles. So, to finally summarize the previous one: Spirit, soul, synonymous only in self-appearance erfaliches, characterizable only by phenomena and regulations of self-appearance unified being, body, body ., a, characterizable only in outward appearance, erfaliches by external senses, by circumstances, provisions of the outward appearance, System Natural all system of physical things, of which our little body part. souls question the question, how far the whole system and make minor parts of this machine spirit, soul, spirits, souls. What is the basic relationship between body and mind, body and soul, just as in those statements, as in this question still remains completely out of consideration. With words that are allusions to factual to find the factual thereafter; This is a question of facts, no matter how factual this then interpret. One can in those observations or materialist, idealist, dualist, monist, Monadist 3) be. You can view

every reason to ask about the relationship between body and soul: Does the plant have a soul, the earth has a soul in the same or similar meaning as the man has a soul? That is our question. One can then ask: Is the soul a speck, a river, a Mona, a result? That is not our issue. You can do that question depends on this, and thus fall into darkness and all disputes of the latter; You can also try to treat them independently of it, and such treatment is the purpose of this writing.
Monadisten Fechner calls the supporters of the theory of monads. Under Monad ( ) = unit) refers to a single, indivisible, ie to non-spatial thinking being, as it represents the core unit. After some idealistic systems are the ultimate elements of reality in such entities to search. Through this jump into the purely spiritual one sought to overcome (especially sharp developed by Kant) antinomy lies in the notion of an indivisible and yet spatially extended atom, and the spatial world is conceived then as a mere manifestation of this only true real spiritual beings on . Real founder of the theory of monads is Giordano Bruno; Leibnitz gave her their classic shape. From him, the two are influenced Monadisten who come here as Fechner's contemporaries considered: Herbart and Lotze. With Herbart, Fechner uses in his essay "A Critique of the foundations of Herbart's metaphysics", JH Fichte Journal of Philosophy and Philosophical Criticism, Vol 23.1853 apart.This paper was intended as an introduction to a larger font "relations Herbart monadology to atomism." The in note 27) called "atomic theory" Fechner then brought a chapter: "ratio of physical to Herbart Monadology". See p
3)

114 168th 201 222

III. Attack of the soul question. From the outset is to confess the whole soul question is and remains a matter of faith, and how we go about it and how we may end, for nothing we will find exact evidence and are capable of providing. The exact proof rests on experience and mathematics, but only by direct experience of one's own soul is possible, and mathematics lacks any approach to prove another. It is in this respect no different with my brother, my father, my mother, as with God, otherworldly, with any souls of the soul. One thinks that the existence of those souls was, of course, there it is, and yet is completely nor accurately demonstrable, as of this, which even the existence of these might be quite as well founded, as of those, however, it completely nor accurately demonstrably 's. My brother is very similar to me, and expressed similar, I think the strongest reason that he is animated. But where does the force required to soul existence similarity with me and where does it end? Analogy is a strict proof? I did not need to hear afresh always that it is not? My father took me to the souled begotten, born, the mother, and I therefore believe the firmest that they are well animated, but the world has created all animate creatures, born the earth, my ancestors, where they can finally originate? and thereby keeps you exactly proved that the world, the earth is animated? Nor as a proof of being against the existence of any such soul to keep. Can not a grain of sand, a dot above the i be animated, so even a simple atom, or even a simple being behind the atom? Everyone is free to have his inventiveness in this regard, it has also been so, so exact science can sometimes have nothing against the soulbinding in the dots, because they for the existence of God in the world and in my soul Brother also has a binding for

The exact science has since been found in a word, the whole area of this question does not attack yet. Touches so that they can certainly not be avoided, but it is like the duck out of the water by it wants to tread on them. The dispute over the spinal cord soul Pflgersche 4) is still fresh, and he has found a floor or a principle or an end? What knows the exact science since the depths of the soul as a ganglion balls, phosphorus, electricity? And all this has more to do with the soul, as the tallow of the candle with the glow of the light?
4)

See Note 1) .

Indeed possible that in the future but also once an accurate attack on the soul of a question can be obtained from teaching the elements of which I present in a different font. This lesson examines the experiential, legal relations between the soul and the body's own world, traced it from the exterior to the interior, and is looking to fix them and make them useful for inferences and link as amended by mathematical expressions. Until now, the scope of the laws and expressions obtained so far can not be overlooked. But at the foot distant prospects I not here. The teaching begins as of this writing, which will have the lesson is started in that only in the future to stop once. 5)
5)

What is meant is founded by Fechner, psychophysics, ie the doctrine of the law (functional)

relationships between the physical and psychical. She is the most beautiful and most profitable fruit of Fechner's metaphysical Allbeseelungslehre.A year before the publication of "soul question," he had developed its basics in the momentous publication "Elements of Psychophysics. 2 parts. Leipzig 1860", which build on the research of EH Weber.

Why not, then, you ask, can the whole soul issue aside, but if not come again for now on anything certain in it? But the belief in the existence of the souls of our fellow human beings, we need the belief in the existence of animal souls, of course, and a world view that includes a general answer to the question soul, a higher need. While so, the exact science dismissing the question of, as long as she is able to give an exact answer, we can not but reject at all, and it is valid when there is no exact proof can be found, to look for substitutes, the exact proof. And in truth, there must be effective even give such a substitute, after other human and animal souls are so sure of the existence or nearly so certain as our own. But if they for us neighbors are souls to awaken such strong assurance of faith are capable of that we do not even miss the rigorous proof here, and not even once ask the Exact Estonians then why not the same or related substitutes are looking beyond this and use? In fact, this is the basic point of view from which I go folgends: to want to take in the whole soul issue any security of a different character to complete, as we have for the existence of our neighbors are souls to their resources but also to benefit.

The existence of those souls themselves, to which we are compelled by the nearest reasons to believe, will have it serve us as an example, foundation and support for the further expansion of the soul realm, only that and according as we continue through the people go higher and go up, and when the task is hereby increased both in difficulty, scope and amount to expand according to the circle and the point of view of resources and increase is. Part there are practical motives, but let this' I here set aside, some aspects have not been the experience, but a reasonable summary of what experience offers. Can, in fact, even when there are no foreign soul immediately see, grab, but can see a lot, grab what is related to their existence, and through engagement of the same mitergreifen the alien soul. Thus, a focus that one can not perceive directly and reach, but are even recognized from the context of the visible parts of the periphery, which are probably related to him. Only one course must also address the question then, and do not seek the sole science is to break down the pieces of the visible circle of microscopes into smaller visible parts. Even though this does not, but is not the only thing needful. The inference from the visible to the invisible can not be the same as the conclusion from the visible to Visible's, rather it occurs coordinated by his side. The inference from the visible to Use Visible, the conclusion of science, the circle closes externally by out of existence, the context, and the context, the given parts of the visible circle is not given by the condition itself reveals that they complete the circle. The inference from the visible to the invisible, the end of the philosophy of nature, the circle closes internally by opening up the invisible point in the middle of the circle from the context and mood of the interaction of all parts of the visible circle. Can also probably read a conclusion as the other? The materialists want to settle everything with the first inference alone, and so they no longer what the second belongs. They only see the circle around, and say he has no heart, because he really is not to be found in the visual periphery. The idealists want to reverse the second inference, find the periphery of the center points, but do not even find the center right, but wrong then, in a transcendental beyond around, to the periphery of a center is not well determined by this, than vice versa, and then all her conclusions from the indefinite run into the indefinite. It is necessary to look to the thoughts of the center of the visual periphery, which also proves its existence and location determined, then it is easy to draw radii, and any dispute over whether the center or the periphery is a result of the other, is vain . But the goal, then, only in a different sense, the output of the inference from the visible to the invisible is a midpoint in a circle. All radii of the circuit run from this point, the only solid that exists in this field, the only basis of experience that we have in this area, all the levers of reasoning is based on the base. It's the fact: our own bodies are animated.

This is what we know and what we know and can know more on the whole issue, we only know through this. We now ask what can be further infer for the animation of a physical system that is similar to this or that our relationship is thus complements to terracing, however, stands in relations of the context, the origin, purpose to it? Each of these questions can be derived from experiential aspects envisage and pursue, and while we summarize the relationship of all in the eye, we close the circle.
Mein Vater hat mich, den Beseelten, gezeugt, die Mutter geboren; ich glaube deshalb auf das festeste, da sie auch beseelt sind; aber die Welt hat alle beseelten Geschpfe erzeugt, die Erde geboren; meine Voreltern, wo knnen sie endlich herstammen?

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From the point of view of the proof that result only chance is, from the standpoint of faith, it may be convinced, and so we can from the former considerations also equipped with all the following for all following just more than likely reasons make claim, however, we have a conviction from the point of seek to justify this faith. IV General counter-arguments against the expansion of the kingdom of the soul of man and wildlife out. Humans and animals have a soul, nothing else, at least nothing on earth. Thus, the common opinion, the opinion of Exact, in the opinion of the philosophers, in the opinion of the theologians, the opinion of the idealists, in the opinion of the materialists, in the opinion of the Monadologen. A compact unity, and only sorry that it refers to a negation, and the negation of unity in all the other pieces has the consequence. Sad, but of course, because of course it seems to me that the ghosts only in the view that a spirit of the world, and all the ghosts are of a mind, a mind can be, and instead now all agree to a gap too large to indulge shake hands over it. But what is the reason, the realm of the spirit so much restrict to just make the life a parasitic Reich of the Dead? We speak here only of the most common reasons. l) The main reason that we believed to have God as far away lift over the world, that they no longer dare, as a body to acquire him. Now she is beneath him mentally back empty of all their spirit rests only in our mental view or in their laws and forces, in what the statue or what the machine. The idealists still call it spirit, but it is not a question to such a mind. 2) Once again applies throughout the world as a soulless, of course, also need to apply for their members. With people and animals makes it an exception, you must of it, but looking exceptions of course as much as possible to limit. In order to justify them but, do you make a second exception, the human and animal body itself as exceptions to the rest of nature over, and after you removed all the spirit out of nature, it is of course quite natural that it has no more. 3) The soul is invisible, and so one sees nowhere the slightest of mind in nature and the natural bodies beyond humans and animals, can show nothing of it, nothing to

fall, so it is easiest if denying it. 4) Besides the animals are all natural body man so dissimilar that the analogy does not allow to believe in soul about people and animals out. No nervous system, no soul. 5) After the opinion, however once become general and firm, contributes to the education and habit to get them. The first anlangend however, we speak of except a transcendent but also by an omnipresent God, and why should he rather the world as water a sponge like mind as to penetrate a body? The second anlangend, we must first ensure the rule have to make exceptions to, now it only asks: What is the rule? The third anlangend so everyone would then deny all souls except his own. The fourth anlangend, we will continue to talk about the same. The fifth anlangend, then in a hundred or a thousand years, the same shall be of the opposite view. It could be a lot of general prefaces, but you will have realized already in the pursuit has gone before, abbreviate it as possible. Who is not nowadays tired of generalities about these items? We rush to the particular. Yes, if you had the right generalities! These are fundamental facts and laws, instead of floating views and concepts.
Traurig, aber natrlich; denn natrlich dnkt es mir, da die Geister nur in der Ansicht, da ein Geist der Welt ist, und alle Geister eines Geistes sind, eines Geistes werden knnen; statt dessen sich heutzutage alle um eine Lcke einigen, zu gro, um sich die Hnde darber hinzureichen.

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But let's start with the most special. V. The plant soul. Counter-arguments. How many times have you my theory of the plant soul objected that it may be permitted me well, also to speak again of this. The winds uproot either the tree or make it solid roots and fresh green. As with the winds and the plant it was with the objections and the belief in the soul of the plant. He stands on six main roots that will uproot no wind, and he wears a crown that will defoliate no wind. The counter-arguments against the plant soul have it easy, however, because even the lightest of the same the last of the defined general reasons, education, habituation given its heavy surcharge. Or rather, they require no weight because the balance of opinion in any case depends on their behalf. And so they also occur as nimbly enough, but with the confidence on that they would actually need to occur at all.

Of course, the plant soul is just a little weak link in the great Seelenbau the world. And how can you catch sight of the ornaments in the house, when the house is dark? Here comes the last of the first of the general counter-arguments presented in the game. The others face the previous gefgsam to services. Who has ever seen something of a plant soul? and the plant body does not look away and do not behave like a man and animal. I will not now repeat everything I here to run in "Nanna" by I'll leave it in the main positive reasons that counter-arguments with the same crush. I will turn again to only two objections, not because they were the most important, and would be located at their refutation most, yet because they were the leichtsten, and therefore also fell on their refutation leichtsten - because, frankly, I do find in this respect no difference but for the simple reason, because they are the last, with which a philosophical opponents in a much-read font ("Body and Soul") has renewed the attack against the same. 6) An opponent which is just as tireless in defraying the plant soul, when I was in defense thereof;. because already the third time I meet with him in this respect Well, we finally look together on the subject complete. And perhaps it suffices that philosophical reasons against the plant soul to know quite to appreciate our experiential reasons right.
The following controversy refers to the Halle professor of philosophy Julius Schaller (1810-1868), a Hegelian. The quotes are the 10th Chapter of his writing: "., Body and soul to education about" blind faith and science. ", 3rd edition increased Weimar in 1858" (pp. 167-176) removed, which is entitled: "Once the plants are sentient beings?" It culminates in a critique of Fechner's "Nanna", just as Schleiden called Schaller method Fechner's a "reckless game with analogies."The p 43 mentioned earlier publication by the same author are the "Letters on Humboldt's Cosmos. A commentary on this work for the educated layperson. 2 parts. Leipzig 1850", which are frequently quoted by Fechner in "Zend-Avesta". The site mentioned here is Vol II, p 257th Fechner has p 27 points out that he already zusammenstoe for the third time with the enemy in terms of PfIanzenseele. For the first time he sat in "Zend-Avesta" I, 200 (3rd ed I, 123) with him apart, even there he continued the point just mentioned from the "Letters on Humboldt's Cosmos". The second meeting was prompted by a review of the "Nanna" in the Halle General Literary Journal, 1849, I, pp. 617, although not signed, but apparently stems from Schaller. Fechner replied to this already in his book: "Professor Schleiden
6)

and the Moon" p 72 In our book he comes Kap.VI. again to speak to them.

It is true that the Respondent relies on experience, but as he makes the same terms subservient to philosophical manner. His first counter-argument is that the traditional physiology, shortly thereafter amounts: The animals need nerves of sensation, so the plants will need nerves of sensation, but they have none. I was certainly a little embarrassed to find that everything that I thought I had done earlier this objection had no other success than its repetition part of a philosopher. But why not? From a philosopher whose craft so the closing is held in the hand, the ball was able to gain a whole new force, of course, also the only justify its renewal. One has only apologize if I repeat over his now also repeat what I still have the old power seems, however, to only the new twists to the same encounter with some new twists. From the outset I argued against the idea that the conclusion on which it is based, can not be cogent because you just would otherwise have to close: The violins need strings for tone, so the flutes strings will need to tones; have But no, and so they can

not drown, the candles and wick lamps need wicks to burn, so the gas lamps need wicks to burn, but they do not, and therefore can not burn. But drown out the strings and flutes without the gas lamps burn without wicks. He has been called the expensive analogies, and also the philosophical opponents speaks of reckless game of analogy in my reflections. Had but rather seriously justified the conclusion that they refute playing indeed. For the plant can, I think, be valid no other principle of the syllogism, as for the flute and the lamp. Although you are so accustomed to see made in philosophy is a sharp distinction between the organic and Unorganischem that it can hardly surprise us, for it applied itself to see a different logic. But the logic of the objection holds in the organic as in the inorganic world quite as little down. Mammals and birds breathe with lungs, and you destroy them, so they can breathe as little more than animals feel when you destroy their nerves. But there are therefore no breathing without lungs? On the contrary, there is a breathing with gills, with the skin, the intestine. But worms can fish breathe without lungs while mammals, birds can breathe with lungs, why not plant without feeling nervous, while animals can only feel with nerves? The fallacy that is subject to the objection is this: Because A can only do something with the help of a, B also needs an a to to do the same. - No, because it just B, not A, it need b, a not so. The animal feels with nerves; creatures that are constructed completely different animals may need something other than nerve to sensation. Why must it be because everywhere nerve to sensation, if it does not have to be anywhere lungs to breathe? What help those whys, replies the opponents that give most a hollow space of possibility, if not a positive experience for the reality speaks? With options, you can not want to prove the reality. "That we could (strikes as Fechner to refute the counterarguments) by a similar argumentation, the sensation ability of the stone, the planets and of any thing presented as a possible is to overlook easily." And in fact, that we can really proves how bad the counter-arguments, as can not even refute the soul of a stone so. The refutation of objections but in fact not there, with opportunities to prove the reality, but to meet the objection of impossibility, for the positive evidence of the positive arguments are there, I do have some positive arguments. But there's even without actually feeling nervous. The plants and animals have no nerves do not need to sensation. Why because the plants will need to such, and not rather to all other similarities with the plants and animals they have that they do not need it? Why should you come back on once the nerves are left after those already in the approach to them aside, but without the feeling of being left aside? This whys are not as easy to reject. With regard to the nerveless animals now the fallacy is this: If A can do something with the help of A, B, but the same can do without the help of a, then the the B very similar C the same but only with the help of a or even can not do. With such a beautiful experience circuiting fighting the plant soul, and I like to

think about it as I want, it seems to me that the whole objection of the last nerve comes down to it. Although the previous conclusion seems to have not completely satisfied my philosophical opponents. But he has his faults uncovered about later? On the contrary, we will see how he aggravated it. The animals to which it is, the opponents of the plant soul are generally very uncomfortable, for they are sufficient for itself through already , with the same time to refute objections because of the nerves almost all other objections to the plant soul, because these lower animals one up on in the different plant company included feature everything what you want to call inspiration from the plants by analogy with the higher animals around, missing no less than the plants. Certain plants, so they would also be listed in this missing features with the plants animals match them completely even animals, but what they do not want to be and should be. Because not about to's is that tautological the plants repeat the Tierbeseelung, as it seems to require to keep them at all for animated, as if out of human and animal souls no other souls would be possible, but that it the soul of the animal kingdom another one Empire soul be joined by additional, what is quite essential that they differ at least in one significant way, the inspiration for the features of it. Let's look closer: the plants animals, by which we summarize here soon polyps, infusoria and similar animals, for the most part have neither heart nor central organs, yet closed circuit, some not even mouth nor stomach, and the plants have for almost everything they have, with the exception of free locomotion, although many plants and animals stuck just move her limbs freely. One would like to say a plant is nothing but a frozen Armpolyp.But is she really solidifies? On the contrary, however, the polyp on all sides arms around for prey reaches out and moves to the light, they stretched out on every side branches, leaves, flowers of, renewed, extended and duplicated those with inexhaustible motive force rises against the gravity, breaks on all sides in the shape and colors of creation, and pulls and twists and turns on the light and sends its fragrance to the other flowers. That would be able also a carved stone or wood plant? Which supplement is hereby means the animal and human life in Unsichtlichen obviously, is the observation subject later, but now it is enough to point out as much as is needed to prove against. I say these animals, plants animals are the opponents of the plant soul very uncomfortable, but since them, the plant soul still uncomfortable, you have to know how to eliminate the inconvenience, and it would be even in the most uncomfortable way. Let us see further how to start it. In order to get rid of the plant soul, one can also probably reveal some animal souls. The polyp has no nerves, so he will probably have no soul, feel nothing. As I anticipated this objection, I looked him in "Nanna" (p. 246 f) to meet in advance as follows.
"- What gives us the right, in the polyps, infusoria, including so-called less perfect, but easier basically to find animals only doubtful traces of soul instead of characters in a dark gloomy rest of my soul, I can only sign a simple and sensual? play the same found in them. The great susceptibility

of these lower animals for different stimuli, significantly discernment which they possess for the vibrancy and determination of their movements, the specific direction that they give the same to certain purposes, which thereby be perceived character of the arbitrariness , the decided reluctance with which they encounter interference in their natural conditions of life, the struggle in which they get themselves together, all this speaks quite against a draw, blunt, in the unconscious nature of life still half open Hendes, soul life of the same. " "We consider the phenomena of life closer to the polyps only, and it may be shown that the apparent vagueness of her soul in fact depends only on the real vagueness of their consideration." "If an outstretched Armpolyp (Hydra) affected, or the water in which it is shaken, so he moves suddenly to a small lump together; certainly a sign lively sensitivity He walks towards the light, and makes you a glass. with multiple polyps way, one finds after some time all hanging on the light side. therefore The polyp has mehrerlei sensations. He is extremely greedy, snatches eagerly with his tentacles around for prey and two polyps argue often about the same. He selects and distinguishes very firmly between his diet by simply enjoys animal foods, plant foods rejects, also under the animal food he makes differences by not taking particular polyps of their own kind, even if you starve him and this drops to his outstretched arms, while he takes animals that he eats like at the first touch. This shows clear discernment. (Trembley.) " 7)
This quote differs from the original in two places: at the end of the first paragraph Fechner uses of the term "meaning of life" instead of "soul-life" what in our second AUFI. has been improved. (See text changes.) On 3rd Paragraph is omitted the sentence: "They are lively characters desires." If you want to see these differences more than a coincidence, so it would refer that Fechner 1861 the main content of polyps soul moved more decisively into the sensory activity than 1848. See the discussion page 80f. But it is probably just an oversight. - Abraham Trembley (born 1700 in Geneva, das. d. 1784), a contemporary of the Official Bonnet at the Geneva Library, was the first to study in detail the behavior of the freshwater polyp. Over here is his writing: "Mmoires pour servir l'histoire d'un genre de Polypes d'eau douce, bras en forme de corne, in 4 , Leyde 1744, in 12 2 Vols Paris 1844." Under the German entitled "Essays on the history of Polypenart of sweet water with horns shaped arms, from the French trans., and with some additions here. v. John Aug. ephr.
7)

Goeze. Quedlinburg 1775." See Nouvelle Biographie gnrale Vol XLV. P 613

"What do you have after all the polyps be different, as a being of quite a trained sensibility, though perhaps no more?, The whole soul game of the same turns satisfying this sensibility on the shortest possible way., But sensual feelings and desires, the most violent and most determined, and the simplicity of the game in which they are understood, tends to favor their strength and determination. You only look at the simplest and rudest people. Did it less violent and decisive desires as the most civilized and educated? dark you can certainly such a soul life so far call, as the higher light of reason, but lacks the light of sensuality can burn so brightly in his way, as the higher light of reason, such as bright burns fat as ether,., and a low standing light illuminated the small room on the it is enough just so vivid. "
"What is true of polyps, is also of infusoria, as far as we can follow the same way of life in their smallness." Etc.

I think the mentioned facts speak for themselves, and the foregoing opinion the same is simply rational; also knows my philosophical opponents all very well, in my writing, and without my signature, but should he the polyps admit feeling no nerves, so he could not deny the plants because of their Nervenlosigkeit, and since it but it is clear that the plant has no sensation, it is as simple reasonable that he for the sensation of polyps, as the Nervenlosigkeit leaves all those characters not so much

apply against , though he himself says, it is not known how the nerves work to sensation. Maybe they say: The polyp are those characters of sensation, but the plant they are not flat. In fact, it is not this, and it will only ask once if they are not in favor but others, I refer again to the positive arguments, but not the result of confusion factors. Now it is only simply whether any creatures can feel without nerves to nothing more. You deny it, the polyp proves it. In fact, even the enemy does not dare to make the denial of the sensation of polyps earnest, but if the serious doubts that he collects, facts like the above over but should prove no serious force, he knows it so establish that, even if one could thereby be determined to believe in the sensation of polyps, the plant would have no advantage. Because, as it once is now no plant soul, it must indeed be proved, and if the whole philosophy about to perish, which, as I fear will soon be the case with such methods of proof, in fact, if not rather prove that the event has already occurred. "Anyway, we have noted - says the enemy - that when we see these animals for nerveless, but sentient, beings, we all along the texture of her body a peculiar, though still receive so difficult to define condition of feeling, and that We therefore according to the method of analogy -. always suspect a sensation have a right only for those nerveless individuals who are similar to elsewhere in its entire structure and Entwickelungsweise those nerveless animals we keep this variable, we lose any empirical ground . " But the polyp itself refutes the opponent. It is necessary to remember that each circuit must be based on something general? Now the polyp proves the fact that he, not to need the nerves that need other creatures to the feeling, the falsity of the general proposition that a creature the same means to sense needs than another, how can he prove both that a creature same resources to needs, Himself? Since we do to the enemy lose any empirical ground if we do not stick to this method of reasoning, we want but also everywhere stick to it, which is of course the same info away a untriftige generalization, as he was merely intended to refute the plant soul, and otherwise will certainly make no claim to validity. Dogs, cats can experientially with the help of legs move through space, and thereafter is actually close to that snakes, earthworms, which have no trace of legs can not move through the space. If we are to them but this power must nevertheless admit "we have certainly noted that we receive about the whole texture of her body a peculiar, though still so difficult to define, condition of moving through space, and that we therefore - according to the method of analogy - only in such legless individuals the ability of moving across the room to suspect have a right, in its whole structure of the snakes, earthworms are otherwise similar, "which from the fact that fish move around the room can, can not speak, and the flight of birds can only happen through her legs. I wish to know in what way this conclusion different from the conclusion, my opponent is different than that the Untriftigkeit thereof palpable. But if it is less then

grab for the latter with hands? The fallacy now has this form accepted: If A to a given power an a need B to the same performance a B, it must not be assumed that C to the same performance a c needs, but that this power either by using of a or b, or even can not accomplish. Otherwise, you lose any empirical ground. But further: in "Nanna", I insisted that we have the less reason to require the plant nerve to sensation, as in animals, as we see it accomplished so many other functions in the plants without nerves in the only animals with nerve are possible, so that the sensation operations but just no exception of it. 8) breathing, metabolism, nutrition, all the animals only under the influence of the nerves going on, do not require the same plant. The organic connection to the unit is in the soul as a material respect, in animals mediated by the nervous connection, consists in the plant without any nerves. The overall game of imponderable agent, what one is accustomed to looking in the nervous system of animals and watch as the next base for the game of soul (though without knowing something clear and resolute about it), the plant according to so powerful and so ordered not missing game is not conceivable without an electrical, chemical processes in it. But if the plant that everything the animal has only nervous, and including everything that you can think of in the performance of nerve for the soul, has no nerves, which may entitle nor to require the nervous feeling in it?
8)

VGI. "Nanna" Chapter III: "The question of nerves."

Only this conclusion: If A to u, v, w, x, y, z an a need, but B to u, v, w, x, y is not a need, it is nevertheless likely that it needs to z an a because an A to a need, otherwise you lose any empirical ground. All these fallacies is a fundamental confusion at: If A has always accompanied by extensive experience as possible a, we will however have reason according to the method of analogy to suppose that even where A also occurs, it will also carry a, so that wherever occur in the future organic legs, the ability to move around the room, where lungs happen to breathe the assets where nerves happen to feel the ability to carry. Only follows that A is always a, the possession of legs with the power of locomotion, occurs, not in the least that a reverse occurs only with A, the assets of locomotion only with the possession of legs, etc., rather prove the previous examples by experience, which is recognized in the logic, the utter inadmissibility of such a reversal. Must fear to renew the accusation spieliger analogies myself, yet I will again oppose the analogies of some other philosopher in my own way. Varies according to the nature of, extending over the whole kingdom, and all the organic functions of the well-recognized organic creatures, the shape of the device means to analog functions on the mannigfachste, so that they do not look more similar to each other remotely related creatures. Breathing, locomotion gave examples, but the same is true of all organic functions, so far we have an insight into the means, and thus can be expected, even after the analogy of those where we do not

have, which are the functions, what sensation depends . Hereafter we shall assume that the nature and the means on these features have not varied too narrow limits, will be stopped not only in nerve. And this is another analogy to help. How little we know of the nature of these functions, we can still, as appropriate, of all conditions and so many positive indication (that are stimulated the sensation of sound and light vibrations, for example) do not doubt that there are any vibration level operations that subject in us the sensation. Now, however, can parent vibrational motions at all, they may affect ponderable or imponderable, are generated by the mannigfachste Instrumentation, sound vibrations except by strings by flutes, bells, sticks, cymbals, drums, sirens, etc., in the organic by vibrating vocal cords, whirring wings and by other means, light vibration except by candle further suspect by lamps, torches, pitch pans, glowing metals, electricity, etc., and so we can, that the Corresponding to, as always beschaffenen level oscillation processes of ponderable or imponderable that the sensation subject, will be the case, for it is so far does our experience, a general property of oscillation processes. Both points of support and complement each other. Because if the first point of that nature the means for the same purposes loves to vary, nor cast doubt could, whether such variation in respect to the generation of perceptually supporting processes is possible, this not rather make one in particular being the same valid exemption , the second aspect invalidated by the subordination of sensation supporting operations in a class of processes whose production is capable preferably the variation of this concern, and the plant kingdom with the transitions to this is through the nerveless plants animals finally here as made what we post allowed to guess the combination of both aspects present mood, to represent in reality. Now opponents say: If nature should be so eager to diversify the means of the same functions, and then shall they give a variety of means to produce the sensation of bearing vibration, why is it still at all only in two species of the same, animals and plants stopped? Is there a big difference with seating for two one? You see, there are barriers anyway. Common ground, and so we want to recognize them also, but since we have no means, they a priori to determine, again check in experience, if not provide a hint for the determination of such barriers. And lo, we can find them in the same circle of experiences, we are only just supported, and thereby reinforce the previous conclusion by analogy a bit more. In fact, even in the realm of sound as the generation of light we see with so many to be possible ways of production but only two of the principal, even in the large of exclusive, application instrumentation thereof, each of them but the greatest variety of variations performed and determined two main classes of instruments for both sound as light, one of which reveals the physical medium of the oscillations clearly the one class than the other, stringed instruments, wind instruments in the areas of sound, wick lamps, gas lamps in the area of light. And after the animals in the string and wick their nerves show the striking analogy with the one major class of these instruments, we can not help but look around, even after analogue of the second main class with less significant carriers of the vibrations. We can do the same in the vegetable kingdom, and only

found in the vegetable kingdom. But why should not we accept what we find here, after so much had occasion to seek it until now completely after the positive reasons will give us an opportunity to request it? Because I do not mean that such considerations are strictly binding, but not strictly binding conclusions are completely wrong after all preferable, and what is no evidence, but can help to evidence. But the objection of the opponent is not yet over and we can all accomplish it, if it were possible to make it completely die, and at least that much is up to us to spoil him the second coming. The polyp could maybe even have nerves that have just been overlooked. - This is not to deny, and if it were the case, the need for the plants to feeling nervous about anything would be better to prove. But apart from that it's a little annoying, what the polyp could have some to argue with the experience reasons, it is also for the scrupulous care with which it has sought to nerves in the polyps and related animals, not even to likely that these can still be found here, and I have (Zend-Avesta, TIS 214) highlighted due to good investigations, such as the Nervenlosigkeit the polyps, infusoria, ever nerveless animals, in solidarity with the absence of muscles and the maintenance of a stock of the body a peculiar, premolars, meshed, contractile tissue (sarcode) related, which you can hardly expect to find even in the so-constructed animals nervous. The enemy, this can be ignored, however makes the following point of law: "The substance of the animal (polyp) may germ-like containing nerve elements in a manner analogous to how the egg fluid of higher animals, which also only sell a real nervous system in the further development. Then the Nervenlosigkeit those animals would not take in an absolute sense. " But excellent! The opponents are ourselves the weapons in hand. You can indisputably philosophically at all of everything there is to see not a seed, what is there to prove something that is not there, or disprove something that is there. In ordinary life we require Although the terms of the seed and its Entwickelungsfhigkeit, yes I would believe that both concepts are correlative, but in philosophy and to refute the plant soul can adopt the nuclei of the nerves in polyps this quite well, or the development as a development of the same view of the nerves in the higher animals from the germs in the polyps, the polyp but it somehow got nerve, and as a result of the plant, which has none differed. For against the plant soul every weapon is good. Except that now we also say: "The substance of the plant can contain in a manner analogous to germ-like in how the nervous elements, etc., then the same Nervenlosigkeit would not take in an absolute sense." Shortly after the enemy has only shown that in order to stay on the empirical ground, the plant must not ascribe soul without nerves, and has led about us in his way in this empirical ground, he lifts us with the concept of germ-like nerve finally happy up about the same and gives us the freedom to think what we want. We want our hand rather stay on that floor, and only entered it in the future something different and go as we would like to cite the example of philosophical opponent, I think, in fact, deceived himself only by his philosophy. The summary of the past is this: The nerve deficiency of plants can not make

experience of side against the sentience of plants contends that as long as you show no nerves experientially in polyps and yet the same feeling can not be denied. But the polyps attribute nervous because he has feeling, sensation or deny, because he has no nerves, is not a matter of experience. Set but also in the nervous polyps would have found what, though probably not possible, as no evidence would be that they are needed in the plants to sensation and the polyps out. Rather, can the Untriftigkeit of such analogy show palpable, and the same encounter with a cogent, more general, the close analogy. Let us now turn to the second, more philosophical objections to the philosophical opponents. "If then," he asks, "the plants in such a way as animals self-contained individuals This question is to decide on their sentience, the fundamental question But that the plants despite the organic elements that make them up, so. are not, shows itself in all its internal structure and organization as much as in its life processes occurs mainly produced in the indefinite progress waxes, in which the plant body, albeit to a constant pattern, but without some degree new members out of himself drives, while he dies from the other side, so do not regenerate as a whole, so that it is conceived in the continually arising and passing away, without this becoming is summed up in one and the same subjects. " . And at an earlier writing: "Despite her inner self but the plant is still adherent to the Earth rooted in the ground - as the embryo in the womb of the mother - she strives towards the air and light, it raises not free to out an independent conclusion in itself, therefore, is without soul, without feeling a dumb, innocent, suffering and joyless life, the very earth as belonging to themselves as well. " I reply: l) That, insofar as one can speak of a Abschlusse of organisms - in which the substance and effect change them with the outside world, but from a material and activities conclusion thereof is not the issue - the objection is in fact untriftig if each plant against each other with just as individually completed form Artung and leadership of their life process the rest of nature, lifts out from nature, other creatures opposite occurs, as each animal, so that, if this were really the fundamental question for the sentience of the plant, such immediately opted for would hold. 2) That it is their individual accounts against the outside world not repealed by the lack of completion of the growth of the plant, but continued in only one of successively increasing radius and operated. Or is a child during its growth, a continually growing fish unfinished from the outside world? 3) That the firm bondage of the plant to the soil can not prove anything against her Beseeltsein because many lower animals are also tied to it, and the plant is not even united with the earth, but is only grown in it, and, while they with the root splits the earth, stones lifts, rock bursts, together with stem and flower also aspires to up the light in both a sufficient degree of autonomy to the proving ground. 4) That if one has but to recognize from a certain point of a lower independence of the physical existence of the plant, this reasonably only to a lower self-employment, absence of mental existence can not be interpreted in any way relative already in the

human and animal kingdoms differences enough occur, so the fundamental question can not be sought herein. 5) Finally, that builds the whole objection to such indeterminate aspects and relations that he was not even allowed a sharp formulation, by an absolute conclusion and absolute independence at all any organism from any of these aspects of the over world in general, but belongs only to the world itself, and each organism is grown with the world, in a sense, which it then arbitrary matter and a purely subjective aperfu remains to ask what degree of relative financial statements and the relative autonomy of individual inspiration, and which characters you want to put this weight. In fact, what is the scale of the enemy creates this? I can find no other than the subject to the condition that had to be proved by the same. This is called a circle otherwise. Why should a worm, a frog, a fish complete enough to apply for inspiration, but not a lily, palm, fir? Because the opponent presupposes that lily, pine, palm have no soul. Enough at last! When I close by saying that the way in which the opponent takes the matter of the mind in his spirit to the cause of soul in our sense, my respect for his personal merit nor does diminish as my respect for the philosophical direction he represents, has been able to raise, he might as well a proof of the strength of the first to catch sight of as the natural result of the consequences of past it.
Die Gegengrnde gegen die Pflanzenseele haben es freilich leicht, weil auch den leichtesten derselben der letzte der aufgestellten allgemeinen Grnde, Erziehung, Gewhnung seinen schweren Zuschlag erteilt.

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The sharpness with which I have sought to highlight these consequences is, in fact directed not against an individual but against a thing. My opponent does not interact with its inference from the philosophical direction to which he belongs, also, but takes it all too well. The Hegelian philosophy is in a sense the art of unlearning proper closure. Although it is no wonder that so many men of merit and spirit of this direction are followed, who would want from a certain point of not recognizing their great, even sublime tendency? and one may say, in magnis et voluisse sat est . But we must also finally say that this voluisse now sat est . VI. The plant soul. Positive reasons. And there is no better reasons not to plant soul? Other enough, and I think I have already lit in my previous writing enough. But they all fall by itself when the positive reasons penetrate. Let us therefore turn to the positive reasons. But what should really be proved if I want to prove the existence of a plant soul? First of proved nothing, only made more plausible than the opposite. What I mean by plant soul, I have already said, and it applies here again for say, having been accused of me regardless of the specific explanations that I've given in my previous writing about more than one page, I speak of a indefinite things by talking of the

plant soul, what it is though, as long as you have not defined it. Then it was said again: I could have made it easier for me to prove the plant soul, if I had to understand differently, as if it was a question, a word, not just the thing that I mean by plant soul to prove ! The clearer argument's sake I'll present the positive reasons for the existence of a soul plants under six arguments, which I see as the 1) the similarity or analogy, 2) the addition, 3) the grading, 4) the relationship, 5) of causality, 6) of teleology call, of which the second and third under a common argument that the diversity united, let the first face, while the last one is from some points of view rather than next order can be switched on and subordinate to the first well. One eighth that none of these arguments, one for themselves, but that they are to be taken in conjunction with each other and with the refutation of the arguments against the eye. A staff of the bundle you may well break, but you try to break the connection of the whole! In contrast, it has been found it easier to pull out individual bars, or throw the same bundle as a whole. Not because I believed that the focus of the arguments thus should gain something, or to give them a mathematical form, but in order to facilitate access to the same easily comprehensible form and the assessment, I will every argument to its special engagement as a summarize short formula, as it happened with the arguments of the opponent, it is then free to compare the shapes. The Physical is intended to be denoted by large, the associated spiritual or psychic with the corresponding small Latin letters, so that if A, B are two physical systems or physical processes, a, b are the corresponding souls or soul processes, which are a zero value may settle where it is soulless. The scope of all the arguments that are presented here extends basically through the whole soul question, and their application for the plant soul is the simplest example of its application. l argument of similarity or analogy. This argument leads us unconscious and conscious enough, most in the belief in the souls of our fellow human beings and animals. We infer the existence of their souls, of which we can not perceive anything directly, from the similarity of their body and their physical manifestations with ours. Now, however, the plants are to us so, instead of similar, but so dissimilar as possible, so that would rather speak to his soul. So it seems at first and then one sums it mostly. But we are not even the worm by many important relationships dissimilar? But we

believe in his soul, however we do not believe in the soul of the statue, after some respects as much similar as the worm is us. After all, we have to-be ge us, not any resemblance to us and the animals, the existence, but neither do any dissimilarity prove the absence of soul, rather it is, ask for the essential character of the soul in the physical, find a principle for it. Find a principle for it, yes is a pleasant task for philosophy, whose main activities include the preparation of the principles in this field. Here lies the fundamental question. Now this is clear to the rest of today's philosophy, if you find an answer, a clear, useful, nice, usable answer to the question. Since I do not find in it, so I am looking for them and give you the following: I give them only half, so you mkle not equal to the half. By experience and reason, I say, we have above all as the essential character of the soul existence in the physical view, those in which the physical repeats itself and reflects, as far as corporeal can ever repeat and reflect the conditions of the soul, the essential conditions of the soul, as which basic view one may also cherish the relationship of soul and body, but here on earth to exist both with each other, have to work with and through each other, so agree together in their relationships also need to be set up on each other. But in fact there through all the differences between body and soul but also by most important terms and conditions, which are comparable or both together in almost two, and find themselves together in all fours undoubtedly animated creatures, humans, animals. The body of a soul is like the soul itself a, uniformly bound in form and content, individual completed, similar, but not same essence relatively independent standing opposite, with excitation and Mitbestimmtheit from the outside, from the inside out defining and unfolding, an inexhaustible variety of certain Page legally certain, from other unpredictable effects on their own new wealth and creativity gebrendes, ratios of the side, over and subordination enclosing, with continuous progressive evolution in a periodic expiration and a rise and fall of activity begriffenes beings. Not only the body of the people agrees together in all these areas with the most significant conditions of his soul, but with all the differences among the animals and the people sharing all the animals these similarities of the body with the soul, while they the stones, the glass, the wave , go off the air, which can not be caused very reason to attribute a soul. The main terms of these characters to soul existence is completely proved by the fact that our and the animal body such has only so long as attending his soul, however loses if he loses his soul, and vice versa with the disappearance of these signs the soul to the body vanishes, which relationship of conditionality we express in conjunction with the previous similarity ratio briefly the fact that we say these physical signs not only reflect, but also bear the common and essential qualities of the soul. The union of these characters (though in the individual) is an indication of the existence of a soul of a much more general meaning than in the existence of a nervous system, central organ, closed circuit, especially constructed sense organs, as what are merely special forms in which to those general and essential character of the

soul in the body stamping of existence, but which do not exclude the possibility of other forms and their general need for the soul existence is refuted by the fact that they are commonly found again not even in the animal kingdom. You can therefore also referred only to specific types or stages of the soul's existence, but not viewed as an essential character of the soul and existence in general are not always required to do so. For the General of the signs shall be liable for the reasonably Terms of soul existence, and the particular form of the same. Only for the specific expression of the soul existence Our argument concludes thus, in short, to the existence of soul in a natural body not from the similarity of the same with our and the animal body as such or after this or that arbitrary underlying character, but from the similarity of the same in such conditions and for such relations, according to which a body of his soul itself is similar, and the same time he has with the soul and loses, and takes the general existence of the soul, the universal, the particular forms of the soul, the existence of these special characters in claim forms. It is not merely the analogy of a body to another, but also the analogy of the body with the soul, which our analogy justified. Does anyone know a triftigeres principle of analogy in this question directly? Yes, he knows anything to say against this? But the plant body is in all those conditions and for all those relationships which are referable to the Terms of soul existence, the human and animal body the same, differing only in such of him, which are available on special forms or stages of soul existence . So is reason to believe that the plant belongs soul as well as the people and animals, just a different form or level of the soul. But, in fact, an objection can raise, and we hasten to anticipate the opponents so by erecting himself. You can say: Although the human and animal body sensation, consciousness loses with those characters, but he can not necessarily sensation, consciousness with those characters, because they are essentially also the sleeping and embryo, which one can not ascribe a sensation, So there is the possibility that the plant it will bring in their persistence at a low level of organization only up to a sleeping life or embryonic life, what goes up until the waking life of the animal and people - in fact, the plant life is almost universally by the opponents of the plant soul compared to a sofa or living embryonic life. And is not really our whole only as sophisticated argument hereby destroyed at once? - It will show that it is not thus be destroyed, but that it was previously only not full. First and foremost is to remember the following from general considerations: l) The embryo state of man and animal is essentially a precursor of waking mental life, and the sleep state, a change state with the waking mental life of those with the determination to prepare the waking life of the soul, this new with the determination, the exhausted strength and irritability in waking restore guards, both so much belonging to a soul awake life, and indeed of the same creature to which they

themselves belong. Only insofar as they share the general and essential character of spiritual life. 2) These features are also essential in the waking life of the soul itself with one, as they precede it, and continues to receive its exchange states have thus at any rate as well as the most common and essential character of the system to a spiritual life fully awake feeling as an essential Partialzeichen and Mitbedingungen the same to apply. Now it can not in itself likely to be found, that of what is related in so far as animal and human condition and conditional, the plant only have one without the other, the most important advantages and Mitbedingungen to awakening without an awakening. However, because of the possibility of it remains conceivable and has been formulated itself philosophically assuming the soullessness of the plant, the argument will have been thereby complete nor that those signs plant of awakening, those Partialzeichen and Mitbedingungen of wakefulness by yet missing or not specifically highlighted signs of real awakening and waking completed, and it will apply again to separate the essential from the inessential. It seems to me that no more cautious and more appropriate response to the question can be taken. We leave after all only listed symbols of the soul system, against the principle of which is reasonably likely to have objections to it, although are not likely, but the possibility that the plant life, what those characters presents, a perpetuierlichen sleep life or embryonic life the same, except that it it then really the same, and not rather like the opposite. One can but not by the mere assumption that the plant did not wake soul, contradict all characters after which the awakening and wakefulness can judge a soul, and suggest that it has one. Now let us see. The awakening of the soul and wakefulness has two sides, once becoming conscious of the inner and the internal processes of consciousness, secondly, the opening of the soul against the exterior and the Verkeht with the exterior. From the first page, there is no externally visible signs in the physical, non-success, in the character of the second page, but the second can in a Push Open the organs of the body against the outside world and the free will transport them reflect that, and that is reflected in people and animal is not in it, but it is also bound worn it. As the most important sign of an awakening of creatures which present the abovementioned general character of the system of waking mental life, we can see hereafter, not that they openable animal eyes and eyelids, for they are special forms of awakening, but that they have a condition in which they were completed by the traffic to the external sensory stimuli and with other creatures, and on the institutions either before or imagined, the exhausted strength renewed, leave, and any of breakthrough any covers or opening closure with the sensory stimuli of living in relationship, and in the general life traffic occur. The plant but this shows significant signs of awakening and not just once in a way, but in two ways, once and for all the breakthroughs of the seed coat and forth germs from the earth, secondly, repeated passage aperture of the buds. Twice and even Twice, but is not that too much? So it will probably mean no real awakening. - One must be prepared for every objection.

But the animals we see twice, only in another form, even in the embryonic state, after repeated awaken from sleep; just with the difference that the animal always the same, the plant always strikes new, susceptible to the light stimulus, eyes. This is a formal distinction, which the general differences of the plant from animals subordinates itself that the plant at all the later forms of development of their structure and life to the continuance of the former extensively expanding and enhancing inflicts, while the animal for the earlier forms in the future by inward Training cancels swapped with them. Therefore, the root or stem of the plant thickens more and more, pushing more and more branches, and the leaves do not turn into the flower, but this takes up about them, however, the caterpillar turns into a butterfly, the doll in the doll. But this difference does not concern essential for the existence of the soul-life feature, however, it may be suitable, a different form of the same expression and support to serve. I will come later. The listed symbols of awakening at the plant would certainly mean little if they instead TO PROMOTION abstract for itself and in connection wake of the general character of the soul system. We can open a lot of capsules, much Closed unfold without so awakens the soul. Now, however, culminate the previously discussed general character of the soul system in the course of development of the seed, the plant only in it. If we openable the store in the morning of a house, develop an artificial flower bud, then the general character of the soul system at home, the artificial bud, not just preceded and still responsive, as in the waking plant. This makes the difference between a pigeon and a full hollow symbol of the awakening soul, ie, one which, at the same time carries the awakening soul that it reflects. This aspect will also be important to us. For all individual characteristics and circumstances of the invisible soul versinnlichende symbols can see that they reflect the Request. The nature, the arts, mathematics, yes, what is not in itself constitute offers? Is it full or empty symbols? It will always ask whether they also reflect the given attribute, the other properties that belong to the general characteristics of the soul life and soul life. The mathematical symbol of a circle is very well suited to reflect us some important relations of the soul, the inclusion of their own content, the exclusion of the content of other souls, the single link the entire contents of the double direction from inside to outside and from outside to inside (in the double direction in which the radii can be tracked), etc., but nothing stirs in the circle, nothing changes, it affects nothing, nothing developed, has no periodicity, it is a hollow symbol. With the human, animal and plant body that everything is different, they do with all the essentials, what characterizes the life of a soul, each only in his own way, and do this also includes their awakening with, they are powerful symbols; also our being able no body to exhibit our earth on which fit the characters of a full symbol, and this determination with which the plant after a quite rational principle, the full symbols falls under equally certain exclusion of all other earthly body by trying to say something. Have the materialists or idealists to distinguish a triftigeres principle, the full symbols of the empty? But they have one at all well? And it does not yet have one, if

you just take a step in the soul judge a question or want to view it? For the materialist, I can see all the speeches of force and matter, no different than everywhere to see an empty symbol, where no brain, nervous system or something similar. And the idealists have such, even them self-sufficient, so little that they, as we have seen, when it comes time to come out of the vagueness of its terms, borrow even the materialists of these their enemies, and this is how demonstrated the principle of a simple fallacy. The character of the transition of plant life in a close contact then went further into the essential character of the waking life itself, giving the plant differs no less than the waking and sleeping animal from embryo. 1) The whole life up and life position of growing and flowering plant is appropriate, based on the recording of the same stimuli that maintain the waking state also in animals by stimulating sensation, even in as lively traffic occurs so that, while the whole set up and position in life the sleeping embryo and is also appropriate, calculated on the conclusion of the stimuli, the sensation can arouse. 2) The plant not only in the same realm waking life, where you will also find the other guard creatures of the earth, but also in living intercourse occurs with the breakthroughs of the sleeves so that, while the sleeping and embryo from all intercourse with other waking creatures much is completed as possible. Especially occur and flower Insect on a vast equal factors of a lively exchange ratio at which there is no analogy in the ratio of sleeping and being awake. 3) The plant seeks no less than the animal, even also like this with avoidance and overcoming of obstacles, the lowest outer life and stimulus conditions, depending on the changing circumstances in a modified way flees through an outward bustle, and the unfavorable with the merely formal differences between the two that not be grown animal running in all directions and with the one reached for all formed elements on all sides, where there is something to gain for the same thing, an unlimited once and for mature plant with this freed driving force is extended to all sides and drives new members in all directions where there is something to gain for them, the animal locomotion through the plant withdraws by addressing the shoots of the inconvenient places. Whereas in the case of a fully completed, and as closely as possible folded embryo neither one nor the other something analogous, but only a uniform, up to a limit pinned progressive, development within this shell shows. Equally offers the sleeper, the opposite of the above conditions dar. 4) The plant tells the animals the sexual process in which the animal most away from sleep and embryonic state, and the strongest sensations and mental impulses manifested. No embryo is capable of reproduction. Also, the plant is subject to many similar ex post particular circumstances of displacement and achieve the purpose, as they are in animals with a game shifted and finally achieved satisfaction of desire feelings in relationship.(Nanna p 227) 5) The plant is, in accordance with the breakthroughs of the seed coats, in the root of branches on the one hand, and the stem with its branches, leaves and flowers on the other hand, a parallel with the animals Contrary such organs, which sunk into the

dark depth from the outer completed life stimuli only serve the food, and those who dipped into the kingdom of light and air, to be marketed with the sensory stimuli, the animals also have the determination to draw from this traffic sensation for the same, whereas in the embryo and sleeping a uniform as possible termination of all organs of the sensory stimuli takes place. However, but the plant after the breakthroughs of the seed coats and our departure the buds are quite similar to the waking animals shows, it shows up just before sleeping and so analogous to the embryo. If one looks at the totality of these circumstances, it seems hard to say, in fact, what the allwrts recurring, always facing anew against the sensation of plants, comparison of the whole plant life rests with a double life or embryonic life, when the plant is not only the most characteristic sign of leaving such a condition, but also the very opposite sign thereof followed, as before, the whole analog presents. Instead of plant life and animal life are complements as embryonic African life and life after birth, bed life and waking life, what was that one as the precursor of the other, or appear as a change in state to the other in the same creatures, which is not the case, go Rather, plants and animals in both states in parallel, while they are in the way they lead their waking life, complement, which point is located in the following arguments for language and advantage. Although one might from some aspects can always say that the plant sleeps in relation to animals and people kept, for all higher life of the soul sleeps in it, or rather all the characters of a higher psychic life are missing, but a lower mental life, Starting in sensation and calculating them shoots, may be, as noted, as intense as a superior. And you confused untriftig the signs of sleep a higher psychic life with the signs of sleep the soul life in general. It is not disputed, however, where the concept of soul empty plant once it is clear where you made his scheme of the nature of this condition, without question nature to ensure the accuracy of the condition, as are all signs of the condition, of awakening and daytime of the soul which share the plants with the animals and the people themselves, just as hollow imitation or empty omen of what statthat in other realms, apply. But if you ease wonders what makes these characters hollow and empty than the corresponding in animals and people, But you can find nothing but the hollowness and emptiness of the condition. After all that, I can not admit what you said, * ) that it will always remain arbitrary, what symptoms I would expect as much for the inspiration that the essential character of the same can be discovered by any empirical abstraction, originating only from empirical abstraction analogy of humans and animals can thereafter lead to other beings to nothing durable. Only so far I give it to, just as no reason in the empirical abstraction. Even less I give to that reason without empirical abstraction in this issue with all preterminals about "the nature of soulfulness", the "moving energy of the organic unity", etc., which one philosophical shear part missing in my treatment of the question has, ** ) can align anything. I think those cited by a reasonable

viewpoint abstracted th from empiricism characters that abstract entirely from such indefinite fluctuating terms, for the safest, you can have up to now, to which one must adhere so, until you maybe once or set up precise aspects for white.
*)

Hall. Reference time. In 1849. 637 pp. 9) (Ibid., p 636 637 638

**) 9)

Comp. Note 8

Because, in fact, I do not even give out for exactly. The group of the same can not be determined with so strict determination, the district of the same not so keen to limit, and in particular which would then not prove circuit through direct experience in such a way as to require an exact science, but is in the nexus of those signs at all recognition planning that they do not deserve all this or not in full degrees, more of it than in all that a priori philosophy on the one hand and on the other hand, empirical physiology has commanded it. It must not be forgotten that this argument is only one of sixes. Almost in every judgment of my theory of the soul question did I have to hear the accusation that I the foot only, or almost only on analogies However, while keeping the following arguments always the analogy in support, and even probably draw analogies to help with, because without they align the soul question anything, so no soil is to win, but by no means represent the main aspect of it which is found even in the following two arguments rather by the terms of the diversity of plants from animals. And what the opponents are based on analogies themselves differently when they hold their fellow-men and animals for inspired, and what else, if they do not keep the plants for animated? Are there any analogies: The animals need nerves of sensation, so all creatures? If a polyp can without feeling nervous, as all sentient beings without nerves must be constructed as polyps? The plant is grown as an embryo with the mother, and otherwise resembles the embryo (although it resembles rather the opposite of that), so it is also in the same sensibility? Willy-nilly, the opponents have to refute my analogies to draw analogies themselves. The soul question does have no other foundation. But it seems to me, my use of analogy in this question is a little more cautious, prudent and finer than that of the enemy, more has its guiding principle and the general point holds more firmly, that matters.In all modesty, it seems to me like that. The opponents disputed reply: We used the analogy merely to illustrate and support a general view that we have taken from general reasons of the soullessness of the plant. - I do not mind if they only really served.Wofern but the opponents have to oppose my analogies no cogent analogies than those cited - and in fact, as soon as I can remember, only others to be those but always met again, so poor is the negation of the plant soul - this is so sufficiently characterizes the validity of this general view itself to the explanation and support they are intended.

We summarize finally the argument: the plant tells the people and animals to native individual organizational and life plan, have what we have reason to regard as an expression and carrier of the single individual soul plan and mental life of humans and animals even if the conditions of the body it reflects only the essential conditions of the soul and the soul is there and pass away, which could, however, be with regard to what we find in the embryo and sleeping man, for still doubt whether it not rather merely a precondition Mitbedingung, plant waking mental life, was established as a living soul so that really awake. But you shall now proceed to the people and animals and those characters to which is linked with this the awakening of the soul-life, and they shall finally with them and those to whom at them builds the wakefulness of mental life itself, by the alterations made in this respect of the animals to the plant, only the form, not affecting the essence of the expression of the soul life. Formula of the argument by analogy. *) If the admittedly attends an invisible visible A a, then we may conclude that the visible and invisible b attending a B if B is similar to A in all of the main points which the visible to the A invisible a self-similar, and it has the same time and loses a. The plant is similar to B but A is not only animal in the entire connexion essential points that the existence of an a in general, but also that the awakening and alertness of a particular reflect and contribute, according to the conclusion that the plant B is not less awake awakening and b belongs. In short, if A, a, B are given in the specified conditions of their existence, the existence of the corresponding B b it follows through the end.
*)

Let us recall in this and future formulas of what has already been said about the importance of capital and

small letters.

Since we are often discussed in the following explanation of the schematic and symbolic representations to help, so I hold it to turn on for some useful general comments about it. I distinguish between scheme and symbol insofar as scheme an abbreviation or illustrative representation given main conditions in the areas of the physical is to facilitate their opinion (by, for example, the position of the people by a vertical, representing the animal by a horizontal line ), (eg, the circle in the above sense, regardless of whether it also contributes regardless of whether something spiritual is reflected by it, but symbol a spatial, physical, or even versinnlichende representation, insofar as it reflects something spiritual such, it can but the scheme given main conditions of an organic body to be possibly suitable both to serve as a symbol of belonging to the main circumstances of his soul, if it namely those reflected at the same time, and a symbol can carry intellectual property or not wear what I do a full or an empty symbol call them. It is in the nature of things that schemes can only be open symbols, which do not carry the spiritual, what they reflect, but often useful to facilitate the understanding of the full symbols by illustrative highlighting the main conditions of their intellectual content. You can call all use of patterns and symbols gimmick, and will certainly make it a

gimmick, if one has not taken the serious point of the subject, and not clear and keeps him seriously in the eye. The benefits of a well taken diagrammatic representation of physical conditions but is already recognized in natural science. What the symbolic representation of mental conditions is concerned, it is not found in the natural science course, court, because this has nothing to do according to the concept of representation of mental conditions, however, applied methodically, only the transfer of, in science, long for with advantage vividness and clarity used so-called graphical method for representation of time and energy conditions on the of mental conditions, a transmission, the possibility of which depends on the point of the previous argument, after which the unsichtliche spiritual realm shares his most important relationships with the clear, then the picture , can serve the same symbolization. Anyway, it goes nowhere without images and comparisons with representation of mental conditions, but usually without the method, from, all terms used to describe mental conditions are even saying symbolically, one can not escape, even if you will, only that the coherent coherent mental representation of relationships through symbols is not necessary, but rather in the direct representation replaced by scattered symbols and can be replaced. Also remains true, as must at the graphs of exact science, nothing can be proved with the associated symbolic representation, which is not without it's provable. And thus with all schematics and symbols, of which we are folgends exercise, be further proved nothing except what the direct observations prove to the illustrative explanation they are intended, and what they do can often afford good services. Moreover, every unprejudiced person will appreciate how much the fact itself that we the analogy of which are rejected with conditions in the areas of Request necessary in view of conditions in the unsichtlichen intellectual areas must contribute to increase the weight of our argument by analogy, provided it in the knowledge of the spiritual but just points us to the same thing, which we have already rejected the same in the presentation. 2 Argument of the supplement. However, the argument of similarity is based on the similarity of the plants with the people and animals in those points in which the major outer expression of the soul's existence must be sought at all, the argument of the supplement based on such points of opposite difference between the two, in which , by the same principle, the outward expression of the complementarity of their soul existence are searched points, which, by providing the demand of the plant soul of a page at the same time allow a conclusion as to their complementary nature of the animal soul. Following conditions are clear opposition between animal and plant from: 1) In humans and animals outweighs relatively spontaneity, in plants, the receptivity, where people and animals act in the outside world in, change their ratios, dominate, however by the clad, hairy, feathered, scaly, calcified, proportionate to content little extended surface in general the outer fabrics and charms allow less frequent access, whereas the plant, but to suffering, record, determined as action, in her quiet professional and their nakedness with her in relation to the content very

extended surface, the much branched roots , the shallow dish-shaped leaves and the open cup-like flowers are showing so suitable for receiving the materials and external stimuli and events in their lives the same influences immediately follows. 2) The organism develops, affects relatively more works in humans and animals in the inward direction at the plant more in the direction outward from. You can tell when animals everything possible is done to complete it from the outside world, except for the additions, which were needed to supply the information necessary for internal processing life materials and life stimuli, however, reversed at the plant, so to speak, everything is done it against the outside world spread to unlock, up to as much content as was necessary, the live active surface maintenance, inventory, to give shape. When animals muscles, nerves, heart and brain are inside the main thing, headquarters and center of life, to grasp often whither only a bag or even just a solid capsule the animal's skin, with the plant inside only used in the main that auszustopfen rising real plant in the area of contact with the outside world, dies, woody, rotten, the more it enters the interior, often lacking in hollow trees, tubular properties, and the life of the plant is primarily only in the most extensive scooping the food substances stimuli and life with the outer surface of the outer world and processing in the ongoing most direct transport it. 3) The evolution of man and beast, as noted earlier - by the previous contrast carries over from the spatial to the temporal - more intensive the way that the previous conditions are lifted in the future, however, the plant is more extensively further developed through external growth with continued preservation of earlier stages of development. The circle of the animal drives branches, twigs, leaves inside, which is becoming more and branch out fine and branch, entangle more and more, through and grow into each other, so to change hand mixed, and thus internally, intense, organize the circle more and more, the internal organization and grouting change the fact, however, it expands outward only slightly and only for a time, whereas the group of plant branches, twigs, leaves, drives to the outside, which also becoming more and finer ramify and branch, entangle more and more, but not grow together and grow through each other not because they always have space for coexistence, that fit only to each other, and thereby expand their radius by the same time, continuously expands the circle, from which they grow to a larger extent. Plants and animals have as it were represents the ratio of two curves in the same way equations the sign of the principal term is just the opposite, and thus come into conflict but in all major relationships. 4) Meanwhile, the plant is under construction, life, developing the exterior immediately more faces appear when the animal is, the circle and scope of relations with the outside world, but enough for animals through allowed him movements and the length reaching sense more than in the plant, will always go through and measure, however, the closer the plant is fully exhausted by it by being completely penetrated by roots and grow from it at once only to individual directions from him. So pervasive and decided, however, is the contrast between animals and plants, but

one has to keep in mind: l) that he is a mere direction of opposites, not to be confused with a quantitative contrast higher and lower vitality. Life works so well, even when the juice is cooking in bloom, probably more intense than in animals in the plant, as long as no passion drives the same, though it may be that the intensity of life in the plant but not at as high able than in the animal to increase, and is represented by the same throughout the greater spread. *)
*) From the point of view put forward in my teaching psychophysics might want to interpret this to mean that the living force of psychophysical activity by decreasing its large distribution in the plant below the threshold, and therefore could not come to her feeling about. But not entitled to that view. In the same doctrine stems instead that a larger sum of mental activity is generated by a certain distribution of psychophysical activity with a smaller intensity than by any greater or lesser concentration, and so could, generally speaking, the plant through the distribution of psychophysical activity just both are at an advantage as a disadvantage with respect to the quantity of mental performance against the animal. Really the sum of the intensity of mental activity may be on average higher for the plants, greater in the animals. But I attach no weight to this idea, and think admittedly psychophysics in general not yet ripe to answer related questions here.

2) that the opposition, in no way affects the commonality of that organization and living conditions between animals and plants, which provide the most general expression of the soul's existence in general to the previous arguments, but only a very far-reaching and decidedly contradictory expression represents the same self to which So even after the established principle not only a contradiction but the contrast of inspiration and Nichtbeseelung may be linked to the expression of the type of animation. 3) that he still does not establish an absolute contrast between animals and plants, but only a further apart held relative contrast of the same character, as we find in many cases already expressed within the animal and human kingdom with mental importance, both between different creatures than between different pages the organization and life of the same creature, which facilitates the interpretation of those psychological differences between animals and plants, supported and controlled. In fact, think of contrast relatively more prevalent spontaneity and receptivity, more intensive and extensive development, etc. equally to the human and animal kingdom on different parts or aspects of the same, as the same in the organic kingdom on the two main parts, except that he there more subordinate relations is concerned, however, he moved the main difference between animals and plants. To explain it in the scheme: In the equation for the curve is between the human and animal individual child elements of the equation is the same sign in front of the contrast, which is between the main elements of the plant and of the curves of the animal. So we can have a contrast of a similar character, as there is clearly between animals

and plants, will find between the two sexes in the animal and human kingdoms. Let us summarize once, initially without regard to any conclusions, some key points in this regard equation in the eye. The budget of the people is also only by the complementary interaction of its two, according to general relationships are similar to peculiar relations contradictory factors, of both sexes, as the budget of the whole organic kingdom through its two factors, the animal and the plant . Here the man as the animal is the role of the larger spontaneity, the woman, as the plant that the greater receptivity in every respect, the former is the more general task in life, the more sphere, the latter the more limited mission in life, the zuerteilt narrower sphere of activity by the man, the animal is outward, creating, destroying, wanders into the distance, the woman, the plant is rather intended for toleration and peaceful interaction within the family circle, will be bound to the soil, and instead of destroying only the soil consolidates, in which it is rooted. The importance of the man, beast rests relatively more on the inside than the woman, the plant, which, however, the beauty of the external representation of gaining relatively more important. *) The autonomic functions in man, animals relatively less developed than in the female the plant, and finally concludes, however, the growth in the former, the woman, the plant is determined, always new shoots (children, buds) off hervorzutreiben. The life's work of the woman, the plant is mainly placed in the fulfillment of purpose for the man, the animal, in the Reifmachung, nutrition and care of offspring, which finished only in women infinitely more than the animals, however, for the man, the animal the sex and what ties it at all is a minor task. Insect and flower occur almost in an analog exchange ratios to as male and female, by the waiting flower, even a sedentary work butterflies not unlike **) is visited by the winged insect whose help learn the fertilization process, the same it is sweet food, and the child, and the caterpillar larva feeds, and weighs.
*)

"While the plant itself, as it contributes to the show or through an open covering their bodies attracts the view that it rests with satisfaction and pleasure in the harmonious exchange beautiful lines and surfaces, the animal closes the tools to which the various manifestations are of life tied to the inside., the shape is as it seems, the Subsidiary, only in the service of the inner workings, not the sole result of the same. And if we can nicely consider in general the whole diversity of plant forms as plastic, so must we probably tell from the animal forms, they are useful. therefore also not strictly scientific study of the external phenomena of the plant world can captivate because the aesthetic feeling this is his account to a large extent, but hardly capable of the mere animal forms longer our deeper interest in to take advantage of, if they are not understood in its inseparable relationship to the inner body. " (O. Schmidt, Comp. Anatomy. 1855). You can see how the author, the plant almost regarded as the fair sex in the realm of organic in accordance with the above, and refers to the interior of the importance of the animal. 10)
**) 10)

Some, like the so-called butterfly flowers and many orchids same, even deceptively butterflies. The full title of the work cited here is: Eduard Oscar Schmidt, Handbook of comparative anatomy. Guide to

academic lectures and for students. Many third revised edition, Jena, 1855.

I think this is summarized justify it when I said that there is a contrast of similar character as between the two sexes between animals and plants. Only that the

opposing certain factors, animals and plants, in all respects further diverge as husband and wife. The plant is relatively much more receptive banned in relation to animals as the woman to the man, in a much closer, tighter circle of life, sitting still much quieter, etc., without being lifeless with all this. Now that not only physically but also spiritually complete man and woman on otherwise common life basis, as members of an opposition, the receptive wife mainly perceives and feels, however, the man wants predominantly and is so is not clear why, in animal and plant the only other opposition should rest on one side of the same character in the physical, the mental contrast is rather to be just like the physical farther apart held between animal and plant as between the two sexes. We are the masculine animal soul may keep plants compared with a more feminine soul, only that the animal soul is much more masculine and the plant soul be reversed in relation to the plant soul comparatively much more feminine than that of the man and woman to each other. Or should we think that the psychological contrast between man and woman is already so far that no further in the same sense is conceivable? I mean, on the contrary, he is close enough, even so narrow that the characters of men and women in many individuals almost confused often, and as we reflect animal and plant a further contrast in the physical, should be at least the idealists - because of the materialists I do not want to talk - the spiritual trust that it will not remain with his opposition behind the body, or sinking into the unconscious that will. In fact, as much wants and the woman is still, to what extent increases in their power often the spiritual self, as far as it is able to rise even on tasks of sex! The plant to it's quite possible man were not a creature whose soul the character of pure receptivity still represented, the more pure and immediate rises in the tasks of sex? The plant is such a being represents externally, it will also represent it internally. Quite apart from the analogy of the sexes, of explanation occurs only as beautiful as the affirmative, the symbol of such a mental antagonism may in the external representation of animals and plants first and foremost be found that a soul with vorwiegendem stamp of spontaneity on one side of such a faces with vorwiegendem character of receptivity on the other; a soul that is created relatively more on development of an inner life and intense development of this life, such abandon their lives pure in relations with the outside world, and development of the circle of relations determined is, a soul with a wide circle touching relations with the outside world such a narrower, but more fully exhaustive circuits such relationships. Since we find that the animal that side of this mental opposition, which puts it in his bodily Build and life, reflects, really carries a powerful symbol is the same, we can not doubt that the plant in that they same the other side opposition reflected in their physical Build and life, those really carries itself not merely an empty symbol, an empty mirror of the same is what they wanted to spend, otherwise: l) no consistency in the relationship between the physical and the psychical from animals to would consist plant, and 2) it would be missing the animals at the psychischerseits addition, the physischerseits but finds it in the plant and is mirrored by the physical

plant, both of which run against a reasonable consideration. Another would be if the opposition, we find pronounced so decidedly on the physical side between animals and plants, not unlike the psychic areas correspond at all, then we could find such a not mirrored by those opposed and must perforce the contrast of the psychic contact and non-mental for it. But such a soul opposites is not only feasible, but also already present within the animal and human kingdom itself, but here not so much that is not yet another think could be, and so remember could be shown that the more the opposition between animals and plants could be found. And since we really find the physical expression of this other soul opposition due to the general spirit character, we are even allowed to hold him found it. This seems to me that if we combine these aspects, the plant soul so well captured, as a bird in a cage or net impact. I do not know how they will still escape. Certainly belongs to some circuit structure, with a simple flick of the wrist can probably scare away the birds, but do not capture, and the opponent make this gesture. To further support the speculation that we let the otherwise bemerkliche in nature tendency to exploit the variety of external conditions by an associated variety of creatures by means of a suitable variation of their organization, position in life and lifestyle mentally exhausted, is to find only half fulfilled would if only the the location constantly changing animals, not banned in solid circles of life plants were endowed with a soul, whereas if both are endowed with soul in the animal kingdom clearly marked, but only half fulfilled tendency is quite satisfied, because so suitable the animal after its establishment and lifestyle is, the remote nature of the relationships and striving to seize sentient and to socialize even those with his soul between remotely by running it every now and then, the plant is suitable for the circuit of certain conditions, in which it is banned, sentient and striving to be exhausted by it through its roots and grows. One would understand the point of this consideration bad if they reduced it: Because the animals still leave room for sentient beings remain, it must be thought occupied by the plants. In fact, it has interpreted it that way.But the closer is this consideration a combination of the following complementary aspects: nature shows in the animal kingdom, a certain tendency, which affects the physical and mental, in connection, as we now behold the continuation of this trend on the physical side in the vegetable kingdom, we have reason to accept it on the psychical side, if the physical side of the mirror itself is really such a mental supplement. Reduced to a single one of these in-depth consideration of view, the argument is incomplete. After all, you can see how the so large, even opposing diversity of plants by animals, which for the first sight only one instance against the inspiration of the same seemed to be able to form, by cogent compilation and discussion of the similarities only contributes to the animation to speak of the plant. It mixes though everything unclear together and stays with the stupid consideration are: the plants are altogether too different from the animals, they do not run, do not eat them, they have this and that is not where the mental life of animals expresses what it depends, in short, is asked once again to see animals in them, so there is no plant soul. The authorization

of the plant soul lies rather in their diversity of the animal soul. To a different soul but also has a different body. In "Nanna", p 370, I pointed out that, if the in itself quite place-like object turned on which of the conic sections, the animal form, and on which the plant form (with the upwardly diverging branches and blossoms, down divergent roots) and average return on average with maximum approximation, one would find the hyperbole in animal form the ellipse by the plants. These figures can be considered as simple as possible schemata of plant and animal form, such as themselves because their equations differ only by the opposite sign of head size. With the diversity of form, they also represent the greater seclusion of the animal, the larger opening of the plant to the outside world, the same barriers looser growth and the greater part of their independence from each other. Everything of course only an approximation, or rather exaggerated. Because in fact the real plant form at any time, the animal form is still as good finally completed when the animal form, and connected with its two halves, however, reversed their openings towards the outside world and their deep, especially in insects, almost to the intersection has continuous cuts. The scheme provides absolute differences represent the relative occur only in animal and plant. These schemes are conceived as symbols, while very well-suited to a completely closed ellipse against the exterior of the hyperbola a fully open against the exterior to represent soul. A fully open against the exterior soul is of course not possible, but no more (if they are souls with the character of finitude) a completely selfcontained. The ellipse in this regard before the hyperbola not assume anything. But it must be remembered that the absolute contrast is both necessary translate into a relative to be applicable to the reality. However, under this point of view I know not why a conic less entitled to representation of certain character would have a soul than the other. Its axis and has its foci the hyperbola as well as the ellipse, and hangs so well together organically by an equation. The argument of the formula supplement . If A is to B in opposites complement conditions, and if A is a also reflects and contributes to the B b reflects the contrast, it is likely that it also has the same. Related to the existence of B b are therefore A, B, a given set of conditions in that subject, it follows by the end. 3 Argument of the gradation. This argument, like the previous one based on the difference between animals and plants, except that it refers to a difference of degree rather than a relationship of opposites, or more to a relationship of superiority and subordination as the Bylaws. But it contradicts itself not when we plant the animal at the same time as a child of complementary and juxtaposed present, unless the relationship of subordination statthat from other points of view than that of the Bylaws, as we supposed, the woman to the man, the left side of the people of Right next to compliment ordered from some aspects, see additional subordinated from others. It could be this argument as the previous show so that we as a mirror of the spiritual from the corporeal castles on this. But here the opposite course to be taken. First we justify the claim of the soul stage of the plant in the spiritual realm,

and then show the fulfillment of this requirement in the expression, they found through the physical. The stages of the spiritual life of the people downstream tracing, we see how man goes beyond the animal by reason, self-awareness, abstract concepts, ideas, the idea of the infinite. The animals lacking all this, but it has, so far as we can judge from his statements, nor memories, foresight into the future, allround view in space, objective representations of an external world, and an association-wise linking of all that which takes the place of mind . And with all this, it goes even beyond the stage of a pure sense of life beyond. As the lowest level finally left the stage of a soul without memory, foresight, allround view, objective ideas and association wise idea play in a flow and exchange of sensual sensations and impulses, such as outer him the oscillation of life under the oscillating excitation by the diverse and changing stimuli carries quite rises, a soul that lives and dies, while the animal soul complementary and anticipation, and in the soul of man the higher consciousness of the past and future, in the latter even beyond the grave in and with the moments falls. Without the plant soul is missing at this lowest level soul. The plants animals approaching this level and form a transition to what is gefut the following argument. But they do not meet their very extent that they still show the animal character. The polyp by snatches of prey, but a must if ever so dark psychological anticipation of have what he has not yet, beyond the level of pure absorption in the presence of sense. The plant, however, entgegenzustrecken held the arms of a future prey grows, so to speak after the stimuli just as she meets her feeling and striving only follows the action of stimuli, however, ahead of the same idea, and the pursuit of the animal. However, the question is, is such a soul level, as called here in the plant and the plant, even conceivable? They shall rise in the pure sensuality, in a river and exchange internal appearance, but that there is a soul, it at least requires the uniform flow and change this link, which is slightly higher than this flux and change. Certainly, but it is certainly the plant to that soul unit is missing, the set with the organic unity at all, thereby mirrored and supported. The difference of the plant from the animal is only the be just that in the plant the sensuous immediately goes together in the soul unit, however, conveys the sensual in animals with higher in people with the highest combinations of beliefs, concepts, ideas with the soul unit itself. And that's what makes up the animal and human soul. But further ask: Can it be locked directly into the unit and the sensuous soul, the soul rise unit in the immediate sensuality, no need to link it instead of the sensible everywhere the mediation with the unit? But the man himself proves the possibility of such deep financial statements of the soul, a so immediate unzipping the soul unity in sensuality, as we take it continuously for the plant soul to claim, in that it time setting itself may enable such absorption in the state, shorter on the circumstances, longer, less frequent, more often, incomplete, complete, - the longer, the more, the more complete but, as his soul is already low. The extreme would be that he always and completely remain in this state, but

then his soul would give only one plant soul, what it is not, and should be, enough that the people time setting possible sink into such a state proves but in general, the possibility thereof, and the deepest soul level is now very fact differ from each higher that they constantly and completely in remains, has not the ability to rise above it, however, a higher soul level, if not always standing on their full height, and time setting itself quite well or approximately sinking back down to the lowest level, but retains the ability to rise up, and under normal conditions, this ability is also expressed safely. Each higher soul level closes at all the assets of the lower in some way with one, and not only has the ability to temporarily tone down on the lower, but also raises its development from the lowest to only gradually to the highest, to achieve their possible vorzuschreiten. This allows us to consider a least up to certain limits adequate idea of the condition of the plant soul and thereby get the idea of its possibility and reality here in a similar sense to help than the in the previous arguments by pointing to the soul of the woman the man opposite happened, if ever concede that full compliance of the condition of a soul which is capable of a higher level of development, can no epoch and time of their lives with one which is unable to take place. But should the condition of the newborn child, which rises quite receptive to a river and exchange of sensual sensations and instincts, neither foresight into the future, even memory of a past that still has objective representations of an external world that it rather at first only the impression of a can make sensual colors panel, be best suited to the condition of always remaining child to sensualize plant. Remains but the woman also, so we compared frherhin the plant from some points of view always child, so that the analogy is only enhanced by the combination of the two aspects of the comparison. Certainly the comparison of the plant with the new-born child is more appropriate than the comparison of the plant with a hanging embryo in the mother, in all material respects. Also, the newborn child is still hanging on the nut and sucks the food out of it, but it also has all the senses receive stimuli for life, as the plant. And if it must be accepted that the nature of the rooting of the plant in the ground, should this ever mean the mother of the plant, the rooting of the embryo in the mother's superficial relationship is more similar than the way in which the newborn child depends on the mother so the plant increases over the earth freely in air and light out-growing parts of the more rugged than any resemblance to the embryo on, and will hereafter also their rooting for only one, of the maternal earth more firmly than a human of the Mother held, born in light and air child. Only the germ of the seed, as long as he has not broken ground sleeve and may be cogently compared with the embryo. Moreover, the earth is like a mother plant only from a very limited point of view. The human child does not grow into a being like the mother plant but to a ground. Some abstract symbols to illustrate our argument can come to the rescue again. We want a spatial image or symbol, this would be the image of a Pftanzenseele:

The image of a next higher level soul this:

The image of a human soul would be about increasing links must be represented by a much larger building in which this would not be the way constant, but depending on the height and design of the temporary consciousness changing. But it is not necessary to use on the development of such symbols diligence, but because they can provide only a very approximate sensualisation of limited scope of the cogency of course. For all their brutality, they can now contribute something to make grasp an idea of the plant soul and the requirement to provide the same by making it clear that there is a profound soul level to which can be found in the human and animal kingdom only the higher levels . Because the animal combined but different sensations, perceptions, impulses in different directions in different intentions from different viewpoints, and the soul unit occurs as higher Verknpfendes about these links. Only in the plant soul we can find a reconciliation of sensual sensations and impulses through the soul unit, and instead of replacing the soul of plants animals the soul of plants, including the plants animals would have to replace their organization and living conditions, is only appropriate to revert to as we show in the following arguments. An even more abstract symbol can be as follows, see: A number line can conclude immediately by a uniform identical relationship between all of the individual numbers, or complete only with a relation between relations. An example of the first kind is the natural number series l 2 3 4 5th . . which terminates immediately with the difference l as a common relationship between all be following numbers. An example of the second type, the less easily constructed set of numbers 1 2 4 7 11 16th . . which seems at first to have no identical conclusion, because you take the differences between consecutive numbers, we obtain a new set of different numbers.

l 2 3 4 5th . . Now, however, includes this with the identical difference from l, and thus gives here the conclusion of the basic numbers in an identical relationship, which was held immediately in the previous series, with a higher intermediate relationship. Known, the difference of the arithmetic series of first and second order. One can increase the order desired, and so, for example, l 2 4 8 15 26 42nd . . a number of third order, where even a fully mediation more than the number of second order. The plant soul now is a series first, the animal and human soul of such higher and respektiv highest order on our earth. But why there should be no first order in the psychic series, but if there are a series of higher order in the psychic? Understood that the soul can be represented by the image merely the ratio of the Lower and Higher, not the exchange and freedom, and, as such, has not the image, the soul therefore such can not be denied. An image is an image. Conceded the possibility of a simple soul sensual game, you can continue to argue: What is it? In humans and animals, the meaning of life is the higher mental life only to services and ohnedem has neither meaning nor purpose nor meaning. A higher psychic life consists not in a simple unit of a sensual soul game, but in an exchange, and dismounting in the areas of higher shortcuts. What is a soul unit, not linked as Paranormal, in a reasonable sense and purposeful world order? In fact, what they should be in it? - One might reply that even that one could hardly pose a less serious question already in respect to the souls of animals: What is an irrational animal soul in a reasonable, meaningful and purposeful world order? But there are irrational animal souls. Secondly, that the question of whether something is not the question of what it is, must depend. We know far too little to what things are. Meanwhile, I believe that in a areas where leaves less decide exactly according to the facts, the question of being, as in other regions, and after once more composed basic view of a reasonable, meaningful and purposeful world order, but questions and demands that the senses are placed such an order to take into account if there has been no statement to make it, but one must then also allow the answer in this sense. And I answer: It is because not only plants souls, but souls of animals would make a meaningless beings in their relatively low professional and their isolation, I mean, I still have my many other reasons that all these lower states of mind, and even the whole this-worldly states of mind of the people belong only to the base of the higher life of a higher and finally Supreme Spirit, in which mediations and connections between all of the individual soul life even of very different height and a change up and down climbing in the same place from a completely different meaning, than in the individual human spirit. But the justification and execution thereof is not in the doctrine of the soul plants. The point of our argument corresponds to the whole building, the whole position in life and life of the plant. She has to draw any eyes and ears to orient themselves in the outside world and objective conceptions of her, no feet, to move in space and time away lying purposes, it has not. The circulation of ideas in man and animals, who

always leads back past, indisputably necessary as a basis of a physical circuit, the plant can miss with the one to the other. So also lacks the brain, which propagate in the animal sensation stimuli from different sides their effects to Keep On in orderly aftermath and to be used at higher combinations, they did not even ganglia, which in lower animals to approach the performance of the grant brain, and has therefore no nervous because it no longer needs to also tracks with the elimination of Kombinationszentra. She just no longer, but it has in some form or other as much as the nerveless polyp has also, in which there has been no differentiation of nerves, blood vessels, muscles, bones, etc., and still feels. But meanwhile the plant this whole internal structure and development of organs and functions, which are the higher faculties of the soul, is denied, sought and lives and she goes so on all with inexhaustible newborn susceptible to the influence of sensory stimuli organs in dealing with the outside world, developed such an extension, freedom, diversity and self-gradation of the same, that man and beast with its closely matched, no extension enabled, meaning it does not meet their circles from afar. Not only do they offer for the small animal's eyes to the light of broad receptive to the light stimulus, ergrnende in the light, after the light is tacking areas and bloom even higher organ to fine-take of, it is with the stiff stems, the erzitterungsfhigen sheets suitable to propagate shocks through their whole mass, as the animal only to presents the little drum, but also leaves her fragrance at the time of sexual maturity have known that its not going on a receptive mind for it, you can the fact that their whole life culminates in the sexual process (itself can erupt evolution of heat and stimulus motion in this case), close that even the perception culminates here, and consider it likely that the refreshment of dew and rain, and the touch, sucking the insect without yield will be for the sensation. So while the plant lacks the viability of man and beast to the higher, it unfolds, however, the lower level of the organization and of life on which they intended to stay, richer and wider physischerseits, and accordingly also undisputed psychischerseits what a certain sense compensation for the failed awarded, and is so in relation to animals as it were a low but wide pyramid in relation to a high but narrow dar. Instead of the plant soul, the argument of the step maintains philosophically about in the following turn against it to be asserted, and I even believe that this is the chief point to which the philosophy is still based on the denial of the plant soul: Man comes to the level of the rational, the animals, the life of sensual soul, so is left for the plant, only the level of a mere insensate life with vitality. This step is required in a reasonable plan of organization and life stages as the lowest and the plant it represents But there comes, as shown, the animals are not mere sensuality, and it provides the lowest soul level that may be required within a reasonable plan of organization and life stages, not yet represent, and you pull at all in that line-up three soul levels that can be distinguished, untriftig two together, and secondly, the concept of an insentient life and a numb life force must be brought to a lack of clarity, and the latter came into

deserved disrepute, for an unclear disreputable term may require no special representatives to but. 11) to representation of a permanent insensibility are the body of the inorganic kingdom, crystals, stones, etc. since. What still want to without feeling also represents a state of the plant is not in sight. Although the sleeping and embryo proves that there is something between the death of the inorganic kingdom, and the waking life of organic creatures in the center, but that is nothing other than the opportunity to awaken, and their representation are precisely the Sleeping and embryo there. Now the plants are still also represent this state of opportunity in the form of impossibility! In fact, the insentient life force falls entirely into that water in which the current philosophy does their fishing expeditions, and is instead built on the condition of insensibility of the plant, but that this could be based on it.
The concept of life force in its countless forms of the Aristotelian entelechy to the "formative impulse" with flowers Bach and Goethe into disrepute come particularly by the scathing criticism of Hermann Lotze Rudolph Wagner Handbook of Physiology, Vol l, Brunswick 1842 (article " live, life force ") which provided evidence that the concept of force in the physiology of all just lacked the features that are otherwise made its use so fruitful. Now to whom he insisted on strict implementation of the mechanistic postulates: "We as the last requirement on any theory this issue: that although the legitative violence vorbestimmender natural ideas acknowledge this but never believe in themselves, but only to the extent of executive powers, as they are already established material in the mechanical conditions given, that also never look at dark dreamlike states of a dark soul being the source of the brightness in the physiological explanations, but admit that with the outward allowing the conscious will for the effects of such a principle demand for a rigorsen mechanism occurs again.
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"

After today's philosophy, the series would provide as follows: Always and completely dormant body, that of the inorganic kingdom, once again always and completely dormant body, plants, alternately awake and sleeping body, animals and humans and the animals with constant sleep of higher assets. I put the number as: Always and completely dormant body of the inorganic kingdom; alternately awake and sleeping bodies of the organic kingdom, the plant with the higher steady sleep, the animals with constant sleep of the highest ability. God and his angels watch forever. I think this series will be a bit better than the previous one, because the but can not decide, does it look up what the facts agree better, and all our arguments are based in the associated facts demonstrating there. But, say the opponents, in fact shows but the plant, they were looking for where and how you want, no organs and functions, which are related for animals even with the lowest soul appearance, however, is entirely made up of those who exclusively in animals fall victim unconscious side of life and worship, and the one precisely because the plant consists only of those called vegetative, because the organs and functions of nutrition, metabolism, the juice run, breathing, growth. But the plant consists only of the numb parts of the animal, why should she feel? Yes, if Fechner had satisfied, the plant attributable to a plastic, a vegetative soul, which consists in linking and management of processes of this type, and lives, so you could make it apply, but a sentient? No, then the plant would have to do something other than grow

and nourish themselves. The plant rather represents the level of a purely vegetative life for himself, rises above the animals still in the higher animale, characterized by sensations and arbitrariness of life. But now - in order from the last to start - why man continues to this beautiful example of what gives him the nature, not apart from his statues on pedestals or as much empty pedestals, alongside its apartments on foundations even as many foundations without homes over there? Or why one writes nature as to wisdom, which would mean greatest folly in humans? The objection itself acknowledges in the vegetative animals have only the meaning of a substructure of a sentient soul, as it comes into the plant to be soulless to portray next? In truth, it just has that meaning. Besides that everything Vegetative harmonizes the animals there to make the body as a carrier of a sentient soul, and to get that serve major vegetative organs even directly or specific sensations, as the same time exhaling, intake end and feeling skin, or culminate in such as the digestive tract in the tongue and tasting the delicious taste, the respiratory organ in the nose smelling. Why should the vegetative organs of the plant to the no use at what they are good in the animals? And there are the animals generally the outside world to the inside facing part of the vegetative organs, which show the sentience, however, the recessed parts going into the dark depths such, or entitled to only a certain contribution to the common feelings. Now the plant is in the dark depth of submerged root on the one hand and the free uplifting in the clear outside world stems with free in there spreading leaves and a culmination in the open flower on the other hand the same contrast vegetative parts to which the in which animals Unlike a sensation and numbness ties, just still more striking. The root is a real pedestal, the plant independently standing next to the animals, it is not. They replied, but the whole plant kingdom is it yet, and for that reason no soul empty pedestal, because the soulful animal kingdom is built over it. The plant kingdom must prepare the nutrients for the animal world that could not exist ohnedem and live. Indisputable, as well as the peasantry of the state of scholars and noblemen who ohnedem and life could not exist, as the herbivores to carnivores ohnedem could not exist and live. And yet, the individual farmers feel the effort and enjoy the rewards of their work as well as the scholars and nobles, do not feel the same amount, but in the same strength, but tastes like the rind of the clover as well as the ox to the lion, and feels it is the fear of the lions at least as strong as this greed for the bark. The counterargument speaks to the plant at the same time the lion and the bark from the soul. It remains true, the plant is physiologically built from the ground up only from organs and processes of vegetative life, their whole goings-on in relation to the outside world, opening up of the flowers, sleeping and waking, fragrance, sexual physiological process only resultants vegetative processes. No less but you can take in animals and humans, the higher physiological activities only as resultants disponierter peculiar chemical or nutritional processes. Even the free locomotion depends on such processes, and to demand it of electricity, it must be purchased with a result. Man runs from this point of physiologically no different from the locomotive

is running, and then of course, the plant does not rotate differently to the light when the weather males under the influence of the weather. In fact, if one did not know from personal experience that a person feels, thinks, would have him after what is physiologically erfalich and traceable from him, no less from the ground up to the end and top all-organs and processes of the autonomic life, mediations, and resultants of such processes hold up as the plant, because what one sees more it is precisely only the physiologically Erfaliche and Trackable what you do not want to see in the plant and can see because of only the eye physiology to bring, however, you need a base for the animal and humans. To this must be some ingredient of schemata and symbols. Schematically, it can be said with just a slightly altered expression of an earlier scheme used: The animal is a sentient closed bag into which invaginate parts, and this new branch invaginations invaginations inward from himself. The plant is a closed sentient sack from which eversion parts, and these protuberances new branch of protuberances off. Now the higher psychic phenomena of humans and animals hang out that the inner invaginations occur together in intricate relationship, the plant lacks this condition higher soul phenomena and sentient bag is completely absorbed in external branches, which only serve to lower sensual, in trade, are obtained with the outside world, but to have the more freedom to develop. This scheme is only relative as all earlier and cum grano salis to understand. The animal shows some protuberances then also (the sensory organs receptive, limbs active) intended for transport to the outside world, as it explains possible, the plant shows, especially in the fructification, some inversions, involutions, and I have (Nanna p 342), and still think it is possible that in this their mature age, a trace of higher mental function in their wakes. But this is nothing but a dark suspicion. You can animals and plants in their higher forms schematize from another point yet. The animal is different developed which are referred to by the direction of the spine and its extensions according to three mutually perpendicular directions. The length of the spinal column direction corresponds to the main direction, the purpose of this main direction, the parts order with various design and meaning each other. For the purposes of the transverse direction indicated by the direction of the symmetrical transverse processes takes place bilateral symmetry. For the purposes of the depth direction from the rear to the front or back side to the belly, indicated by the simple spinous processes, is simple to build. In the plant is the main direction with each other about ordering parts vertically from the main direction of the animal, parallel to the main direction of the people, for the other two mutually perpendicular directions of the animal or human but the plant has the circle by perpendicular to the main vertical direction all directions are indifferent to them, and the linear main direction and the circle, finally merge into a spiral, according to their type is known, the whole plant is built. This mesh fusing the three spatial dimensions in the main scheme of the plant, which are clearly distinguished in the schema of the animal, can also symbolize us Unterscheidungslosigkeit the spatial relationships in the soul of the plant.

Formula of the argument of the step . If three physical organization levels A, B, C (plant, animal, human organism), c with the corresponding soul stages b given, and this can still be a soul level a under is left, which is mirrored according to A, as b and c of B and C are mirrored, it can be assumed that they will also be borne in accordance with it. Thus, if A, B , associated to the existence of a C A, b, c given in that relationship to their existence, it follows by the end. 4 Argument of the relation. The previous arguments on conditions of equality and diversity between the outspoken forms of animal and plant kingdom however support, this is based on the ratios of the transition or connection between the two kingdoms by an intermediate realm, in which the conditions of equality and difference between two more or mix and less blur. Known, namely limits animal and vegetable kingdom via an intermediate realm together, its creatures, in part, certainly a place on one side or the other does not even let instruct, while in others, the one certain assigns this or that kingdom, but the characters versatile spill over into the realm of the other, intersect with it, mix, mix. The more the animal kingdom calculated so-called plants animals which has been already thought several times, agree but in simplicity of structure, the lack of a central organ, closed circuit, and (in part) of the nerves in the branched form, often even with flower-like main parts, the jamming, the union of the two sexes in the same individual (hermaphroditism), the ability to reproduce by sprouts, as well as by artificial division, the generation change *) , even some particularities of the chemical constitution, in many cases, the one of these, the other of those hand, some by an association of nearly all of these points correspond to the plants, however, many of the vegetable kingdom calculated creatures of the intermediate realm in from the other side by means of free locomotion in their earlier Entwickelungszustnden as spores, zoospores, according to recent research by very striking similarities fertilization processes (Pringsheim), approaching the animals. 12)
*)

is the plant that is in the sequence of leaves, flowers and fruits of an analogue of the so-called generational change of the lower animals only, in accordance with the previously noted general difference of plants by animals, with continuation of the earlier stages of development during the later occurrence. Nathan Pringsheim (1823-1894), first observed in the mixture of plant fertilization of male and female elements. His perceptions are recorded in the study: "On the fertilization and germination of algae and the
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nature of the act of procreation."Monthly Reports of the Berlin Academy from 1855 to 1857.

So far now shake our common signs of inspiration in the intermediate realm, we see only a lower level, not a decrease in the intensity of the mental life indicated by rather the plants animals still give the same strong and powerful characters sensory perception and sensory drive through the diversity, vibrancy and manner of their movements, their sensitivity to sensory stimuli, their prey and greediness manifested as higher standing animals (see Chapter V), and since converted to definite plant kingdoms of the drive for locomotion only in an equally vibrant growth engine in the

transitions, we have in the otherwise very gradual transitions of both kingdoms after physical relations also no reason to believe in a sudden mental section for relations between the two empires, that it was to such, where the psychological intensity suddenly stopped or decreased. Especially when we notice that the organization and position in life through the plant kingdom begins to rise only in a new direction of the creatures of the intermediate realm again, so that the higher standing plants, perennials, trees are well over the creatures of the intermediate realm, if already in throughout the organization in the vegetable kingdom on the characteristics according to which one is accustomed to measure the amount thereof does not rise, as in the animal kingdom. The intermediate realm arises in a word dar. rather as a bridge between two different soul realms, because as a gap between a rich soul and the realm of death This argument is the conclusion that lets us hold fast the human kingdom through the whole animal kingdom through faith in inspiration instinctively and unconsciously, not proceed to consciousness of the animal kingdom also. The worm is so unlike the people that we would doubt the intermediate links between human and worm on his inspiration. Now, however, so much and so gradually push a to Any amendments intermediate links between the two that never find a point at which one could learn by themselves to implement while maintaining only the general soul sign the sign of special manifestation of the spiritual life one by one into another, up for the people of the worm is there. Now all the special characters of the animal animation in plants animals have finally been replaced with those of the plant, up to locomotion, and finally to exchange these with the growth of shoots and the full plant is there. Formula of the argument of the relationship . If A and B are related by a gradual transition, and to receive a unattenuated to transitions, so b is not nothing at once, but associated with the a a b. So if A, B, a are given in that conditions for their existence, it is related to the existence of B b finding by the end. 5 Argument of causality. This argument is based on causal relationships or origin. One reason to accept the inspiration of a being, though is not alone, but in conjunction with other reasons, the fact that it is produced by conceded animated beings and is able to produce such, a counter-argument can be sought not only in that it the product is inanimate, but also the fact that it is only a precursor of conscious inspiration, as the embryo. Well, the fact that the recognized souled humans and animals have grown out of nature itself as a reason for the Gottbeseelung nature be invoked with other reasons, and this god animated nature will then be able to create animated plants, that from here there is no difficulty. But if the plant life behave just as embryonic precursor, it could be thought of merely as embryonic precursor of animal life, but neither is the entire animal kingdom, from the beginning of from the vegetable kingdom emerged, but both of the same date in the history of creation and a parallel course of development of the simplest forms of enhancing themselves through levels in the organization, even today creates the individual animal from the plant, but again both follow from an

analogous state of a parallel development path through to increasing levels of the organization. Now provided the evolution of the animal after physical side an associated development of psychological side not only reflects, but also contributes, we will have to assume that the animals parallel development of the plant equally bear the mental development after physical side, as their expression mirror, symbol they can be viewed. Schematically, one can say the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom make two, not apart outgrown, but together rooted in the inorganic kingdom, from a common node to which the intermediate realm, diverging branches represent one of which higher and to the opposite side of this unfolded wider than the other, are closer to the earth and holding them more opaque, shoots up, that the more active higher, more spiritual, more sensual side of the rezeptivere Soul of the earthly life both specular and supporting. Formula of the argument of causality . In this respect both the whole empire as the individuals of the animal A and plant B, rather than to have emerged apart, a neighboring parallel course of development, show originally with common origin from the earthly kingdoms C but developed with the A a a, you will also not seen in B, a precursor of A, but for the parallel development of B with A and the parallel development of a have to accept with a b. 6 Argument of teleology or expediency. This argument refers to the purpose of relationships in which the plant shows himself to man and animals analogue, and can submit from this point the arguments of analogy or similarity has therefore been drawn already subsidiary at this, but can also, if one of the summarizes the point of usefulness as a main aspect of the eye, as a special, as follows, are presented. We find by experience, induktorisch that is functional in humans and animals of the whole building, the whole of life, and the whole process of life in favor of a soul that all organizational resources are combined as among themselves and with the external conditions that a soul consist to can develop and cause the creation of new souls, no matter how you interpret the relationship of body and soul in this case, what you want to make the existence of the purpose institutions themselves depends, in short, the experience teaches it. But we provided similar events, facilities, a similar combination of organizational resources to meet among themselves and with the external things in plants, we may assume also the analogy that they are also in favor of a soul. In fact, however, the plants are equal in what we see look as appropriate event device combination in humans and animals and serve a spiritual life, the animals not only in general but also to do some special provisions, which in itself the specific purposes of a soul awake life relate, as especially true of the appropriate position, twist, suitable digestion organs against external stimuli and the conditions of reproduction. All the sex ratios in the human and animal kingdoms vote actually for

the purpose together, such further propagate on top of a soul awake life, we may by analogy assume that the no less carefully made and analogous events in the plant world are no less determined to such further propagate on top of a soul awake life. Formula of the argument of teleology . If B is analogous to A in such a purpose facilities, which are in A with the existence of a relationship in, we may also have a similar relationship in B require the same to b. That would be my six positive arguments for the existence of a plant soul and the closed circle of the argument, so far as I could, to close it. The whole organization, the whole life and the whole life position of the plant in its relationship to the animal, to man, to all outward nature in all general aspects that can here come into question, where the similarity, diversity, the relationship, etc., general conditions of the soul existence itself, its contrast levels and ratios, went into an argument with. As we can learn nowhere as even the existence of the soul in us, we had the visible everywhere as a sign, a mirror, a symbol of the Invisible apply, but not content to see mirrored from the visible to the invisible, we have everywhere to the point sought that can assure us that it is worn by him. I call it a piece of natural philosophy and also a part of that philosophy I of philosophy as it exists on average today against agency; therein contrary to imagine that they, rather than philosophize about the facts, as today's philosophy does, from the facts out philosophizing, the supports notions about the actual on this, and by generalization, linking, analysis of our datum to which it seeks to reach not us, but in the nature of things given, our limited experience overreaching ends and About Soaring, thus, to the most general highest to penetrate Last searches, with constant regard for the preservation of our higher and practical interests. It is the path of empiricism, but a rational empiricism. The doctrine of the plant soul is just a small example of what leads this way. He will lead us to further and even greater things. Suggests you how to, the sixth above arguments first, so you can not rough on them to reduce the five arguments, hereby is, compared with the five fingers of one hand, grasp the its subject in a connexion which justified in some is what lies behind the individual, and when the sprouts are just to look at. This is the view from behind a Gottbeseelung the world. The first argument is the main finger, acting on its own with the utmost vigor, and should help with any other, but they help him again. In the third, the argument culminates, the fourth and fifth are for the weakest finger, randomly everything, as in the real hand. The formulas in which I pulled together the arguments to show that the conclusions at which I the foot here, are basically very simple and has, served under condition of facts of experience to their presentation the prior discussion can be summarized sharply in few words. Without being mathematical, but they approach somewhat the shape of the mathematical, by, so to speak, open up a proportion of at least three members who are related by a specific, factual rather than only the fourth speed ratio. We put plants and animals, two straight lines equal, then closes the first argument (with the inclusion of the sixth) from the partial coincidence of both when they are superimposed, the second and third from the differences between the two, which is in

this case left, namely the second, if they are placed one above the other, that they which are opaque piece protrude in opposite directions, the third, when they are overlaid so that the plant line coincides with the lower piece of the animal line, however, this extends to the top about it. The fourth argument excludes the context, both when they are in continuo be put together, the fifth from the parallelism of the two, when they are placed parallel to each other.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

Andere genug, und die ich schon in meiner frheren Schrift genug beleuchtet zu haben glaube.

In my earlier writing (Nanna), the previous arguments are neither listed under special name nor strictly separate, yet formulated abstractly, but related in coherent evolutions, depending on there was the opportunity to take on one or the other reference. In actual fact, there are, and here the same, sharper and abstract found only here, some kept apart on the one hand, on the other hand created systematic, and throughout more directed intend it, they work through their engagement and their mutual support, than to run in single to leave, while the reverse is true in the earlier work. The latter also had advantages that had to be abandoned here. In general, however, a second glance can always see much sharper than the first, but when the first one was all right, otherwise. This is the ratio of the argument in this and the previous correspondence. VII Experience principles of faith. The belief in the soul plants will not mean much. What comes because on whether you believe in it or not? It has also advanced to me and said I had given me too much trouble for something that was not worth the trouble. Now faith is the plant soul, but only a small sample of the belief in things that can not be proved exactly, anyway, and not just a small sample, but Smallest and Largest hangs together in this whole question, and how a large may take on a small pot handles easier than on his big belly, I thought also to have been found in the small plant soul a little handle with which the faith let lift the greatest things on leichtsten on the big pedestal.Successful, it is not of course. The abdomen is found too large, too small to handle, and cook in the old pot, collectively it to the old handles, continued. Be it. Anyway, could be because it is only a little thing at the plant soul - at least relatively, because basically a Brazilian jungle full of souls but it is no small thing even relatively easily and quickly deal with it. Not so with the larger and higher objects of faith. Therefore, the scope of the Zend-Avesta, its contents I can not reproduce here. But the principles that I consider authoritative in these matters and who have been there prevail, here I will clearly identify and explain it by yourself some supporting arguments. Undisputed historical authority and practical need will always remain the main sources of support and faith in the highest and last things, and it should also. But they

have the doubts can not defend themselves, and no firm can establish clear and reasonable coherent design of the faith with what we know of the nature of things. So little that it is almost always in doubt whether to sacrifice the historical tradition of faith for reason and science, or vice versa, has probably justified even a gap or an antinomy between the two in the nature of things. Themselves that belief sources or support have not been able to suffice, by a third flowed unconcerned, is not supported by a third, because no faith is historically and all needs zusagend fixed; still rather fight the religions, and religions the confessions. So it can be surely not done with those documents faith alone. In fact, can not be known in two Fussen, which is determined to stand on three. Rather, it is considered to support the belief in the nature of things, to lift its objection to the nature of things, and at the same time to raise his conflicts with the needs of the people and between the designs of the historic faith. For the former, the needs, roots and even in the same general nature of things, the highest and last are the objects of faith, and have to base their satisfaction on it, and the latter, the historical forms of the faith, ask yourself just as different ways of a common starting points to represent the common goals, which is to be found in the unanimous satisfaction of the most common and highest human needs. And so one may more closely consider the following principles into consideration that, rather than contradict the other wide documents of faith, want such rather by the addition of the foundation, resulting in the retrogression is on the nature of things, only reinforce and contribute something that faith grows against its objectives. In fact, not tearing down of what is certain and salutary, but only to growth on a broader basis, it is going to do. It lives one God, and what is, is by God and there is an otherworldly life, of the life of punishment, reward and higher level, there is a sacred world order, in the sense of ultimate victory of good over evil, which are the foundations that have already been established through the rubble of the decaying and more and more stowed paganism, there is nothing more to do this and nothing more to do than what the strength and increased the construction above. But I mean really, that the principles to which we are concerned here are able to do something in this sense it. There are empirical principles, Everything really has to prove its reality by experienceability or effect in the Perceptible. The articles of faith but want to be the highest and greatest common realities. How could thus be deprived of experienceability their existence? Also you since long of religious experience speaks as a source of faith. And certainly heard what they call it to his best sources, but it does not cover the whole thing, what I mean. Or should really be in the experience of dependence feeling, a last and highest need, the satisfaction of feeling in God's hat, the hope of an adjustment of all the imperfections of this world in the afterlife, decided everything we learn from those realities or close of experienced can? In our relationships with father and mother we have feelings, not the same height, but character as related to God, but we know nothing of his father and mother? Now it is true enough in God and life after death, the experience is not the same as

directly to his father and mother and our daily lives, but if it is too far away to directly reach it, because our being able to accomplish anything on her bottom? An oak tree can grow from an acorn, but the acorn does not grow without. The astronomer sees the whole sky only small slices, the smallest dots, and a whole sky full of large planets and suns is his. But only on the basis of what he sees, not seen in the sky is his. To be sure, our entire experience based knowledge of the reality everywhere only to a relatively small circle of reality, but must also be based on such. And therefore also our principle will be the realization of the highest and ultimate realities that far exceed our experience, instead, to rely on what is above itself to what is in them. Raw of course, fragmentary, almost embryonic, was this principle has always applied involuntarily even by those who reject it. Because we all stand under his compulsion. For there is no religion that does not would create God in the image of man, the hereafter, in the image of this world. Man can now even otherwise, as to what he does not see by what he sees, close, or thought would be empty. But forced to close as he seems forced to conclude incorrectly. God is not like the other world is not so, as can be found for such circuits. The principle is to reject it? But what then filled the thoughts of God and the afterlife? But you must apply it once, so it is only the choice whether raw, so that the character of the principle is lost, or in a reasonable sense.Everywhere it is one of only a few skilled and experienced, serious art, from the given the non-Shared in circles even the closest things to close right. Would not it be now up to theological and philosophical systems, the same difficult art through their education, natural science has been raised about the superstitions in earthly things, concerning form the highest and last things to teach and practice in order the teaching of these to collect things over superstition, in short, to seek the addition of historical and practical principle by the principle of the right conclusion from what is in the experience of what is about the experience? Instead, it seeks to conclusions of what off, on, behind the experience of what it and what is even in it. However, objected to, your principle is a fundamental error. What is our conclusion from the given resources to the non-Approved? Inductions, analogies, mathematical deductions. So you can probably conclude from the finite to the finite, and so is often enough mistaken, but in no way to the infinite, and everywhere it is the faith of supreme and last to things that reflect the nature of infinity. It may well be, yes, you should probably think of the infinite in finite images, put it into the context of finite order at all to take some of it, but it remains a stopgap measure, and always must remain aware that such a remains, and must ensure that the notion that one has made on the conditions of the finite from the infinite, correct. To know that God is incomparable with all that is finite, which is the only true God and worthy view that we can have of him. Not even in mathematics is kept finite with the infinite comparable, let that one could in these things. You're right, the finite with the Infinite is incomparable, but not in every respect, and it does look more closely, in which. One is to quickly deal with the

incomparability. An infinite straight line is certainly incomparable in size with every finite straight line, but both still have the full features of the straight line, and what the one that makes the others to do so. And so is also an infinite and infinitely high spirit - but God will not be a ghost? - Height and width can be incomparable with any finite spirit, and yet quite similar, so that in all things no matter what makes a spirit to spirit. Or what ever even call it spirit?"God breathed the breath of life to the people in his nostrils, and man became a living soul. 13) Can the mind, which is a touch of God's spirit, so be quite incomparable, and we shall say nothing of the wind may, what is true of the breath?
l Mos. II, 7 - The whole chapter contains the seeds of the next larger font Fechner: "The three motives and reasons of faith." Leipzig 1863. In it, he leads the only sketched here three principles: the historical, practical
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and theoretical from further when he calls particularly for the latter increased space.

Not our Prinzipe, but the objection is a fundamental error in that is so rooted that only the same revolution which will uproot the whole view of the world today, will uproot him, because this error is itself one of its firmest roots. It is that the infinity of finitude is over, over, beyond, beyond, beyond, probably even a enormous divide between the two sets, as they might do not even come close, however, they do not lie apart, but rather the finite the Infinite content, and no other relationship between the two is reasonably possible, as just this, that the finite is the infinite content. So also the infinite is not incomprehensible to, but countless handling the finitude comprehensible, only unumfalich it is, but comprehensible by so many sides to much ends when there is one-sided and finiteness, which then also often count on the whole, a Another error, but the first does not make the truth. Or we see around us but if we can find a different relationship of the finite to the infinite somewhere, as that one of the other content is? The straight line was maybe just a weird exception. Well, there's about an infinite space beyond the finite space, an infinite time beyond the finite times, an infinite body, Nature, beyond the finite field? There are only infinities, which include the cases of the finiteness of its kind. The god of today's opinion but is an infinite spirit, which does not include the cases of finite spirits, but excludes, has outwardly towards, about - for clarity and certainty is not to be sought here to contradict itself at the second words - like a finite mind to another, and eternal life, according to current opinion is not such a thing our finite life as a whole, the part that includes, but is supernaturally torn it out in an inaccessible beyond. A truly infinite spirit, however, includes in his life, the lives of all spirits, and a truly eternal life includes this world and the only two naturally on and apart following a life stages of the same. I mean, that's just sensible, but no one wants to reason about these things. You draw the knife before without issue, and sword. The infinite mind without the characters of

infinity and the mind. He is infinite, but has the finiteness beside him, he's a ghost, but unchanging and timeless, like no spirit, he lives and moves in us and we in him, but he does it to us and we to him. It beats hands over their heads together over the godlessness, the finite minds to think about immanent in God. If you would rather should strike his forehead and asked how to rhyme such contradictions. Now, of course, is no wonder that where the most glaring contradictions are so forgiving one another, an irreconcilable with the view that it raises is. The appearance of wickedness can stand out well, such contradictions can not be lifted. Among the philosophers, it was mainly Kant, who has an absolute Unprdizierbarkeit through all categories, which are also on the finite application, claims of God. And yet so little as someone else has been able to assert his claim in execution. Without the evidence to speak of the finite God is speaking of nothing or contradict. In fact, after Kant placed in the Critique of Pure Reason that assertion, supposedly justified and that the thought of God deprived of all reason, even in his two subsequent reviews it still occurs on the moved away reason by the moral and ethikotheologischen he evidence God among categories and properties sums which are taken from the finite viewing conditions. One says: what do you want, may be cogent for a finite size, but God is both infinitely greater than we are, because it does not fit. In his infinite height above us, he always remains quite incomprehensible to us and quite incomparable with us. But applies to the height exactly the same principle as for the width. An infinitely high tower can no more without lower floors, which it includes, are, as an infinitely large area without faces that it includes. There are so many steps to climb to God, as managing to catch him, only that we can rise to the full height never, as we can never cover it all. The tower is of course only one image, but high is just a more general picture, and if you can demonstrate the objection without picture me, so I will answer it without a picture. And what is supported for the idea of an infinity beyond the finiteness? On experience, on reason, on practical interest? In all Dreies miverstandenerweise, and all three, he contradicts quite understood legally. And misunderstanding of what it depends? to the despair of being able to take God altogether, as if it were the same thing, to God right out and take nothing, and at the other Miverstande as if the infinite could be limited by the finite fact, however, the finite is only limited alternating hand, a piece of the infinite line the other, but none of the infinite line. With one another error is related. Just as the infinite loses its contents into the finite, and thus the empty cavity, even the empty words, is the finite his vessel, its cohesion, its band lost at infinity its enclosure, a, crumbled, isolated himself, is divided up. The souls fall monodically 14) apart, instead of a world soul, there's a world of Soul Dust: the body of souls, part of nature, nature confront, the individual wants to have his freedom in isolation for themselves. Because you yet but the band can not miss, it replaces it with the dialectical concept, the flowing matter, a substantial infinity, this or that surrogate of mind, or cemented by the realities behind realities.

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Cf Note 3) .

Against this order that the infinite, the entire Finite to the content, of course with the fact that all that is finite of infinite content, consists not in isolation, nor has power to exist, although itself is something, but higher today, CY a higher power always remains subordinate pages of his substance, after its addition of pages, pages of his power, after pages of his law, after pages of his freedom. Each straight line is piece of an infinite straight line, and each time is piece of an infinite time, every room is piece of infinite space, every body is piece of an infinite world of bodies, each body element of an infinite organism, every mind a fraction of the infinite unity of all spirits and each time a wave impact life in eternal life, every single law subordinate to general laws, all the freedom of a single ray of sun of a freedom, so no worse and no less freedom. So let us not be mistaken, that the articles of faith have the character of infinity, as we could not get close to them with our experience, we are rather conceived with all our experiences therein, and we carry only the character of the infinity right statement is that we never confuse with the infinite finite, but only as part of, moment, page, link, take the same handle. Not the higher we think about where the infinite the finite, but the more we deepen the knowledge of its content of finiteness, expand, increase, the deeper and more sublime, cogent, fuller and richer at the same time will be the idea of the infinite, we are using the complete. And we can never exhaust the infinite with our experience, we can still draw him out into infinity. Because not enough but our experience of the content of the infinite in the infinite, and not even too far into the finite extend, so we have to look for the principle with which, wherever we may be enough to achieve the possible, and all to achieve the purpose and tendency of the whole to contribute through our finite being, thinking, acting, in this sense, even a bit of his performance. In this regard, I put the following on: It is important to start from the widest possible circle of experience moderating in the realm of existence, through generalization, extension and improvement of the factors which arise here, go to the view of that which is beyond the other, further and higher regions of existence to which because of their distance our experience is not enough, or the width and height presents our experience and beyond to make with the caution that generalization, extension and increase of the area of the Perceptible, only in the sense and the direction already within the Perceptible itself is chipped, so only the taking of the other, higher, wider areas claim to regard as valid, which generalizes the more extended, increases the farther and higher we look into the experiential field, and the points of difference which arises due to the larger distance, width, height of the area to take full account. If different, a sense goes allwaltend through the whole thing, a relationship of being, activity, being composed laws through the whole region of existence, from the most general, Supreme, recent to most individual, ultimates enough, and if different reality, with only experienceability or related something that is tangible, can prove,

this principle requires no proof of its soundness, for that context itself is also in line with the principle, as it naturally flows out of it. God is a Spirit, which is a Spirit, we learn of us, but he is an infinite and infinitely high spirit, well then, even in our minds and our spirits in the kingdom, are much closer and more areas, degrees of height. Expand, and improve further in this direction, we are expanding and increase until it goes no further, so that God always remain a spirit, how our minds after all, what makes a spirit to spirit, and able to climb up infinitely far and high above all, what the finiteness and lowliness, the narrowness, the narrowness of our minds depends! Thus, we will not reach a steady, timeless, sublime on all spatial, God: but to such, which includes all the changes, all the time, all the room in the same sense as our minds change, time, space as forms of his thought , knowing his whole I of the things that includes. What we have in these types of things, the things we are, and what God has in these types of things, these are the things, and we have it in him, participates in the being and essence of things. God as Spirit a relationship with the physical world, the relationship of the spiritual to the corporeal we get to us, but God as the most general, greatest, highest spirit of a relationship with the most general, greatest, highest in the physical world, we can learn from us how to extension of the sphere, increasing the level of the mind expands the relationship of the mind to the world body and increases the greater of spirit is supported by a highly developed organism, and carries him higher up so to speak with him. Expand, and enhance further in this direction, we shall find that the longest and highest spirit is supported by the broadest and most highly developed organism that is the world itself, not the inorganic, but the whole, with the origin and all the stories and destinies of peoples. God as Spirit and a relationship with spirits. To ghosts beside him? Then we would not really increased. Some of the truly and only God not only tolerates no God, he does not tolerate spirit beside him, because every mind itself is a little god. Rather, we look into ourselves, and close by the little god on the big. My eye sees nothing of the what my ear hears, my ear hears nothing from what my eyes see, each of these members is with his feelings towards the other one being completed, but all together open to my whole mind, and he knows at the same time to know everything that the eye and the ear and all the other senses in me individually, and still picks up toward broader relations with it. Expand, and improve further in this direction, as is any creature with a sense of his, and above thinking, willing, against the other being completed, but will be open to all back together against the whole spirit, and he will also know everything they do individually, and still grab it with infinitely higher relationships. Or we do not believe in God? have the other two Prinzipe denied its power? well then, it can serve as a third of their support and complement. What makes us believe in the soul of our fellow man and the soul of the worm can expand and increase in right to the soul of the whole, whose parts are sprouts and we all believe we can (Chapter IX). But if the height of God over the world take place in an infinite increase in the

amount that we have our mind over matter and over the lower senses spheres can enclose from experiential aspects within himself - without yet remains the word height a meaningless sound - when it is placed in a sufficiency of God over the world, which no experiential point of view is more application, the principle is abandoned, and hereby canceled the bridge of the idea and the ending to it, and all talk of God remains an incomprehensible babble. Man changes from day to day part-looking, completely over the years, his body, it returns to the outside world, and draws from it a new, the soul is not only a verknpfendes, but also material and shape of the link changing, the principle of body, the faster the physical changes, as is the living soul in the change of the body of man rises gradually from a stage of life to another, extended, the body developed, and with the body of the spirit. Expand, and improve further in this direction, then opens the prospect that the death instead of a gradual and only partial pltzlicherer and a more rapid exchange of the body and thus the rapid ascent of a new stage of life is. The soul is now not merely tacked on a point in the physical world, but the conscious principle and tape a circle of physical activities that rise and fall, expand and contract, and because there can wander. You fall asleep under the threshold, lights on the consciousness, they rise in waking it up, and now they are highest here, and man is all eye, now that he's all ears, and now they are sharpened as a point , then the soul is entirely focused on one point, and now they are spreading, then we are separated, and now they withdraw completely into the interior, and the soul is lost in thought, and now they turn back to the outside, and they again maintained the outside world. Thus the soul follows every twist and turn of the linked by aiding, or let's say the other way around, they follow every twist and turn of the soul; basically follows none of the others, but one goes with the other, and when and where the summit of these activities, culminates also the soul of life, which may be called the particular seat of the soul. Expand, and improve further in this direction, as the view that, if the soul has this side moves in this way in a small part of the whole, they passed migrate the same in death only in a larger part and henceforth free to open to us in the same 'll wander. We can destroy any part of our body, even brain, is it not too much at once, the soul does not die, it does not suffer even if the rest of the body still has its means of representation. Destruction of the damaged part is even the best way to destroy the damage when the means of representation are in force. Expand, and improve further in this direction, then opens the prospect that even if our whole body to destruction falls not die our soul, so will not suffer by the larger body of our body part, such as our soul, a part of the soul of that body, also means the agency will have to ensure their preservation, and that this will be the last, as provided for in the nature of things, means to destroy all the damage of age and disease. Consider an image in our mind. The body is to establish the substances, juices, forces the soul sensation. The picture goes out, the materials, juices, forces be scattered back into the body, from which they collected, but for the sensation occurs,

the memory of the sensation; enters into a new and higher realm from which concepts and ideas weave, one, encountered in it with the memories and all the other earlier images and helps them to weave with the higher life itself. Expand, and improve further in this direction, will open the prospect that even if our whole body image disappears and its agents, juices, forces again be scattered in the large body which they lent only a Erinnerungsnachklang this life into the life of will occur Spirit who has given to our body, the soul, and with all other echoes and earlier departed people, ie beyond their souls, the higher life of this spirit will help weave. And as the Erinnerungsnachklang the image is attached to a Wirkungsnachklang in us, to the physical picture has left to be scattered in the us, the Erinnerungsnachklang our lives to a Wirkungsnachklang, to leave our this-worldly life in the physical world. Whosoever ergrbeln exactly where to find in the world, the body of the Great Spirit, the new seat of the soul, and how he designed the first brood - and before he has ergrbelt this, he is also not that ergrbeln - where in the body of the little mind, the part of the large, to find the seat of memory, and how to obtain it, but whether it may be a long time before we ergrbeln the one and the other, the question no longer meets the Whether, it only applies yet where and how. And also where and how evidence of the conclusion of the presentation and are enough to find in our Prinzipe. (Cf. Zend-Avesta. T. III.) The child before birth was firmly locked in the womb, with the tearing of all the old life gang - it seemed his death - it comes out to a whole new free, not torn from the previous, but the same enclosing, Rich, and runs freely with those which came in the same life stage. - Expand and we increase further in this direction, as the view that we are with the tearing of our present life gang opens us - again, apparently our death - in an even freer, brand new, and not torn from the previous, but the same in further enclosing circles, Empire occurred, and are still free to associate with those who were in the same stage of life. And so we can assume a variety of viewpoints, and nothing is required, as the expansion and improvement in line with our principle, we find ourselves from the here and in the hereafter performed not in conflict, but on the basis of the facts of this life itself; nothing it requires, as the principle of leaving to go down or saved by the soul hopelessly incomprehensible contradictions and see. Also on the same foundation of belief in higher beings rises. This show I in a following chapter. (IX) They say: But you thou mayest build a hypothesis on the other, your hypothesis of the afterlife on the hypothesis that the world around us the body of a spirit and our body a part of his body and mind a part of his spirit. So it is, only that the totality of these hypotheses flowing from a Prinzipe what no hypothesis. But that they mutually support one another, not diminished, but completed their grip. And here enters a consideration that would be really obvious, though no one intended it because they do not depend on to the principle that, when it comes to the

teaching of the most common, highest, last things on the principle of generalization , extension, increase to support the floor of the experience, not individually this and that, but everything has to expand in connection in the direction instructed by the experience and increase, there should be a relationship of the highest, last things, even their fact only exist, because it is in fact only in the context. Our otherworldly life can be found on such paths only when we find both God and higher beings in the same way, and the ideas of God and the higher beings can be designed and developed only in quite this way, when we are in connection with the idea develop right from our worldly life. Is the world, the world around us a grave, shall be forfeited at death the soul with the body of this tomb, is the world around us, the living body of God, and the earth to give us a god animated part of this Body, is the lower, higher in the and, finally, everything eingetan here as there in God, so is our only death still a special case of the metabolism and mental change seat in the living body of God, a hike from the narrow cell in the other house. From the other side of the living God and His exalted creatures would lose the higher content without our life after death is reversed. If there are only human, animals, plants with souls on this side without echoes of their lives in an otherworldly higher life, it is for God and the creature between him and us the same as it would be for us, if it's in our well-Seeing Eye listening ears, groping hands were, but what they saw, heard, have keyed would abolish not in a higher realms, continued. The indefinite sky from which the peoples dream, this higher realm in God. So everything is connected properly taken, and everything can be made. But that makes it to the principle that hard to gain roots that everything can be made only in such a context. The common consciousness, it falls difficult enough in one direction above the ordinary to increase, much after all, in connection, the mind remains because the people are and yet is only in this sense related increase. Our principle is therefore hopeless? On the contrary, the performance of its prospects is just about the farthest, because they are the furthest the greatest. In truth, this principle is nothing less than a fantastic principle, and a principle for fantasies, but rather it is the only thing that can create the fantasies in this field, bridle and reins, yes all the fantasies in the field of belief based only on the fact that it leaves. However, it can be left in two ways, once with the fact that you draw up views of the highest, last things, although they take the output of cogent experience, but instead to take it only as a starting, stop it by using the what is in the restricted areas of our finite experience, and want to cover so that the highest crude analogies, last, most general, so the views of the materialists and the Gentiles. Secondly, however, so that it sets up views of those things which hold the most general point of view, Supreme, Last cogent in mind, but rather to take it as the most general, highest, last of what is experienced, it is the transcendental , incomprehensible, inconceivable move, demolish all of it, probably put in basic contradiction with everything, whereupon idea can justify term and final, so the views of the most dogmatic idealist philosophers and theologians.

In the first way to get to low, limited, unworthy, never reaching, contending with other particulate views, views of those things that falls into crude anthropomorphism, Fetishism, or, they are all lost. On his last journey to get to meaningless, vague, incomprehensible, unsubstantiated, and in contending with the experiential nature of things, without regard to any decisions taken by different comprehended questions, views of the highest and last things. Instead of clear ideas and thoughts remain just empty words last. For the purposes of the first difference is the raw idolatry of the Gentiles, to whom God only, a larger or stronger person, or even less than a man, an ibis, a snake, a piece of wood, a stone, after which it exactly in the afterlife pending, as in this world, no less but the unbelief of the materialists who do not believe in God and worldly souls, because they see nothing of them, and their view that because they themselves need a brain to her small circle of thought, a thought among the things can not be imagined without a brain. Materialism has to have not a single fact which moved with principles of our expansion and growth the way, all his facts are contrary to the starting point of the path that leads there. But he contradicts it simply with the principle not to allow the expansion and increase society from the human. For the purposes of the second variation are those views which hold any of the categories that apply to us, the finite spirits to God, the Supreme Spirit applicable, after which he fixed, timeless, beyond the room in a totally different conditions the world is, as to experience any mind to the physical world has, in a totally different situation to the spirits, as by experience and by thinkability having some sort of spirit ghosts and the views that drop the nature of God or the matter from the drop out spirit that give the soul a disembodied existence in the afterlife, they can migrate to distant planets or in an indeterminate over sky. All this I reckon among the fantasies of philosophers and theologians who can not exist if our principle is. Our principle provides the passage between two cliffs, while the ship of faith, as it is commonly known today, the only one avoiding to bump into the other, and is bouncing back and forth between the two. But just intend to do everything from God, the leave shall be over all senses and thoughts sublime, what is true of finite man, and then we fall back into images and comparisons, and submit to God motives are the cause of most common humanity. A beauty of the principle lies in its clarity, the clarity of his expression, the clarity of the path that leads there, the clarity of the concepts to which it leads. Where is something not understood? God, the afterlife, higher creatures, everything does not occur after taking familiar, yet totally clear or clear indication of the Common to be made, ideas and concepts. Extension and improvement of the familiar is his whole secret. Another beauty of the principle is that it makes us independent of the philosophical disputes over the last being, the origin, the basic principles of things, what could now

be even up to now fails to provide clarity and attunement, undoubtedly because one essence of things behind the things studied. The conclusions of our Prinzipe remain correct, one might interpret the facts in the sphere of relations of soul and body in one sense or another, just that you always support the conclusions on the factual, as the conclusions of the astronomers remain true no matter where you Seeking the essence of matter.
Nun ist der Glaube an die Pflanzenseele aber blo eine kleine Probe des Glaubens an Dinge, die sich nicht exakt beweisen lassen, berhaupt; und nicht blo eine kleine Probe, sondern Kleinstes und Grtes hngt in dieser ganzen Frage zusammen; und, wie man einen groen Topf an einem kleinen Henkel leichter als an seinem groen Bauche fassen kann, so meinte ich auch, in der kleinen Pflanzenseele einen kleinen Henkel gefunden zu haben, mit dem sich der Glaube an die grten Dinge am leichtsten auf den groen Untersatz heben lasse.

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However, the principle can not conjure the truth, and not to vouch for himself. It is a principle of operation that is in accordance with fertile, the continuous and coherent and insightful it is operated in the same direction.The individual analysis and individuals may be wrong, wrong, wrong has, the safer and more difficult the more it is based on only one-sided view of the nature of things, ever careless he expands and improves, the more he is finally with his Prinzipe wants to isolate the historical and practical Prinzipe. For he is otherwise herein to its objects, as the naturalist to his, which the probation replaced by the experience of any other control, the historical acceptance and follow the practical benefits of his discoveries to himself. But in the highest and last things they are even with the probation. What is able to achieve not historical validity, does not deserve to win those, and where the historical coincidence is still missing, but the fragments of the agreement or have the tendency to be demonstrable. What can not the religious salvation of mankind remains eternally wrong. This link would be and mutual support of the three Prinzipe much to say, but it would be too much to tell here. One difficulty VIII. One difficulty is, above all, about which one can not get over. It makes the deaf ears of our teaching, and the ready tongues speak against it. So much now I already said in my earlier work, * ) to dissolve the appearance of this difficulty, yet it is as if I had said nothing. And so I raise again the tongue to preach to deaf ears.
*)

Zend-Avesta, I. 300ff., 396ff.

A feeling going through this book as it had Cassandra, that all truth they said, was spoken to the wind. But when the time will come that the old view of Troy falls, the wind blows nothing now, blown into the fire. We are part of God's nature, how can our independence and freedom consist? And must not drop our sins and imperfections on it? If such a relationship between the mind and spirits at all possible?

His independence and freedom like no one even unto the Most High, unless he sacrifice it to him voluntarily. "I should like to respond to your views," a friend told me, "but I feel that I'm something of myself, and not another's." His God and be free, you hold one. Abominable atrocities happen on a daily basis in the world through human will; should this be God's will, and the human mind is the people's will, what will become of the holy God? It is true, here is a problem, not just a simple, one double, reinforced by its connection difficulty. But it is only in the half-understood and half, not fully understood and the consequences of our whole doctrine. The main difficulty is rather that no one is so easy to get to, to pull them completely full. And also that you do not know what teaching our wants, we do not know most of what you want, even in these things. No one wants a god and claims, claims an absolute independence of the people of God. What else a god? Now it is merely in an inner to translate the page of dependence and independence of the will of God that we recognize as an external, and everything on it is no worse for our thirst for freedom, but better. A gentleman had a lot of land, and then a large number of serfs who had to edit him the floor. And he said, I will let you go free, everyone should take part in the management and the interest of the estate in accordance with its insight and its share of activity, and myself I reserve only the top line. No, said the serfs, now we add us to your power, but if your possessions belong to us, we will only order your goods and your true hearing. Such foolish serfs are the spirits of men, the better their freedom to God, for keeping respected as a partner of his spiritual being. Than the riches of the divine Spirit, the Lord and the good of the divine will. In our mind, the will is merely the highest, not the only automatic assets. How many thoughts arise, how many drives go without, even against our will, should it not all the more so in the much higher and more divine spirit can still be a lot of selfactivity under his supreme will? Or should consist of nothing but the highest God's will? It is over the top step of the stairs, secreted by the divine will of the creaturely faces. Thus, it is a high, they must still have the same deep under stairs rather. The human will to the divine will in the divine mind are these lower levels. Although not available to the will of the king, the lower will of his subjects against externally, and God is not the supreme king? - Rather, God is in it over all the kings that each ratio of the Bylaws to his subjects lacking it.But then can his dominion over them not, like that of a human king, an outer, but only an inner being. The will of the king himself before all external rule to perform an inner in his mind, has to be a truly royal to surpass the will of the subjects in width, height, quality of this inner power. And only because the king is also similar to God and a preferred servants of God, that it reflects the internal rule of the infinite, of the whole, in this inner spiritual dominion of his mind, and with this rule, the outer inner leader, God

helps lead its internal rule by helping to achieve the best looking on the whole will of the whole mind, so much to him, but God is always dissimilar, that his reign only a finite and partly outside, God is an infinite and a completely internal. The king, this position is in God is God conscious, at the same time the highest dignity and the highest duty conscious of the king, who is the purpose of this position is the true representative of God on earth, the kingdom is on firm ground in this sense, and only in this sense, but it can be made it so the king does not have to stand next to, but in God, and God will not be a king in the sense in which the King is not God. They say: How can the relationship between God's will and our will be compared to the relationship between our will and our instincts? Is not the relationship between will and will ever incomparable with the relationship between will and instincts? Will is not something unspeakably higher than shoots? Certainly, but because you are not, indeed, one does not assert, rather, that God's will as something unspeakably higher than our will is? The same name can not be wrong us, and not confuse unequal. And nothing prevents that at all incomparability our instincts with our will and our will with the divine will but the rising ratio of the same, yes, if you will, that every incomparability Low is comparable to his own major. So what is our drive to our incomparably higher will, our will against God's incomparably higher will be able, nevertheless, that it is the same Spirit. Hereby but our will is free, one is looking for him but God, as well in it, because, is the possibility of reluctance against God's will and not the best side, yet the surest sign of freedom and independence of this will. A right strong desire in us can do anything but what he inwardly reluctant, but finally to call for its purposes and objectives and to vote. This is the divine will also finally with all the human will, even better and safer than any human will with what he has in himself. To education, punishment and reward in this world and the other world is there. But that's not a fear, but a hope and a comfort. They say: But there's a will and a will yet can not exist together in the same spirit. Rather, will is once and for all a Supreme, The only therefore in the nature of what it has. Quite right, but prevents that a higher being has this entity in itself and now it still has a higher will in itself, which now has only the character of the true intent of this higher being? The top of a turret on the tower is, though belonging to the tower, but not the top of this tower and is not a higher and highest peak in the way, can be rather in the same sense that address. And so is our will, though he remains always God, but not God's will and God's will of ours, though not we can probably agree to God's will and should. We can certainly not think that the man has a will in addition to the other place, of course, because he himself is its concept and essence of a past in the consciousness of the unity of man Rooting, with Constituent, unanimous end, and therefore one . Are not two but one, and two wills would give needed two people. We can not even think

of our will, another will have more space, of course, because he's terms and nature of the last source, the final summit of all conscious self-activity in man, something the whole consciousness territory of the same dominating, hereby yourself highest, is in the people, as he stands among the highest, he would no longer be the highest, and thus no longer the will of this people. But all these difficulties that make a human will, beside or below the human will in the same impossible for men allow the human will in addition to the human will to the divine will in the same God, that is, under a single head of all the conscious self-activity in the God we certainly not once more will likely call if we wanted the concept and essence of the will expect his humility and finitude and barriers in us. The shops are divided into God's concern for the individual is left to the individual, and the regiments of individuals are individual to lead the regiment. The highest will can be the individual does not care, except when it intervenes in the whole. Those who expect the highest will of what a will is there under him will wait in vain. So little limited Inbegriffensein the highest of our will with God's will in the same spirit, the self-activity, the freedom of our will, but rather that God's Spirit is itself pointed to this free activity of individuals in detail. For all and for all his highest will provide, but for everything and everyone in connexion: every part of this connection, and thus also provides the highest will for every individual, and it best fits into the general context, the individual can act as he wants, but if he does not want to turn and act as best fit thereinto, the general concern of God will go there to take him away, and finally force the punishment of God to do so. Now, some will not tolerate to an abstruse idea of freedom's sake even though this ultimately all evil compelling force. But there are also unruly children, and once they thank the Father, but if they are forced. But, they say, is of the view that we are part of God's nature, not merely to submission of our will to God's will, rather merging our whole person in God. The rising of a person in another person but contrary to the terms of personality. - The rising of course, but not entering into it. - The taking no less, instead of entering into another person, the person is automatically closed and any other person. - A circle no less other circles, but prevents that he was surrounded by them at the same time by a larger circle? - A circle is not a person. - But yet so closed as a person, so why the person umschliebar less than the circle? Well you will be able to make the concept of personality so that even the common entrance into a higher personality to not fit. But it is quite arbitrary, it fits what you want to do: every philosopher and theologian fits him for his system, the only question is only whether his system also fits. I say, a term of personality, prohibits taking a higher personality, so is just inappropriate, because it allows no suitable ratio between our and the divine personality, and hereby a satisfactory theological and philosophical system. For that reason, not because he is a person with the character of infinity beside people with the character of finitude, but only classify the finite to the infinite, is not an addition. And also for many other reasons not. But now to the other side of the question to call us: How God's holiness tolerate the

fact that he has with our spirits and our sins, and imperfections in it? As both sides of the problem, including both execution hangs together. Imagine only the terms of the holiness of God so that not nothing, but everything that goes with it, as we see it go in the world, and at the same time so that we may hope that it will be good targets. It lay in God's holiness same scale only expanding and enhancing the data by which we measure people - we command anyway conversely, to measure the people of God, but one thing asks the other, - and you will find no contradiction with God's holiness more. But he that puts the concept of God's holiness on the comparability with everything human, bears blamed himself that he finds the content of his term only in term lots, and that the sanctity of human itself is no longer a role model in the holy God. Our will's freedom to define themselves independent of the supreme will and that even quite contrary, is in its relation to an involuntary for God. Also the quality of a people but we only judge according to his will, as the single highest and ultimate source of his self-conscious activity, not after what involuntarily, so what to meet him, appears in a lower area of his mind and goes. Enough if the will is so much in it, it depends on the meaning of good guides to good targets. But this meaning has the world order, which is also the order of the divine spirit. It depends but together simple: if our will is not the will of God, but only a little deep under the will of God standing or even the same offender Running, so is our sin, not the sin of God, for sin a being is of the will of this nature and otherwise this is not the sin nature. Explain God for sinful, because our sin is in him, to explain the same thing as a symphony for miklingend because discords are contained in it. She will be there, if not the same resolution contained therein. Such we expect from God for all the evil by his own will, and we can certainly provide a surer hope of finite healing and reconciliation of all evil, as if God has such resolve a discord in the lower areas of his life in greater harmony than when, as an outward discord confronts him. To compare the world transition to a symphony, is an often used, and just as often striking, picture. Only that it can not meet in matters wherein a finite image at all infinite can not meet. In our songs we expect the resolution of a dissonant chord of each next or a discordant chord progression of each of the next. The tight frame of finitude, in the piece is taken, the conclusion of the finiteness of the set to him everything has to be so complete in a short hour, - demands it so. But in the world progress the disharmony can reach through a millennium to find only in a second their resolution; through a whole life to find only in a second their resolution, and by degrees in the time it comes to new and advanced degrees continue into eternity. But how much dissolves in a short time, the little one in miniature, the Great the Great of space and time! The resolution of the problem comes about and is that it produces in the order of things, which is reluctant counteractions against them, which grow with the evil and finally overgrown, making it not only lifted, but even abolished in good yes to the

source of a new good is it different from just the good that this is turned round and converted to new source of good among the Colaborations promoting the general order to the source of the higher good, that, by counter-effects. The need is mother of invention, and the new mother overcome sin virtue. This resolution of the problem is not blind vonstatten, but as the evil has meaning only in the realm of the subconscious, so goes this resolution thereof by effects on consciousness and under the influence of consciousness vonstatten. The right human will carries with consciousness in the human order is dependent on him, that's up to him to the realization of the finite resolution of all evil. Anyone who believes in God must also believe that the divine will with its all about reaching consciousness is the dependent of his divine order, so much about him that is going to contribute the highest, most general, and Last to, and that the right human order even a minor part of the divine order was. The poor human will resists this order, and you can not resist but in the long run. Those who believe in an eternal life, must also believe that the next life in this regard will only be the final act of the present, unless the back beating on the bad guys in the next life consequences of his worldly actions and activity will finally force him but, in this order to relent. And although we may believe the one and the other reason that we have to round the direction in the order and see where this life. Expand generalize, and we increase only what we see, because it is the more general, further and higher of what we see, and because of what we see, the more generalized already even in this sense, extends, enhances the more we look into General, width, height. This is the principle of faith experience. Of course, if we could think and hope that God desired us as men, we want to think about it differently and want, as is compatible with the views of the world, it is that we think externally dependent or included in it by him was , would like to think of his whole being as perfect inner harmony, want to find the outer expression of this harmony in the dependent world he swing and world state, and wish for the prospect of a distant resolution of all evil all the evil equal to itself removed from the world. For nothing, God is not like it would be such thoughts and desires in mind. The evil is, it goes around like a roaring Leue, and it does not help to clog the ears before, and to close their eyes. Now we ask, how did despite God, Creator of heaven and earth and of man and the human spirit - one might summarize the creation as an external or internal - the evil in the world, and this tremendous work to raise it again only to repay to reconcile? Did God create evil with will, he's willingly admitted, or is it in an involuntary aspect of his existence? It remains only that choice. For God's unlimited goodness sake, we reject the first, for God's sake unlimited omnipotence of the third. So he has the evil, sin admitted. Why? To the creaturely freedom to leave room, yes, probably, because in order to have even for the sake of love creatures that he could love, they had to be him freedom equal. How can you love what is machine-like?

With these and similar reasons one seeks the approval of the people sin by God to make them understand. Unless of course, education, law and custom rich among the people, as far as they apply to the right, they leave the people freedom only in good, and force where necessary and to the extent they can, the people themselves in this sense. God alone, who himself can not sin or wants to try himself only freedom or good has reserved its right to willingly to the people, his own image, the same freedom, have left to what his law forbids and commands? Why did not he just let him have the freedom in the good? One sees it: There's also a freedom as yet. - But, they say, would not meet the definition of full freedom. - It is, but God took him so bad the half when he half filled him. - But it was not, with a freedom of the creature depends on the nature of its finitude, the other much together. - Well, as they say the same thing that I say: There is something against God's will can not itself, so you have to but God last excuse what, if you do the same initially charged residues, the whole apology made unnecessary, ie the Evil is by an involuntary, it is wanted for a metaphysical necessity since. Would it be true that God, sin, moral evil, admitted to the freedom of the creature's sake, where, why unspeakable physical evil, which makes the free creatures without freedom? - This is the punishment of their sins there. - But punishing a person on account of what it allows? He has also eternal hell for temporal sins? He lets the children bear the punishment of the guilt of the parents? He also imposed havoc indiscriminately on the just and the unjust? If you want to explain human motives, so you should take the highest, noblest and best that there is in the human, with evidence for God, and if you do not want to explain it, because God is beyond all human motives, so you should did not love him, punish and avenge leave as the people do not use their superiority to humanity, inhumanity attributed to them, in which the human tyrant is a welcome pattern. And the suffering of the animals that can not sin, because they are also at the penalty of sin, or else why are they still there? - This is one of the unfathomable mysteries of God. - How will last the whole explanation is an unfathomable mystery, is only a wisp, which concludes its way through the confession to have no way out from the led about us in darkness. After all that, I prefer just before due to its simple clarity as Trstlichkeit, as natural consequence of our principle, the other view that the general reason of the problem, if there is such in the world, although not independent of God, but of his will is , his will rather only has the tendency is to improve more and more and make it the means of better himself, not unlike the right people will, only in the other, which makes the concept of the Supreme else from him is that he fulfilled not at the moment, not every evil individually, rather, is infinite as he is, only in the infinity of space and time on the whole connexion of what it is, in this respect, all about reaching and finally has all-conquering force . It is not disputed that means some of the omnipotence, not God - because everything that happens always happens only by God, in God, but sacrifice some of the omnipotence of his supreme will. But there is only so much sacrifice, that Us is

possible veritable trust in his will in every highest and last resort - lower for each but there's also lower and lower forces in God's will - to keep. Those who do evil, it was created by God's free will or free admission, can exist, so that nothing will be deprived of his who sees in his will just order something evil wants or willingly permit. Who created the evil independently of God's will in God can exist that can keep this motivation as that of the right people as purely evil antagonistic, and rely with full confidence that if ever the right human will as much able, the evil in the small circles of what depends on him to turn for the better (now it is not possible of course), the divine will, reaching about everything, everything will finally be able in this respect, and (he also likes an eternity to need to reform the infinite evil of an infinite world and heal), but is also finite means of correction and healing in the infinite fullness of its finite resources for every finite evil finite beings. The improvement and healing of all evil in the world may nevertheless be an ideal, but the reality is always opposed in the way of finiteness. Has been clarified but the chaos in the splendor of the blue sky, the bright stars, blooming earth, the Christian ideas have triumphed over paganism, the crude and the tortures of the court no longer exist, perhaps in the progress of things once the tortures nature be reduced or cease. Looks at the whole, and the progress is still visible. And supposing it were not, you would more honor God by faith, that it has a world capable found no improvement off after he was able to create better yet, when he instinctively wear those inside? Or put that behind the healed and reconciled evil always new evil emerged from the bottom of things, so that God's work not only never ended, but never would decrease, - I do not say that I have fathomed the final secret in this regard - is to reduce the consolation of knowing Him who is affected by the evils that not only be evil, but all evil, which is growing behind his, healing and reconciliation as his one day goes to meet? Are all creatures in God, feels God within himself all the evil, moral, physical, wear it, what name it always wants, including mine, and it would feel as their own evils, if not its quality and satisfaction indicated in the related resolution all that he feels as discordant in the lower areas of his being, stocks, and it does not carry his costume directed the certainty of fulfillment in itself. He can be my evil is not the same lift, he can not stand alone as well, but he can lift it one least he can do it with other things, by the continuous use of its resources finally lift, and he must finally lift, otherwise it remains his. A firmer and amplifiers at the same time there is no consolation in the worst suffering, and I think some time in which I found him. To him can grow when nothing is enough, because he goes beyond all that as God is enough of everything and our life beyond about this world's in God's eternal, and he hands over the death of the beginning of a new life eternal in its Life brings a new beginning means. But only for those at God, not next to God, this consolation may be found, only the one under omnipotence, which can lift all evil and finally, in connection, and a will that is intended for the purposes of this omnipotence, the forces this omnipotence directed, not under an omnipotence that could all evil from the beginning or beginning immediately lift individually, and a will that does not want what he could

with this omnipotence. As the current common belief is firm confidence, a need that is certainly so great that it overcomes the greatest contradictions depends on God only to the needs of this trust, but some desperate even with these contradictions. Give God's will in keeping with our principle not more nor less than what a supreme will above all human, the outputs of the analysis of the human will, is, and will be found to overcome no more contradictions, the comforting richest view of God's will can build, and they will see with increasing clarity of vision to light up more and more. They wanted to put more on the will of God, and you will see opposition rise to contradiction, and found only in the darkening of the look still life of trust. Well we can say that God can do anything he wants, but he only wants what he can, and there is much that he can not, he may want neither evil nor can he raise it at once, but he wants raise it as far and as fast and as fully as he can, but for completeness this is an eternity. One seeks the omnipotence of the divine will the same in each bucket, and it rests only in the whole bowl. No one can see God, and so many deny God. One of the most common and strongest reasons to deny him, but is that one does not see adapted to the world that they also correspond to the assumption of infinite goodness and infinite omnipotence of the fact Wielding God, after being but taught both Requirements to join in the mind of God. You let the condition of the bottomless fall omnipotence of God, and the reason against God will fall with it. Then you will see the world order as it corresponds to the requirement of a good spirit who rules the world according to the laws in the direction of purposes in terms of ideas. Although now like, who missed the freedom of the human reign, they are also missing in the administration of the world, but so little he can deny the human mind and will, therefore, that he misses the freedom of the same, he is the divine mind and will therefore can deny. But who finds freedom in the individual, will find such greater freedom in creation and history of the people, and a dependence may recognize from a free as that of a bondage of the will of the same. It may also be a third, which takes place the last point of unity of law and freedom in the will of God himself. So the question of existence of a divine mind and will and reign in the world does not depend on the question of his freedom. And we like to leave this dark question that mixes their darkness into everything worein it mixes itself after shown, they should not interfere here. Strange, however, that especially those who deny the will of the people the freedom to be able to so without denying the existence and work of human will, but the fact that they deny the world the freedom to deny the existence and workings of a divine will in can mean. And what is different last the whole objection that we have considered the heaviest perhaps against our whole doctrine, as an objection to that most beautiful word in the Bible doctrine that we live in God, and move, and are, and he in us? 15) which otherwise our teaching, as the clear interpretation of the word, a word that carry the

word believers probably also in the mouth, but not in the head and the heart? Otherwise, they would carry the contents of this doctrine in the head and the heart, which is just nothing but the explanation and conclusion of this word.
15)

Acts 17, 28

It is a word that immediately fruitful for the feelings, thoughts and actions, the same salutary and equally beautiful, equally simple, clear and true, if it is taken as it is, whereas the mind has strained all the powers, so it be misunderstood, that wither and dry up his fruit and his clarity goes. But it's only the main word of a more general set. Can people live in the highest spirits spirit, weave, be, even higher than the highest human spirits in the spirit can live and move, be, and can lower to the higher and thus be in the highest.

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Und so hebe ich nochmals die Zunge, den tauben Ohren zu predigen.

And that this is not just conceivable that it really true is what we now consider, as we watch reflects the celestial spirits in their bodies, how to reflect the proportions of the celestial spirits in the proportions of their bodies, and how levels associated with the wearing. IX. The soul of the stars and the world. "There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial., But another glory of the celestial and the terrestrial is another." (I Cor. 15, 40) The view that the heavenly bodies inwohnen also heavenly souls of today's world seems so strange that one can only wonder how they could a former world can seem so natural and will only be able to stop, to wonder if they a spteen world will again appear as natural. All the reasons you can now set up for it, bounce off and be scattered on the rocks of petrified opinion that the earth was a stone. Even this fleeting wave will have this fate, but the rock is finally under wash and rush, and a lively sea go about it. One can not thus make ready that you shake the tree, the apples, they last fall by itself in the womb: one only needs to put under the tree. But I shake always' again to see if anything has come. The leaves of the oak to play, and think that it was just a regular stomping ground for their game. So there my people today still with the earth, and are as blind as the leaves. The little point on the cake is vain of his position, the man on the ground is just as vain of his position, and it is an idle dream equal, that they are above that in which they stand. The human eye is a part of a sighted sighted sighted man is also a part of a seer, but

he does not see it. Today's world view has the eye of the flea on the bulls, and the flea would keep the bull alive for when he hopped like a flea with the fleas. The bull but slowly converts with the bulls of the herd, obediently following the letter of the shepherds. The older spruce once said: "The whole way the making of mankind here on earth, is nothing else but a Go back to the points on which they stood at the very beginning, and does nothing but return to its origin only to mankind. this path on their own feet, under their own power, they will make back to what it was without fault of their own everything, and that's why they had to cease to be there. " (IG Spruce, The principles of the present age, Smtl. Works VII p 12) Fichte says hereby why those natural faith with which the world was born, so to speak, no longer exists in the world arising, and at the same time it says that it will exist in the adult world again. Emerged from the deepest level of nature apparent reason, revealed if any, he has only gone to one day again first go with brighter, clearer, higher, of humanity itself internally unearned, consciousness, the consciousness of reasons, all of its rich content and its consequences , and then force a philosophy and theology persist, which are rich with his newly bought himself his hand, while he is now, having held down by the forces with which they interact hand down holding each other. Not so much that the hope of his new awakening would depend entirely on the distant future. Has he not already opened after a long deep slumber in my faith a bright eye again, and the sun rises, and other eye will follow. And when I impatiently to watch alone,'m trying to wake me up sleeping, if so be stirred here and there. Overview 'I's, counting and Wg's's, so I have not really complain. On the contrary, l) A Viennese police superintendent, 2) a German colonist, who has moved to America, and 3) a West Indian merchant, who has moved to Paris, have (with random presence) personally unreservedly with me to the doctrine of the Zend- Avesta of the soul of the stars known, except that the North American German was held the position of man to the spirit of the earth far too little democratic, and I suggested important constitutional changes, which I liked but not received. What are the prospects for a newborn view the same beats their first roots through distant lands and seas! And how shameful for philosophers and theologians to precede police councils, colonists and traders of insight in these things to see! More than jokingly prove but the previous examples, which are still left add some that the old nature faith itself of, from philosophy and theology, as it still is today, early view, as it is around, does not contradict so hard to avoid falling into what's left of naturwchsigem basically what is certainly little enough to be able to root on the required Beackerung again. And so I once again Seize the plow for plowing on the recalcitrant soil, the deeper and deeper weathering under the influence of the sky is certainly the most effective and fruchtbringendste Beackerung, the last also depends on the success of the passage of this plow.

"Man is the measure and diameter of creation." Just as the inspiration of the people of the output and the base for the view of the inspiration of all the other creatures that inhabit the same earth with it is, has the animation of the earth the output and the base for the view of the inspiration of all the other planets, what to make with the earth at the same time inhabit the same sky, the animation of the earth itself but the animation of the human form has returned to the output and the base. So it is here, the fact of our own inspiration, at the last hang all the circuit structure. Certainly want even more recently some analogy of the earth as little permit with other celestial bodies, that they might not even admit the habitability of other celestial bodies on the basis of this analogy. And in fact, the conclusion of a celestial body is not at all risky? But we must remember that every person even a single case of Bids is to establish the conclusion to the animation of all the other people and animals out of the case, the inspiration of his own body. Now there are also some who do not like to admit the animation of animals on the basis of this analogy, but we want to spoil as little time, those to refute this. Moreover, it's possible that there are dead bodies and excreta in heaven. Not only that the whole sky was a cemetery. After today's common view of how science, philosophy and theology, but he is, and so it will apply, before our reasons that he is not, the reasons that he is there to hear. The doctrine of the soul of the stars of the shares hereafter as the soul of the plant closer to the refutation of the arguments against and in the establishment of positive reasons, of which the former has to be regarded as merely preparatory to the latter. Here of only two so far that the main points stand out clearly in the light. He who loves no particular objections, can beat the complete refutation of the objections, and keep only the positive arguments remain the punch end here, who hangs on a immigration can visit him the following, and save it, also with which he finds himself not hitting, grappling itself. Incidentally, all depend only on a few roots, whose intersection with all fall. The counter-arguments. The 4th Chapter discussed general counter-arguments against any expansion of the empire over the soul of man and wildlife also form the core and the base of all special even in the matter of soul stars. The common view in particular is reluctant so DRY, no trace of free arbitrariness forming treason to think being like the earth animated. The science , deeper, sees the Earth as a purely astronomical, geological, meteorological, physical beings and as pure astronomical, geological, meteorological, physical laws to obey, they will find a place of a soul nor a hint, as a soul work. The materialism , on the shoulders of science storming heaven, found in anatomical and physiological facts strict disproof of a soul of the earth, for then soul is merely a product of the nervous system. The idealism , as the eagle looking towards the sun and the earth while flying with the tail, raises ideological difficulties from the point of the ideas of

independence, freedom, individuality, personality, etc. The theology 's officially guaranteed of tenure of heaven itself, finds the animation of the stars not the dogmas that have secured its acquis, wants pagan gods do not allow entrance into heaven and not build wall between us and God. All these difficulties arise as the heads of the Hydra again, as often as they tee off individually, until even the whole, the field of mind sclerosed, Hydra will be defeated, that is the view that God lifts out in the wild and dead they leaves behind under him. However, if the Herculean task fails immediately, meanwhile, we decorate the room with the severed heads. The whole difficulty of the common opinion and science depends also only that the soil rather than what it is, as one, developing all of their organisms to verknpfendes in and look at link points to the same-find, cohesive material system , but rather seen as something their organisms external, as something the same opponent, what they do not astronomically is because it moves as an indivisible whole with its people, animals, plants, the sun, and the person carries as the stone by its severity in their focus; - still geologically , because the organic kingdoms have co-developed in connection to the eras of development of the earth, and their remains are buried in it, - even meteorological , for the air of the earth is also the breath of the people, their pressure keeps the blood in his veins and the femoral head in his pan back; even physically , because the law of conservation of living forces of the earth is only in the context of the people and the earth - even chemically , because the whole man is of the earth and will return to earth - nor, finally, teleological , because everything is covered here, including that which is not listed, is so useful to a whole fitted together and billed as everything in our own little womb, hereby even advisable enters the larger whole. I want to give a picture, of course it is only a picture. Let us imagine a large round disk that is related good and tight in it. It takes someone with a gouge and strikes out small round slices and place them in a pile aside. How will we call the large round disk afterwards? - Perforated. - And the house work the small round discs? - A piece of work. The large round whole disc is the earth that really all that strong and intimate in itself coherent earthly kingdom, the little round disks are the organisms that knocks out, and as people, animals, plants itself in the pile of organic kingdom clubbed together. Is not really punctured the earthly kingdom when people, animals, plants take out of the same from the associations, you can not show the holes with fingers, and then the organisms are not really just a pile of pieces?Because, in fact, how they contribute to the connexion of the earthly kingdom, they depend on the other hand, this together, both from each other, is at the same time separate the context of each for themselves. To each slice is one's soul, but how can make it right to the soul perforated disc? Of course not: but he that is called for, puncture it? How can the whole disk to less soul lay claim as part of their discs as they inbegreift such advantageous only in a higher

sense than this inbegreifen their own content? Of course, a scheme, an image can not meet in all respects. The previous is only in the most general way and rohster, but perhaps for that very reason so aptly, the crude way represents how. Regarded and treated the earth and the world in a broader sense The world, the earth is not uniform disk. Well, then, distinguishes it, but does not distinguish where to distinguish only! What's in us to distinguish itself, which is not divorced! Are people, animals, plants, fallen to the earth, that one can only look at it as something externally Then Act? Or people, animals, plants are dropped from the earth, that they can be regarded as something of Separate or Separable it? Or is their stock in secretion of only conceivable? None of the above. You are a matter for the internal evolution of the earth, pieces of inventory in their vorgegangenen, completed by our own forces, structure, have also today only as such inventory and viability. The from the start as today cohesive in themselves underground system, one of the, in itself closed in form, far floating from one another, material systems of heaven, has in the course of his development into large, the whole built end, the whole enveloping and the whole executive, relatively simple, sub-systems, soil, water, air, and smaller, the shape of closed, composed of those systems, which are the individual organisms, structured, and this continues to the same principle in large, the whole of each organism built-border , enveloping and pull-through, relatively simple subsystems, bones, hides, nerves, veins, and smaller, the shape of closed, composed of those systems, which are the individual organs, including structured. And from the first to the last stage of the structure is no separation in fabrics, knitting, visible purposes. As it is with the organization, it is with life. The major periods of the day and year by regulating the life of the world governing hereby in the most general way, the all their organisms into sleep and waking, activity and rest, and are divided into each of them into smaller, his own sub-periods . Leaves and flowers of a plant hanging outside on the stem; flesh and nerves of an animal hanging outside on the bone, and the whole plant kingdom and the animal kingdom depends again on the ground outside. Here's an outward counterpart. But leaves, flowers and stems associate themselves materially, acting, purposeful in the plant, the whole plant has all these parts just inside each other; flesh, nerves and bones combine to materially, acting, purposeful in animals, the whole animal has all these parts only inside each other; animal kingdom, the plant kingdom and the soil eventually link all over the earth, and she has all these parts just inside opposite, if one can but conceptually facing each whole as such its parts as such. This is the inner counterpart. Not more than anything else is that the people of Earth against externally, that he goes with freedom over their land. Only the ground over which it goes, but not the earth, into which he enters into with the ground, he is facing, as what is under the influence of freedom in man himself, (and how much is yet free in his head! ), namely that in which the free man finds support in the transition, but not the people, which includes both faces.

The branch, sitting on the leaf and flower is easier together as leaf and flower, the tribe to which the forks sitting is joined easier than the branches, and the earth on which all the tribes sitting to which support all bone systems is back together easier than wood and bone, not turn wood or bone, but then added that wood and bone are tight is to be based firmly on to form a purposeful connected whole with it. All this is not figurative, not hypothesis. It's simple and actually said, just as it is. The ratio of the limb to the body in man returns not only in the comparatively relations of man to the earth again, - but how many runs against the comparison! - It is really rather expanding and enhancing of the one on in the other. Nothing, everything that I said here, I've already said in the Zend-Avesta so much twists and ways that it would be enough if it ever verfinge something, but it makes the blind and with diligence eyes closing not by Seeing that keeps them light yet so near and yet so much turns on the eyes, they keep it simple from himself or understand most of the sebum and say that this is still no light. After you added anything or not added, it remains fixed in humans and animals, some on the ground outside Phony, in the plant something in it Into Inserted and in the question of the soul of the earth, the question of the soul of a globe or circular wheel to see. At the same time the basic and core and errors almost all objections to our view of the earth from which side they are come, and will also get is that that one faces in fact the earth without organisms, the organisms, and by missed at that what they have missed the mark of the soul, they have, while the earth with the organisms everything they have, has, and by them only in a higher sense, as they are associated with them in the link , has anyone in the above offers, making it the organism and to hereby soul carrier. It increases this error by the second, that the bearer of a soul which is beyond all earthly, but only a repetition rather than expansion and improvement of that which earthly bodies reflect their soul and carry, demands, and any In a somewhat counter Running considered. We have a book that bears the name of the world of which it is a collection of the most general thing to find in all the individual doctrines of this world, a schtzbares book. 16) But the world is not a collection. And so glt 'it also a cosmos, which cross through all the different teachings on the nature of the gang tied again and thoroughly, which have been cut through with the cuts between those teachings, a section that is not in the earliest world of knowledge still existed, has become increasingly necessary, overlapping and distinctive by the need of the division of labor, and finally today is considered a cut of it. And the cosmos, where it is found? Sure to look in philosophy. She even know the name of natural philosophy, it even has a structure of natural philosophy in the proud words. But to which the philosophy now addressing the objections of the science, we see what we can find what you are looking for. An idealist philosopher * ) finds the views and reasons of the Zend-Avesta over simply a " potitio principii "is that I expect the people as a member of the Earth, but rather" in a different sense than the merely of electrically- magnetic currents durchkreiste earth, quite a soulful existence is. "

*)
16)

Fichte's journal. In 1854. Pp. 319, 17)

alludes to Alexander von Humboldt's work: "cosmos, design a physical description of the world." Vol 1-3, Stuttgart, 1845-1852, Vol 4, 1858. Vol 5 from the estate in 1862. - Cosmos (X ^ oe) = world.
17)

JH Fichte journal for philosophy and philosophical critique pp. 287-321 1854 brings an "Overview of the

philosophical literature" JU Wirth, among other things, a critique of Fechner "includes Zend-Avesta."

"You too, Brutus!" I would like to call now, for the idealist I would have a more ideal view of the world and a more consistent view of their relationship to the people expected, but that it is a physical apparatus towards the same. But with all disputes with materialism and all-sufficiency of the common view in the words of today's idealism maintains a desperate similarity with materialism in the matter and gives birth to the high mountains of the idealistic philosophy of nature with its massive circles only the little mouse the common view again. For my part, I know the petition of prilicipii that I expect the people as a member of the Earth - is now even than the factual Aufzeigung begging apply - only with the corresponding begging to apologize, which commits the opponent even if he but also the strings counted as part of the violin, and not as something against the same sums, but that they are quite a bit richer sound than the merely raw noise imaging box of the violin. The strings are of course merely clamped externally to the violin and to any back part with it, the human body has to develop in the course of development of the Earth system and is absolutely not assume separable, and herein like an idealistic profoundness, which you so ever so rare can meet, find reason to expect the strings rather than parts of the violin, because people as parts of the earth. One else idealistic opponents, my main opponent in terms of the soul question missed by the earth as well as in the plant that of independence of the rest of nature over which they Empower to wear an individual soul, and explains * ) after all the trouble I gave me even greater independence and autonomy the same as the person has to prove: "But it is this no independence, which the earth itself fights for, ie no real, energetic, dependence overcome, but rather a dead process loose, abstract therefore. What the Zend-Avesta sees as a sign of the higher self, rather the appearance of an imperfect, not carried out life process. "
*)
18)

Alllgem. Monatsschr. In 1852. S. 1054. 18)

The "Global Monthly Journal of Science and Literature," edited by John Gust. Droysen, Halle and Braunschweig, 4 , 1852, pp. 1035-1058 contains a review of the "Zend-Avesta" by Julius Schaller under the title. "About the soulfulness of the stars"

Me, however, it seems that what the enemy says, to be a sign of an imperfect, not carried out, perception of the world, and a perfect reticle of what the Zend-Avesta sees as a sign of their higher self and has shown, when yet the whole first creation, the whole progressive evolution, the whole life process of the people as all other

earthly creatures, - and all this shows is executed - in the self-development of the earth is justified with, is fought by itself, is dependent on her. Is the dead, abstract, not the an imperfect life processes carried out looks similar? The enemy apparently confused with the soil of the earth. Back of other idealistic side is observed to me that, given that undoubtedly inspired the people and animals to move freely, it unquestionably at the Earth was not the case, so the main characters lack of freedom of a soul.But now falls all the freedom manifests itself in the history of all mankind and the traffic, as in the progress and actions of the individual, in the earth, that the earth is not missing. And after the idealist spoken much of a spirit of humanity, he should also not miss the freedom of His rule. Who can ever say that it was not justified in terms of an ascending Stufenbaues that the inner freedom grows at the expense of the outer, can especially be seen, it is so. Because the human head itself it is unspeakably free here, as man stitched throughout with his on the floor, bound to the laws of the lever and pendulum feet may be associated externally, and so people go back unspeakably free in the head of the earth - wants to Compare the top space of the earth so that, - accompanied, as these can even be accompanied throughout externally. But when you can have direct impact on the free inner emotion of the earth, it has absolutely no sense to look for signs of the same in external free motion only or miss, because only in that it comes to the question of *) .A man sitting on his Stichle eternally fixed and encourages' it is only free in the interior, who might therefore say that he would not be inspired? But the earth is not sitting like a spellbound once man on a chair or the like, it is no less inspired, polyp on the rock solid; rather it moves throughout with physical freedom only at the reins of a great law, that so the whole household of Heaven regulates that both their own safely and securely is.
*)

"It takes from always strange, - says Herbart once - if you want something that is immediately before our eyes, only excludes others, which may not even have the same degree of clarity." (Herbart, for L. vd Freedom Ring. P. 26) 19) John Fried. Herbart, to the doctrine of the freedom of the human will. Letters to Professor Griepenkerl. Gttingen, 1836. - Who is the third idealistic opponents mentioned below, I can not tell. The
19)

whole it seems to be related to the Zend Avesta - to act Herbartianers a review.

The course of the creatures is ever set up according to their circumstances and needs. All conditions of the sky as easy as simply the passage of the heavenly creatures of the sky, so unpredictable involved earthly conditions, so unpredictable involved the passage of earthly creatures on earth. What would the earth, the heavenly creature to look in the sky had a different way than physically freed? Not all of what the creatures look in her. Rather, what the earth for themselves and they need, they achieved the best, indeed only with their steady progress, which, by regulating seasons and times of day, regulates their whole inner life. Hence the old philosophers considered inviolable order in which the stars transform, which they themselves are decisive for the general order of the spatial and

temporal conditions, which prevent them that not everything converges in randomness, as one of the signs of their high divinity. Who is right, the Old or New? those who drew their notions of the divine in nature from nature, or those who relegate their notions about the nature of the divine nature? 20)
20)

Here About Fechner is detailed in a paper in the journal Fichte Vol 21, 1852: "About the knowledge of God

in nature from nature."

Thus saying that the earth so perfectly tidy on Ribbon of a fixed law of nature into the general system of the star goes to prove that it rises periodical in nature, and prove only that from the terms of which the opposite directly into the latter the thing proves. Although the Earth is a by external relations in the general lawfulness of nature, as finally the man, but that they do not salaried subsumed in this, it shows in the fact that their position and speed way in heaven, that the ratios of the frequency, severity, of heat, light, their system of meteorology, the whole development of the whole development and expansion of its inorganic and organic realm you are curious, very different nature and ordered, as in any other celestial body, and even why they can not gainful as man absorbed in nature, because he is one of the moments through which they individually and independently stands out from nature. Enough of the objections of the idealists who are so little idealistic. Impossible, however, because infinite, it would be, all anticipate and take into account that might still be charged by such and fruitless, because it will be them always possible to place any term to immigration deal, and will always be free, by not to worry about the presentation of the thing, or for those begging to explain. The materialist missed naturally in the earth as in the plant, the nervous system and the central organ of the soul. While brains and nervous systems they had enough by our own bears in itself, but they are not linked by nerve fibers themselves again, and of course the materialist require nerve fibers to. Why? because they are needed in humans to connect the ganglia balls ganglia and the ganglion itself. On the contrary, however, because the nerve fibers are used to connect the ganglia balls and ganglia in humans, they are not able to serve once again to connect the nervous systems of different people in a higher creatures to a higher creatures, since otherwise only a larger human would. But, they say, there must be something there to connect but then, what would it be? Well, I can say the materialists above what is actually unifying the ganglion balls in the nervous system itself?The protein strands as dead, it can not be and are not as dead. It is, I think, because we know basically about being one as much as the other, the same etheric vibration that connects the sun, and partly free and partly to the vibrations of ponderable to kettend, with each eye, words, each encounter between human action and every now and then going from one nerve to the other systems the impulse of feeling and thoughts about supporting.Why it should be between the nervous systems at once be disabled, which to convey in a larger systems and to wear what they taught experientially within the human self, bears, and transfers between different human systems? If a man less animated when he takes off

the skirt to move more freely? The nerves are merely skirts that are stored outside of the animated vibration to free move. The materialist abhors almost nothing more than mysticism, and is the greatest mystics, by believing in a mystical force which enables the etheric vibration in humans to support conscious sensation, not qualified outside. It is not disputed, however vermchten the vibrations back and walk again among the people, nothing and meant nothing without the people they connect to the system by being itself connected only by means of the same to the system, they even did not exist, as they exist, without the people, but if it is different with the vibrations like back and run again between the ganglia? and if a single soul reaches the majority of these small, linked to the system, centralization, why should the majority of the large between unlinked equally between running vibrations go through a mental gap? Of course, the ganglia balls are fixed and the people and animals are motile, but that does not loosen and weaken, but strengthens and multiplies the link. In all this there is no proof, but it is now not evidence, but only to the apparent evidence to the contrary. The whole earth is at all a single coherent in itself, the ether as well as permeated dipped into it, ranking system, and thus also depend on all movements of ether in an orderly, only permit us greater freedom than in the systems together. The organic creatures themselves are only the most important hubs of this relationship. Now the materialists may explain at least church, state, science, art, commerce, trade for products of matter, but by doing it, they admit it to themselves that the human nervous systems are matter ller hand connected with something and something that supports or - they want so dear - Producer higher spiritual relationships, as occur in the individual. How else could understand the other but a man? But can a man understand the other by external mediation of language and writing, why not the essence, which comprehends all the people with all their languages and scripts in one, they are inside? Materialism boasts its solid safe passage on solid ground, and in fact he goes straightway and right on the flat ground on until it comes to a mountain, but here, he says, the world is at an end. He's like the oyster, which closes securely with a sip from the cup of the sea, and says this is the sea. But you can also adopt the earth, the central organ after we see it otherwise, that a central organ of conscious life is the representative of the unity of all higher soul? Like the polyps are missing the brain, but the beetle has been around over the polyps have fish, birds, dogs and humans to have a richer and more powerful developed brain as a base for the growing spiritual height in order. If the earth carry a spirit level on all these steps in themselves, they will also have to have a more powerful, more highly developed than the central organ of all. And where it would be something the brain at all like it to be found in the earth? Very easy, if we also allow only the fulfillment of the same claim, which we have just presented, that is, not the human brain again, but the expansion, enhancement,

higher education and development of what we see in the human brain, the require earth. A small request to you is unsatisfactory, but only a very large, because this only really arrived. We only see only the brain in man himself quite at. The brain is also no point in us, not a small room, but a large area with nerves, veins, skin, does not take the middle but the top people in a room. It has become relatively more than other creatures of the stove conscious life only when people crowded together in the particular area of the brain, however, the worm, the polyps hardly a part before the other has a preference. But now in the same sense, only stronger relationships than in which man the worm exceeds beside him, the earth exceeds unspeakably the nascent in their people by the entire conscious life has been relatively much narrower and stricter drawn together in the upper room of the Earth . Here is the scope of church, state, science, art, commerce and trade, and even the whole life of the senses of animals and plants has become rather still radiate into thick nerves with us in depth, in these upper central room with involved. No creature of the earth is centralized in the same degree as the earth. If you now want yet to find a single center points in that space, from which everything emanates, by whom everything hinstrahlt? You show it to me earlier in the human brain itself Yes, show only something that has removed such. The spiritual unity does not link now once at one point, but the Spirit himself is the linking of physical multiplicity. And if a Monadolog 21) the soul quite want to make a point, why would he be at a greater embarrassment to see the earth than in man a dot to after seeing it again one only by his ingenuity and his hypothesis without sustained and confirmation in experience is *). The theological difficulty anlangend finally, I believe that the same can easily fall back on the theology itself. The belief in the inspiration of the stars is not found among its dogmas, but why he is not among them, but after the Bible, as we know, identified in more than one place **) Angels and stars? The reason is clear, however, is the belief that the stars are the angels, not true for systems of other beliefs, but that just shows only the difficulty of the theological system. Now it is not nice if the theology to which they go around the bone of contention well, but they can not clear away, even erases to throw it on a view that goes beside her free path.
*)

A detailed discussion may see the 37th Chap my psychophysics, pp. 392 ff p Zend-Avesta T . IS 244 ff Cf Note 3). The specified part of the "Psvchophysik" mainly deals with Lotze's doctrine of the simple soul

**)
21)

seat.

Are there angels, then for them at all no place to be found, than either other stars, where they but rather, become parallel being with us as intermediate beings between us and God, or in heaven, where she has already sought from time immemorial , where they can be nothing else but just as the stars. So we do not fall back into pagan

ideas, but we encounter it, and since the identification of the angel with heavenly bodies in the Bible itself originally associated with pagan ideas, so that's not part of theological dismissed by operation of law. Yes, if it were to somehow expect in this field on impartiality, so I would think that the encounter of such a general, quite primitive faith, as it is the pagan belief in God spirituality of the stars, with the Christian belief in angels must weigh something, and View a weight issue, which considers only the nodes that encounter. Instead, it prefers to push the belief in the divinity of the stars on a confusion of symbols spiritual existence with carriers spiritual existence, and to give the Angels the nihilist ideas for the price or even she reveal all. After all, who today still believe in angels? Well, who can believe in trees, if you do not want to see the forest, and rather look between the trees or after? Globular solid angels want us certainly do not like, but that's just our undesirables behaved idea of the thing on globe. I went on a spring morning outside, the seeds were green, the birds sang, the dew sparkled, the smoke rose here and there, a man, a transfiguring light was on everything, it was just a small little piece of earth, it was just a small moment their existence, and yet, as I conceived that with more and more to weitendem looks, it seemed to me not only so beautiful, but so true and clear that there is an angel so rich, fresh and blooming and yet so firmly and agree in the sky going to be quite lively face the sky and turning to me with a self-supporting in this heaven that I wondered how the views of people could ever so pupate in the earth only a dry lump, and the angels above or next to Search in the emptying of the sky to find them anywhere. But this view is fantasy. The earth is a globe, and what else is there, can be found in the natural old cabinets. The one seems stale the old faith, the other cling so desperately because the bleeding hands, because they find the handle just yet, by creating those with the handles. There is a belief, big, huge, old and young and fresh again today, with thousands of itself falling into the hands of handling. It is merely aufzutun a fresh heart for this belief to take a fresh hand its handling. But those are stale with the faith and the power of faith, and see this painting in the wounds of her hands to witness the truth of their faith itself That our Inbegriffensein in a spirit of the earth erected a wall between us and God, so untriftig than that the room was a divide between me and the house in which I live, train. The earth is God, we are God, we are by the earth. It is only the Inbegriffensein our individuality in a higher individuality is finally included in God, one more reason that we can talk to our God by any indifferent self-absorption. According to various objections of so many different sides remains as the seemingly most important one left in which last like the enemies come together from all sides of the argument that you do not need the thing to which it is, because it is sufficient for the word to do this. And so it unspiritual to the words of the spirit the spirit kills with the words of life life. In fact, like confesses to mankind or even the whole of them enclosing earthly kingdoms one Spirit, one ideational principle or fact Wielding and creative idea, organization and life, only with all this not through the consciousness of spirits to parts of the Earth are linked, comprehensive, and

invigorating the dominant organism, consciousness. Prefer the word spirit, the idealists, the Word of life use the materialists, the word idea everyone who likes the beautiful word. And it is all one, the egg shell of the egg, the title without the means. The spirit by which we alone could form the concept of the mind that our linked in any case his consciousness moments in a higher overall unity of consciousness, not an unconscious or conscious only for the individual moments of unity, and only insofar as he is spirit and moments of mental . Now our minds are undoubtedly aware in a higher sense than the moments of our minds, but rather to conclude that, our spirits linking, self-supporting, such as moments, Spirit of which we speak, should be conscious in a higher sense again than this his conscious moments to speak of him as a ghost and a spirit of them as moments can be said, it even an appropriate sense, as it has our mind to be able to completely adopt, and with the fact that the unconscious shortcut conscious minds or mutual Zuspiegeln their consciousness, or an idea of their connection to know that no one as the individual spirits, but the name of Spirit, and the concatenation of earthly physical activities the name of life imparts to have set up the most sublime view. But such a mind is just a collection of circles or interlocking, instead of the circle to the circles, such a life is just another name for the death of that in which we live. Be it that the earth was from the beginning in an unconscious slumber, and awakened all the spirits only of the unconscious in her. Awakened but really every person in such manner; thousand sensations on awakening the world - or rather say to that his comprehensive spirit of the world - indigenous from the outside into his consciousness, rather than to be born from it, but there'd be 'there is no human mind when not in uniform, they were all born cross, consciousness, and this would not know to generate from the new and special Into born again. The spirits of the earth shall awake, but in a spirit of the earth, sleeping forever. We also speak of the life of an embryo, and indeed sleeping in which the consciousness asleep, but only because that is destined to one day to awake to consciousness, this always to awaken the new one, but the earth is to live without a view to awakening. Another would be if you had no cause of one mind, idealistic principle, the life of the earth or mankind as a whole, what it is only by means of the earth to speak. But that the enemies of all classes feel urged to concede that some word for the thing to use so that they deny is to interpret so that the matter in their own words arguing against them. Well some might concede the earth really consciousness, but only a set Hendes in God consciousness, not one individual against another completed, sphere of consciousness, as it is human against human soul. Now the earth is clearly in every sense of pure self-contained to the other world bodies over than the one with the other people in their fabrics all woven, man the other people, and of the clear sign of deeper customization, while those of a higher individuality , was already spoken. What then should be to conclude that the earth takes geistigerseits in contradiction with all the Request, but is from the first to the unsichtlich Mental close

to her? What? - You know the infamous word of a notorious politician, that the language of the people is the means to hide his thoughts. Apparently you trust to the same language in the world and therefore assumes the opposite of what she speaks. Except that this policy can counter, have a policy against the world is not so little inventory policy than those from which the word which is the blasphemy of the word flowed. If you believe really - what is, of course, like everything in these things, as long believed, as the word is not the thing, or as it is intended to mean the opposite of the thing - that God is omnipresent in his world and reigns, one is also to believe have that with his nature and work he entering on the earth in a different way than in any other world sphere, and after man against his own body and his soul has the example of how God individually live in parts of his world, and move, and have is to recognize the signs of the higher individuality and know recognize that now instead of doing everything possible to ignore them. Still others like from a lower point of view imagine from the earth with its people, animals, plants such as a polyp, which is driving this limbs without they care a lot about each other, and therefore at most one soul of the polyps soul level in Allow the earth, or because their people, animals, plants not so related, as the members of the polyp, then immediately rather not. But the earth stretches her people, animals, plants not indifferent to each other in the sky as the polyp his limbs, but rather consists in the mutual intercourse of the same higher that the single unifying and over which the individual also comprehensive, life as it is not between the members of the polyp is, it contributes not only uniform and similar bodies at how the polyp, but a variety and gradation of organisms, and these depend not less firmly together with one another, as the members of the polyp, but solid, for the members of the Polyps can be separated from each other, not people, animals and plants from one another, not because of the common trunk of the earth. And finally, the soul of the earth not merely be one of the polyps soul level, because the amount of psychic unity depends on what they did to themselves, culminating in itself: these are the polyps merely sensory sensations and impulses, in the development of the whole earth and all the traffic the earthly spirits. Also you want in terms of a previous comparison - if ever such comparisons at all always can meet only partially - the people, animals, plants cogent as centers and middle terms of an analog intercourse in the upper area of the earth, how it takes place in our heads, look as if they with the major outer limbs of a human or animal to be compared, although also other ways to retain its cogent this comparison, it is always precisely only to compare the same. Appears but also our brain just like a wesentlichst in the cranium closely folded skin, and amounts to little mass to the mass of the whole person. Now the main difference between the earth from the people on this side only that the corresponding organ of the earth, instead of being included wrinkled in the cranium of the earth, it spread and is thus open to the same heaven, which our brain and its capsule is facing, and that his whole spread, consisting in air and sea, fertile soil, forests, fields, towns, villages, roads, rivers,

items, ships, letters, telegraphs, books, money, people, animals, plants, relatively much less is still against the mass of the whole earth, as the brain against that of the whole people, however, it is also the scope of a conscious movement to win his support base and only in connection of the whole. For take the interior of the earth, and everything collapses and falls apart, as if you take from the people the whole viscera, so not only do you take the firming and filling mass, you take the heaviness that everything around the center of unites earth, the plant roots and the rivers are the direction, the cities and the human foot stand and stop there, from the earth. Meanwhile, a mere one-sided and too wide spinning such comparisons only lead to equally large Untriftigkeiten, than those which we fight. I rather frherhin shown (Zend-Avesta, Chapters 3 and 15), as comparisons of the earth can be done with the people in various directions up to certain limits, without contradicting itself in factual, and yet can never be completely done because the earth is not the same, but the Further and Higher linking their organisms. The previous difficulties were at the surface, and with a few light strokes they are wiped away, even if I was not imagining it, so that the Moors of opinion make to white or even be able to bring meaning that they come forth from the old skin. Some objections come to mind when entering into a lower and then raise only by entering into even deeper. Yes on all sides rise insurmountable difficulties when, in pursuance of the principle allows the extension and increase, which could exceed the initial difficulties are behind us, and transferred the narrow aspects and dimensions of human physiology and psychology directly into the higher being wants rather than merely the indication and output to see the expansion and increase it. In Rome there is the Pope, the Sultan in Constantinople, in Tibet, the Dalai Lama. A belief cursed the other. Hegel and Herbart, what are these contradictions! War of peoples everywhere. Like could coexist in a single human soul? Certainly not in a human. But after the human soul proves itself that conflicting sensations, feelings, ideas, aspirations can be accommodated in an enclosed by a unit of consciousness soul, no obstacle is to believe that can be accommodated in a soul about the human and the contradictions between human souls . The contradictions that still exist unbalanced in our soul entered not by our will in our soul, rather stimulate their will, they make up, reconcile, and if ever there is often a long time in this life probably did not succeed in that, but man has not more peace than to have succeeded. So also all the contradiction that exists between the human soul, not from the will of the higher mind, but be an involuntary for him in the same sense as we discussed it earlier in relation to God. But it will stimulate the will of the higher mind, to lift him. It is, as are in accordance with the contradictions larger, more powerful and go deeper, also require some time to raise it, but the Spirit of the Earth have also not make peace until they are lifted. And well we know the direction to do so. Religion, science, politics clearly show the trend to an ever more unified and einstimmigeren version.

In the region where the consciousness of this endeavor is uniform, we can not penetrate, but it can and should be enough for us also to perceive the characters such endeavor. In a sense, the psychology of the mind over us as well as a teaching experience will be taken as our own after our own spirits of nature and the external traffic of our minds is a part of the internal traffic of the higher mind.Instead of asking, how can it go in so great a soul? Let us see how it really goes to this great soul, we learn that just as it can go into such great souls. As we may see many things differently than we previously thought's in our little soul, but after we saw it, rectify and then we expand the idea. But we must also with what we can see directly, not through us keep the whole realm of the spirit. Who merely summarizes in this life changing and grazing generations of men and animals in the eye, probably sees the eyes and ears with which draws the higher spirit inside and depth, and that he himself inspirits again from the inside, but not the deep most intimate life of the higher mind, it closes itself off about our this world, such as the contiguous empire in itself of our memories and thoughts about the our views. Over here, but I refer to the third part of the ZendAvesta, which is dedicated to this subject alone. The positive reasons. The stones are cleared away, and the plow can now begin to cut. Previously, it was patience, now it is sharpness, if they even deserve the arguments of faith. What is the soul of the stars on the plant soul, but both come under the same concept of the soul, and the general reasons for the existence of one and the other are the same. Contact only different for the one and the other, and their weight ratio is another peculiar. So first and foremost can all be repeated in relation to the earth in the argument of analogy or similarity with the plant asserted aspects literally, and find all based on general character of the soul system only in a higher and stricter sense to her. After all, a uniform bound in form and content, individual completed, similar, but not identical, systems is not the earth, just as our body and also the plant and animal body, relatively independent standing opposite, with excitation and Mitbestimmtheit from the outside from inside defining and unfolding, an inexhaustible multiplicity of certain side legally certain, from other unpredictable new effects from their own wealth and creativity gebrendes, ratios of the side, over and subordination enclosing, and in continuous evolution in a periodic expiration and a climbing fall in the activity begriffenes beings? In all these characters, where a body of a soul capable of the same that has our own body with its soul and loses, the earth is not below but above its people, animals, plants, everything has only unspeakable expansion and enhancement. Well like all these characters, as with the plant, because even with the people, no

really awake soul, but only the system to a soul awake, the main advantages and Mitbedingungen to wakefulness mean. The signs of awakening and of wakefulness but, so the argument has only to still meet and hereby to fill the symbol of the soul, one has in the world even more directly than in the plant, in the awakening of all earthly creatures and wakefulness itself, because if a person can not be called asleep, waking in the eye and ear, so not the earth, waking in the thousands and thousands of eyes and ears, the whole human and animal traffic surveillance. In the plant we could tap into the waking only by analogy, in the earth but we have share in the waking and hereby also a share of the direct experience of this waking itself nothing we lack, as the immediate experience and the seclusion of this whole waking mental content and mental life in a corresponding unit in which we feel our content as our soul soul life complete. This experience, we can not have, but not require, because this is our conclusion above, we would have the whole soul of the earth itself, to have their uniform conclusion in us, that we take only a portion of its content as a smaller circle conclude in their greater circles. Against this are in the general character of the soul system, so that the earth coincides not only with us, but about offers us the signs of a corresponding unit of the soul to contain, and the direct experience of awakening and waking ours in their only serves the conclusion about, not just applied to the awakening, but really awake to complete soul. Also, we see where we always turn our gaze to the Clear, as the Earth has about the conclusion of our own biological system by a higher and purer degree;, the Clear but must apply to us as a sign of non-Request. In humans and animals and plant each part is expedient ranked in itself, but this functionality is only insofar as it simultaneously expedient enters into with other parts of the larger, purposeful linked whole of the whole creature who scooped all the parts and systems in connection to yourself has. The whole human and animal and plant kingdom, but are themselves only systems, functional ordered, provided they are received appropriate with each other and with the systems of soil, water, air in the larger purposefully linked whole of the earth, all creatures and systems in connection has drawn in it. The creatures of the earth to each other only in external relations purpose, for the earth are all these purpose and completed in their internal relations. The individual earthly creatures pass away each earthly creations pass away, one after another, the purpose does not make them durable; just as the earth exists as an eternal source of all these creatures and creations, and the change that destroys the one to the other, belongs to the fullness of their adopted in life. In humans and animals, there is a cycle of substances which branches smaller loops of itself, the smaller branch off again by itself, but all the cycles of substances in humans and in animals themselves are only diverted loops of the larger general circulations of substances between organic and unorganischem kingdoms of the earth. In the earth, but all substances revolve purely for themselves, they are nothing and receives nothing except the light and heat of heaven. You only, not man, is a selfcontained nature, and revolves purely around in and closes all circuits of the people

and animals in it. Her conclusion is only relative, but at the level of nature is the earth is unspeakably above the people, it includes the. The hand of man is on his arm moved, the arm of the man is still free to move his body, the whole man is still free to move the earth, and yet still tied quite as tight or rather more tightly to her, and with his sole pressed against it. Only the whole of man and the earth is bound to nothing more; floats quite freely in the sky, and only an immaterial Act binds the transition of the earth and may bind him, because all freedom is the same. How much I have said in my earlier writing in the same sense! The argument of the supplement can make claims that, after all elements have their creatures, which are set up on the life in it, the ether does not, if it is not the stars that are established but in fact quite the life in it . (The rest of the Zend-Avesta IS 234ff.) The argument of the step can be to find the soul of the stars as an intermediate step between us and God, or as a continuation of a Stufenbaues in us or finally by comparing the inner and the outer scale of creatures depending on its turn. l) The Earth is krperlicherseits an individual intermediate stage between the human body and the world, provided it advantageous inbegreift the human body is conceived in some way of the world and other world bodies still faces an individual, as a human one. Now provided the top and bottom of the body levels the spiritual that it reflects, and transmits, it must be concluded that no less physical intermediate mental that it reflects, also, and in that THEREFORE the earth a spiritual intermediate between the spirit which is the human body, and the spirit which belongs to the world belong. That the earth spirit level reflects an individual is of the arguments of the similarity across with this increase, the only reinforcing added shall be of such shape that. That drew the conclusion that the Earth really bears the spiritual existence, what it reflects, the fact that it reflects it to the same main characters, in which the human body that it carries soul existence reflects, the current reinforces the conclusion in that the earth in the soul of existence, what it reflects an individual intermediate between a lower and higher level soul reflects, and these are also worn by the body's levels of which they are mirrored. This conclusion is contrary to the need that people have always been perceived to accept individual intermediate beings between man and God and thus to populate the sky. In short, if the body of levels A, C, the mind steps a, c are both mirrored and worn, so we will have to assume that the physical intermediate B, which reflects an intellectual b, such also contributes. At this turn of the argument is a God to the world is already provided - and how many reasons we have yet, such an already presupposing! - The Spirit of the Earth occurs only here in the enormous gap that would otherwise remain between the human mind and divine spirit, a mediator. If you want to, so he can be so high above

the earth, exalted as God think about the world, only that one has to think the same effect, then the spirit of man over his own body sublime. - In the following version of the argument of raising a deeper level we find rather the spirit of the earth as a stage for God. 2) The various sense organs in the human eye, ear, nose, tongue, hands are individually according to aspects of their physical construction, such as the manner of their feeling against; different people, animals, plants are individually according to aspects of their physical construction, such as the way her, the sensual inclusive, spiritual life against the various heavenly bodies are individually over by pages of their physical construction, and since they also physically their people, animals, plants, as again their eyes, ears, these include, etc. and the people, animals, plants include their sense spheres not only physically, but also mentally and another with a higher sphere, is the same enclosing of the heavenly bodies with respect to the area enclosed by them, this sense spheres, presupposing spheres. In short, if we of the to surrounding physical circuit levels A, B which are not only mirrored by observation, but also carried to surrounding mental a, b, we can conclude that the third enclosing physical Circle Level C also carries the surrounding spiritual c, which it reflects. 3) The inner scale of the eye, man, earth, world, where each higher level includes the lower is unquestionably a very different, as the outer of plant, animal, human, where the lower stands next to the higher, but you would not can use the same point of a height gradation for both, if not somewhat Possible in both in this respect, and thereto the third turn our argument builds. What is it that whereby man and the higher animals stationary stand out from the next-standing but lower creatures of pages of the organization? The greater number of disparate organs that further driven breakdown and breakdown, the closed circuit with more tangles and loops and sub-loops, the more complicated periodicity mehrerlei periods and sub-periods, the decisive centralization not in a point, but in an area of central importance. With the development and improvement of these physical signs but also in connexion we see the intellectual development and increase height. The earth about offers in all these characters incomparably all earthly creatures, provided they themselves contribute to the amount of dissimilar bodies and stepped structure, as well as their cycles and periods of the intricacies and complexities of their lives, if the upper chamber of the earth as a venue organic, all life and human activity is a far more focused and meaningful in a higher sense hearth of a grander and freer interaction, as the brain of a man. In short, if we have two rising physical levels conductors A, B, C (plant, animal, human), and A ', B', C '(eye, human, earth) have, and if the first is a spiritual ladder a, b, c not only reflects, but also carries the second but the first matches in the proportions of mirroring the spiritual level, we may conclude that they thus matching the ratios of wearing, so a spiritual ladder a ', b', c 'wears after steps a', b 'have been

through observation, only the third and c' is not found by the end, which is also found to be considered hereby. The argument of the relationship can be assert that the means by which the people linked to mankind, spiritual relationships between them are produced, sound, light, roads, transport, etc. are all physical in nature, which rather a divide between spirits set as a band would have to be made, if they could not be conceived as components of the whole-souled being, just as the physical connection of the institutions to which we socialize in sight, hearing, etc., only in so far provide a spiritual link between them, as they enters into with them in a whole-souled in context. So can we observe the higher unit via our spirits not directly, but a link which implies that unit. Also, all experiential relationships which led the philosophers to speak of a spirit of humanity, and what they save us once again to talk about it, made all the more cogent claim for a spirit of the earth, the spirits of all men with those of all other earthly creatures also linked uniform, as people not for himself, but only through the connection of the earth, the inbegreift all other creatures at the same time, related, and the level of human spirits in the higher spirit is still required low levels, the we can find in the plant and animal souls, even if our mind is not merely a sum of similar unconscious conscious moments, but a higher conscious linking of such uniform of a higher and deeper level of consciousness. From still other factors can make themselves felt that between the soul realms of the various heavenly bodies is no connection would be, if not the stars were still on the individual souls of their creatures souls to whom we should trust such traffic, we talk to each other through the vibrations of the air, in which we live, the higher creatures are talking to each other by the vibrations of the ether in which they live. (Cf. Zend-Avesta IS 166 175 176 233 II 216 ff ff) Now, indeed, the requirement of such a higher relationship no proof, but the same satisfaction makes the result of the proofs even more satisfying. The argument of causality based on the fact that, as far as experience goes, animated content can not emerge from inanimate, but we have and all the animated animals to look at us as a souled products to the terrestrial system. You can then put the double possibility that the earth is alive with the development of organic creatures first, while it was previously in embryonic slumber, or that the origin of organic creatures falls already in the internal production of their waking life itself. Evidence that this is not necessary to decide if it is at all until just a question of whether the earth is now in a state of alert animation. (Version of this argument in Zend Avesta IS 226 ff) The teleological argument can be considered as the plant soul as a branch of the argument of similarity. We find only in much higher sense and groartigerem scale, for the maintenance and development of the earth and of the whole earthly household also commissioned to concordant purpose considerations as to the maintenance and development of our body and its internal budget with respect to the existence of our soul hit are, so that we can presuppose a corresponding reference to the existence of a soul in the world.

We even noticing, and have already noticed that our purpose is subordinate to the area of the earth in every respect. The earth, as far as we can foresee it, a perpetual inventory, our bodies come and go. (Comments in Zend Avesta I. 138ff.) These theoretical arguments for belief in the spirits of the stars could be on the context, the beautiful and the good with truth nor the aspects of the beauty and Gedeihlichkeit add this faith. God how different high and rich now wearing Humanities about mental stages in himself, in what a different light now all to true vitality seems awoke earth, in what other things, with legions of angels instead of a dead ball game fulfilled, Sky , how different our relationship with God and our neighbor, as we find in the Spirit on us, the angels of the earth, the common intercession with God and a spiritual bond between us, how much brighter our view of the afterlife, as we in the death of us the philosophical life of this spirit can think abolished with all our loved ones in his memory life, how inexhaustible finally the field further consideration and the lower circuit! Would not we all like to believe, as it is by this faith? But now we can use it on the basis of previous arguments so believe their none concludes his truth from the beauty and goodness of faith, however, the beauty and goodness of the same sure to follow only his truth and hereby but can also contribute to the evidence of its truth. Now let's take a look back at our starting point and speed up now. , the human body reflects the essential characteristics of a soul - needless were it, the ever repeated in this respect once again repeated. The animal body, it reflects in the same way. , the plant body, it reflects in the same way. The Earth reflects them in the same way. See all celestial bodies they reflect in the same way. Otherwise, we know of no bodies in the world which the most essential characteristics of a soul in this reflect the same way. , the human body carries the soul at the same time that it reflects. hereafter from animal body, we believe that it contributes no less the soul, which he reflects. We believe in the hereafter follow the right course of joint and the whole class of the soul reflecting body. We believe it is due to the equality of all this, and no other body in the drawing, in which a body of a soul can be the same at all, and has our own body with its soul and loses at the same time. We find this to double the analogy of the body with the soul and that body reinforced with our body-based belief that he the demands of inner supplement gradation of the relationship, the causality of the teleology of the whole body and spiritual realm, hereby all that can come in balancing the truth of the faith in question corresponds. And finally we see the run from all those considerations and fulfilling conclusion to the truth of the faith nor the beauty and Gedeihlichkeit same step to accomplish that

with which he has to satisfy the people. In the circle of this conclusion is by itself with included that the animal is a lower and an even lower the plant in addition to the human soul, that the earth has a higher human soul, and finally, that the soul of the earth, the people, animals, plants did not only among themselves, but also in themselves. Since there are about heavenly bodies no more body reflects a soul, so there is still the world about it, reflects a soul over the souls of their body, only instead of an individual soul, in addition to individual souls, one soul, all at the same time has under him and in him. And that the world is this supreme soul not only reflects, but also contributes, we conclude that the body in the world carry the soul level that they reflect, and the other grounds that are associated with it. In fact, all the arguments that we find only for the plants and soul in a higher sense of the soul of the stars, generally argued for all the souls in the world finally of the spirit, the soul of the world itself, instead. He who believes on the basis of our arguments to the soul of the plant, on the basis of the same arguments must believe in a God to the world, and he who believes in a God to the world, to believe in a soul in the plant.This relationship is very beautiful, yet it is only one of the beauties of this doctrine. But I'm going to run in a single non, I rather wanted to spare the execution of the smaller examples of the execution of the task in terms of our highest principle, and the conclusion is self-evident after the transition was made to him. With negations are looking to support the old doctrine; vain man needs positions, here are positions. And these positions can all truly positive thing since there is in science and religion, which is not only in the nature of things really founded, for the salvation of the people much necessary, but also its historical mediations Eingeburt into the consciousness and life of humanity are, indeed persist over the life of this addition. Christianity will endure forever, and forever is through the continued living in his congregation as Christ in his body * ) persist. This is also a word that finds its truth only in our teaching (Zend-Avesta III. Pp. 363 ff.) But to speak of the maintenance of a stock of Christianity can, it is important to know where it is, what it is that which Christ has gone beyond all earlier and thus not only the gewesene output, but still from beyond the here and now into acting Hirt and Hort is a herd, which will one day have to collect all to fulfill the idea of Christianity. I have it, the sense of not the first, as briefly as I could, it summarized ** ) : "The fact that he has set the highest as the unifying and Weitste has set as the set has to unifying as the highest and the best." And was it then explains: "That he has given the idea of unification of all from the point from which only a union of all possible first brought to the consciousness of the earthly world with

consciousness, and by teaching and living life the impetus for the dissemination and operation of this idea that all people are children of the same number, ending only good things of God, to each other as citizens of a feel, reaching beyond this world, heavenly kingdom, and as brothers seek in this sense and to act. "
*) I Cor. 12, 12-17. 20th 27th - I Cor. 6, 15 17th -Rom . 12, 4 5 - Eph . l, 22 23, - Eph. 3, 20 21, - Eph 4, 1113. - Eph. 4, 15 16th - Eph. 5, 29-31. -Col. 1, 24 - Col. 2 19th - Gal. 2, 20
**)

Zend-Avesta II P 38 39th

And was it finally continues to run in the 13th and 30 Chapter of the Zend-Avesta. Where now would be a contradiction of all our previous teachings with that idea, where the whole of salvation and hereby the sanctity of Christianity depends? Allied our teaching with materialism to abolish God, she scolds the view in a beyond foolishness it is to see the tip and the target, the eye is held down with bright eyes the people instead of this, and after this life, the way in this world Search? - Or they idolized Feuerbach with the people, they say with Schopenhauer resign the soul, it evaporates with Hegel the divine in the term, they covered it with Schelling in vague mysticism, they sprayed it with an army of Herbart points? - Or is it a sermon for the communities that nurtured by materialism, idealism is blowing from, proud of the use of reason, which finds the band in the lack of a band call themselves free? 22)
The free religious movement to which Fechner alludes here an echo of rationalist ideas, seeks a dogma-free, standing in line with modern science religion and self-determination in all religious matters. As they grew out of the contrast to the reaction, it is not gone, via negative positions. 1841 Hall of the covenant of "Protestant friends" justified, and the people called them "Friends of Light". The leaders of the movement spread throughout northern Germany were Wislicenus GA Hall, J. Rupp in Konigsberg and L. Uhlich in Magdeburg. For details, see Herzog, Realenzyklopdie f prot. Theol. and church. Vol XI. Pp. 465 ff items:
22)

lighting friends.

Rather, for all support that we can not do without, without falling back either into paganism or worse falling victim, it only adds support these supports, and instead of saying that Christ is not the way of salvation and life, she sensed his hand, the way to . walk However, is expected to Christianity as much faith in the Apfelbi in Paradise with its mystical effects on the irreversible destruction of the non-elect, to the wonders of the laws of nature, to the Abgerissensein God of his world, to all the Unerbauliche, which commonly expand the theologians of Christianity, from which they build it yes, it is the doctrine which is presented here, not Christian. But I reckon all that, none of which can be found in Christ's own teaching, which does not make humanity better, not happy, not wise, themselves, the nature of things and of man contradicts darkens the mind, upset the science, a dim being mixed into the life, in short, everything the possibility of eventual unification of all reluctant, instead of promoting it, with this, the basic idea of Christianity reluctant to what must fall so that the doctrine of Christ stands.

Already increased Christianity in its propagation over the earth and rather gaining new space in that it kills the people, as they converted it. How many of the Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Pagans are the ones who count every year as converts? And how zerworfen is Christianity in itself! Instead of Christians who are in Christ's one thing, there are only Protestants, Catholics, Greeks and sectarians, who fight in the name of Christ. 's View here and there, it'll be different? Anyone who is not blinded, says no. Christianity is far penetrated by what is in it Christ, can not penetrate it, as long as it is not quite so steeped what the elimination of much heard, so it is now fulfilled. Before Christianity does not convert itself, converted to what it was to be determined according to his idea, before it does not carry the most common, highest, last the needs of humanity, it will not convert the world and not in themselves agree can be. The self that nowadays this can not, and if it continues as it is, will never be able to secure likely, proves that it still does not bear this account of the needs of mankind. (Evidence from the historic principle.) 23) And so it is just the idea of Christianity to take so that in virtue of which it is not able today to take as meaning that they made with the idea of religion as a common band highest and last points in faith, knowledge, and life itself coincide.A Christianity's the fact that this idea of Christ first brought to the consciousness of the world, by word and deed, and finally was acted nor the victim's life in the life of this world, and - as he perceives beyond, after joining the Beyond continues to live with him, carried him in it - with this world, continues to live in his community.
23)

On the execution of this principle, see note 13) .

But what, after the faith of Christians of all his content is emptied at incredibilities, teaching, preaching fill? Everything should be left to rest in that abstract idea? Not in the abstract, but rather impacted in faith and life, and also having an effect idea. The interpretation of the most significant words of the Christian doctrine itself, which are now only believed texts after, say after their truth, which thus placed in context declaration of the highest good and development of its content, the return of Christianity to Christ, the Holy Spirit or the Spirit of salvation in Christ, through Christ in God and through God in Christ is to fill teaching and preaching * ) . This is not to exhaust; pluck a leaf and the tree of teaching drives a twig. And if the inner purification, development and deepening of the outer shape of Christianity against today must change completely, it will only be because the new development itself, the new, the other, more closed, edifying, loftier, purer and more beautiful shape are. For this, the sky is the house that are stars to rooms of the newly rich of God, still in content, because lifted above all thinkable, floating in the void, this is the first revelation of the divine to humanity in childhood faith of the Gentiles, instead of being discarded be in the old and new federal repealed, and thus be able to pick up all the Gentiles into the covenant with.
*)

Comp. Chapter 8 of this document. - Chapter 6 12th 13th 28th 30th the Zend-Avesta. -. "About the Supreme

Good" 24) Fechner's little book: "On the highest good", Leipzig, 1846, is the ethical principle: "Man should, as much as in him the greatest pleasure, the greatest happiness to bring into the world any search, the whole of the time and space to bring looking for. " The XIV section discusses the relationship of this principle to the highest
24)

Christian moral precepts.

This is the answer to the question soul in that sense in which it was placed, with its consequences and contexts. After all, it is, as I said, a matter of faith, and therefore also the answer rested on religious grounds, rather than on exact knowledge reasons. But it was not a matter of exact research, but it does not contradict the principle of exact research. So far-reaching logic and experience, they rested on, and goes out only in the same sense as the showed in the so attainable, about the same. For this was the principle by which we entered to complete with what is required, when would it be tapped. Instead of departing to the principle of the circuit experience, it is only the extension of this principle and improvement of the area of knowledge out into the faith. Those who spurns this extension and increase, either spurned the faith or the agreement of knowledge with faith. This teaching can probably stand with an exact theory in contradiction, since the idea of a general exact theory of the relations of body and soul from her womb was born *) , and the first steps of the exact theory have forward already in the same direction, which doctrine the this document with far-reaching wings has quickly measure? **)
*) Cf. Elements of Psychophysics. T. II pp. 553 25) **) Ebendas. P 541 546th
25)

About the priority relation between Fechner's metaphysics and its exact psychophysics see the in-depth

versions W. Wundt in the aforementioned speech to Fechner's centennial birthday.

Instead, I close the Doctrine of the Faith with the belief that the exact theory is once again bear the fruit from which they sprung only, it may also are until they matured. X. Basic view. "There's but below is terrible, And the man did not try the Gods " feels it tries to call out to anyone who wants to sink into the depth of a basic view of things, to grasp the latter being the same. Man plunges from the life in the dark throat and will not come back to life resulting. And that is why I have kept it for the best, I nachzustrzen the cup in depth only after I completely emptied the full.

For a basic view of things can probably infer, but it can infer nothing. Although this sentence is like most quickly hingesprochenen only half true, but it is only too easy to make it all come true. Instead of setting apart as far as he is ever true and how much is not it, I'll give a clue to judge it.And every philosophical view is an indication to do so. One can conclude everything from scratch and it's all nothing you concludes. One can infer anything from the simple, but the unity of the universe remains ungefolgert. One can conclude from all of the matter, only you must not forget that the matter is inferred only from sensations of the mind. One can infer anything from the Spirit, must not only forget to raise a spirit of the universe is, and only by its own rise up to him. Normally we have experience from what exists is only what it falls into our consciousness, only our perception, feeling, thinking, willing. Consciousness is fact, its unity is a fact, its content is fact, the ratio of its unity and its content is fact, everything that is demonstrable in us, and how it is demonstrable, so it is; outside of consciousness is the consciousness behind not demonstrable. Consciousness in its unity and its contents take it as it is, is the purest, most direct experience that we can make from existing. Consciousness is a being that knows what it is, and all that is how it knows that it is. Further but there is no being, of which the same could be said. Here takes place experiential identity of being and knowledge. After direct experience there is absolutely nothing but consciousness, unity consciousness, consciousness content and abstracts from what is consciousness or awareness gained consciousness with falling back into consciousness. Is from the sphere of consciousness, as far as direct experience goes, not to come out. Experience itself is a matter of consciousness. Insist on experience, without insisting on this basic experience, say, insist on a plate in the air. But man has reasons that falls beyond the existence of his consciousness, even in something about addition Lying to believe in an external world, and the inner, subjective, reasons that have acted on its content of consciousness, and external objective reasons that have contributed to it, to accept. No one can stop that only his awareness of what exists, exists. For consciousness by being held of its contents, is also in the immediate feelings at the same time conscious that not all of the provisions of this content come from the given content, the practical viewpoint compels people to believe in an external world, to judge his actions on , this takes the historical compliance of all times and peoples. Nevertheless, so that we only what it falls into our consciousness have of the entire existence, but that is not the question of whether we have to assume something about our consciousness beyond existent, but whatever this is what we assume in addition have. There are two possibilities, and thoroughly combined, only two options, two paths

of thought, one whose into Hades, the other leads into the light. One should make it clear that there are only these two ways, and instead unclear to fluctuate between them or anyone to go half to choose between them and consistently go up to the last consequences, after you done a clear view on each well . One idea is that in addition to what we carry from the things in our consciousness beyond our perception, feel, poems, thoughts, will, not only out of our except the consciousness at a dark unknowable thing in itself or a multiplicity of such things admit that generate the consciousness into what it has from the things or generate through their interaction consciousness itself, and something are completely different than anything that has it. In most cases, the dark thing or the dark things are presented as something solid behind the variability, as something simple behind the multiplicity of phenomena even dark. The soul itself is in itself an immutable simple creature that put hidden behind the changing phenomena of consciousness itself never knowing of this essence, but rather himself dark soul being the brightest consciousness is merely the brightest light on the ever enigmatic.26)
The theory of monads, to which Kant's Critique of Pure Reason had vigorously turned into "paralogisms of Pure Reason", combines in its modern form necessarily with Kant's doctrine of the intelligible character, ie from a point behind the mental phenomena unknowable thing in itself, the is then indicated by the various
26)

systems in the most varied ways.

That is one idea. The other thought is that it is out of our consciousness yet another consciousness, are above all individual consciousness still further and greater consciousness and further and higher content of consciousness, a consciousness which, after pages of that which is beyond our individual consciousness and presented, the external, which our consciousness is determined, and all individual consciousness linked by commonalities and effect relationships, of which the highest unit is the last node. The first thought leads away from all the experience and all that is conceivable and bewhrbar through experience, experience, into the darkness, because we of the things or the things in themselves behind the consciousness and its effect on consciousness or their consciousness-generating effect in fact have neither the experience nor notion of experience, nor the prospect of enlightenment through experience, and the second leads from the light of common experience only in a higher light if our own consciousness is bright at us with his immanent terms, conditions, laws of the continuing to the thoughts of another, to more general, further, higher and lichteres consciousness and means of losing it offers. Anyway the world believes in God above all individual consciousness and has historical, theoretical and practical reasons to believe in it. All dark thing but is pointless if they believe in God right, indeed the right belief in God is just the one that makes the dark thing idly by regarding as an action of God beyond ourselves into us what we as a want to consider the effect of dark things behind us and God by clear

place in God what's behind would remain opaque in the dark things, while making the right faith in the dark thing or the dark things behind the consciousness of God vain or for dark things; because the dark thing is then the reason and creator of what appears. But if you want to have a divine consciousness about the phenomena and the dark things behind appearances together, so you have two and half not whole. Strange that today's idealism just what is the biggest advantage of idealism, no need to obscure things behind the phenomena, reveals, and all things deep into the dark looks. The concept of thinking, nothing, Being, the Absolute, the essence of what's behind the phenomena as a basic plug of them, it will only pick up to nature, to the conscious mind, what are they as dark things? The monads, the other looking behind the consciousnesses nor what they are as dark things? But the matter of the materialists behind the appearances of things what it is other than a dark thing? None of these dark things has made us the clarity of consciousness existing in itself clear or explained, but each, dark as it is itself, only darkened. After this I throw the dark things aside, and stand without the means to lead members of the losing everywhere, the following principles and considerations on: There is a general and supreme unity of consciousness, the divine, and it gives her child and in their joint submission sibling each other consciousnesses, to which the human part, there is also our parent, God subordinate consciousnesses. The unit of the highest consciousness transcends all lower consciousnesses, and provides a link, a bond between them forth, of which it is aware, by the Inbegreifen in consciousness at the same time the band of the included is, while the lower consciousnesses to the Inbegriffenseins in the higher and most are not immediately conscious, but each only to the immediately knows what they themselves understand. Before, except, over, behind, according to the most common and highest consciousness and its content, to which our consciousness is, nothing is found. What neither our nor falls another, even higher or supreme consciousness, of which one may talk, but it will be just only talk about it. Only an infinite possibility coming consciousness and consciousness is another reality behind each and every one present consciousness, but this possibility is not out of the consciousness, but only as an abstraction from the facts of consciousness, only has meaning for consciousness and would stop at nothing and except consciousness. All darkness, what is laid in the thing behind the consciousness, exists only in the darkness of consciousness about what is not part of his presence, but a coming or other consciousness. An external world exists only for the finite, not the infinite, consciousness, and this external world is nothing but the consciousness of the outside, but only the Further and Higher of what has each individual consciousness in itself, and the individual consciousness in turn contributes to the wealth and the stages at this further and higher. In consciousness there is to experience a steady flow, exchange, an eternal change what appears in it. But the world does not melts into a maintenance-free tangle and

transmission of phenomena, because the highest unchanging unity of consciousness remains the band all into falling phenomena, because this consciousness is divided into subordinate persistent units because there are persistent conditions in the variability of the phenomena, because their exchange is governed by fixed laws, because unshakeable grip points and target points are visible in it. Since we have plenty of festivals, including now even a dark solid thing behind it? What proof in itself, need not be glued to feast. The highest and last of all, in all, over all, is always the highest unity of consciousness. It is the truly eternal, immutable, A, is always the same, through all changes, in all change and diversity are all Actuating, and yet not be able to function without change and diversity. It is the nail, on which hangs the world, and not after the next one should not look for the other nails and nail for a new. Under the highest unity, however, the special circle of phenomena peculiar units and fixed laws through access link. Law is a big word, well recognized for its value in the state, in science, but little in today's philosophy. That it wants to rule by law rather than by words, is the main cause of their decay. Behind the state there is no solid dark thing on which sat his strength, which he is so hard? By law, so long as the law is itself determined. The laws of things, ie the relationship of the appearances of things, but stand firm forever. So what still needed the solid thing behind appearances? Can it make about the law or make unnecessary or explain? But the law itself is only slightly Excessive thoughts, consciously abstracted from the contents of consciousness, and in itself, that it is abstracted from it, proving that it is a matter of consciousness. How does this person will behave tomorrow? Asked how he behaves today, behaved yesterday and the day and date of his birth. See if you can discover a law in the actions of man. What can you guess from the people, you will act according to his guess, or you will not guess. But of course, no law will range from people, much less to guess all of God. Law is a big word, but freedom is a big word, and while the law governs everything, it leaves an indeterminate rest as freedom, but does not run against the laws, but also runs only above the law, presents the laws in the same sense how all that is finite over infinite ranges. The law is not a deus ex machina , but the machina in Deus . But God is still on the machina. Who knows the law of the connection of the Ganges and the phenomena knows everything that the wisest can know the reasons of the action, except that all the laws, to the knowledge of which he can make it, the reasons for the action will not be depleted, and that it except for the reasons and purposes is still considered. All causal questions: Why? is to respond with the law, or to say, I do not know. Where, why is the law? Who has an answer, they say. But if he has an answer

or not, the laws of fact things remain unaffected by the uncertainty regarding the nature of this fact. As there is nothing stable in the world, except what is immutable in the content of consciousness, there is no essence of things other than what it is invariably limited. What immutable law or so related that one can have one only in accordance with, as well as the other one has or can have, is a matter of the same essence, and this connection the solid core, the essence of being. In this sense, we call God, the supreme consciousness, rightly the supreme being, because in the unity of his consciousness everything is related conditioning one, which it is of appearances of things, and so also of things which are only appearance relationships themselves. But since God is the Supreme Being above all things, we need no more dark creatures behind the appearances of things. Of what we call the soul, mind, nothing is empirically demonstrable and is nothing but a linked by a unit of consciousness context and Auseinanderflu of phenomena that I call self phenomena, provided that each unit of consciousness to the other party such only has for himself. But while they compared with those of the other only has for herself, she is wearing, subjected to the highest unity of consciousness, those in the fullness of their own symptoms. The context and the sequence divergence of the soul or self phenomena is under psychological laws. What can a dark thing, the name of Monad, simple real being to explain the unit or the laws of the soul phenomena help? Of what we call body, is experientially nothing more demonstrable and is nothing more than a link and Auseinanderflu of phenomena, which consists in solidarity at the same time for different souls, consciousnesses (if different at the same time see the same body, can feel) by as between passes through them that, while related realities and opportunities for other souls are set with the reality and possibility given phenomena, which presents a body for a soul. Thus, we the objective, external existence of the body is characterized. The abstract of this publication connexion constant quantity of matter is only the expression of a constant possibility of recurrence of external appearances of a given quantitative determination. The relationship Auseinanderflu and the so-called external phenomena is governed by the laws of nature. What dark things can help on this? Nothing is ever the objective existence of the whole body world experientially show, nothing to open up, than that of solidarity, dominated by experiential laws, relation between phenomena, which consists of more than one unit of consciousness at the same time, we have therefore also to experience no reason, something more of the physical world to be regarded as existing. Not the individual physical phenomena in individual souls form the physical world, but of all individual souls reaching beyond, founded in the greatest soul connection between these phenomena, not only for all its reality, but after all their legally

justified way. The matter in the sense of the materialist is an empty useless hypothesis, the matter in the sense of the physicist is a necessary concept. Because of the matter of the materialists, the dark things behind the consciousness, is the clear consciousness depend as a secondary consequence of the facts it is rather just abstraction, however, the matter just the thought even solid connection point of legal phenomena in terms of the physicist, in fall many souls, and their provisions are abstracted from it purely from an experience that ultimately exists only in the mind and consciousness. The materialist claims to stand only on experience, and where is the experience that teaches him something of the existence of matter behind, except without consciousness, independent of consciousness? What he has in experience of the matter and white, is a matter of consciousness. Well of course it is easy to produce consciousness of compilation of matter, after the matter has itself produced only a compilation of sensations in consciousness, it is not hard to make gold out of gold. That does not mean that there is no consciousness without matter, or where would such a show? And it is the materialist bases. But to set up a basic view, one must get to the bottom, and the reason is always that matter of the content of consciousness is abstracted. Only that the existence of consciousness is itself bound so essential to such Abstrahierbarkeit that can not have one without the other. There is no human organism was fixed without bone structure, but the organism is not a resultant of this bone structure. Default experience is part of the existence of each soul created for the external appearance of the body, by virtue of which the soul is in relationship with other souls, and enters and engages in the general life and weaving, what about all the individual spirits also has the highest spirit instead. In other words, the possibility of a relationship of self phenomena depends in solidarity with the possibility of an appearance relationship to others. In so far, the relationship of the spiritual or self phenomena as well conceive of how the physical external appearances, and both relationships have their particular viewpoint and their special laws, one can also speak of a being of spirit and essence of the body especially. But insofar as related to both contexts a ratio of exchange conditionality and debt in solidarity, we can put them under a common nature, and the body of the call side of the outer appearance, the soul of the side of the selfappearance of this creature. This can not occur out of the circle of experience and allowed freedom of definitions. The same common nature of body and soul is nothing other than the solidary exchange conditionality of self-phenomena of the soul and the outer appearances of the body. One can not have something behind it do not show, can not find one without the other. So hereafter is the ultimate reason of the relationship of body and soul, no other

than the ultimate reason of the relationship, the heart and soul have any for himself. Each one of them represents a context of appearances, which is possible, and really only in a maximum, general unity of consciousness, and the same is true on the connection of the two contexts. For knowing the laws which relate body and soul, little is done, they will seek to be more useful than the conflict between idealism and materialism. I call the theory of psychophysics. The common law is this: The fact that nothing can exist in spirit, arise, go without something there with the body arises is what extends its effects and consequences in the area and the future of the world body into it. You can put it briefly so that everything spiritual expression in his vehicle or something corporeal, and thus has its other effects and consequences in the physical. For although each of the highest subordinate unit of consciousness is a phenomenon related to itself, which it shares with no other, each context of self phenomena is yet so with the general appearance of connexion in the relationship, that also can not take the smallest in a soul without it in the general phenomenon related intervenes, which consists of all souls and all the souls in between the highest and the Supreme Soul. The immediate intervention of the soul in the material world, hereby their immediate physical expression, although we can not observe, by the inside of each body are sealed from the outside, but rather to indirectly dependent, appearance relation, and can these under the general laws of complete physical appearance world through perception and end to that which would fall into the observation if they could reach inside with removal of barriers. After this we conclude from that in the outer psychophysics to be considered, externally observable indirect expression of the spirit in the material world in the inner psychophysics on the hidden inside the body directly, but vorzustellenden still under the form of externally perceptible to the laws, Physical as follows from the corporeal to preserve and complement the incompleteness of ideological appearance relationship through the presentation context. Another fundamental law is this, that the spiritual has the character of relative unity or simplicity against the physical, which is regarded as the expression, if not only every unit of consciousness essential to a whole context and Auseinanderflu of the physical, but also a unified consciousness determining the simplest sensation is even directly linked to such, and conversely the physical assembly and disassembly sequence, which is linked with a unit of consciousness, can not exist without such. (Cf. the 37th chapter of the elements of psychophysics.) This can be represented by the expression that the Spirit is the principle of linking the physical assembly and disassembly sequence. But that just should not be referred to as de facto law of that relationship. The concept of reality, reality is more and more closely, depending on usage and definition. The simplest, the most fleeting, the vergeblichste appearance, a deceptive subjective bill itself, has its reality, a reality of

a higher kind, but as everything that occurs as a single phenomenon, has what the individual phenomena holds together, or as output, clue, culmination the presentation and the conclusion must be thought to link the phenomena of thought and open up the unknown of familiar, though it never appears for themselves, so only as an abstraction in itself may be grasped. Because the symptoms are not at all apart from the conscious, thinking being held, but just in such.What, then, from the connection of phenomena is abstracted in thought or connection of phenomena in thinking is necessary is really also be regarded as a Verknpfendes and hereby real in a higher sense. Such abstraction is now already the common thinking familiar to such a necessity binds even the common consciousness in respect to the closest circle of phenomena and leads to the allwrts common assumption of things, a related binds the higher mind in respect to the whole circle of phenomena , and leads to the view of the highest and last things, the general principles and last elements of the world. Realities of the first kind, which, already exceed the reality which lies in immediate experience, but the common consciousness are quite common, are both soul and body. Instead of a soul, or an entire body always occur only single pages or moments thereof at once in the appearance, and the whole way the phenomena that they can give, is not exhaustible, but the supportive context in which the possibility of these phenomena under stands, and the self becomes aware of the unity of consciousness of the soul, is summarized by us in mind things a unitary body, a single soul, and this thought-object retains as long as its truth and cogency, its higher reality than the connection of phenomena cogently in ordinary reality represented, and the ideas that we make about the basic nature of the soul and the body and the nature of their relationship are to measure hereafter. You are in accordance with true and cogent, as they represent the relationship of the real phenomena are proper. Although a recent analysis of both the soul than the body decomposed into a sum of individual phenomena, but the soul is both the body more than the sum of phenomena, since they are not exactly the same in this decomposition, but as Verknpfendes and Linked. Those analysis is rather similar way, a destruction of the right term, as the analysis of a plant in the ingredients that it contains really, but a destruction of the plant, destroying a tool in the parts that it contains a destruction of the tool is . Not only the detail of the phenomena, but also the band has the same reality, indeed the highest reality. So you have to the concept of soul and body, and take each thing and use it in its unity and wholeness. So little I in the outer life instead of tables, chairs, animals, plants, may with the hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen they contain, operate, there should be a life at all, so little in thought with each appearance constituents of things . And yet, here and there, the analysis in these last components needed where it is just analysis. About the way in which the highest and ultimate realities - we might call metaphysical - the idea is not completely taken by the common consciousness or entirely beyond ranges, are to be taken, there is a still undecided dispute between the philosophical systems. After us, they lie to sides of the spiritual in the highest and ultimate unit of consciousness, of the Divine Spirit, according to the simple side of the physical atoms, as the last elements of the material world. The most common,

highest, thinking, living unity as the highest marginal concept of existence is the simplest, most individual beings, which is conceivable as the lowest limit concept over and between two limiting concepts of reality is moving His appearing. In the unity of the divine consciousness at last close together and from all appearance, and by the nature of infinity, it bears, is an unpredictability of events, which we summarize as freedom, due to the fact, however, the simple atom as though no such phenomenon capable, but abstracted from the totality of physical phenomena as the end point of their relationship, and the last point of departure for all the exact calculation of what the world is predictable in the individual represents. To the thought of the first unit, we get the fact that we generalized to the whole sphere of phenomena, expanding and enhancing expand a single link, such as we find in our finite mind for special areas of appearance, the thoughts of the last details, we get the fact that we are up to their last line to continue the analysis of the physical phenomena, with those simple things are left as the last link of the necessary evidence and calculation of phenomena. (Cf. here about my atomic theory.) 27)
27)

"On the physical and philosophical atomism", Leipzig, 1855. In the Appendix, p 181 Section VII:

"hypothesis about the general power law of nature."

The proof of the reality of atoms lies in the mathematical need to use it. And if the already nascent philosophy of deliquescence in flowing terms in this need would only see a makeshift, so this is the last stopgap in their own troubles. Today's idealists want to know from the atoms nothing, because they know no such repeal in the mind, either because they see something outside the mind or something of the flow of the Spirit interruption end it, instead of the Spirit only in the concerns and analyzing their own experiences contents recognizes as a solid, but necessary final approach and breakpoints of the relationship and related misgiving of that circle phenomenon in which the individual spirits have to encounter. This is the pure fact and the pure view of this fact, the idealistic truth of the atoms, which the physical does not contradict, though it may not come to light in such form after the task of physics in this, from idealism but from the ducts of Physics this form would be to promote the daylight to exploit him idealistic, rather than to drown him. This truth wins deeper meaning thereby that the finite spirits, which are the atoms by analyzing their experience content, even internal tools of the Infinite Spirit are to find the Allerendlichste what it contains in itself. The newer monadology has taken the simple atoms as the last stop-and points the simple essence behind the atoms, not gained through recent analysis of the phenomenal world, but from the destruction of this world as a certificate, - a ghostly world behind the real world. The physics but is afraid of ghosts. The materialists want to know anything about God because they see only the mind as a product of a favorable constellation of matter. Why it but keep the overall constellation of matter that includes and connects all human and animal brains

favorable to less than that of a single human and animal brain, you have to them ask ourselves and be content with the frugal response on to win the main prize of materialism, make do with as little spirit in the world not to lose again. Is in principle predictable, what and if something depends on conditions of the finite to the finite, but every atom and every body and every thought and every finite spirit are advantageously included in an infinite whole, and so everything Computable of something incalculable is presented, through it's the world, is something that comes from the whole to the whole, and all statements, in all probability mocks, something which is contrary to any law, detract, calculate the successes of the astronomy, physics, physiology, psychology, but on the contrary to the common, the infinite with comprehensive, version of that law itself predictability of success hanging on the relation of the finite to the infinite beyond, *) .
*)

As of the material here is not to think alone the fact that every particle of each other by virtue of the known binary forces undergoes an impact and it is expressed, and that, strictly speaking, because of the infinite number of particles therefrom for each a resultant of, indefinite magnitude and direction indicate that is just so far an approximate determination capable, as we take the main effects, ie the next particles to each other into account, - but from a higher and I believe, more important matters considerations will also be thinking about it, that (after considerations in the Appendix to my atomic theory pp. 181 ff) 27) except for the force experienced by a particle as a component of a binary compound and expresses, also, peculiar laws unsuccessful, statuieren force is experienced by it as part of a ternary compound and expresses, and also one that experiences it as part of a quaternary compound, etc. and expresses, and finally one that experiences it as part of the infinite totality and expresses the way that the effects of the higher forces, rather than from which compose the lower, rather sit down with them. I have tried to show how this according to the principle of expansion and increase obtained in the outputs of the experience, overall strength principle of nature comes to meet long felt needs of physics and chemistry, and it is already used in some areas up to certain limits.
27)

"On the physical and philosophical atomism" Leipzig, 1855. In the Appendix, p 181 Section VII:

"hypothesis about the general power law of nature"

For the most general version of the law under which unite all the individual laws, is that when and where recur the same circumstances and which may always be these circumstances recur the same successes, under other circumstances, but other successes *) . Now the infinite whole has no other beside him whole and not a whole to be the same, because the world is a different tomorrow than it was today and had ever been. So it is tomorrow again generate other successes, as they produced today, but it can be by no law saying that it will produce tomorrow as far as they after, the whole on the whole question, respect another tomorrow than today than ever was earlier.
*)

Comp. the discussion of this law in Zend-Avesta II.S.258 ff

God has the fullness of life for all content, affects the whole in the whole with the greatest freedom, because this coincides with the principle unpredictable side of existence, and this is, by purely exhaustible law of finitude, freedom of selfconscious. Everything finite has relationships with other finite, but has the same relationship to the infinite as a part and as such has also participated in the freedom of whose consciousness partly absorbed in the consciousness of the general freedom,

partly completed towards the other enters into it. So the finite units acting under the divine, concluding a part of the whole general conscious awareness against another, also by virtue of their due share of passing through the infinite freedom in a whole, by any law of finitude by no analogy with other spirits determinable manner from the whole into the whole, what they conclude from the general whole, and are selfconscious of this freedom. The divine freedom does not consist in the sum of freedom, which the individual creatures are conscious, but this just makes motives in addition, cross-divine freedom and can in individual creatures have different direction as a whole, as the wave of the river the river can go to meet *) . All coming from infinity or the conditions to the infinite free operations of God and his creatures put finally together with whom, which take place according to the laws which relate to the conditions of the finite to the finite, and thus a finite is compelled to others after and to judge earlier.
*)

Perhaps the following may serve to illustrate: a value A (divine freedom) may very well be a function of the values of a, b, c, etc. (creaturely freedom, which is in the divine his motives), without any of these values, in particular matches the sign of A, and without that A is the sum of these values, or even if determined, when all of the individual values of a, b, c is given, as it rather still linking manner of the same comes to rest in any
a detail. Thus, limited to a content of only two elements, the values of A to be a + b, ab, ba, ab, , ,a b , b , b log a, b log a, a sin b, sin b a, etc. etc. Also comes in consideration, except that the content of the size, has yet to statuieren a content A of values a, b, which represent individual conscious rising in the consciousness of the

whole.

Everything is completely clear in what is told by the freedom here? - But where is the doctrine of freedom, where everything is completely clear what is said, or all is said and what is needed to achieve clarity? Who wants what is a matter of infinity, depending entirely clear recognize? It only applies at least acknowledge it. This basic view is quite idealistic, provided that all existence rests on her in a most general, in the divine consciousness, only that they do not in the sense of ordinary idealism, matter, nature, be it dependent on a nachgebornes product of the mind, or on one side of him but holds for an immanent condition of his existence. The connection of phenomena, which represents to us by nature, is itself essential to the structure and to the support of the general, the highest spirit. This view is very materialistic, by allowing the possibility of any human thought without a brain and a movement in the brain, and it even materialistic, that they permitted no divine thoughts without a physical world and without movements in this world, except that they but one God and divine thoughts allowed. This view is entirely dualistic, by body and soul after two not each other recyclable, basically and essentially different, yet related, sides of existence are, only that their relationship, instead of being a merely external, is mediated by the unity of the divine consciousness in which all physical and spiritual last will and hereby is. This view is quite identity view, by keeping both body and soul, just two different manifestations of the same essence, the one on the inner, the other to win on external

standpoint, only that they the essence of what the two modes is subject together in nothing as the inseparable exchange conditionality of both modes, and the last condition of inseparability in the unity of the divine consciousness sees. Schroff it contradicts only the Monadology, with this it is a fight to the death. Does wonders to take everything in a single consciousness, or to dissolve the smallest details? This is the last choice. The anteater devours either the ants or is devoured by them. That the living, the dead this. I bet for the living. My polemic against the Herbartian monadology is in a treatise in Fichte's Zeitschrift. 1853 against the Lotzesche the 37th Chap my psychophysics executed and forms the support for what is said here occasionally and fleetingly against monadological direction. 28)
28)

Cf Notes 3 and 21

This however contradicts our view of all current philosophy that rejects all fall behind the experience of transcendence and all the experience, however, the highest generalization, most consistent linkage analysis of recent experience, and asks the most far-reaching conclusion on the basis of experience.
fhlt man sich versucht, jedem zuzurufen, der sich in die Tiefe einer Grundansicht von den Dingen versenken will, um das letzte Wesen derselben zu erfassen.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

And what has not won one since with that decline, that transcendence? A futile struggle was it to get into the circle of experience moderating from its processing only valuable fruit grown up, or a Step Into from behind or above, without a principle for further falls. XI. World view. God is the All or the spirit of the universe, depending on whether one wants to believe it. The only difference in this version does the word, not the thing. Namely how to reflect on the whole consistent link between body and mind, or merely to the latter as the most essential words in this whole person, it is with the Word of God. (Cf. ZendAvesta. IS 327 ff) The hierarchical structure of the physical world corresponds to a mental benching that is mirrored and supported by the physical. What to wear under the mirrors and understand, is evident from the discussion in Section VI. It is also concerning the operating principle of "Elements of Psychophysics" T. II P 380 The hierarchical structure of the world is essential so that each higher level includes a majority of members of each sibling lower level both physically and mentally, which, in the higher trapped together, consciousness is completed against

each other and supported by a more or less closed body shape. But the higher level can be neither physically nor mentally regarded as a mere sum of these elements individually conscious, but rather linked to the same by reaching beyond physical and content of consciousness. Schema of the physical and at the same time as a symbol of intellectual Stufenbaues (see Kap.VI) you can either use the image of a large circle, which includes a majority of smaller circles, which include still smaller circles, or a large wave crest, a majority of the smaller peaks bears, each of which again transmits smaller peaks. The latter is essential for the distortion only elevations in the same schema, which is the first in the floor plans.The wave pattern in my psychophysics use is made, the circuit diagram is more popular. Thereafter, when a circle A juxtaponierten the circles a, b, c .... includes, as he is not completed by the same, and therefore not to be regarded as the sum of the same, but presented all with one, all linking, content. Now the breakdown of various other sibling elements a, b, c .... go far different, even absent in some, and from this, an analogous series of steps as a sibling is associated members, of which those in which the subdivision goes further than the other, as the higher standing are to be considered. (Compare Kap.IX) From the human starting with naming each time only one of each internal stage gate climbing it, you can make the inner scale so: Inertia sentient nerve fiber, eye, human, earth, each enclosing World Systems, World. But it may seem doubtful to what extent the world systems, which include the Earth and are trapped by the world, yet complete spiritual individuals above the earth, reflected below the divine unity, and consequently also whether they wear those yet, and thus perform a special stage are. This dark and an engaging interest ermangelnde first question is therefore allowed in all previous aside. The meaning of the eye circle now is not completely filled by the circles of sentient discrete retinal fibers, the whole retina tends to be embedded in other skins and contains, besides the nerves and vessels still zellgewebiges. The circle of people is not completely filled by the sensory circles of the eyes, ears, etc., the circle of the earth, not quite of the circles of people, animals, plants, the world, not all of which the world body, because in between is finally still the ether . On the outer scale are the eye, ear, and tactile organ higher than smell and taste organ, because those contain a subdivision into discrete sentient nerve fibers *) these are not, humans and animals more than plants because those individual kind sensory organs contain, which discretely again contain sentient nerves, they do not. Also among the heavenly bodies, it may be those in which the subdivision is far more or less than the earth, and hereafter referred the outer scale are higher or less high. Perhaps there are heavenly bodies (asteroids?), Which, though outwardly to her in a similar situation as the plant and the polyp are on the same internal level with the earth, but to the people, while the sun may be higher on the outer conductor as the earth, if not at all the whole solar system, in the sense of running in the Zend-Avesta T. S II, 241 ff idea that a creature is to look at, but what belongs to the dark questions

that you can leave aside for now .


*)

The fact that this is most likely also for the ear, T. II pp. 286 ff's in my psychophysics shown.

One could imagine, in a further development of the scheme, each of the circles a, b, c .... waves generated circles around that the whole circle A without certain limit (and even with reflexion of scale in) fulfilled, but only because of its crossed output of various points, instead of collapsing. This schematically - symbolic idea which I put the underlying memories that evolve from our beliefs, and the life beyond circles that develop from our worldly. As the memory circuits only become conscious when the perception circuits are off, there is life beyond the circles. The execution thereof in s 3 Parts of the Zend-Avesta. Matter consist ller hand and geistigerseits relationships are entwined in the higher uniform and complete geistigerseits conscious between the members of a given stage. In them, not in the content of the lower levels of each higher level is to see its meaning by highest content. Thus, for the purpose of the eye is not the feelings of the individual retinal fibers, but the shape and color relationships that emerge from these relationships sensations, and conclude in the overall perception of the eye, the precious meaning. So for the people not the sensation circuits of the individual sense, but concepts and ideas, the same result from relationships and conclude in the consciousness of the whole man, so for the earth is not the thoughts and mind circuits of the individual human beings, animals, plants, but a higher realm of spiritual relationships in church, state, science, art, life that is conscious of the unified spirit of the earth, and consciously enters it.And so it will again be between the spirits of the world body relationships that exist as conscious of the importance of the world most precious in God and complete conscious in it. The disregard of this principle has led to a new direction in philosophy deification of man, according to the pinnacle of creation is found in the consciousness of the individual or the conscious ideas of individual philosophers of an unconscious connexion of humanity, rather than on the consciousness of the individual higher conscious overlap relations in a general sense. The relationships between the individual members of a stage can in turn be different in height, provided that there are relationships between relationships in the spiritual and indisputably associated in the physical, the spiritual which is mirrored and worn. This is followed by a third step builds the creatures. Thus the human being, though with the animals at the same height of the inner and outer scale, but in this third consideration is higher than the animal, such as this about the plant, unless the people a higher realm of conscious relationships in concepts and ideas about the simple consciousness relations, which find place in the soul of the animal, does that but is still higher than the plant, together go directly into the soul of the old unit in terms of consciousness. (Compare Kap.VI)

Not all levels of the inner conductors of consciousness capable are always conscious, but with the deeper changes a state of unconsciousness, sleep, with such a consciousness, waking, while at the higher a constant guards are based on the fact that, However, a certain portion of the limbs lower level sleeps, another wakes up, or that the higher cross-relationships occur in the same consciousness. The state of unconsciousness, which separates the periods of wakefulness of a link given stage from one another, and which separates the conscious circles of different elements depends krperlicherseits on a same token, the fact that the physical activities that the mental wear, there between the ages fall here between the circles of conscious life under a certain size (threshold) above which the consciousness begins to shine only. This phrase is found in the 45th Chap my psychophysics discussed and developed. The relation of the soul to the body can be brought under two formulas. One can say that the soul is the self-appearance of the same essence, what appears externally as a body, and the soul is the principle of linking of the body, its composition and sequence divergence. Both formulas are related by the fact that in the self-appearance is uniform and simplified contracts, which auseinanderbreitet in the outer appearance into a manifold. (See this version in Chapter l, 37 and 45 of psychophysics.) The Infinite is not beyond the finite, but the finite is the content of the infinite and the finite experiences in circles offer the support of an ever more profound and more secure alternate to end, but never exhausting conclusion to infinity. The most common, surest and safest experience that we can make is that everything is consciousness, as space, time, matter, atomic, law, or only in the consciousness of what appears in consciousness is abstracted. And a highest and ultimate consciousness is therefore the whole enclosure and its unit is the last node and the highest peak of what is to be. From what we take out of or behind the consciousness and the content of consciousness, nothing is directly experientially, but everything outside and hypothesis behind this is that we can only statuieren, if it is necessary. If we but those experiential fact that one of the existence of anything white and has, as the consciousness of want to put right in the sense of expansion and improvement principle, we may miss the hypothesis, all dark documents and reasons for existence outside of consciousness drop, and to reduce everything to relationships, links, rules, laws, realities and possibilities of consciousness and its contents. XII. Final view. Ceterum censeo Carthage, eat delendam . Under the Carthage but I understand that philosophy that arises about the things without the same reason, to have ascended to its peak.

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