ME 306 Fluid Mechanics II Part 3

Turbomachinery
These presentations are prepared by Dr. Cneyt Sert Department of Mechanical Engineering Middle East Technical University

Ankara, Turkey
csert@metu.edu.tr

Please ask for permission before using them. You are NOT allowed to modify them. 3-1

Fluid Machinery
Fluid machinery is used to convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy or vice versa.

Power absorbing Work is done on the fluid Mechanical Energy Hydraulic Energy

Power producing Work is done by the fluid Hydraulic Energy Mechanical Energy

Pump

Turbine

3-2

Classification of Fluid Machinery

Fluid machinery can be classified based on the motion of moving parts. 1 ) Positive Displacement Machines

Fluid is directed into a closed volume.

Energy transfer is accomplished by movement of the boundary of the closed volume.

Closed volume expands and contract, sucking the fluid in or pushing it out.

http://speakeasies.biz

http://www.bicycleaccessories.us

http://en.wikipedia.org

Human heart

Water well pump

Tire pump

Gear pump
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Classification of Fluid Machinery (contd)

2 ) Turbomachines Turbo means spin or whirl in Latin.

Turbomachines use rotating shafts with attached blades, vanes, buckets, etc.
In ME 306 well study turbomachines (mostly pumps) as black boxes, i.e. without analyzing the details of flow fields inside them.

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.britannica.com

http://www.noehill.com/ nevada_county_california /cal1012.asp

Axial fan

Centrifugal pump

Pelton wheel

Kaplan type hydraulic turbine

3-4

Classification of Turbomachines
Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Pumps increase the pressure of a liquid without changing its velocity considerably. Shown centrifugal (radial) pump is the most common type. Visit www.standartpompa.com to get more information on sizes and capacities.
3-5

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Propeller Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propellers are very similar to fans, but they are used to generate thrust. Marine propellers work with incompressible water water and aircraft propellers work with compressible air. Pressure difference between the front and back surfaces of the blades create the thrust.
3-6

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan

The main difference between fans, blowers and compressors is the pressure difference they create.
Fans create small pressure difference. Their main purpose is to put high amount of fluid into motion. Shown is axial fan of a wind tunnel.
3-7

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower

Compared to compressors, blowers work with higher amouts of fluid at lower pressure ratios. They are mostly centrifugal type. Shown is an industrial type blower.
3-8

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor

Compressors work with smaller flow rates, but create very high pressure ratios. Shown is a multi-stage axial compressor. Compressors are used in gas and steam turbines, natural gas pumping stations, turbochargers, etc.
3-9

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton wheel Pelton wheels are impulse type turbines commonly used to generate electricity. They convert kinetic energy of a high speed liquid into mechanical energy. Largest ones used at hydraulic power plants have capacities up to 200 MW.
3-10

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic wheel turbine Hydraulic turbines are used at dams to generate electricity using high pressure water. Common types are Francis and Kaplan. Shown are the runner blades of the Francis turbines used at Three Gorges Dam / China. Atatrk Dam has a capacity of 8 x 300 MW.
3-11

Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam wheel turbine turbine

Steam turbines are used at power plants to generate electricity using high temperature and high pressure steam.
80 % of worlds electricity is produced by steam turbines. Afin-Elbistan thermal power plant has a capacity of 4 x 344 MW.
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Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Gas wheel turbine turbine turbine Gas turbines are similar to steam turbines, but they use high temperature and high pressure combustion gases.

A Boeing 777 is powered by 2 turbofan engines, each generting a thrust of ~500 kN.
To learn how a turbofan engine operates visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU
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Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Incompressible Pump Compressible

Power producing
Incompressible Compressible

Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Wind Gas wheel turbine turbine turbine turbine

As of 2011 Turkeys wind energy production is 1415 MW. (http://www.ruzgarenerjisibirligi.org.tr)

Worlds total wind energy capacity is 175 GW, which is about 2 % of all electricity usage. There are wind turbines with more than 120 m rotor diameter, producing 6 MW of electricity (enough for 4500 homes)
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQxp6QTjgJg)
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Another Classification of Turbomachines

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Uncased Axial Flow Propeller Cased Impulse

Power producing
Reaction

Uncased turbomachines do not have a solid casing around them.

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Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Uncased Axial Flow Propeller Axial Cased Impulse

Power producing
Reaction

Out Fluid enters an axial flow turbomachine parallel to the axis of rotation. Fluid leaves the machine also in axial direction. In
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Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Uncased Axial Flow Propeller Axial Cased Radial Impulse

Power producing
Reaction

In Out

In radial flow machines fluid intake is parallel to the axis of rotation.

Rotating impeller blades push the fluid in radial direction.

Fluid leaves the machine perpendicular to the rotation axis.

3-17

Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Uncased Axial Flow Propeller Axial Cased Radial Mixed Impulse Pelton wheel

Power producing
Reaction Axial (Kaplan)

Wind turbine

Kaplan turbines are axial flow machines. They are preferred for low head and high flow rate configurations. Their capacities are less than Francis type, less than 200 MW. They can provide efficiencies higher than 95 %.
3-18

Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines

Power absorbing
Uncased Axial Flow Propeller Axial Cased Radial Mixed Impulse Pelton wheel

Power producing
Reaction Axial (Kaplan) Radial Mixed (Banki) (Francis)

Wind turbine

Francis turbines are the most widely used turbomachines for hydropower. They are of mixed flow type. They can provide more than 800 MW power. For more information http://www.voithhydro.com
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Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pump is the most commonly used type of turbomachine. They are responsible for ~5% of all electricity comsumption of USA.

http://pdf.directindustry.com

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Parts of a Centrifugal Pump (contd)

For centrifugal pump details watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nL1XhKm9q8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq3hEe5jzSM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrChdDwHybY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvOzKhUDmJM (Principles and parts) (Pump Parts) (Impeller animation) (Computer aided blade design)

Most important part is the impeller. It may have different designs such as Backward-curved, radial or forward-curved Closed (shrouded) or open
Open, radial Open Closed (Shrouded)

Called backward curved if rotates in this direction

Called forward curved if rotates in this direction

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Pump Head ()

Datum

Consider the BE between the inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) of a pump.
2 2 + + = + + 2 2

Pump head is the difference between the total heads at

pump inlet and outlet. Pump head is a positive quantity with units of length.

Pump head

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Pump Head (contd)

Elevation difference between inlet and outlet is generally negligibly small. If suction and discharge pipe diameters are the same =

For this simplified case

= =

i.e. pump head is the pressure rise across the pump expressed as a head.
Pump head is directly related to the power delivered to the fluid, known as water horsepower

=
for fluid

Weight flow rate

Pump head can be defined as the power delivered to the fluid per weight of the fluid flowing through the pump in unit time (weight flow rate).
3-23

Pump Efficiency (contd)

Power necessary to run the pump, known as brake horsepower (bhp), is larger than power delivered to the fluid due to mechanical and fluidic frictional losses flow separation on impeller blade surfaces misalignment of inlet flow velocity with impeller blade geometry

internal leakage, etc.

= > for pump Torque supplied to the pump shaft Rotational speed of the pump

Efficiency of the pump is defined as (see the distributed handout for more details) = < 1
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Performance of Turbomachines
Important quantities of interest for a turbomachine are Volumetric flow rate (discharge, capacity)

Head
Size of the machine Rotational speed

or

Power consumption or generation

Efficiency

For a pump, fundamental characteristic (performance curve) is a plot of vs. at a given rotational speed . It is customary to plot and on the same figure. For a turbine, fundamental characteristic is a plot of vs. at a given head of . It is customary to plot and on the same figure.
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Performance Curve of a Centrifugal Pump

curve of a pump is known as its performance (characteristic) curve. For steady conditions, a pump can operate only on its performance curve.

At a given rotational speed () a typical centrifugal pump performance curve is

Shutoff head Outlet of the pump is blocked and = 0. Pump is not doing any useful work.
Shape of the curve may change depending on the geometrical details of the pump.

Free delivery

There is no load on the pump and = 0.

Pump is not doing any useful work
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Note : This curve is for a given rotational speed.

Best Efficiency Point (BEP)

The exact operation point of a pump depends on the system it is working in. Pumps are designed to work at their maximum efficiency, but this is not always possible. Best Efficiency Point (BEP) , , (or design point) Head () for maximum efficiency Efficiency () Power ( )

Note that all these curves are for a given rotational speed .

for maximum efficiency

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Similarity Laws for Pumps

Similitude analysis for a pump is useful to predict the performance of geometrically similar pumps with different sizes, i.e. with different impeller diameters. to predict the performance of a pump working at different speeds. Perform a Buckingham-Pi analysis with the following parameters , , , , , , to get the following non-dimensional groups

Flow coefficient :

Head coefficient :

2 2

Power coefficient :

= 3 5

Reynolds number :

1 = = 2
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Similarity Laws for Pumps (contd)

In most pump applications similarity of viscous forces are not as important as the other groups. Two geometrically similar pumps are said to be operating under similar conditions if the remaining three groups are equal. 1 = 2 , 1 = 2 , 1 = 2

where 1 and 2 refer to two different operating conditions of similar pumps. These three equalities are known as affinity laws.

Exercise : Show that when affinity laws are satisfied, efficiencies of two similar operating points (homologous points) are equal.
Exercise : How do nondimensional performance curve ( vs. ) of two geometrically similar pumps compare with each other? What about vs. and vs.
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Similarity Case 1 Different Rotational Speeds

Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to determine its operation at a different speed.

Rotating at 1 Delivering 1 and 1

Using 1

Rotating at 2 Delivering 2 and 2

Using 2

Pump sizes are the same and size parameter drops from nondimensional groups, resulting in the following simplified affinity laws 1 2 = 1 2 , 1 2 2 = 2 , 1 2 1
3 1

2
3 2

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Similarity Case 1 (contd)

According to the affinity laws, for case 1 similarity is proportional with . is proportional with the square of . is proportional with the cube of . Exercise : What determines the operation speed of a pump? Is it something adjustable or should a pump be always run at the same speed? Do a search on varible speed pump technology. Exercise : Performance data of a centrifugal pump, running at 750 rpm is given in the following table. We want to predict the performance of the same pump when it is running at a speed of 900 rpm.
1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1H

(3 /)
() ()

0
40 0 0

0.1
41 114.9 0.35

0.2
41 134.1 0.60

0.3
40 152.9 0.77

0.4
38 175.4 0.85

0.5
34 196.2 0.85

0.6
26 204.1 0.75

0.7
15 187.3 0.55
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Similarity Case 1 (contd)

Exercise : Head and efficiency of a centrifugal pump running at 1500 rpm are given as = 50 200 24000 2

= 60 1200 2
It is desired to deliver 0.03 m3/s of water against a head of 36 m. Determine a) speed of the pump b) efficiency of the pump c) power consumption of the pump
Point 1
(a point similar to point 2) 1 = ? 1 = ? 1 = 1500 Point 2 60 50 40 [] 30 20 10 0 0 0.01 0.02 [3 /] 0.03 0.04
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(desired operating point) 2 = 0.03 3/ 2 = 36 2 = ?

Similarity Case 2 Different Sizes (Impeller Diameters)

Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to determine the operation of a gemoetrically similar pump with a different size rotating at the same speed.

Size is 1 Delivering 1 and 1

Using 1

Size is 2 Delivering 2 and 2

Using 2

Rotating speeds are the same. drops from nondimensional groups, resulting in the following simplified affinity laws 1 2 3 = 3 1 2 , 1 2 2 = 2 1 2 , 1
5 1

2
5 2

3-33

Similarity Case 2 (contd)

Exercise : Characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump is given as = 100 1000 2

It is desired to deliver 0.1 m3/s of water against a head of 70 m. For these requirements it is thought that using a similar pump with a smaller impeller would be more efficient.
a) Determine the required percent reduction in impeller diameter. b) Determine the percent decrease in power consumption.
120 Point 1 (a point similar to point 2) 1 = ? 1 = ? 1 = ? 100 80 [] 60 40 20 0 0 0.1 [3 /] 0.2 0.3 Point 2 (desired operating point) 2 = 0.1 3/ 2 = 70 2 = ?
3-34

Similarity Combined Case 1 and 2

Exercise : A pump manufacturing company produces a water pump (called pump A) with an impeller diameter of 6 . Its performance data at = 1725 is shown below. Marketing department of the company is recommending the design of a new larger pump (called pump B) that will be used to pump refrigerant R-134a at room temperature. Pump B should be designed such that its BEP occurs as close as possible to a flow rate of 2400 3 / at a head of 450 . Data for pump A Perform a preliminary similarity analysis to determine if a scaled-up version of pump A will be suitable or not.
(3 /) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 () 180 185 175 170 150 95 54 0.32 0.54 0.70 0.79 0.81 0.66 0.38
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a) Plot performance curves of pump A using both dimensional and nondimensional parameters.
b) Calculate the required diameter, rotational speed and power for pump B operating at its BEP.

System Characteristic
A pump works at an operating point on its characteristic curve. But this operating point depends on the system that the pump is installed in.

Following pump works between a suction reservoir () and a discharge reservoir ().
BE between points and
2 2 + + = + + + 2 2

Pump

Total major and minor losses If = = and = = 0 = +

Total geometric head (= )

3-36

System Characteristic (contd)

consists of major and minor losses calculated as Actual or equivalent pipe length

2 2

2 2 Head loss coefficient for minor losses

Friction factor

Pipe diameter

s are average velocities in suction and discharge pipes. Using the continuity eqution = /

and the total loss becomes

=

2 + 22

2 22

or simply

= 2
3-37

System Characteristic (contd)

Using this in the BE we get the following system characteristic equation

= + 2
+ 2

Minimum head the pump should provide is equal to the total geometric head.

Additional pump head is necessary to overcome frictional losses. This part increases with the square of the flow rate.
3-38

System Characteristic (contd)

It is possible to change system characteristic in two ways. Total geometric head ( ,difference between reservoir levels) can be changed. Friction loss can be changed by

changing . For example by opening

or closing a valve.

+ 2
3

+ 2
2

+ 3 2

+ 2
1

+ 2 2
+ 1 2

increases

increases
3-39

Operating Point
A pump installed on a system will not work at an arbitrary point. It will operate at the point where pump and system characteristics intersect. Operating point

System characteristic (Demand curve)

Pump characteristic (Supply curve)

Normally we want the operating point to be close to the BEP (design point). However BEP is not always the most economical operating point as far as the power consumption is concerned, i.e. BEP is not necessarily the minimum point.

3-40

System Characteristic, Operating Point & Similarity

Exercise : Characteristics of a centrifugal pump at 600 is given below. The pump is used to elevate water by 32 from a lake to an open tank. Flow rate is measured as 22 while the delivery valve is fully open and the pump running at 600 . Determine the power consumptions for the following operations. a) Valve closure is increased such that the frictional loss is doubled. b) Pump speed is increased to 720 rpm while keeping the valve fully open.
70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

[%]

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 []
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Cavitation
In a liquid flow cavitation occurs when the local static pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. For a cavitating flow liquid locally vaporizes forming bubbles. bubbles collapse as they travel to higher pressure regions and cause erosion/surface pitting. flow becomes unsteady and noisy causing turbomachine to vibrate. performance of turbomachine drops. For a pump, critical low pressure region is the entrance, and for a turbine it is the exit. High speed regions like propeller blade tips are also critical. Listen to the sound of a cavitating pump : www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qw97DkOYYrg Watch propeller tip cavitation :
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU
3-42

Cavitation Damage
Damage on Francis turbine blades Damage on centrifugal pump impeller

en.wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

Damage on propeller blades

www.pumpfundamentals.com

3-43

Cavitation of a Pump and

Cavitation possibility of a pump is checked using a variable called Net Positive Suction Head (). is the difference between the total head at the suction side and the head corresponding to the vapor pressure. Suction velocity Suction pressure
2 = + 2

Vapor pressure

Total head at the suction side of the pump (Datum can be arranged so that = 0)
Suction side of the pump is the side where fluid enters into the pump. It is used because it is the critical region due to low pressures.
3-44

NPSH (contd)
There are two values of that we work with required ( )

available ( )
is the value that must be exceeded to prevent cavitation. It is measured by the manufacturer of the pump and provided as an extra curve on the pump characteristic plot.

3-45

NPSH (contd)
is the value that we need to calculate for the problem of interest. Consider the BE for the suction side of a pump
2 2 + + = + + + 2 2

Pump

= = 0 = : Frictional losses at the suction side

2 + = 2

Suction pipe

3-46

NPSH (contd)
Using the last equation in the definition of
2 = + 2

=
No cavitation Cavitation

To prevent cavitation

Exercise : What can be done to make larger for the pump shown in the previous slide?

Exercise : How does the vapor pressure of water change with temperature? What does this information tell us as far as cavitation prevention is concerned?

3-47

NPSH (contd)
Exercise : 184 mm impeller diameter centrifugal pump of Standart Pompa 32160 series running at 1450 rpm is used to pump water at 25 from a reservoir whose surface is 1.2 m above the centerline of the pump inlet. Reservoir is open to atmospheric pressure.
www.standartpompa.com

The piping system from the reservoir to the pump consists of 3.2 m of cast iron pipe with a diameter of 5 cm and an average roughness of 0.05 cm. Minor losses at the suction side of the pump are; a sharp edged inlet ( = 0.5), three flanged smooth 90o elbows ( = 0.3 each) and a fully open flanged globe valve ( = 6).
Estimate the maximum flow rate that can be pumped without cavitation.

3-48

Suction Specific Speed ()

Suction specific speed is a nondimensional version of = ( )3/4 It is usually evaluated at the BEP of a pump. For a family of geometrically similar pumps (evaluated at BEP) should have a fixed value. To prevent cavitation should be less than a critical , which is around 3 for centrifugal pumps. In United States it is a common practice to use the following dimensional form of = [] ( )3/4

Exercise : For the pump given in the previous slide calculate the suction specific speed at BEP and show that it is much larger than the critical value of 3. What does this calculation tell us?
3-49

Specific Speed ( )
Suction specific speed () that we use for cavitation check is actually a specific form of a more general nondimensional number called specific speed ( ). is obtained by combining and as follows =
1/2 3/4

= ()3/4

is a special version of obtained by replacing with .

is useful to classify and compare different types of pumps at their BEP. For example radial and axial pumps work efficiently at low and high Ns values, respectively. is mainly used for preliminary pump selection. Similar to , there are dimensional forms (more than one) of commonly used in the industry.
3-50

Specific Speed (contd)

Radial

Mixed

Axial

0.1

0.2

0.4 0.6

10

100
95 90 Radial
Adapted from Aksels textbook

Mixed

Axial

[%]

85
80 75 70 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 4 6 10
3-51

Series Combination of Pumps

Series combination is used if the head provided by a single pump is not enough. = =

Pump A provides

Pump B Provides

= +
Same goes through both pumps. Total head provided is the sum of individual heads.

Pumps can be identical or different.

More than two pumps can be combined in series.
3-52

Series Combination of Pumps (contd)

Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in series overall efficiency is + = + To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added vertically. If the pumps are identical Pump A+B System characteristic Operating point Pump A or B

3-53

Series Combination of Pumps (contd)

If the pumps are NOT identical Pump A+B

System characteristic

Pump A

Operating point

Pump B

Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its free delivery point. For such a case it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and bypassed.
3-54

Series Combination of Pumps (contd)

Exercise : Two identical pumps, with shown characteristics, are combined in series and used to transport water between two reservoirs with an elevation difference of

= 50 . Total length of suction and discharge pipes is 120 . Pipe

diameters are 0.12 . Friction factor inside the pipes is 0.022. Neglecting the minor losses, determine the power required to drive both pumps.
90
70

[] 50 [%] 30
10 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
3-55

[3 /]

Parallel Combination of Pumps

Parallel combination is used if the flow rate provided by a single pump is not enough. Pump A

= +

Pump B
= = Each pump provides the same head .

Total flow rate is the sum of individual flow rates.

Pumps can be identical or different.

More than two pumps can be combined in parallel.
3-56

Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd)

Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in parallel overall efficiency is + = + To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added horizontally. If the pumps are identical

Pump A+B

System characteristic

Operating point

Pump A or B

3-57

Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd)

If the pumps are NOT identical

Operating point

System characteristic

Pump A+B Pump B Pump A

Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its shutoff head. For such a case it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and its branch should be blocked with a valve.
3-58

Pump Selection
Two main inputs for pump selection are required head

required flow rate

Additional considerations for pump selection are pump speed (depends on the speed of the electric motor) type of fluid (highly viscous, muddy, etc.) available space, vertical placement limitations that will affect maximum allowable noise level etc. For preliminary pump selection specific speed () and suction specific speed () are two commonly used variables.
3-59

Pump Selection (contd)

Using the required head and flow rate we can first select a pump family from a manufacturers catalogue. For example for the plot given below at 2900 , 65-160 family is suitable for = 100 3 / and = 30 .
120 100 80 60 40 30

20
15 10 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 [3 /] 100 2900
www.standartpompa.com

200 300

600
3-60

Pump Selection (contd)

These are the detailed performance curves of the the pumps in 65-160 family running at 2900 .

50 184 50 % 60 65 70 45
175
160

73.5 70 65 60 50

40

There are three similar pumps with impeller diameters of 160 , 175 and 184 .

35
30

25
20 10 6 2 20 15 N
160

Black curves are iso-efficinecy lines.

and curves are also provided. One of these three pumps can be selected by considering cavitation possibility, efficiency and power consumption. The smallest pump can not provide the required head of 30 at the desired flow rate of 100 3 /.

184

184 175 160

10
5 0

Adapted from www.standartpompa.com

20 40

60

80 100 120 140

3-61

[3 /]

Turbines
Fundamental performance characteristic or a reaction type turbine is the power produced vs. rotational speed curve at a given head. At a given head

Affinity laws used for pumps are valid for turbines too.

Specific speed can be used for preliminary turbine selection, but it is defined in a slightly different way compared to pumps
=
1/2 5/4

()5/4
3-62

Turbine Specific Speed

Impulse 0.1 100 95 90 Impulse 0.2

Radial 0.4 0.6

Mixed 1 2

Axial 4 6 10

Adapted from Aksels textbook

Francis Kaplan

[%]

85 80 75 70 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 4 6 10

3-63

Turbines (contd)
Exercise : Calculate the specific speed of the following turbines a) Francis type radial flow turbine at the Round Butte hydroelectric power station in Madras rotating at 180 and producing 119 of power at a flow rate of 127 3 / from a head of 105 .

b) Francis type mixed flow turbine at the Smith Mountain hydroelectric power station in Roanoke, VA, rotating at 100 and producing 194 of power at a flow rate of 375 3 / from a head of 54.9 . c) Kaplan type axial flow turbine at the Warwick hydroelectric power station in Cordele, GA, rotating at 100 and producing 5.37 of power at a flow rate of 63.7 3 / from a head of 9.75 .

Exercise : Learn the meaning of the following turbine related terms Runner blade, wicket gate, stay vane, crown, penstock, draft tube, tail water Exercise : How hydraulic power works ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k Virtual turbines
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ
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