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CHAPTER 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

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CHAPTER 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW


1.1 Introduction Definition of dual converter
Dual Converter is an Electronic Device or Circuit made by the combination of two bridges. One of them works as Rectifier (Converts A.C. to D.C.) and other bridge works as Inverter converts D.C. into A.C.). Thus an electronic circuit or devices in which two processes take place at same time, is known as Dual Converter. A dual converter may be single phase or 3 phase device.

Fig.1- Dual bridge converter

The simple diagram given above fig.1 is of single phase dual converter. The difference between single phase and three phase dual converter is just that in Three phase we uses three phase rectifier at first stage, while in single phase dual converter we make use of single phase rectifier circuit at first bridge. The major components of a dual bridge converter are the rectifier and the inverter.

1.2 Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
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direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, solid-state diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC current may then be further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage DC characteristically produced by such sources as batteries.

1.3 Rectifier devices


Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used. With the introduction of semiconductor electronics, vacuum tube rectifiers became obsolete, except for some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio equipment. For power rectification from very low to very high current, semiconductor diodes of various types (junction diodes, Schottky diodes, etc.) are widely used. Other devices which have control electrodes as well as acting as unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple rectification is required, e.g., where variable output voltage is needed. High-power rectifiers, such as those used in high-voltage direct current power transmission, employ silicon semiconductor devices of various types. These are thyristors or other controlled switching solid-state switches which effectively function as diodes to pass current in only one direction. Types of rectification 1. Half-wave rectification. 2. Full wave rectification.
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Half-wave rectification
In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a threephase supply. Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; halfwave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output.

Fig.2 Half wave rectifier

The no-load output DC voltage of an ideal half wave rectifier is:[1]

Where: Vdc, Vav - the DC or average output voltage, Vpeak - the peak value of the phase input voltages, Vrms - the root-mean-square value of output voltage. = ~ 3.14159

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A real rectifier will have a characteristic which drops part of the input voltage (a voltage drop, for silicon devices, of typically 0.7 volts plus an equivalent resistance, in general non-linear), and at high frequencies will distort waveforms in other ways; unlike an ideal rectifier, it will dissipate power.

Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher mean output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.[2] Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.

Fig.3 A bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes.

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-toback (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output polarity required) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged.

Fig.4 Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Page 5

The average and root-mean-square no-load output voltages of an ideal single-phase full-wave rectifier are:

1.4 Inverter
The power inverter, or inverter, is an electrical power converter that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.

1.4.1 Basic designs


In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the center tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.

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Fig.5 Simple inverter circuit

As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.

1.4.2 Output waveforms


The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply. Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics , that are included in the series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. The quality of the inverter output waveform can be expressed by using the Fourier analysis data to calculate the total harmonic distortion (THD). The total harmonic distortion (THD) is the square root of the sum of the squares of the harmonic voltages divided by the fundamental voltage:

The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the characteristics of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave

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voltage supply to work properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave voltage

Fig.6 Square waveform with fundamental sine wave component

1.4.3 D.C Power source utilization


An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage. Micro-inverters convert direct current from individual solar panels into alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by default Uninterruptible

power suppliesAn uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an


inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.

1.4.4 Advanced designs


There are many different power circuit topologies and control strategies used in inverter designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less important depending on the way that the inverter is intended to be used. The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or
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to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to provide power at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency. Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to the freewheeling diodes used in AC/DC converter circuits.

1.5 Rectifier and inverter pulse numbers


Rectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to the DC side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase halfwave rectifier is a one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a twopulse circuit. A three-phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a threephase full-wave rectifier is a six-pulse circuit. With three-phase rectifiers, two or more rectifiers are sometimes connected in series or parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings. The rectifier inputs are supplied from special transformers that provide phase shifted outputs. This has the effect of phase multiplication. Six phases are obtained from two transformers, twelve phases from three transformers and so on. The associated rectifier circuits are 12-pulse rectifiers, 18-pulse rectifiers and so on... When controlled rectifier circuits are operated in the inversion mode, they would be classified by pulse number also. Rectifier circuits that have a higher pulse number have reduced harmonic content in the AC input current and reduced ripple in the DC output voltage. In the inversion mode, circuits that have a higher pulse number have lower harmonic content in the AC output voltage waveform.

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CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF DUAL BRIDGE CONVERTER

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CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF DUAL BRIDGE CONVERTER


2.1 The dual bridge converters can be classified in two types
1. Ideal dual bridge converter 2. Practical dual bridge converter

2.2 On the basis of supply


There are two types of dual bridge converter 1. Single phase dual bridge converter 2. Three phase dual bridge converter

2.2.1 Single phase dual bridge converter


As explained above that in single phase dual converter we uses single phase rectifier circuit for converting single phase A.C. into steady D.C. Bridge No. 1 consists of Rectifier. then the rectified D.C. fed to a filter which removes pulses from rectified D.C. and converts it to a pure D.C. by filtering. After that, this pure D.C. is fed to load and from load it is given to inverter circuit which converts this D.C. to A.C. and finally this A.C. of inverter taken as output.

2.2.2 Three phase dual bridge converter


In three phase dual converter, we make use of three phase rectifier which converts 3 phase A.C. supply to D.C. The rest of the process is same and same elements are used. The output of three phase rectifier is fed to filter and after filtering the pure D.C. is fed to load. At last the supply from load is given to last bridge that is inverter. It do the Invert process of rectifier and converts D.C. into 3 phase A.C. which appears at output.

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2.1.1 Ideal dual bridge converter


The firing angles of both the converters are controlled in such a manner the average output voltages are equal in magnitude and have the same polarity. This can happen only if one converter is operating as a rectifier and the other as an inverter.

Fig.7 Equivalent circuit of ideal converter

2.1.2 Practical dual bridge converter


The instantaneous voltages are out of phase in practical dual converter. These results a voltage difference when the two converters are interconnected as a consequences a large circulating current flows between the two converters but not through the load. In practical dual converters this circulating current is limited to a tolerable value by inserting a reactor between the two converters.

2.2.1 Single phase dual bridge converter


The fully controlled converter can produce a reversible direct output voltage with output current in one direction, and in terms of a conventional voltage/ current diagram is said to be capable of operation in two quadrants, the first and fourth. Such a range of operation is useful for certain purposes, examples being the control of a dc torque motor, i.e. a motor used to provide unidirectional torque with
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reversible rotation and a DC transmission link between two AC systems in which power can be transmitted in either direction according to the polarity of the voltage with current flows always in one direction. Equally a converter may be used under steady- stage conditions in the first quadrant only but transiently in the second quadrant in order to extract energy from the load quickly and thereby improve the response of the system to changing command signal.

Fig.8 Voltage current diagram in four quadrant

If four-quadrant operation of a DC motor is required, i.e. reversible rotation and reversible torque, a single converter needs the addition of either a change - over contractor to reverse the armature connections or a means of reversing the field current in order to change the relationship between the converter voltage and the direction of rotation of the motor. Both of these are practicable in suitable phase and three-phase dual-converter using bridge type converter circuits. The output terminals of each converter having the same potential are connected together through a reactor. The four possible quadrants of converter operation thus resulting can be translated into four (steady-state) combinations of motor-torque and rotation.

2.2.2 Average-value single-phase rectifier


The average-value single-phase rectifier with circulating current is shown in the following Fig.9

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Fig.9 Average value of single phase rectifier It is composed of one controlled current source on the AC side and one controlled voltage and current source on the DC side. The AC current source allows the representation of the fundamental single-phase current behavior according to the following equation

with being the firing angle value, 0 the phase angle of the AC side, f the AC frequency, and Id the rectified output current value. The DC voltage source represents the average voltage value of the rectified voltage waveform according to the next equation

with Vrms being the input RMS voltage value and L being the source inductance value. The controlled current source represents the circulation current due to the instantaneous voltage difference between both converter outputs of the dualconverter. This current is equal to

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2.2.2 Three phase dual bridge converter


Thyristor based three-phase controlled rectifiers are widely used in the industry for controlling dc motor drives. Controlled rectifiers offering power conversion from ac to dc are reliable and have higher lifetime compared to other converters. DC motors have higher torque than ac motors and hence are suitable for variable speed and speed reversing applications requiring high torques. Although the operation of controlled rectifiers is simple, the realization of the converter control circuit is complex in nature. The control circuit needs the basic functionalities like : Six state pulse generation and gate drive isolation, Synchronization of the control pulses to the power frequency, Smooth transition in phase angle control, Start-up control, Phase sequence check, field excitation check and over-current protection. If the pulse pattern generation and other control tasks are to be undertaken by a single processor, an ultra high speed processor is needed because of the real-time nature of the system.

Fig.10 Three phase dual bridge converter

Moreover, special design interfaces are required for sensing excitation loss and phase sequence checks. This makes the system implementation costly. A new approach is proposed where a hybrid type circuit generates the real time pulses for the converter and a processor supervises the controller functionality. The processor sets the phase angle, monitors the current, phase sequence, excitation condition and external control inputs for start, stop, speed change and speed reversal operations. For compact and cost effective design, instead of using a general purpose microprocessor along with peripheral interfaces, a single microcontroller chip may be used for the implementation.

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For large power dc loads 3 phase ac to dc converters are commonly used. The various types of three-phase phase-controlled converters are 3-phase dual converter. A dual converter is used only when reversible dc drives with power rating of several MW are required. The advantages of three phase converters are in three phase converter, the ripple frequency of the converter output voltage is higher than in single phase converter. Consequently, the filtering requirements for smoothing out the load current are less and the load current is mostly continuous in three phase converters. The load performance, when three phase converters are used, is therefore superior as compares to when single-phase converters are used. Semi- converters are single quadrant converters. This means that over the entries firing range, load voltage and current have only one polarity. In full converters, direction of current cannot reverse because of the unidirectional properties of SCRs but polarity of output voltage can be reversed. This three phase dual bridge converter basically includes six thyristors load with the three phase supply. The dual bridge converter converts the ac supply into the dc supply and again this dc supply is converts into the ac supply. The output waveform of this dual converter is obtained by connecting the CRO. Many modern power conversion systems require a bidirectional energy transfer capability as a central part of their system operation. Preferably, such systems should use a single high efficiency power electronic conversion system to reduce size, weight and cost. For higher power bidirectional conversion, the common topology proposed is a dual active bridge structure, where two DC-AC converters are coupled back-to-back through an AC inductor/transformer. Either single-phase or three-phase converters have been proposed for such a system, but to date no clear-cut basis for selecting between these two alternatives has been established. A converter basically consists of an array of on-off electronic switches that use power semiconductor devices. If the switches are considered ideal or lossless (zero conduction drop, zero leakage current, and instantaneous turn-on and turn-off times), the instantaneous and average power will balance at input and output of the converter. Switching mode operation makes the converter nonlinear, thus generating source and load harmonics and also EMI problems. The discrete time

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switching characteristics cause a delay in signal propagation. Of course, a high switching frequency reduces the propagation delay. A converter can be single stage, or multiple conversions may be involved in a cascaded converter system. Several types of commutation (transferring current from the outgoing device to the incoming device) can be used. Thyristor converters are characterized by line (or natural), load, or forced commutation. Linecommutated converters are used extensively in utility systems, and these will be discussed in this chapter. Force-commutated thyristor converters that require auxiliary transient circuits are practically obsolete. Converters that use devices such as power MOSFETs, GTOs, IGBTs, and IGCTs are characterized by selfcommutation. Again, a converter can be based on hard switching or soft-switching. In a soft-switch converter, dual Converter for Multi-quadrant operation. In full converter, the direction of the current cannot be reverse because of unidirectional property of the thyristor, but polarity of the output voltage can be reversed. Thus the full converter can be operated in first quadrant if firing angle < 90 (both Edc1, Idc1 positive). If firing angle >90, it can be operated in fourth quadrant, both Edc1 is positive and Idc1 is negative. Therefore in first quadrant, the power flows from ac source to dc source and in fourth quadrant power flows from dc source to ac source. Phase control (PFC), also called phase cutting, is a method of pulse width modulation (PWM) for power limiting, applied to AC voltages. It works by modulating a thyristor, SCR, triac, thyratron, or other such gated diode-like devices into and out of conduction at a predetermined phase of the applied waveform. Phase fired control is often used to control the amount of voltage, current or power that a power supply feeds to its load. It does this in much the same way that a pulse width modulated (PWM) supply would pulse on and off to create an average value at its output. If the supply has a DC output, its time base is of no importance in deciding when to pulse the supply on or off, as the value that will be pulsed on and off is continuous.PFC differs from PWM in that it addresses supplies that output a modulated waveform, such as the sinusoidal AC waveform that the national grid outputs. Here, it becomes important for the supply to pulse on and off at the correct position in the modulation cycle for a known value to be achieved.

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CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

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CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION


3.1 Modes of operation
There are two modes of operation of a dual bridge converter 1. Non circulating current mode 2. circulating current mode Dual converters consist of two converters or bridges. One bridge acts as a rectifier and other acts as inverter. Single-phase full converters allow only two-quadrant operations. In full-controlled converter the output voltage is reversible so the converters operate in first and fourth quadrant. The direction of load current remains same.. It is used in high power variable speed drives. Dual converter is operated with either circulating current or without circulating current. When both the converters conduct at the same time, there would be circulating current and the level of circulating current is restricted by provision of an inductor. It is possible to operate only one converter at any instant, but switching from one converter to the other is carried out after a small delay.

3.2 Non-circulating current mode


In a dual converter without circulating current operating mode, the flow of circulating current is completely inhibited through automatic control of the firing pulses, so that only that converter which carries the load current is in conduction and the other converter is temporarily blocked. Since only one converter operates at a time and the other is in blocking state, no reactor is required between the converters.

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Fig.11 Dual bridge Converter without circulating current.

At a particular instant, suppose converter is operating as a rectifier and is supplying the load current while pulses to second converter are blocked. For the inversion operation, converter 1 is first blocked by removing its firing pulses and load current is reduced to zero. Converter 2 is made to conduct by applying the firing pulses to it. The current in converter 2 would now build up through the load in the reverse direction. So long as converter 2 is in operation, converter 1 is in the blocking state since the firing pulses are withdrawn from it. The pulses to converter 2 are applied after a delay time (current-free safety interval) of 10 to 20ms. This delay time ensures reliable communication of thyristors in converter 1. If the converter 2 is triggered before the converter 1 has been completely turned-off, a large circulating current would flow between the two converters. Irregular jumps in the level of the DC terminal voltage at the point of current reversal must be avoided in order to achieve a smooth changeover of current from one converter to the other. Thus the firing pulse control should, ideally, be such that the mean DC terminal voltage of the converter 2, at the instant of current reversal, is the same as that of the converter 1. From the above discussion, it becomes clear that such a mode of operation requires sophisticated control system which automatically blocks and unblocks the individual converters in accordance with the direction of load current suitably with a safety intervals.
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3.3 Circulating current mode


With the firing angles controlled in a manner that a1+ a2= 180 and with both the converter in operation, their average output voltages are equal and have the same polarity. One converter will be operating as a rectifier with firing angle a1 and the other as an inverter with firing angles (180- a1). Through their average output voltages are equal, yet their instantaneous voltages v01 and v02 are out of phase in a practical dual converter.

Fig.12 Converter with circulating current

This result in a voltage difference when the two converters are interconnected and as a consequence, a large circulating current flows between the two converters but not through the load. In practical dual converters, this circulating current is limited to a tolerable value by inserting a reactor between the two converters.

Fig.13 voltage waveform of converter Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Page 21

CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED WORK

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CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED WORK


4.1 Software
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourthgeneration programming language. Developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems.

4.2 HISTORY OF MATLAB


Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s. He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn FORTRAN. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded Math Works in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK. MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists.
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4.3 Introduction to software & simulation


MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building. MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

Fig.14 MATLAB Window

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4.4 Simulation
Simulink software provides comprehensive online help that describes Simulink features, blocks, and functions, and provides detailed procedures for common tasks. Simulink is a commercial tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing multi domain dynamic systems. Its primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in control theory and digital signal processing for the multi domain simulation and design. You can start the simulation just like any other Simulink model. Each time you start the simulation, a special initialization mechanism is called. This initialization process computes the state-space model of your electric circuit and builds the equivalent system that can be simulated by Simulink. The power analyze command is part of that process. It obtains the state-space model and builds the Simulink model of your circuit. You can also call power analyze from the command line to obtain the state-space model of the linear part of the circuit. When called by the initialization process, power analyze performs the following five steps as shown in Figure 4-1 Sorts all Sim Power Systems blocks, gets the block parameters and evaluates the network topology. The blocks are separated into linear and nonlinear blocks, and each electrical node is automatically given a node number. Once the network topology has been obtained, the state-space model (A, B, C, D matrices) of the linear part of the circuit is computed by the power state space command. All steady-state calculations and initializations are performed at this stage. If you have chosen to discretize your circuit, the discrete state-space model is computed from the continuous state-space model, using the Tustin method. If you are using the phasor solution method, the state-space model is replaced with the complex transfer matrix H (j ) relating inputs and outputs
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(voltage and current phasor) at the specified frequency. This matrix defines the network algebraic equations. Builds the Simulink model of your circuit and stores it inside one of the measurement blocks. This means that you need at least one measurement block (Current Measurement block, Voltage Measurement block, ThreePhase V-I Measurement block, or Millimeter block) in your model. The connections between the equivalent circuit and measurements blocks are performed by invisible links using the Go to and from blocks. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiments with this model for the purpose of either understanding the behavior of the system and/or evaluating various strategies for the operation of the system. Simulation is one of the most widely used techniques in operations research and management science

4.4.1 Applications of Simulation:


1. Computer Systems: - hardware components, software systems, networks, data base management, information processing, etc.. 2. Manufacturing: - material handling systems, assembly lines, automated production facilities, inventory control systems, plant layout, etc.. 3. Business: - stock and commodity analysis, pricing policies, marketing strategies, cash flow analysis, forecasting, etc.. 4. Government:-military weapons and their use, military tactics, population forecasting, land use, health care delivery, fire protection, criminal justice, traffic control, etc..

4.4.2 Advantages to Simulation


Simulations greatest strength is its ability to answer what if questions 1. Can be used to study existing systems without disrupting the ongoing operations. 2. Proposed systems can be tested before committing resources.
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3. Allows us to control time. 4. Allows us to identify bottlenecks. 5. Allows us to gain insight into which variables are most important to system performance.

4.4.3 Disadvantages of Simulation


Simulation is not without its drawbacks:1. Model building is an art as well as a science. The quality of the analysis depends on the quality of the model and the skill of the modeler (Remember: GIGO) 2. Simulation results are sometimes hard to interpret. 3. Simulation analysis can be time consuming and expensive. 4. Should not be used when an analytical method would provide for quicker results.

4.4 Simulink model description


Simulink, developed by Math Works, is a data flow graphical programming language tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing multi domain dynamic systems. Its primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in control theory and digital signal processing for multi domain simulation and model based design. A number of Math Works and third-party hardware and software products are available for use with Simulink. For example, State flow extends Simulink with a design environment for developing state machines and flow charts. Coupled with Simulink Coder, another product from Math Works, Simulink can automatically generate C source code for real-time implementation of systems.
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As the efficiency and flexibility of the code improves, this is becoming more widely adopted for production systems, in addition to being a popular tool for embedded system design work because of its flexibility and capacity for quick iteration. Embedded Coder creates code efficient enough for use in embedded systems. The systematic testing tool TPT offers one way to perform formal test- verification and validation process to stimulate Simulink models but also during the development phase where the developer generates inputs to test the system. By the substitution of the Constant and Signal generator blocks of Simulink the stimulation becomes reproducible. Simulink adds a library of graphical building blocks for modeling queuing systems to the Simulink environment. It also adds an event-based simulation engine to the time-based simulation engine in Simulink.

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4.5 Simulink model

Discrete, Ts = 5e-005 s. pow ergui


+

Scope5 Pul1
g g

Con1
s -

M2
S

Pul2 M4

C1 Pul6 Pul7

M6
g S

C4

Scope1

g S D

M5
D
+ v -

Pul8 Pul3
g

M3 M1
S D S

C3

DC

+ v -

Scope2
2 2

Id
g 1 g 1

Id1 2 1

+ v -

D4
+ v -

D1

T2

T1 DC2 3

C2 R

Vo1 Scope3

tr

D5

PI Controller PI

S5

S4 12

Fig.14 Simulink model of a dual bridge converter

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4.6 WAVEFORM

Fig.15 Voltage waveform of the Simulink model of dual bridge converter

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CHAPTER 5 MERRITS DEMERRITS AND CONCLUSTION

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CHAPTER 5 MERRITS AND DEMERRITS


5.1 MERRITS
1. Since the converters are in continuous conduction, the time response of the scheme is very fast. 2. Linear transfer characteristics are obtained. 3. The current sensing is no t required and the normal delay period of 10to 20 ms as in the case of a circulating current free operation is eliminated. 4. Over the whole control range the circulating current keeps both converter in virtually continuous conduction, independent of whether the external load current is continuous or discontinues.

5.2 DEMERRITS
1. A reactor is required to limit the circulating current. The size and cost of this reactor may be quite significant at high power levels. 2. As the converter have to handle load as well as circulating current, the thyristor with high current rating are required for these converters. 3. The efficiency and power factor are low because of circulating current which increase losses

5.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Dual converters are mostly used at industries where we require reversible D.C. 2. Dual Converters are used for Speed Control of D.C. Motors etc. 3. Telecommunication energy systems. 4. Dual active bridge for solid state transformer. 5. In high voltage applications.

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSTION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSTION AND FUTURE SCOPE


6.1 FUTURE SCOPE
In future this type of converters may be much come in use due to their flexibility. They may be widely used for controlling the speed of dc motors in industries and technical fields. They are probably dual converters i.e. they can work within two modes simultaneously so are more preferable.

6.2 CONCLUSTION
We had tried to design something innovative and easy to understand as well as user friendly. Our aim is to achieve our goal within economic restrictions. We kept in mind the worthiness and reliability of the project. The circuit is simple and easy to understand. Today is the era of latest technology and we will not compromise with the compactness and quality of the project. If there will be any possibility of improvisation then we will add it in our work and will achieve further limits. We are going to learn as much as possible about every aspect of dual converter to make it useful in day to day life

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REFRENCES
Power Electronics- Dr. P.S. Bimbhra Khanna Publishers Fourth Edition Tenth Reprint 2009. Power Electronics- J.S. Chitode Technical Publication Second Edition 2003. https://www.Fourquadrantsinglephaserectifierdcdrive_files/reset.css https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php https://application/opensearchdescription+xml http://www.westfloridacomponents.com/BridgeRectifiers.html http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulink&amp;action=edit http://Thread-three-phase-dual-converter-full-report_files/cb.js

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