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The simple diagram given above fig.1 is of single phase dual converter. The difference between single phase and three phase dual converter is just that in Three phase we uses three phase rectifier at first stage, while in single phase dual converter we make use of single phase rectifier circuit at first bridge. The major components of a dual bridge converter are the rectifier and the inverter.
1.2 Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
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direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, solid-state diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC current may then be further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage DC characteristically produced by such sources as batteries.
Half-wave rectification
In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a threephase supply. Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; halfwave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output.
Where: Vdc, Vav - the DC or average output voltage, Vpeak - the peak value of the phase input voltages, Vrms - the root-mean-square value of output voltage. = ~ 3.14159
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A real rectifier will have a characteristic which drops part of the input voltage (a voltage drop, for silicon devices, of typically 0.7 volts plus an equivalent resistance, in general non-linear), and at high frequencies will distort waveforms in other ways; unlike an ideal rectifier, it will dissipate power.
Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher mean output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.[2] Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.
For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-toback (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output polarity required) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged.
Fig.4 Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Page 5
The average and root-mean-square no-load output voltages of an ideal single-phase full-wave rectifier are:
1.4 Inverter
The power inverter, or inverter, is an electrical power converter that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.
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As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.
The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the characteristics of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave
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voltage supply to work properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave voltage
to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to provide power at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency. Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to the freewheeling diodes used in AC/DC converter circuits.
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reversible rotation and a DC transmission link between two AC systems in which power can be transmitted in either direction according to the polarity of the voltage with current flows always in one direction. Equally a converter may be used under steady- stage conditions in the first quadrant only but transiently in the second quadrant in order to extract energy from the load quickly and thereby improve the response of the system to changing command signal.
If four-quadrant operation of a DC motor is required, i.e. reversible rotation and reversible torque, a single converter needs the addition of either a change - over contractor to reverse the armature connections or a means of reversing the field current in order to change the relationship between the converter voltage and the direction of rotation of the motor. Both of these are practicable in suitable phase and three-phase dual-converter using bridge type converter circuits. The output terminals of each converter having the same potential are connected together through a reactor. The four possible quadrants of converter operation thus resulting can be translated into four (steady-state) combinations of motor-torque and rotation.
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Fig.9 Average value of single phase rectifier It is composed of one controlled current source on the AC side and one controlled voltage and current source on the DC side. The AC current source allows the representation of the fundamental single-phase current behavior according to the following equation
with being the firing angle value, 0 the phase angle of the AC side, f the AC frequency, and Id the rectified output current value. The DC voltage source represents the average voltage value of the rectified voltage waveform according to the next equation
with Vrms being the input RMS voltage value and L being the source inductance value. The controlled current source represents the circulation current due to the instantaneous voltage difference between both converter outputs of the dualconverter. This current is equal to
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Moreover, special design interfaces are required for sensing excitation loss and phase sequence checks. This makes the system implementation costly. A new approach is proposed where a hybrid type circuit generates the real time pulses for the converter and a processor supervises the controller functionality. The processor sets the phase angle, monitors the current, phase sequence, excitation condition and external control inputs for start, stop, speed change and speed reversal operations. For compact and cost effective design, instead of using a general purpose microprocessor along with peripheral interfaces, a single microcontroller chip may be used for the implementation.
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For large power dc loads 3 phase ac to dc converters are commonly used. The various types of three-phase phase-controlled converters are 3-phase dual converter. A dual converter is used only when reversible dc drives with power rating of several MW are required. The advantages of three phase converters are in three phase converter, the ripple frequency of the converter output voltage is higher than in single phase converter. Consequently, the filtering requirements for smoothing out the load current are less and the load current is mostly continuous in three phase converters. The load performance, when three phase converters are used, is therefore superior as compares to when single-phase converters are used. Semi- converters are single quadrant converters. This means that over the entries firing range, load voltage and current have only one polarity. In full converters, direction of current cannot reverse because of the unidirectional properties of SCRs but polarity of output voltage can be reversed. This three phase dual bridge converter basically includes six thyristors load with the three phase supply. The dual bridge converter converts the ac supply into the dc supply and again this dc supply is converts into the ac supply. The output waveform of this dual converter is obtained by connecting the CRO. Many modern power conversion systems require a bidirectional energy transfer capability as a central part of their system operation. Preferably, such systems should use a single high efficiency power electronic conversion system to reduce size, weight and cost. For higher power bidirectional conversion, the common topology proposed is a dual active bridge structure, where two DC-AC converters are coupled back-to-back through an AC inductor/transformer. Either single-phase or three-phase converters have been proposed for such a system, but to date no clear-cut basis for selecting between these two alternatives has been established. A converter basically consists of an array of on-off electronic switches that use power semiconductor devices. If the switches are considered ideal or lossless (zero conduction drop, zero leakage current, and instantaneous turn-on and turn-off times), the instantaneous and average power will balance at input and output of the converter. Switching mode operation makes the converter nonlinear, thus generating source and load harmonics and also EMI problems. The discrete time
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switching characteristics cause a delay in signal propagation. Of course, a high switching frequency reduces the propagation delay. A converter can be single stage, or multiple conversions may be involved in a cascaded converter system. Several types of commutation (transferring current from the outgoing device to the incoming device) can be used. Thyristor converters are characterized by line (or natural), load, or forced commutation. Linecommutated converters are used extensively in utility systems, and these will be discussed in this chapter. Force-commutated thyristor converters that require auxiliary transient circuits are practically obsolete. Converters that use devices such as power MOSFETs, GTOs, IGBTs, and IGCTs are characterized by selfcommutation. Again, a converter can be based on hard switching or soft-switching. In a soft-switch converter, dual Converter for Multi-quadrant operation. In full converter, the direction of the current cannot be reverse because of unidirectional property of the thyristor, but polarity of the output voltage can be reversed. Thus the full converter can be operated in first quadrant if firing angle < 90 (both Edc1, Idc1 positive). If firing angle >90, it can be operated in fourth quadrant, both Edc1 is positive and Idc1 is negative. Therefore in first quadrant, the power flows from ac source to dc source and in fourth quadrant power flows from dc source to ac source. Phase control (PFC), also called phase cutting, is a method of pulse width modulation (PWM) for power limiting, applied to AC voltages. It works by modulating a thyristor, SCR, triac, thyratron, or other such gated diode-like devices into and out of conduction at a predetermined phase of the applied waveform. Phase fired control is often used to control the amount of voltage, current or power that a power supply feeds to its load. It does this in much the same way that a pulse width modulated (PWM) supply would pulse on and off to create an average value at its output. If the supply has a DC output, its time base is of no importance in deciding when to pulse the supply on or off, as the value that will be pulsed on and off is continuous.PFC differs from PWM in that it addresses supplies that output a modulated waveform, such as the sinusoidal AC waveform that the national grid outputs. Here, it becomes important for the supply to pulse on and off at the correct position in the modulation cycle for a known value to be achieved.
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At a particular instant, suppose converter is operating as a rectifier and is supplying the load current while pulses to second converter are blocked. For the inversion operation, converter 1 is first blocked by removing its firing pulses and load current is reduced to zero. Converter 2 is made to conduct by applying the firing pulses to it. The current in converter 2 would now build up through the load in the reverse direction. So long as converter 2 is in operation, converter 1 is in the blocking state since the firing pulses are withdrawn from it. The pulses to converter 2 are applied after a delay time (current-free safety interval) of 10 to 20ms. This delay time ensures reliable communication of thyristors in converter 1. If the converter 2 is triggered before the converter 1 has been completely turned-off, a large circulating current would flow between the two converters. Irregular jumps in the level of the DC terminal voltage at the point of current reversal must be avoided in order to achieve a smooth changeover of current from one converter to the other. Thus the firing pulse control should, ideally, be such that the mean DC terminal voltage of the converter 2, at the instant of current reversal, is the same as that of the converter 1. From the above discussion, it becomes clear that such a mode of operation requires sophisticated control system which automatically blocks and unblocks the individual converters in accordance with the direction of load current suitably with a safety intervals.
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This result in a voltage difference when the two converters are interconnected and as a consequence, a large circulating current flows between the two converters but not through the load. In practical dual converters, this circulating current is limited to a tolerable value by inserting a reactor between the two converters.
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4.4 Simulation
Simulink software provides comprehensive online help that describes Simulink features, blocks, and functions, and provides detailed procedures for common tasks. Simulink is a commercial tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing multi domain dynamic systems. Its primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in control theory and digital signal processing for the multi domain simulation and design. You can start the simulation just like any other Simulink model. Each time you start the simulation, a special initialization mechanism is called. This initialization process computes the state-space model of your electric circuit and builds the equivalent system that can be simulated by Simulink. The power analyze command is part of that process. It obtains the state-space model and builds the Simulink model of your circuit. You can also call power analyze from the command line to obtain the state-space model of the linear part of the circuit. When called by the initialization process, power analyze performs the following five steps as shown in Figure 4-1 Sorts all Sim Power Systems blocks, gets the block parameters and evaluates the network topology. The blocks are separated into linear and nonlinear blocks, and each electrical node is automatically given a node number. Once the network topology has been obtained, the state-space model (A, B, C, D matrices) of the linear part of the circuit is computed by the power state space command. All steady-state calculations and initializations are performed at this stage. If you have chosen to discretize your circuit, the discrete state-space model is computed from the continuous state-space model, using the Tustin method. If you are using the phasor solution method, the state-space model is replaced with the complex transfer matrix H (j ) relating inputs and outputs
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(voltage and current phasor) at the specified frequency. This matrix defines the network algebraic equations. Builds the Simulink model of your circuit and stores it inside one of the measurement blocks. This means that you need at least one measurement block (Current Measurement block, Voltage Measurement block, ThreePhase V-I Measurement block, or Millimeter block) in your model. The connections between the equivalent circuit and measurements blocks are performed by invisible links using the Go to and from blocks. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiments with this model for the purpose of either understanding the behavior of the system and/or evaluating various strategies for the operation of the system. Simulation is one of the most widely used techniques in operations research and management science
3. Allows us to control time. 4. Allows us to identify bottlenecks. 5. Allows us to gain insight into which variables are most important to system performance.
As the efficiency and flexibility of the code improves, this is becoming more widely adopted for production systems, in addition to being a popular tool for embedded system design work because of its flexibility and capacity for quick iteration. Embedded Coder creates code efficient enough for use in embedded systems. The systematic testing tool TPT offers one way to perform formal test- verification and validation process to stimulate Simulink models but also during the development phase where the developer generates inputs to test the system. By the substitution of the Constant and Signal generator blocks of Simulink the stimulation becomes reproducible. Simulink adds a library of graphical building blocks for modeling queuing systems to the Simulink environment. It also adds an event-based simulation engine to the time-based simulation engine in Simulink.
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Scope5 Pul1
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Pul2 M4
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Pul8 Pul3
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M3 M1
S D S
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4.6 WAVEFORM
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5.2 DEMERRITS
1. A reactor is required to limit the circulating current. The size and cost of this reactor may be quite significant at high power levels. 2. As the converter have to handle load as well as circulating current, the thyristor with high current rating are required for these converters. 3. The efficiency and power factor are low because of circulating current which increase losses
5.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Dual converters are mostly used at industries where we require reversible D.C. 2. Dual Converters are used for Speed Control of D.C. Motors etc. 3. Telecommunication energy systems. 4. Dual active bridge for solid state transformer. 5. In high voltage applications.
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6.2 CONCLUSTION
We had tried to design something innovative and easy to understand as well as user friendly. Our aim is to achieve our goal within economic restrictions. We kept in mind the worthiness and reliability of the project. The circuit is simple and easy to understand. Today is the era of latest technology and we will not compromise with the compactness and quality of the project. If there will be any possibility of improvisation then we will add it in our work and will achieve further limits. We are going to learn as much as possible about every aspect of dual converter to make it useful in day to day life
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REFRENCES
Power Electronics- Dr. P.S. Bimbhra Khanna Publishers Fourth Edition Tenth Reprint 2009. Power Electronics- J.S. Chitode Technical Publication Second Edition 2003. https://www.Fourquadrantsinglephaserectifierdcdrive_files/reset.css https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php https://application/opensearchdescription+xml http://www.westfloridacomponents.com/BridgeRectifiers.html http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulink&action=edit http://Thread-three-phase-dual-converter-full-report_files/cb.js
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