i s, gii tch v ng dng

Nguyn Th Nhung
B mn Ton - i hc Thng Long

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

1 / 77

Chng I Ma trn, nh thc v h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

2 / 77

Chng 1
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 3 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Chng 1
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 3 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Chng 1
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 3 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 4 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Cho A  paij qn l mt ma trn vung cp n. nh thc ca ma trn A, k hiu l detpAq hoc |A|. Ta s nh ngha nh thc ca A theo cp n ca A. nh thc cp 1: Cho ma trn cp mt A  pa11 q. Khi  nh thc ca A: detpAq  |A|  a11 . nh thc cp 2: Cho ma trn cp hai A  paij q2 . Khi  nh thc ca A: 11 a12  a a a a . detpAq  |A|  a 11 22 12 21 a a
21 22

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

5 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Cho A  paij qn l mt ma trn vung cp n. nh thc ca ma trn A, k hiu l detpAq hoc |A|. Ta s nh ngha nh thc ca A theo cp n ca A. nh thc cp 1: Cho ma trn cp mt A  pa11 q. Khi  nh thc ca A: detpAq  |A|  a11 . nh thc cp 2: Cho ma trn cp hai A  paij q2 . Khi  nh thc ca A: 11 a12  a a a a . detpAq  |A|  a 11 22 12 21 a a
21 22

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

5 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Cho A  paij qn l mt ma trn vung cp n. nh thc ca ma trn A, k hiu l detpAq hoc |A|. Ta s nh ngha nh thc ca A theo cp n ca A. nh thc cp 1: Cho ma trn cp mt A  pa11 q. Khi  nh thc ca A: detpAq  |A|  a11 . nh thc cp 2: Cho ma trn cp hai A  paij q2 . Khi  nh thc ca A: 11 a12  a a a a . detpAq  |A|  a 11 22 12 21 a a
21 22

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

5 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim nh thc

nhn c t A bng cch b dng i v ct j, Mij c gi l ma trn con ng vi phn t aij . Khi  nh thc con ng vi phn t aij l detpMij q; Phn b i s ca aij , k hiu l Aij l mt s c nh ngha bi: Aij  p1qi j detpMij q.

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n. Gi Mij l ma trn cp pn 1q

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

6 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim nh thc

nhn c t A bng cch b dng i v ct j, Mij c gi l ma trn con ng vi phn t aij . Khi  nh thc con ng vi phn t aij l detpMij q; Phn b i s ca aij , k hiu l Aij l mt s c nh ngha bi: Aij  p1qi j detpMij q.

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n. Gi Mij l ma trn cp pn 1q

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

6 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Khi nim nh thc

nhn c t A bng cch b dng i v ct j, Mij c gi l ma trn con ng vi phn t aij . Khi  nh thc con ng vi phn t aij l detpMij q; Phn b i s ca aij , k hiu l Aij l mt s c nh ngha bi: Aij  p1qi j detpMij q.

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n. Gi Mij l ma trn cp pn 1q

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

6 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

V d
Cho ma trn sau:

 1 2 3 A  4 2 5  0 1 2

a. Tm M23 . b. Tnh A23 .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

7 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Mt s khi nim lin quan

phn t aij . Khi : 1 Vi mi 1 i n nh thc khai trin theo dng i ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  ai 1 Ai 1 ai 2 Ai 2 . . . ain Ain .
2

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n, k hiu Aij l phn b i s ca

Vi mi 1 j n nh thc khai trin theo ct j ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  a1j A1j a2j A2j . . . anj Anj .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

8 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Mt s khi nim lin quan

phn t aij . Khi : 1 Vi mi 1 i n nh thc khai trin theo dng i ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  ai 1 Ai 1 ai 2 Ai 2 . . . ain Ain .
2

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n, k hiu Aij l phn b i s ca

Vi mi 1 j n nh thc khai trin theo ct j ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  a1j A1j a2j A2j . . . anj Anj .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

8 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Mt s khi nim lin quan

phn t aij . Khi : 1 Vi mi 1 i n nh thc khai trin theo dng i ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  ai 1 Ai 1 ai 2 Ai 2 . . . ain Ain .
2

nh ngha Cho A  paij qn l ma trn vung cp n, k hiu Aij l phn b i s ca

Vi mi 1 j n nh thc khai trin theo ct j ca A c xc nh bi: detpAq  a1j A1j a2j A2j . . . anj Anj .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

8 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Mt s khi nim lin quan

nh ngha
Cc nh thc khai trin theo dng i u bng nhau, bng cc nh thc khai trin theo ct j v c gi l nh thc ca ma trn A. Nh vy nh thc ca ma trn A l biu thc khai trin theo dng i hoc ct j bt k ca A.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

9 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Mt s khi nim lin quan

Cc nh thc khai trin theo dng i u bng nhau, bng cc nh thc khai trin theo ct j v c gi l nh thc ca ma trn A. Nh vy nh thc ca ma trn A l biu thc khai trin theo dng i hoc ct j bt k ca A.

nh ngha

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

9 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

V d
Tnh cc nh thc cp 3 sau v rt ra nhn xt. 2 1 3 a. |A|  1 5 0 1 8 2 a11 a12 a13 b. |B |  a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

10 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

11 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

V d
Tnh nh thc sau: 0 A 1 1 0 1 2 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 2

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

12 / 77

nh thc

Khi nim v nh thc

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

13 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 14 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 1: nh thc ca ma trn A v ma trn chuyn v At bng
nhau, tc l detpAq  detpAt q. Nhn xt: Tnh cht trn cho ta thy mt tnh cht v nh thc nu  ng khi pht biu v dng th n vn cn ng khi trong cc pht biu ta thay hng bng ct. Do  trong cc tnh cht c trnh by di y song song vi pht biu v dng ta s nu lun cc pht biu v ct.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

15 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 1: nh thc ca ma trn A v ma trn chuyn v At bng
detpAq  detpAt q. Nhn xt: Tnh cht trn cho ta thy mt tnh cht v nh thc nu  ng khi pht biu v dng th n vn cn ng khi trong cc pht biu ta thay hng bng ct. Do  trong cc tnh cht c trnh by di y song song vi pht biu v dng ta s nu lun cc pht biu v ct. nhau, tc l

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

15 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 2: i ch hai dng (hai ct) ca mt nh thc th c nh
thc mi bng nh thc c i du. a11 a12 . . . a1n
... ... ... . . . ain ... ... ... ... aj 1 aj 2 . . . ajn ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann

a11 a12 aj 1 aj 2 ai 1 ai 2
... ... ... ... ... ...

ai 1 ai 2

...

an1 an2

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a1n
...

ajn ain

... .

ann

...

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

16 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 3: nh thc c hai dng (hai ct) nh nhau th nh thc
bng 0.
. . . a1n ... ... ... ai 1 ai 2 . . . ain ... ... ... ... ai 1 ai 2 . . . ain ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann ...

a11 a12

 0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

17 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 4: nh thc c mt dng (mt ct) bng khng th nh thc
bng 0.
. . . a1n ... ... ... 0 0 ... 0 ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann ...

a11 a12

 0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

18 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 5: Khi nhn cc phn t ca mt hng (mt ct) vi mt s k
th c mt nh thc mi bng nh thc c nhn vi k . a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a12 . . . a1n kai 1 kai 2 an1 an2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

kain  k ai 1 ai 2 ann
...

...

... ... ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . .

...

...

ain

ann

...

Nhn xt: Tnh cht 5 cho ta thy khi cc phn t ca mt hng (mt
ct) c tha s chung ta c th a tha s chung  ra ngoi du nh thc.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

19 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 5: Khi nhn cc phn t ca mt hng (mt ct) vi mt s k
th c mt nh thc mi bng nh thc c nhn vi k . a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a12 . . . a1n kai 1 kai 2 an1 an2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

kain  k ai 1 ai 2 ann
...

...

... ... ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . .

...

...

ain

ann

...

Nhn xt: Tnh cht 5 cho ta thy khi cc phn t ca mt hng (mt
ct) c tha s chung ta c th a tha s chung  ra ngoi du nh thc.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

19 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 6: Mt nh thc c hai hng (hai ct) t l th bng 0.
... ... ai 1 ai 2 . . . ... ... ... kai 1 kai 2 . . . ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ... ...

a11 a12

a1n
...

ain

kain ann
...

...

 0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

20 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 7: Khi tt c cc phn t ca mt hng (mt ct) c dng
tng ca hai s hng th nh thc c th phn tch thnh tng ca hai nh thc, c th l a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a12 . . . a1n ai 1 bi 1 ai 2 bi 2 an1
... ... ...

an2

...

... ... ... ...

ain bin  ai 1 ai 2 ann

...

...

... ... ... . . . ain ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann a11 a12 . . . a1n ... ... ... ... bi 1 bi 2 . . . bin . ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann
Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 21 / 77

...

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 8: Khi ta cng bi k ca mt hng vo mt hng khc th c mt nh thc mi bng nh thc c. a11 a12 ... a1n a11 a12 . . . a1n
... ... ... . . . ain ... ... ... ... aj 1 aj 2 . . . ajn ... ... ... ... an1 an2 . . . ann

ai 1 ai 2

...

ai 1

... ...

ai 2

... ...

aj 1 kai 1 aj 2 kai 2 an1

...

an2

...

... ... ... ... ... ...

...

ain

ajn kain ann

...

...

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

22 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 9: nh thc ca ma trn tam gic bng tch cc phn t trn
ng cho chnh: a11 a12 . . . a1n 0 a22 . . . a2n .. .. . . . ..  a11 a22 . . . ann . . . . 0 0 . . . ann a11 0 . . . 0 a21 a22 . . . 0 .. .. . . . ..  a11 a22 . . . ann . . . . an1 an2 . . . ann

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

23 / 77

nh thc

Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht ca nh thc

Tnh cht 10: nh thc ca tch hai ma trn vung cng cp bng tch cc nh thc, tc l
detpAB q  detpAq detpB q, A, B Mn .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

24 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 25 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

nh thc v cc php bin i s cp

Php bin i s cp
1. i ch hai dng (hai ct) nh thc i du 2. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s k $ 0 nh thc nhn vi k 3. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s nh thc khng i ri cng vo mt dng (mt ct) khc

Thay i ca nh thc

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

26 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

nh thc v cc php bin i s cp

1. i ch hai dng (hai ct) nh thc i du 2. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s k $ 0 nh thc nhn vi k 3. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s nh thc khng i ri cng vo mt dng (mt ct) khc

Php bin i s cp

Thay i ca nh thc

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

26 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

nh thc v cc php bin i s cp

1. i ch hai dng (hai ct) nh thc i du 2. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s k $ 0 nh thc nhn vi k 3. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s nh thc khng i ri cng vo mt dng (mt ct) khc

Php bin i s cp

Thay i ca nh thc

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

26 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

nh thc v cc php bin i s cp

1. i ch hai dng (hai ct) nh thc i du 2. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s k $ 0 nh thc nhn vi k 3. Nhn mt dng (mt ct) vi mt s nh thc khng i ri cng vo mt dng (mt ct) khc

Php bin i s cp

Thay i ca nh thc

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

26 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

V d
Tnh nh thc sau: 2 D 1 3 0

1 3 1 1 2 0
4 2 1 2 4 3

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

27 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

28 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

29 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

V d
Tnh nh thc sau: 5 A 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 5

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

30 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

31 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

V d
Tnh nh thc sau: 1 D 4 2 3

3 10 2
7 2 6 1 7 4

3 1

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

32 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

33 / 77

nh thc

Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

34 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Khi nim ma trn nghch o

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 35 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Ma trn nghch o

Khi nim ma trn nghch o

nh ngha ma trn nghch o

nh ngha
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Ma trn vung B cng cp c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A nu AB  BA  In . Ma trn nghch o ca A c k hiu l A1 . Nu A c ma trn nghch o th A c gi l ma trn kh nghch hoc khng suy bin.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

36 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Khi nim ma trn nghch o

nh ngha ma trn nghch o

nh ngha
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Ma trn vung B cng cp c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A nu AB  BA  In . Ma trn nghch o ca A c k hiu l A1 . Nu A c ma trn nghch o th A c gi l ma trn kh nghch hoc khng suy bin.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

36 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Khi nim ma trn nghch o

V d
Tm nghch ca cc ma trn sau: o  0 I2  1 0 1  2 0 B 0 5  0 0 0 0 0  2 C 1 0 3

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

37 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 38 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

nh l nh l
Ma trn nghch o A1 ca ma trn A nu c l duy nht. iu kin cn v   ma trn vung A c nghch o l detpAq $ 0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

39 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

nh l nh l
Ma trn nghch o A1 ca ma trn A nu c l duy nht. iu kin cn v   ma trn vung A c nghch o l detpAq $ 0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

39 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Chng minh nh l

iu kin cn: Gi s ma trn vung A cp n kh nghch, tc l tn ti B  AB  BA  In . Theo tnh cht th 10 ca nh thc ta c
1  detpIn q  detpAB q  detpAq. detpB q. Do  detpAq $ 0. iu kin : Gi s detpAq $ 0 ta xt ma trn B sau:

A11 A21 A12 A22 B  det1 pAq ... ... A1n A2n

... ... ... ...

 An 1 An 2   ..  .  Ann

trong  Aij l phn b i s ng vi phn t aij . Khi  ta c th chng minh c AB  BA  In .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 40 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Chng minh nh l

iu kin cn: Gi s ma trn vung A cp n kh nghch, tc l tn ti B  AB  BA  In . Theo tnh cht th 10 ca nh thc ta c
1  detpIn q  detpAB q  detpAq. detpB q. Do  detpAq $ 0. iu kin : Gi s detpAq $ 0 ta xt ma trn B sau:

A11 A21 A12 A22 B  det1 pAq ... ... A1n A2n

... ... ... ...

 An 1 An 2   ..  .  Ann

trong  Aij l phn b i s ng vi phn t aij . Khi  ta c th chng minh c AB  BA  In .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 40 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Cng thc tnh ma trn nghch o

Cho A  paij qn . Khi  Nu detpAq  0 th A khng c ma trn nghch o. Nu detpAq $ 0 th A c ma trn nghch o c tnh theo cng thc:  A11 A21 . . . An1 A12 A22 . . . An2   A1  det1  pAq ... ... . . . ...  A1n A2n . . . Ann trong  Aij l phn b i s ng vi phn t aij .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

41 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Cng thc tnh ma trn nghch o

Cho A  paij qn . Khi  Nu detpAq  0 th A khng c ma trn nghch o. Nu detpAq $ 0 th A c ma trn nghch o c tnh theo cng thc:  A11 A21 . . . An1 A12 A22 . . . An2   A1  det1  pAq ... ... . . . ...  A1n A2n . . . Ann trong  Aij l phn b i s ng vi phn t aij .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

41 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Li gii cho v d
Tm nghch o ca ma trn sau:  1 2 3 A  3 0 1. 2 1 0

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

42 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

43 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 44 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

Ma trn nghch o

Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

V d
nh l
Cho A, B l nhng ma trn vung kh nghch v c ma trn nghch o tng ng l A1 , B 1 . Khi  detpAq detpA1 q  1. A1 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pA1 q1  A. Am , m N cng l ma trn kh nghch v pAm q1  pA1 qm . 1 A1 . kA, k $ 0 cng l ma trn kh nghch v pkAq1  k AB l ma trn kh nghch v pAB q1  B 1 A1 . Nu AX  B th X  A1 B. Nu XA  B th X  BA1 .
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 45 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 46 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

nh ngha
Mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut gm m phng trnh n n x1 , x2 , . . . xn l mt h phng trnh c dng sau: 6 9 11 x1 a12 x2 . . . a1n xn  b1 9 8a a21 x1 a22 x2 . . . a2n xn  b2 (1) .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 9 7 a . . .x . a x ... a x  b
m1

m2

mn n

trong  cc aij , bi l cc hng s thc. Cc s aij c gi l cc h s ca n v cc s bi c gi l cc h s t do.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

47 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Vi mi h phng trnh tuyn tnh dng (1): Ta t  a11 a12 . . . a1n a21 a22 . . . a2n   A . . . . . . . . ... .   am1 am2 . . . amn v gi A l ma trn h s ca h phng trnh (1). Ta t  a11 a12 . . . a1n b1 a21 a22 . . . a2n b2   Abs  ... ... . . . ... ...   am1 am2 . . . amn bm v gi Abs l ma trn b sung ca h phng trnh (1).
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 48 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Vi mi h phng trnh tuyn tnh dng (1): Ta t  a11 a12 . . . a1n a21 a22 . . . a2n   A . . . . . . . . ... .   am1 am2 . . . amn v gi A l ma trn h s ca h phng trnh (1). Ta t  a11 a12 . . . a1n b1 a21 a22 . . . a2n b2   Abs  ... ... . . . ... ...   am1 am2 . . . amn bm v gi Abs l ma trn b sung ca h phng trnh (1).
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 48 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Ta t

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

  x1 b1  x b2  2  v B  X   . . . . .  . xn bm v gi X l vc t ct ca cc n, B l vc t ct h s t do. Mi h phng trnh tuyn tnh (1) c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau:    a11 a12 . . . a1n x1 b1   a a . . . a x b2  21 22 2 n 2     ... ... . . . ...   ...   ...   am1 am2 . . . amn xn bm v vi cch t nh trn ta c th vit h (1) di dng n gin: AX  B .
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

49 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Ta t

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

  x1 b1  x b2  2  v B  X   . . . . .  . xn bm v gi X l vc t ct ca cc n, B l vc t ct h s t do. Mi h phng trnh tuyn tnh (1) c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau:    a11 a12 . . . a1n x1 b1   a a . . . a x b2  21 22 2 n 2     ... ... . . . ...   ...   ...   am1 am2 . . . amn xn bm v vi cch t nh trn ta c th vit h (1) di dng n gin: AX  B .
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

49 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

V d
Xt xem 4 h no sau l h phng trnh tuyn tnh: x1 x2 x3  1 a. 2x x2 x3  2 4 21 x y z 1 b. xy 2y z  2 4 x e cy  3 c. x 2 ln y  1

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

50 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

V d
Xt xem 4 h no sau l h phng trnh tuyn tnh: x1 x2 x3  1 a. 2x x2 x3  2 4 21 x y z 1 b. xy 2y z  2 4 x e cy  3 c. x 2 ln y  1

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

50 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

V d
Xt xem 4 h no sau l h phng trnh tuyn tnh: x1 x2 x3  1 a. 2x x2 x3  2 4 21 x y z 1 b. xy 2y z  2 4 x e cy  3 c. x 2 ln y  1

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

50 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim v h phng trnh tuyn tnh

nh ngha
i. Mt b gm n s pc1 , c2 , . . . , cn q c gi l mt nghim ca h (1) nu khi thay cc n xi bi ci th cc phng trnh trong h tr thnh nhng ng thc ng. ii. Tp hp tt c cc nghim ca h (1) c gi tp hp nghim hay tp nghim ca h. iii. Gii mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh l ta i tm tp nghim ca h .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

51 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim v h phng trnh tuyn tnh

nh ngha
i. Mt b gm n s pc1 , c2 , . . . , cn q c gi l mt nghim ca h (1) nu khi thay cc n xi bi ci th cc phng trnh trong h tr thnh nhng ng thc ng. ii. Tp hp tt c cc nghim ca h (1) c gi tp hp nghim hay tp nghim ca h. iii. Gii mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh l ta i tm tp nghim ca h .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

51 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Khi nim v h phng trnh tuyn tnh

nh ngha
i. Mt b gm n s pc1 , c2 , . . . , cn q c gi l mt nghim ca h (1) nu khi thay cc n xi bi ci th cc phng trnh trong h tr thnh nhng ng thc ng. ii. Tp hp tt c cc nghim ca h (1) c gi tp hp nghim hay tp nghim ca h. iii. Gii mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh l ta i tm tp nghim ca h .

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

51 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 52 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cu hi tnh hung
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: 6 8 2x y z  1 y z  2 7 x x y 2z  3

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

53 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cc php bin i tng ng

Cc php bin i tng ng sau khng lm thay i tp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
i ch hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k $ 0; Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h vi mt s k ri cng tng ng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh khc ca h.

Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng i vi h PTTT chnh l thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn Abs ca h. Cc php bin i tng ng trn h a h PTTT c v h PTTT mi n gin hn v h n gin nht tng ng vi Abs c dng hnh thang.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

54 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Cu hi tnh hung
Xt xem h phng trnh no sau y c nghim? 6 8 x 2y z  1 y 2z  3 7 z  4 6 8 x 2y z  1 y 2z  3 7 0. z  4 4 x 2y z  1 y 3z  5

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

55 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

iu kin c nghim ca h PTTT

nh l
H PTTT tng qut AX  B c nghim khi v ch khi rank pAq  rank pAbs q.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

56 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Phng php Gauss  gii h PTTT

Qui trnh gii h PTTT theo phng php Gauss: Bc 1: Vit ma trn Abs ; Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i s cp a ma trn Abs v dng hnh thang; Bc 3: Kt lun: Nu rank pAq $ rank pAbs q th h v nghim; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r  n th h c nghim duy nht; Nu rank pAq  rank pAbs q  r n th h c v s nghim. Trong trng hp ny  gii nghim ta chn biu din r n thng qua n r n cn

Nhn xt: H PTTT AX  B hoc v nghim hoc c nghim duy nht

hoc c v s nghim.

li.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

57 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

V d
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: 6 8 x1 2x2 3x3 4x4  1 x1 x2 x3 7x4  2 72 3x1 x2 4x3 11x4  3

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

58 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

59 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

60 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

V d
Gii v bin lun h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: 6 z  1 8 x y x 2 y 2  3 7 2x 3 y p a 2 5q z z  a.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

61 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

62 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

63 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Ni dung trnh by
1

nh thc Khi nim v nh thc Mt s tnh cht ca nh thc Tnh nh thc bng cch a v dng tam gic Ma trn nghch o Khi nim ma trn nghch o iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o Mt s tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o H phng trnh tuyn tnh Khi nim h phng trnh tuyn tnh Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT
i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 64 / 77

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h Cramer

nh ngha
H PTTT AX  B c gi l h Cramer nu A l ma trn vung v detpAq $ 0.  gii h PTTT Cramer ta c th dng phng php Gauss hoc da trn cng thc nghim Cramer qua kt qu ca nh l sau:

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

65 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h Cramer

nh ngha
H PTTT AX  B c gi l h Cramer nu A l ma trn vung v detpAq $ 0.  gii h PTTT Cramer ta c th dng phng php Gauss hoc da trn cng thc nghim Cramer qua kt qu ca nh l sau:

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

65 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh l Cramer
nh l (Quy tc nghim Cramer) H phng trnh Cramer AX  B c nghim duy nht px1 , x2 , . . . , xn q c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
j| xj  ||A A|

trong  |A| l nh thc ca ma trn h s v a11 a |Aj |  21 .. . an1

... ... ... ...

a1j 1 b1 a1j 1 . . . a1n a2j 1 b2 a2j 1 . . . a2n .. . .. . . . . .. . anj 1 bn anj 1 . . . ann

i S v Gii tch

dj  1, n

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

66 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

V d
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: 6 8 x y z  1 x 2y 2 z  3 7 2x 3 y 5 z  0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

67 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

68 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h PTTT thun nht

nh ngha Nhn xt:
H phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  0 c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. i vi h PTTT thun nht AX  0 th rank pAq  rank pAbs q. H PTTT thun nht AX  0 lun c nghim X  0, nghim X  p0, 0, . . . , 0q c gi l nghim tm thng ca h. H PTTT thun nht hoc ch c nghim tm thng hoc c v s nghim.

nh l

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX  0 vi n phng trnh n n c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detpAq  0.
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 69 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h PTTT thun nht

nh ngha Nhn xt:
H phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  0 c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. i vi h PTTT thun nht AX  0 th rank pAq  rank pAbs q. H PTTT thun nht AX  0 lun c nghim X  0, nghim X  p0, 0, . . . , 0q c gi l nghim tm thng ca h. H PTTT thun nht hoc ch c nghim tm thng hoc c v s nghim.

nh l

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX  0 vi n phng trnh n n c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detpAq  0.
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 69 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h PTTT thun nht

nh ngha Nhn xt:
H phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  0 c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. i vi h PTTT thun nht AX  0 th rank pAq  rank pAbs q. H PTTT thun nht AX  0 lun c nghim X  0, nghim X  p0, 0, . . . , 0q c gi l nghim tm thng ca h. H PTTT thun nht hoc ch c nghim tm thng hoc c v s nghim.

nh l

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX  0 vi n phng trnh n n c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detpAq  0.
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 69 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h PTTT thun nht

nh ngha Nhn xt:
H phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  0 c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. i vi h PTTT thun nht AX  0 th rank pAq  rank pAbs q. H PTTT thun nht AX  0 lun c nghim X  0, nghim X  p0, 0, . . . , 0q c gi l nghim tm thng ca h. H PTTT thun nht hoc ch c nghim tm thng hoc c v s nghim.

nh l

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX  0 vi n phng trnh n n c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detpAq  0.
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 69 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

nh ngha h PTTT thun nht

nh ngha Nhn xt:
H phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  0 c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. i vi h PTTT thun nht AX  0 th rank pAq  rank pAbs q. H PTTT thun nht AX  0 lun c nghim X  0, nghim X  p0, 0, . . . , 0q c gi l nghim tm thng ca h. H PTTT thun nht hoc ch c nghim tm thng hoc c v s nghim.

nh l

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX  0 vi n phng trnh n n c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detpAq  0.
Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG) i S v Gii tch Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011 69 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

V d
Tm a  h sau c nghim khng tm thng: 6 8 ax y z  0 ay z  0 7 x x y az  0

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

70 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

V d
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: 6 8 x 2 y 2z  0 x y z  0 72 3x y 2z  0.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

71 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Li gii cho v d

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

72 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc khc 0; 3 Hng ca A bng n; 4 H PTTT AX  B c nghim duy nht; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 ch c nghim tm thng.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

73 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Mi lin h gia hng ma trn, ma trn nghch o, nh thc v h PTTT
nh l
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi  cc pht biu sau l tng ng: 1 Ma trn A khng kh nghch; 2 Ma trn A c nh thc bng 0; 3 Hng ca A nh hn n; 4 H PTTT AX  B v nghim hoc c v s nghim; 5 H PT thun nht AX  0 c v s nghim.

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

74 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Cu hi trc nghim
a.  tm hng ca ma trn A, ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: b.  tnh nh thc ca ma trn vung A, ta c th ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: c.  gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  B , ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca ma trn Abs :
a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

75 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Cu hi trc nghim
a.  tm hng ca ma trn A, ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: b.  tnh nh thc ca ma trn vung A, ta c th ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: c.  gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  B , ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca ma trn Abs :
a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

75 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Cu hi trc nghim
a.  tm hng ca ma trn A, ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: b.  tnh nh thc ca ma trn vung A, ta c th ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca A: c.  gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX  B , ta c th thc hin cc php bin i s cp trn dng hoc ct ca ma trn Abs :
a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai a. ng b. Sai

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

75 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Cu hi trc nghim
 2 0 0 9 A  1 5 0 8 1 8 1 1 Khi i tm hng ca A, ta i ch dng 1 v dng 2 ca A cho nhau. Hy xt xem cch vit sau c hp l khng?   2 0 0 9 1 5 0 8 A  1 5 0 8  2 0 0 9 1 8 1 1 1 8 1 1
Cho ma trn

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

76 / 77

H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Mt s trng hp c bit ca h PTTT

Cu hi trc nghim
2 0 9 10 5 8 0 A 2 6 8 1 1 8 0 2 1 Khi i tnh nh thc ca ma trn A, ta ly dng 1 tr cho dng 2, hy xt xem ng thc sau c ng khng? 2 0 9 10 2 0 9 10 2 5 8 0  0 5 1 10 6 8 1 1 6 8 1 1 8 0 2 1 8 0 2 1 Cho nh thc

Nguyn Th Nhung (H THNG LONG)

i S v Gii tch

Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2011

77 / 77