ME 2202 / Sem III

ST JOSEPHS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHENNAI 600 119 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HANDOUT 1 Thermodynamics It is the science of the relations between heat, work and the properties of the systems. Approaches in Thermodynamics: In macroscopic approach, certain quantity of matter is considered, without considering the events occurring at the molecular level. These effects can be perceived by human senses or measured by instruments. eg: pressure, temperature Thermodynamics based on macroscopic approach is called Classical Thermodynamics In microscopic approach, the effect of molecular motion is considered. eg: At microscopic level the pressure of a gas is not constant, the temperature of a gas is a function of the velocity of molecules. Most microscopic properties cannot be measured with common instruments nor can be perceived by human senses Thermodynamics based on microscopic approach is called Statistical Thermodynamics Some application areas of thermodynamics: Household Design (in whole or part) of Refrigerator Air-conditioner Pressure cooker Water heater Electric Iron Computer and TV

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 1

ME 2202 / Sem III

Large scale Design and analysis of Automotive engines Rockets Jet Engines Nuclear and Thermal power plants Solar collectors Design of vehicles from ordinary cars to airplanes System The system is a quantity of matter or a region in space on which we focus our attention (eg: the water kettle or the aircraft engine). Surroundings The rest of the universe outside the system close enough to the system to have some perceptible effect on the system is called the surroundings. Boundaries The surfaces which separates the system from the surroundings are called the boundaries as shown in fig below (eg: walls of the kettle, the housing of the engine).

System Boundary Types of Systems

Surroundings

Open System A system in which, mass and energy (work or heat) can be transferred across the boundary

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 2

ME 2202 / Sem III

Closed System A system in which there is no mass transfer but only energy transfer across the boundary.

Isolated System A system in which neither mass nor energy is transferred across the boundary of the system.

Properties It is some characteristic of the system by which the condition of system is described. Extensive property: Properties whose value depends on the size or extent of the system If mass is increased, the value of extensive property also increases. eg: volume, mass Intensive property: Properties whose value is independentof the size or extent of the sm. eg: pressure, temperature (p, T).

State A system is said to be in a state when it has definite values for properties. Any operation in which one or more properties change is called a change of state.
Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg Page 3

ME 2202 / Sem III

Equilibrium State It is a state of balance. A system is said to be in equilibrium state if it is under mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium : No unbalanced forces, ie no difference in pressure within the system Chemical equilibrium: No chemical reaction within the system Thermal equilibrium: No difference in temperature within the system Process The succession of states passed through during a change of state is called the path of the system. A system is said to go through a process if it goes through a series of changes in state. Consequently: A system may undergo changes in some or all of its properties in a process Some of the thermodynamic processes: Constant pressure process Isobaric process Constant volume process Isochoric process Constant temperature process Isothermal process Quasi-static Process A process in which the intermediate states are equilibrium states is called quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process. Generally quasi-static processes are slow processes. Cycle: A series of processes at the end of which the system comes back to initial state. eg. Carnot cycle, Otto cycle

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 4

ME 2202 / Sem III

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems (say A and B) are in thermal equilibrium with a third system (say C) separately (that is A and C are in thermal equilibrium; B and C are in thermal equilibrium) then they are in thermal equilibrium themselves (that is A and B will be in thermal equilibrium

Two systems are said to be equal in temperature, when there is no change in their respective observable properties when they are brought together. In other words, when two systems are at the same temperature they are in thermal equilibrium(They will not exchange heat). Note:They need not be in thermodynamic equilibrium. Work and Heat Work: Positive work is done by a system when the sole effect externalto the system could bereduced to the rise of a weight. Symbol W
Heat:

It is the energy in transition between the system and the surroundings by virtue of the difference in temperature. Symbol Q Sign Conventions for Work and Heat Transfer Work done by the system is +ve and work done on the system is ve Heat transferred to the system is +ve and heat transferred from the system is -ve

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 5

ME 2202 / Sem III

1 1.1 Shaft Work:

Work Transfers:
o

Rate of Shaft work or Shaft Power W 1.2 Flow Work: Wf = pV 1.3 Electrical Work
Rate of Electrical Work or Electrical Power,
o

2NT 60000

W e = V I / 1000

1.4 Moving Boundary Work

W12 pdV - General Expression
1 2

1.4.1 Constant Volume Quasi-static Process W12 = 0 1.4.2 Constant Pressure Quasi-static Process W12 = p (V2 V1) 1.4.3 Hyperbolic or Isothermal (for ideal gas) process W12 = p1V1 ln (V2 /V1) Note: p1V1 = mRT1 V2 /V1 = p1 /p2 [ideal gas equation]
[Since p1V1 = p2V2 for isothermal process]

1.4.4 Polytropic Process (pVn = Constant)

W12 p1V1 p 2V 2 n 1

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 6

ME 2202 / Sem III

1.4.5 Adiabatic Process (pV = Constant)

W12 p1V1 p 2V2 1

Heat Transfers:
2.1 Sensible Heat Transfer (Causing change in temperature) Q = m c T 2.2 Latent Heat Transfer (Causing change in phase) Q = m LH

First Law 3.1 Cycle (irrespective of type of system) Q=W

dQ dW
3.2 Non-flow Processes (Processes undergone by a closed system) Q W = E Q W = U, When changes in Kinetic and Potential Energies are Neglected U = m cv T, applicable for all processes Note: U+pV is called Enthalpy of the system H = m cp T, applicable for all processes 3.3 Flow Processes (Processes undergone by an open system or Control Volume) For a steady flow process

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 7

ME 2202 / Sem III

dQ o C1 dW o C m1[h1 Z1 g ] m 2 [h2 2 Z 2 g ] dt 2 dt 2
Note: All the terms in this equation represent rate of flow of energy (per unit time)

dQ C dW C h1 1 Z1 g h2 2 Z 2 g dm 2 dm 2
Note: All the terms in this equation represent flow of energy per unit mass Sign Conventions: Work done by a system and Heat transferred to the system are taken to be positive Work done on a system and Heat transferred out of the system are taken to be negative Nomenclature: 1,2 c C cp cp E EK EP g State points Specific Heat, kJ/kg K Velocity, m/s Specific Heat at Constant Pressure, kJ/kg K Specific Heat at Constant Volume, kJ/kg K Energy of a system, J or kJ E = EK + EP + U Kinetic Energy, J EK = mC2 Potential Energy, J EP = mgZ Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
Page 8

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

ME 2202 / Sem III

I LH m m M n N p Q R Ru T T U

Current, Amps Latent Heat, kJ/kg mass, kg mass flow rate, kg/s Molecular Weight Polytropic index Speed, RPM pressure , kPa Heat Transfer kJ Characteristic Gas Constant, kJ/kg K R = Ru /M Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 kJ /kg mol K Temperature, K Torque, Nm Internal Energy, J or kJ Volume, m3 Potential difference , Volts Work, kJ Power, kW

V W
o

W
o

W12 Work done in process 1-2, kW We Wf Z Electrical Power, kW Flow work, kW Potential Head, m Height of the system above the datum (where potential energy is zero) Adiabatic index = cp/cv

Prepared by Dr S Arivazhagan, Professor of Mech Engg

Page 9