New Finds in the Indus Valley Author(s): Simone Corbiau Source: Iraq, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring, 1937), pp.

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NEW FINDS IN THE INDUS VALLEY1

By
URING

SIMONE

CORBIAU

in the upper last winter I made some archaeological researches

part of the Indus Valley,2 and the results of my investigations are herein published. Some years ago, Major D. H. Gordon, a British officer on duty in the NW. Frontier Province of India, discovered that archaeologicalremains were coming from a mound called Sari-Dheri, near Charsadda,in the district of Peshawar. He published certain of these, which he bought from the native villagers, with what information he could gather concerning the location of the finds.3 These, in his opinion, belonged to the Graeco-Buddhist culture, that Hellenistic civilization which arose in India after the conquest of Alexander the Great. Now I agree with Major Gordon that some of these terracottas belong to the Hellenistic school of Gandharian art, towards the beginning of our era, but I believe that others among these objects, which show definitely an archaic style and technique, are far more ancient. They represent, in fact, a new aspect of the Indus chalcolithic civilization, of which, hitherto, no traces had been found in the north (Fig. i). It is not surprising that this civilization should be found higher up along the Indus Valley, nor that it should be found in those spots where, later on, more recent populations have settled and left historical remains. On this point I wish to lay emphasis upon the fact, generally not considered, that during the first excavations at Harappa were found, not only dozens, but even hundreds of Indo-Scythian coins.4 These indicate a recent occupation of a site which is, on the other hand, correctly recorded as prehistoric, and the same has been the case, I think, for Sari-Dheri. Sari-Dheri, a site situated along the road which leads from Charsaddato Mardan, is composed of two mounds: one towards the West (Plate I, i) and another towards the East (ib. 2). Both are of great dimensions, about I50 ft. in superficies, and 24 to 40 ft. in height. As Major Gordon has pointed out, the villagers are gradually destroying them, using the earth as manure for their fields. Almost two-thirds of the western mound have already been removed, and the remaining third offers difficulties for investigation, owing to two reasons. First, because the highest part of the mound (ib. 3) allows a view into the harems of the Mohammedan village lying at its foot and therefore, although I personally was allowed to make an examination of the top, my workers had to remain below; secondly, because the portion of the mound that remains accessible to the men is crowded with tombs. It is
l A communication read before the British Associationfor the Advancement of Science, Blackpool, 1936. 2 Cf. Bulletin des Musees Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1936, no. 2, pp. 42-5.

Jfournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 163-7I; Man, 1934, 70, and I935, 129. Arch. Survev of India, Report (by Cunningham), I872-3, IoB.
I932, 4

2 used to-day trial diggings funerary dagger structed telling

SIMONE

CORBIAU as I could to light along ascertain characteristic with an were iron conby

as a cemetery, and it was so used anciently, made on one or two spots which brought such But as the vase this which violation the who was found even of the

material, p, i). (Plate of unburnt the villagers

tombs

offended bricks) that these men,

population, died more

(which and in spite of my than 2,000 years ago,

Fig. i. Sketch map showing the position of Sari Dheri were vealed of the no relatives of theirs, they were of *he workers. spade another simply They horrified reverently for when bones were re-

remnants, dug lowing night, went to the Khan we had to cease work. I then started to be

by the human

resting-place and made so much

picked them, that trouble eastern at

up every bit and, the folat this mound which was

of points that of this mound, finding agreeable surprise one. the only one which as the western can be excavated, is as full of remains from At one spot, measuring some 3 yards by 6, I was able to dig through at to this ascertain bottom. This enabled me to least, that, place top regarding the native assertions, are inexact. based his opinion, upon which Major Gordon supposed the outskirts, made and I had the For, although the villagers stated that the archaic figurines came from the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1932, 163.

to investigate the other mound, Four trial pits were sterile.1

the

one, different

NEW top parts quite the of the

FINDS

IN

THE

INDUS

VALLEY

I found ones from the bottom, and the Hellenistic Dheri, be case. Pl. the to the See 2: Hellenistic which is 11, head, contrary head came from 6 ft. under the surface Gandharian, ; the archaic undoubtedly a recorded ft. lower at of Numerous was 21 ft. Hellenistic depth 15 (ib. 3) fragments moment material I was able to Sulai-Dheri remains Hellenistic As the trial should were ceased. unable examine to make some of more other Rajjar, extensive mounds some and at Sari-Dheri, and was just diggings in the neighbourhood. One of these, 10 miles from contained Sari-Dheri) a similar sequence archaic ones of cultures, the below (ib. 4, 5). a stratification I definitely, but or I rely purchased upon at found downwards in the upper layers, the remains began down to a depth style, of 10 ft. and the From that of archaic Hellenistic

(village of the same remains are not

periods,

showed

pits not dare

archaeological herein Sari-Dheri) The most woman, in all points years

at the top and the being sufficient to establish proof to base my opinion these facts only, upon connexions of the finds found (either

published. of these characteristic most identical probably with

a naked are some

raswamy the Susa level M. (Fig.

from ago as coming as Indo-Sumerian, dated II figurines found lately 2, nos. 3-6). drew

which are little idols in terra-cotta represent a goddess of fertility in, 1, 2). These (Plate the Boston Museum the one which acquired the Peshawar and which M. Coomadistrict, circa by M. 3000 B.c.1 (Fig. de Mecquenem 2, nos. below 1-2), the and Ur to III

in form to the body-ornament attention special the front and the back of his figurines, he identified which with the 'Channavira' of later Indian The Sari-Dheri sculpture. specimens also show that ornament, and in these it is often instances painted (Plate We can see distinctly the same of the most p?, 3). body-ornament upon terra-cotta idols of the archaic at Kis (Fig. 2, at Assur, incised period: painted Coomaraswamy of an X that crosses in the Cyclades, in Crete, It was made &c. at that time in a 12-13), much more and stiff than of later date such the way primitive figurines upon as Fig. 2, no. 14. The bead decorated with white incrustation in, 4) (a technique (Plate is found which both in Mesopotamia in proto-historic and on the Indus times the (Fig. middle and the saucer-like in a knob 7-11) bearing jar covers with the and Nasr v, (Plate 2) (identical Jamdat Mohenjo-Daro are interesting to note. evidence, Although they afford no decisive are still made, since these to the argument, they add something have been taken into consideration of the Mohenjofor the dating more bear: the importance treatment slit to in the a peculiar feature made which the Sari-Dheri 2, nos. nos.

specimens) since they similarities Daro I attach

culture. of the of clay separately of pellets eyes, of in order to simulate the aperture middle Fine Arts, Boston, Dec. 1927, pl. iv, 3, 90-6.

figurines affixed and

afterwards

1 I.P.E.K., 1928, 64-76; article India in Encyclopedia Britannica xii.212; Bulletin of the Museum of

SIMONE

CORBIAU

i,2. 3-6. 7. 8-10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19, 20.

Fig. 2 Terra-cotta figurine from the Peshawar district, now in the Boston Museum (A. Coomaraswamy, Archaic Indian Terracottas, I.P.E.K., 1928, pl. 1, 1-2). Terra-cotta figurines from Susa, under the Ur III level (De Mecquenem, Mission Arch, de Perse, xxv, p. 837, fig. 88, 10). Etched cornelian bead from Mohenjo-daro (E. Mackay, Antiquity, 1931, p. 459, fig. 2). Etched cornelian beads from Akkadian houses in Tall Asmar (Frankfort, O.I.C., 16, p. 50, fig. 32). Etched cornelian bead from Kis (E. Mackay, Excavations at Kis, pl. ix). Figurine from Assur G (W. Andrae, Die archaischen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur, pl. 53, d). Figurine from Kis (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). Indian figurine of more recent date (A. Coomaraswamy, loc. cit., pl. 7 (48)). Figure of technique similar to pl. in, 5, from Mohenjo-daro (Marshall, Mohenjo Dar?, iii, pl. xcv, 15). Copyright, Govt. of India, by permission of Mr. Arthur Probsthain. Figure of similar technique from Kis (E. Mackay, ib., fig. 8). Figurine in terra-cotta, Susa II. (M.D.P. xiii, fig. in.) Figurine in terra-cotta, Alishar II (E. F. Schmidt, Anatolia, p. 86, fig. 125 b).

NEW the of eye (Plate in, 5).

FINDS The This

IN lateral

THE stroke

INDUS can be is

VALLEY discerned so by characteristic a profile view that Major But I do not see this

peculiar not quite,unique'.1 it to be 'almost,if in the at Hellenistic all, and I do find it upon many figurines period technique times: at Mohenjo-Daro of proto-historic 2, no. 15)2 at Kis (ib., (Fig. 16) of the Jamdat Nasr level at Khafaje and upon the interesting figurine (Plate specimens. many holds himself Gordon in, 8~9),3 It should which be so similar is, on other grounds, noted that both in Mesopotamia to the Sari-Dheri and therefore times, in India these if the terra-cottas.4 this technique

feature

in later periods, and completely disappears with others be compared of Graeco-Buddhist dating Some more is to be maintained. archaic figurines from For Sari-Dheri instance,

must examples of the low theory made plays at Susa than the these r?le of

elaborate

has parallels II and at legs (Plate iv, II (Fig. 2, nos. 17-20) and also at Mohenjo-Daro Alishar no. (Fig. 3, 1). A very of flat idol which in great numbers at suggestive type appears Sari-Dheri recalls of the schematic iv, 2-4) Aegean (Plate figurines type I do not pretend to say that they are identical in all 3, nos. 2-3). (Fig. since the material and even the shapes a fuller discussion, demand respects, idols these curious to have a common which appear religious meaning, is obviously in the of case of the the which lower symbolical figurine part is in a the form of not from This is chance but by deliberate shaped triangle.5 for the examples are many, both in Sari-Dheri intention, 3, no. 4) and (Fig. in the archaic Sumerian levels of Mesopotamia Dr. Frankfort; (ib. 5-6). points found which The known it also out we to can me that similar (Plate on the at Tall Asmar observe flat figurines, show iv, 5-7) Sari-Dheri ornamented times dated the of the Isin-Larsa dotted Isin-Larsa period, decoration is well but

specimens. 1). This type

roughly case, a stand of ancient date, i.e. in one

are more

technique

of black

clay

triangle. with white-filled the Near

incisions

the iv, 8). Further, so common at Mohenjo-Daro7 the holes to fix ornaments nos. 3, 7-9), (Fig. 1 Man, 6 In Tall 160. Sept. 1935, Chagar Bazar, over the Samarra level 2 Dr. Mackay tells me that among the non(cf. British Museum Quarterly, 1936, no. 3, 121); in Ur, dated 3000 b.c. (at the British Museum, published material of Mohenjo-Daro this feature is nos. 1853-4); in the Cyclades (cf. C. C. Edgar, quite frequent. 3 I Excav. at Phylakopi, 187); in the early Cypriote gratefully acknowledge here, for this photoBronze Age (cf. Syria, 1932, pl. lxxvi); in the graph on pl. in, 8-9, as well as for pl. iv, Figs. 5-7, that Dr. Frankfort has authorized me to make use proto-historic levels of Knossos (cf. Sir A. Evans, of these before their publication by him. Palace of Minos, 1); &c. 4 Compare with Plate in, 7 'Many of the female 7 and Fig. 2, nos. figures wear a very distinctive head-dress, which rises fan-like from the 3-6, for the technique of the head-dress, which was presumably affixed separately, and with Fig. 2, back of the head (pl. xciv, 12 and 14 pl. xcv, 8, 26 no. 14, for the way of indicating the necklace by rows and 28). In some cases this head-dress appears to of incised dots. Note also the cone-like termination rise direct from the head (pl. xcv, 26).' E. Mackay, of the arms. p. 338, vol. 1 of Sir John Marshall, Mohenjo5 This Daro. This fan-like head-dress appears also on the triangle represents the pudenda region Chanhu-Daro figurine, Fig. 5, which bears a round emphasized. For these symbols of the fertility cult, cf. A. Ryedh, Symbolism in Mortuary Ceramics ornament hanging between the breasts like the (Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, archaic figurine from Sulai-Dheri (Peshawar DisStockholm, no. 1, no), and C. Hentze, Mythes et trict) in Bulletin des Mus?es Royaux d'Art et d'HisSymboles lunaires, p. 60. toire, March-April, 1936, Fig. 13.

during proto-historic at Sari-Dheri (Plate

all over

and we can see East,6 fan-like head-dress which is

SIMONE

CORBIAU

?. 2-3. 4. 5-6. 7-9. io. 11-12. 13-14. 15. 16-17. 18-19.

Ancient parallel to fig. 2, 17-20, from the Indus Valley (Marshall, loc. cit., pl. xcv, 4). Neolithic clay idol, Crete (Evans, Palace of Minos, fig. 12, Ia and ic). Schematic figurine, Sari-Dheri, found by Major Gordon (Gordon, J.R.A.I., 1932, 166, fig. 2 a). Marble idols of Cycladic type from Tall Asmar (5, from Frankfort, O.I.C., 19, 24, fig. 24 b; 6, ib., 27, fig. 28). Figurines from Mohenjo-daro wearing the 'fan-like head-dress' (Marshall, loc. cit., m, pl. xcv, figs. 7, 8, and 27). (These and No. 1, copyright, Govt. of India, by permission of Mr. Arthur Probsthain.) Terra-cotta head from Assur G, showing the head-dress perforated with holes (Andrae, loc. cit., pl. 52 m). Spindle-whorls from Sari-Dheri. Spindle-whorls from Knossos. (Evans, Palace of Minos, 1, fig. 10.) Spindle-whorl from Jamdat Nasr (Mackay, Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, pl. lxxiv, 9). Spindle-whorls from Sari-Dheri. Spindle-whorls from Anau III. (Pumpelly, Expl. in Turkestan, pl. 41, fig. 8).

NEW ib. from

FINDS and

IN the

THE archaic

INDUS treatment

VALLEY of the also exact Nasr face, give to that

10, Assur), (see a definitely non-Hellenistic terra-cotta so numerous The spindle-whorls, cultural tween on the the one connexions. Sari-Dheri hand (ib. Fig. finds 3, nos. and the and

appearance. in Sari-Dheri, show 11-12, 16-17, Knossos Anau and III Jamdat

to ancient point similitudes bespindle-whorls on the other

As Anau III material, the similarity (ib. 18-19). which are the terra-cotta torsos of many finds, iv, 9 from among (Plate in the and in Plate 41, Sari-Dheri, Pumpelly, Turkestan, figure given Expl. These connexions between the and the to which Indus, Anau, Aegean, fig. 8). the material are confirmed finds at points, by Dr. Mackay's in Sind, where the Harappa level has yielded the characteristic a type hitherto with a double ornamented unknown in India, hairpin spiral, and in the Cyclades.1 at Anau but well-known Chanhu-Daro Next well we have in the certain pottery Numerous the ceramic known of the a profile iv, 10), showing specimens (Plate and made of a deep-red Nasr period, of a grey polished sometimes fragments pottery, Jamdat in quantity at Sari-Dheri. in Mesopotamia, which Professor the Gordon who This primiis so characSari-Dheri

13-15), the regards

the

spindle-whorls we should note

polished turning tive fabric terized

ware. recalls

to a real black

hue, were found Uruk V stratum ware that even calls

by its carboniferous it is alien in Mesopotamia, makers'.2 Another pottery al-* Ubaid Fig. 4, no. Daro type and 1). (Fig. Cretan The

Incidentally, ceramic types

type Nasr and Mohenjojar-cover (Plate v, 2) is of the Jamdat no. 4, 2). I should like to lay stress archaic certain upon definitely I noticed which the collections of the Peshawar among

that Childe, noticing made it 'the people red-grey the v, 1) made of buff-coloured clay, shows (Plate of low squatting-pot with carinated shoulder (see

which to a very ancient in the district. of occupation Museum, point period Plate v, 3-4, is a vase shaped in the form of a woman, to and the best analogue it that I know comes from Assur G (Fig. I found the no. 4, top part 4). of a similar vase at Sari-Dheri v, 5). (head) by Dr. (Plate (Cf. one found at Chanhu-Daro at of hollow also broken Mackay 6), a piece (Fig. pottery a delicate part in technique. of decoration. E?nunna (ib. of the neck). It is studded This Plate v, 6, is a fragment of pottery very peculiar all over with pellets make a kind of clay, which ware is met also at Susa II (Fig. 4, no. 5), at

peculiar 6), and in Crete (ib, 7). use Plate v, 7, shows a most characteristic as no practical type of vessel, can explain its double both vessels have been found spout. Double-spouted in proto-dynastic and in Crete, and are one of the strongest Egypt arguments on which Sir Arthur the Evans relied to establish the correlation between Egyptian dating of chronological and the Cretan Peshawar connexions, finds.3 Hence and the case should like vases hold to add, good also for in I should these

the the

culture, that

double-spouted

appear

regarding also

1 Illustr. London News, Nov. 21, 1936, 909, fig. 9.

2 New Light on the Most Ancient East, 15. 3 Cf. Iraq, Spring 1936, 97-100.

SIMONE levels deepest may consider of Kis that

CORBIAU at Jamdat Nasr (ib. 9). some cultural purpose, I think since we

4, no. 8) and (Fig. had the double spout

it can

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Fig. 4 Painted pottery from Al-'Ubaid (Hall-Woolley, Al-Ubaid, pl. xlix, T.O., 518). Porphyry bowl from a prehistoric tomb of Isopata (Crete) (Evans, Palace of Minos, 1, 87, fig. 56). Jar-covers from Jamdat Nasr (Mackay, Exc. at Jemdet-Nasr, pl. lxvii, figs. 25-7). Anthropomorphic vase from Assur (Andrae, Die arch. Ischtar-T., 52, fig. 32). Similar ware in Susa, Susa II (period of Agade), Louvre Museum. Similar ware from Mesopotamia (Esnunna) (Frankfort, ///. Lond. News, Oct. 1, 1932, 505, fig. 7). Similar ware in Crete (Xanthoudides, Vaulted Tombs, pl. xxx, fig. 4982). Double-spouted vase from Kis ? (Langdon, J.R.A.I., 1930, pl. x, 1). Double-spouted vase from Jamdat-Nasr (Mackay, ib., pl. lxxvi, 3). The double-spouted vase engraved in a religious scene (Heinrich and Andrae, Fara, pl. 62 h). in the religious scene engraved belongs the io). The Palace of Minost i. 82-3. which, upon a cylinder according also to the Nasr Jamdat period

be detected to (ib.

'dress-length

criterium,'1

NEW

FINDS

IN

THE of the the

INDUS site, mound

VALLEY has most opportunely in order

9 pointed to get

the discoverer As Major Gordon, are the villagers out, destroying manure-earth of valuable to spread specimens

and upon their fields, The children lost in this way.

piecemeal, there must

be a large number what idols they gather

Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Prehistoric figurines from Chanhu-Daro (Fig. 5, N. G. Majumdar, Mem. Arch. Surv. Ind., 48, pl. xxi, i; Fig. 6, Mackay, ///. London News, Nov. 14, 1936, 863, fig. 18). and it or to dealers to foreigners can in order to sell them for a few annas, British The that the Boston Museum is probable some these. of acquired in the region to me lately that this clandestine have written officials digging will in a couple that probably at such a speed of years is going nothing with The to do is to excavate remain of the Dheri. Sari-Dheri only thing for before all have the briefest these remains precious disappeared delay, ever. The researches and to for the The the which I was able to carry on last of winter are due to the M. funds generosity disinterested enterprise purpose, more true a Belgian Maecenas, foresight was so hazardous that no official and the French than ever

Tournay-Solvay. be asked could donne deux fois'

proved of M. Tournay-Solvay modesty to state here what feel bound our small In show which Persia:

vite donne maxim: 'Qui the in the present case. Although I would not even let me publish his name, is due to him, and I am proud to say that, in

the rare species of Maecenas still exists. country Belgium, I may a glance add that at the conclusion, i) will map (Fig. Indian of the great is that this entrance the by strategic point plain and from have India Asia all invasions into from Central poured in historic the Mohammedan and the Afghan times, the Great, of Alexander the Achaemenian rule; the makers of the Indus and, migration, perhaps, all these, This the the invasions, to these, prior culture Valley

conquest the Aryan Of as well. to reveal for ethnology I feel hold, which we

traces.

are bound Pass and the adjoining Khyber valleys is indeed both a fruitful and thrilling field of research, and for archaeology. The 'Gates of India', as they are called, of the key to some of the problems for the solutions certain,

are searching.

io

SIMONE

CORBIAU

SUPPLEMENTARY

NOTE

A cylinder of the same type as the one identified in Iraq (Spring 1936) pp. 100-103, has come to light in India, during the recent excavations Monsieur at Mohenjo-Daro.1 I borrow Combaz reproduced from it in his synthetic Indian which seals,2 study upon

Fig. 5. Cylinder of Mohenjo-Daro. the accompanying figure (Fig. 5), and I am indebted to him for his courtesy in allowing me to reproduce the sketch. to find a cylinder seal in India/ writes Dr. Mackay, the excavator, Tt is interesting commercial or otherwise, with contemporary 'as it is an undoubted proof of connexions, Elam or Sumer* ; let us note that the fantastic monster with a reptilian body, engraved on the Indo-Sumerian is similar to that represented in the centre of this cylinder, example. Two cylinders, unluckily not found in regular excavations, may be seen in the Indian One recent date. are of Calcutta.3 Museum, represents a king worThey comparatively two while the god Marduk the tree Assur above monsters, magic protected by shipping in shape, is The other cylinder, stands on the other side of the tree. octagonal and was reported to have come from Taxila.4 Hellenistic S. CORBIAU. 1 The Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report for 1928-?, pl. xxvin, text p. 73. Published in 1933. 2 'Inde et M?sopotamie', Bulletin des Mus?es Royaux dyArt et d1Histoire*,November 1933, p. 133, fig. 12. 3 They belong to the Pearse's Collection of Engraved Gems, a private collection gathered in India in the latter half of the nineteenth century. 4 A.S.I., A.R., 1928-9, A. 136, pl. lv, nos. 1 and 3.

PLATE

1. Sari-Dheri, Western Mound. View taken from the road leading from Charsadda to Mardan.

?ft."?.?!**

, I.? ''Im 2. Sari-Dheri, Eastern Mound. View taken from the Western Mound. 3.Men are not allowed to dig upon the upper part of the Western Mound.

PLATE

II

.^ c ? rt ? O t_, w O --m 5 d?e CT? is ?: C-C w <? -O.?? > c o

7js

?-?

c o

-o c ? O ?* -o o

2 ce Is o -o

Si o ? -O

e W ? -s

-O

-T3-S ?3 ? CO

PLATE

III

1?2. Terra-cotta figurines from Sari-Dheri.

3. Feminine torso. 4. Decorated bead from SariDheri (Museum of Delhi). Published by the courtesy of the Archaeological Survey of India. 6?7. Figurines from Sari-Dheri: 6, devoid of head-dress and eyes; 7, back-view showing the head-dress technique, made of separate pellets of clay affixed.

5. Terra-cotta head from Sari-Dheri, showing the peculiar technique of the eyes.

8?9. Figurine from Khafaje (Jamdat Nasr period). Published by the courtesy of the Oriental Expedition of the University of Chicago.

PLATE

IV

2?4. 1. Roughly made figurine from Sari-Dheri.

Schematic figurines from Sari-Dheri.

5?7.

Flat figurines from Tall Asmar (Isin-Larsa period)

Black terra-cotta figurine from Sari-Dheri, ornamented with white-filled incisions.

9. Terra-cotta torso from Sari-Dheri.

10. Red polished vase from Sari-Dheri.

PLATE

1. Pottery type from Sari-Dheri.

2. Jar-cover from Sari-Dheri.

5. Head-part of an anthropomorphic vase from Sari-Dheri.

3?4. Front and side view of an anthropomorphic vase in the Peshawar Museum (published by the courtesy of the Archaeological Survey of India).

6. Fragment of studded pottery in the Peshawar Museum (published by the courtesy of the Archaeological Survey of India).

7. Double-spouted vase in the Peshawar Museum (published by the courtesy of the Archaeological Survey of India).