CHRISTINE MAE C. ALMENDRAL CHEA324L1/CH31FA1 GROUP NO.

5 EXPERIMENT NUMBER 5 EXTRACTION OBJECTIVE: To learn the principles and techniques involved in extraction. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS NEEDED: 1 cent o gram balance 1 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask 1 250 mL beaker 1 50 mL beaker 1 25 mL pipette 1 5 mL pipette 2 aspirator bulbs rack CHEMICALS/REAGENTS: 1% crystal violet, 1% benzoic acid, n- amyl alcohol, 0.05 N NaOH, phenolphthalein, distilled water, ether 1 stirring rod 1 separatory funnel 1 iron stand 1 burette clamp 1 base burette 1 10 mL graduated cylinder 1 set test tubes with

PROCEDURE: DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY OF EXTRACTION 1. Put 10 mL of 1% benzoic acid in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. 2. Titrate with 0.5 N NaOH. 3. Pipet 10 mL of the acid and place it into a separatory funnel. 4. Extract it with 10 mL of ether and shake thoroughly. 5. Drain the lower layer, this is the aqueous layer. Titrate it with 0.5 N NaOH solution. 6. Drain the upper layer into a bottle designated for ETHER EXTRACT. 7. Extract the acid solution using 5 mL of ether for two times. 8. Drain the aqueous layer and titrate it with 0.5 N NaOH. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

DATA AND RESULT: 10 mL acid Unextracted Extracted Once Extracted Twice Volume of NaOH 2.5 mL 1.8 mL 1.1 mL No. of grams of acid in aqueous layer 0.1525 g 0.1098 g 0.0671 g No. of grams of acid extracted 0 0.0427 0.0854

QUESTIONS: 1. Using a single extraction with 10 mL ether, how many grams of acid was extracted?

By using a single extraction, 0.0427 grams of benzoic acid was extracted.

2. Using two extractions with a total volume of 10 mL ether, how many grams of acid was extracted? By using double extraction, 0.0427 grams of benzoic acid was extracted. 3. Which extraction result to a greater efficiency, one or two extractions, using the same total volume of the solvent? Why? The two extractions using the same total volume of the solvent result to a greater efficiency because these results to a higher yield of solute. This is because several extractions using portion of the total volume will allow to obtain the same amount of extracted solute that is the same with the single extraction, so when the other portion of volume is used for extraction, there will be additional amount of extracted solute. 4. Calculate the distribution constant, using the given formula in the previous discussion. The distribution constant is 7.625. 5. Explain the principle involved in extraction. The principle involved in extraction is the equilibrium distribution of a solute between two immiscible phases, one of which is usually a solvent. The solvent need not be a pure liquid but may be a mixture of several solvents or a solution of some chemical reagent that will react with one or more components of the mixture being extracted to form a new substance soluble in the solution.

Equilibrium distribution states that if the solute X distributes itself between two immiscible solvents A & B at constant temperature & X is in the same molecular condition in both the solvents, then: concentration of X in A is divided by the Concentration of X in B which yields to distribution coefficient or partition coefficient. 6. Explain which method is more efficient: several extractions with small amount of solvents or one extraction with equal amount of solvent. Several extractions with small amount of solvent are more efficient than one extraction with equal amount of solvent as the result of our calculation implied. This is because in a single extraction, not all the solute will reside in the organic layer thus producing small amount of extracted solute. Several extractions are recommended to use in order to remove as much of the desired solute from the aqueous layer as possible. DISCUSSION: Extraction is the recovery of the substance from a mixture by bringing it into contact with a solvent, which dissolves the desired material. It is a convenient method for separating an organic substance from a mixture such as an aqueous reaction mixture. The extraction solvent is usually a volatile organic liquid that can be removed by evaporation after the desired component has been extracted. The extraction technique is based on the fact if the substance is insoluble to some extent in two immiscible liquids, it can be transferred from one layer to the other by the use of separatory funnel. Two liquid layers are formed, and the layer that has most of the desired product in it can be separated from the other. CONCLUSION:

I therefore conclude that extraction method obeyed the principle of equilibrium distribution because although the two layers are immiscible, they work together to separate and select the compounds that need to be extract. Because of that the ratio of distribution of solute in organic and aqueous phase at equilibrium is constant. Therefore, the more solute transferred to the aqueous layer, the larger the value of distribution constant. Larger amount of extracted solute will be obtained by using multiple volume extraction. This is because several extractions using portion of the total volume will allow to obtain the same amount of extracted solute that is the same with the single extraction, so when the other portion of volume is used for extraction, there will be additional amount of extracted solute.