chuyn n tp lp 9

Chuyn : Rt gn cc biu thc cha cn bc hai v cc bi ton

ph thng qua hot ng ngoi kha
a. L do chn ti :
Trong cng tc nng cao cht lng ca nh trng ni chung v ca mn ton
ni ring th cng tc dy ngoa kho, ph o l mt ni dung mang tnh thc
tin v c hiu qu cao nht.
iu ny c bit quan trng i vi hc sinh lp 9, kt qu tuyn sinh l
mt yu t nh gi cht lng ging dy c mt qu trnh t lp 6 n lp
9. iu ny khng ch nh gi ca cp trn m n cn gy c s nhn nhn
ca hc sinh, ph huynh hc sinh, cc cp chnh quyn i vi nh trng.
Sau y l nhng iu tra tng hp cc tuyn sinh cc nm trc chng
ti thy nhng ni dung trong chng trnh lp 9 gm:
Ni dung
Tuyn sinh cc nm hc
06 -
07
07 -
08
08-
09
09 -
10
10 -
11
11 -
12
Trc nghim x x 0 0 0 0
T lun:
Rt gn biu thc cha cn 0 x x x x x
Hm s bc nht 0 0 0 x x x
H phng trnh bc nht c cha tham
s
0 x x 0 0 0
H phng trnh bc nht c h s
bng ch
0 0 0 0 0 x
Phng trnh bc hai c h s bng s x x 0 x x 0
Phng trnh bc hai c h s cha
tham s
x 0 0 0 x x
H thc vi-t 0 0 x 0 x x
Gii bi ton bng cch lp phng
trnh, h phng trnh
0 0 x x 0 0
Tm hnh, chng minh hnh 0 0 0 x 0 0
CM lin quan t gic ni tip x x x x x x
Cm lin quan n cc yu t trong ng
trn (T.tuyn, p.gic, gc nt)
x x x x x x
Lin quan n ng dng, h thc l-
ng(tch, t s)
x x x x x x
Cc tr trong hnh hc x x x x 0 0
Bi ton nng cao (BT, PT v t, Pt GTT,
cc tr ..)
x x x x x x
1
chuyn n tp lp 9
Qua nhng iu tra trn chng ti thy loi bi ton rt gn biu thc cha
cn v cc bi ton ph l mt loi ton thng gp trong thi.
Tuy nhin loi bi ton ny l loi bi ton kh khng ch i vi hc sinh
trung bnh m ngay c hc sinh kh cng hay mc li trong qu trnh rt gn.
Trong nhng nm hc va qua chng ti cng thc hin cc chuyn
nh gii bi ton bng cch lp phng trnh, Bi ton cc tr trong hnh hc,
chng minh t gic ni tip. Trong nm hc ny chng ti chn ti ny
nghin cu thc hin nhm b sung cho b n tp hc sinh lp 9 ca nh tr-
ng.
b. Ni dung
I- Kin thc l thuyt lin quan n ti
1, Kin thc 6, 7, 8 quan trng cn nh.
a, Tnh cht v phn s (phn thc):
) 0 , 0 (
.
.
B M
B
A
M B
M A
b, Cc hng ng thc ng nh:
+) (A + B)
2
= A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
+) (A - B)
2
= A
2
- 2AB + B
2
+) A
2
- B
2
= (A B)(A + B)
+) (A + B)
3
= A
3
+ 3A
2
B + 3AB
2
+ B
3
+) (A - B)
3
= A
3
- 3A
2
B + 3AB
2
- B
3
+) A
3
+ B
3
=(A + B)(A
2
- AB + B
2
)
+) A
3
- B
3
=(A - B)(A
2
+ AB + B
2
)
2, Cc kin thc v cn bc hai
+) Nu a 0, x 0, a = x x
2
= a
+) A c ngha th A 0
+) A A
2
2
2
) . ( 0, 0)
) ( 0, 0)
( 0, 0)
AB A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
+
+
<
) ( , 0)
AB A
A B
B B
+ c ng du B
2
chuyn n tp lp 9
) ( 0, 0)
( )
) ( 0, 0, )
AB A
A B
B B
A A B C
B C B C
B C B C
+ >
+
t
m
2
2
( )
) ( 0, )
A A B C
B B C
B C B C
+
t
m
Lu : * C B V C B + c gi l lin hp ca nhau. Do M B
v M B + cng c gi l lin hp ca nhau.
II. CC BI TON RT GN:
1. Rt gn cc biu thc khng cha bin
1.1/Rt gn nh s dng hng ng thc A A
2
V d 1: Rt gn:
a)
2 2
) 8 ( ) 3 ( + ; b)
2
) 5 3 (
c)
2 2
) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 ( + d)
2 2
) 5 2 ( ) 3 5 ( +
Gii:
a)
2 2
( 3) ( 8) 3 8 3 8 11 + + +
b)
2
(3 5) 3 5 3 5
c)
( ) ( )
2 2
(1 2) (1 2) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 + + + + +
d)
2 2
( 5 3) (2 5) 5 3 2 5 5 3 2 5 1 + + + +
V d 2: Rt gn :
a) A= 3 2 4 b) B = ) 6 2 2 .( 3 8 14 + ;
c) C = 3 4 7 + 3 4 7 + d) D = 6 2 7 2 5
Gii:
a) A =
1 3 1 3 ) 1 3 ( 1 3 2 3
2
+
b) B = ) 6 2 2 .( 3 8 14 + = ) 6 2 2 ( 48 2 14 + = ) 6 8 .( 6 6 . 8 2 8 + +
= 2 6 8 ) 6 8 )( 6 8 ( ) 6 8 ( ) 6 8 (
2
+ +
c) C = 3 4 7 + 3 4 7 + =
2 2
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( 3 2 . 2 7 3 2 . 2 7 + + +
= 2- 3 + 2 + 3 = 4
d) D = 6 2 7 2 5
3
chuyn n tp lp 9

2
5 2 6 2 6 1 5 2 ( 6 1)
5 2( 6 1) 7 2 6
+

= 1 6 ) 1 6 (
2

V d 3: Rt gn A = 3 2 3 2 + +
Gii:
C
1
: Ta c:
2
A =
( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 + + + + + + + +

3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 + + + +
Suy ra A = 6
C
2
: Ta c: A
2
= 6 3 2 3 4 2 3 2 + + +
Do A > 0 nn A = 6
3. Bi tp:
Bi 1: Tnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
) 1 3 3 ) 2 3 1 3 a b + +
Bi 2: Tnh: 5 3 5 3 ) 7 4 7 4 ) 7 2 8 ) + + + c b a
Bai 3: Rt gn A = 3 12 21 1 3
Bi 4: Rt gn A = 6 2 2 2 3 2 6 + + +
1.2/ Rt gn vn dng cc quy tc khai ph ng, nhn chia cc cn bc
hai:
V d 1:Tnh
a) 56 . 14 b) 12 .
7
3
3 .
2
1
3 c)
4 7. 4 7 +
Gii:
a) 56 . 14 = 28 2 . 14 4 . 14 4 . 14 4 . 14 . 14 56 . 14
2 2

b) 12 12 12 .
7
24
.
2
7
12 .
7
24
.
2
7
12 .
7
3
3 .
2
1
3
2

c)
( ) ( )
4 7. 4 7 4 7 4 7 16 7 9 3 + +
V d 2: Rt gn: ) 5 20 80 ) 3 12 3 2. 24 a b + + +
Gii:
4
chuyn n tp lp 9

) 5 20 80 5 2 5 4 5 (1 2 4) 5 5
) 3 12 3 2. 24 3 2 3 3.2.2. 3 (1 2 12) 3 15 3
a
b
+ + +
+ + + + + +
Bi tp:
Bi 1 : Tnh: a) 75 . 12 b)
25
36
.
25
24
1 .
9
7
2 c)
4 , 6 . 90 ) ; 25 . 04 , 0 d

e)
9 17. 9 17 +
Bi 2: Rt gn:
a) 48 3 5 12 + b) 45 3 20 5 5 +
c) 18 5 8 4 32 2 + d) 48 5 27 4 12 3 +
e) 27 75 12 + f) 162 2 7 18 2 +
1.3/ Rt gn biu thc cha cn thc bc hai mu vn dng trc cn
thc mu bng ph ng php nhn lin hp.
V d 1: Trc cn mu cc biu thc sau
a)
2 3
1

b)
3 2
1
+
c)
2 1
1

d)
3 1
1
3 1
1
+

Gii:
1 3 2 3 2
) 1;
3 2 3 2 ( 3 2)( 3 2)
1 2 3
) 2 3
4 3 2 3
1 1 2
) (1 2)
1 2 1 2
a
b
c
+ +

+
+
+

+
+

d)
3 1
1
3 1
1
+

=
2
) 3 1 ( 3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
) 3 1 )( 3 1 (
3 1
) 3 1 )( 3 1 (
3 1

+
+
= 3
2
3 2
2
3 1 3 1

+ +
V d 2: Trc cn mu: a)
7 11
)
5 3 2 2 3 1
b
+
Gii:
a)
( )
( )
( )
7 5 3 2 7 5 3 2
7
5 3 2
25 18 5 3 2
(5 3 2) 5 3 2
+ +
+

+
b)
( )
( )
( )
11 2 3 1 11 2 3 1
11
2 3 1
12 1 2 3 1
(2 3 1) 2 3 1


+
+
5
chuyn n tp lp 9
V d 3: Rt gn:
A =
2 3
3 2
: 4
3 5
2
3 5
2

,
_

Bi tp: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:

a)
1
3
2 3

b)
2 2
3 1 3 1

+
c)
3 3
3 1 1 3 1 1

+ + +
d)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9
+ + +

1.4/ Rt gn biu thc cha cn thc bc hai mu nh phn tch
thnh nhn t:
V d 1: Rt gn cc biu thc:
a)
3 3
3 1

b)
3 6 2 8
1 2 1 2
+

+
c)
3 3 3 3
2 . 2
3 1 3 1
_ _
+
+


+
, ,
d)
5 7 5 11 11
5 1 11
+ +
+
+
Gii:
a)
( )
3 3 1
3 3
3
3 1 3 1

b)
( ) ( )
3 1 2 2 1 2
3 6 2 8
3 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
+
+

+ +
c)
( ) ( )
3 3 1 3 3 1
3 3 3 3
2 . 2 2 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
_ _
+
_ _
+

+ +



+ +
, ,
, ,

( ) ( )
2 3 . 2 3 4 3 1 +
d)
( ) ( )
5 5 7 11 11 1
5 7 5 11 11
5 7 11
5 1 11 5 11 1
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
Bi tp: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a)
15 12
5 2

b)
5 5 10
5 1 5

c)
5 5 5 5
1 . 1
5 1 5 1
_ _
+
+


+
, ,
d)
2 3 2 5 5
2 1 5
+
+
+
2. Rt gn cc biu thc cha bin v cc bi ton ph:
2.1/CC BC THC HIN:
6
chuyn n tp lp 9
Tm KX ca biu thc (Nu bi ton cha cho)(Phn tch mu thnh nhn t,
tm iu kin cn c ngha, cc nhn t mu khc 0 v phn chia khc
0)
Phn tch t v mu thnh nhn t (ri rt gn nu c).
Quy ng, gm cc bc:
+ Chn mu chung : l tch cc nhn t chung v ring, mi nhn t ly s m
ln nht.
+ Tm nhn t ph: ly mu chung chia cho tng mu c nhn t ph tng
ng.
+ Nhn nhn t ph vi t Gi nguyn mu chung.
B ngoc: bng cch nhn a thc hoc dng hng ng thc.
Thu gn: l cng tr cc hng t ng dng.
Phn tch t thnh nhn t (mu gi nguyn).
Rt gn.
Ch : Trong mi bi ton rt gn thng c cc bi ton ph: tnh gi tr biu
thc khi cho gi tr ca n; tm iu kin ca bin biu thc ln hn (nh
hn) mt s no ; tm gi tr ca bin biu thc c gi tr nguyn; tm
gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca biu thc...do vy ta phi p dng cc phng php
gii tng ng, thch hp cho tng loi ton.
2.2/ Cc v d:
V d 1: Cho biu thc:
a a a 2 a
A 1 : 1
a 1 a 2
_ _
+
+

+
, ,
a) Tm KX, rt gn A
Bi gii: KX:
0
1 0
a
a

'

0
1
a
a

'

Ta c:

a a a 2 a a( a 1) a( a 2)
A 1 : 1 1 : 1
a 1 a 2 a 1 a 2
_ _ 1 1
+ +
+ +
1 1
+ +
, , ] ]

( 1) : ( 1) a a +
Vy A =
1
1
a
a
+

b) Tm a A = 5 (Dng bi ton ph th nht).

Ph ng php: Thay A bi biu thc va rt gn c vo v gii phng trnh:
7
chuyn n tp lp 9

1
5
1
a
a
+

1 5( 1) 1 5 5 4 6 a a a a a + +

3 9
2 4
a a (TMK)
Vy vi a =
9
4
th A = 5.
c) Tnh gi tr ca A khi a = 3 + 2
2
(Dng bi ton ph th hai).
Ph ng php: Thay gi tr ca bin vo biu thc va rt gn c ri thc hin
cc php tnh (Lu : C th tnh gi tr a ri thay vo).
Ta c:
2 2 2
2 2 2 1 ( 2) 2. 2.1 1 ( 2 1) a + + + + +
Suy ra
2 1 2 1 a + +
. Do thay vo biu thc A ta c:
A =
2 1 1 2 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
+ + +
+
+

d) Tm gi tr a nguyn A nhn gi tr nguyn (Dng bi ton ph th ba).
Ph ng php: Chia t cho mu, tm a mu l c ca phn d (mt s), ch
iu kin xc nh.
Ta c: A =
1
1
a
a
+

= 1 +
2
1 a
A nguyn th
2
1 a
nguyn, suy ra 1 a l c ca 2

1 1
0
1 1
4
1 2
9
1 2
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

(TMK).
Vy a = 0; 4; 9 th A c gi tr nguyn.
e) Tm a A < 1 (Dng bi ton ph th t).
Ph ng php: Chuyn v v thu gn a v dng
M
N
< 0 (hoc
M
N
> 0) trong
da vo iu kin ban u ta bit c M hoc N dng hay m, t
d dng tm c iu kin ca bin.
1
1
a
a
+

< 1

1
1
a
a
+

- 1 < 0

1 1
1
a a
a
+ +

< 0

2
1 a
< 0

1 a < 0

a
<1. Kt hp iu kin ban u, suy ra 0 a < 1.
V d 2: Cho biu thc
x 2 1
A ( ) :
x 1 x x x 1
+

8
chuyn n tp lp 9
a) Tm iu kin xc nh, Rt gn A
b) Tm gi tr nh nht ca A.
Bi gii: a) KX x > 0; x 1.
Rt gn
x 2 1 x 2 1
A ( ) : ( ) :
x 1 x x x 1 x 1 x 1
x( x 1)
+ +

2
( x) 2 x 1 (x 2)( x 1) x 2
A .
1 x( x 1) x( x 1) x
+ + +


b)Tm gi tr nh nht ca A (Dng bi ton ph th nm).
Ph ng php: Da vo iu kin ban u v cc bt ng thc.
Ta c A=
x 2 2
x 2 2
x x
+
+ (BT Csi cho hai s dng)
min
2
A 2 2 x x 2
x
(TMK)
Vy A
min
= 2
2
x 2 .
V d 3: ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2003-2004)
Cho biu thc
1 1 1
A . 1
x 1 x 1 x
_ _
+ +

+ , ,
a) Tm KX, v rt gn A.
b)Tm gi tr ca x
A A. >
Bi gii: a) KX x > 0; x 1 .
( ) ( )
1 1 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
A . 1 .
x 1 x 1 x x
x 1 x 1
+ + + _ _
+ +

+ , , +
=
( )
( ) ( )
2 x x 1
2
A
x 1
x 1 x 1 x
+

+
b)
2
A A 0 A 1 0 1.
x 1
> < < < <

( )
2
)0 x 1 0 x 1 1
x 1
2 2 x 3
) 1 1 0 0
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ < > >

+ < > >

x 3 0
x 1 0

>

'
>

(v x > 1) x 9 > . Vy x > 9 th

A A >
.
9
chuyn n tp lp 9
V d 4: ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2001-2002)
Cho biu thc
x 2 x 1
A
x 1 x x

a) Tm KX, rt gn biu thc A
b) Vi gi tr no ca x th A A >
Bi gii: a) KX x > 0; x 1 .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
x 2 x 1 x 1
x 2 x 1 x 1
A
x 1 x
x x 1 x x 1 x x 1
+

b)
x 1
A A A 0 0 x 1 0
x

> < < < (v

x 0 >
)
x 1 x 1 < <
. Kt hp vi iu kin xc nh 0 < x <1 th A A > .
V d 5: ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2004-2005)
Cho biu thc:
1 1
P 1 .
x 1 x x
_
+

,
a) Tm KX v rt gn P
b) Tm x P.
( )
2
5 2 6. x 1 x 2005 2 3. + + +
Bi gii:
a) KX: x > 0; x 1 :
( )
1 1 x 1
P 1 .
x 1 x x x 1
x x 1
_
_

+


,
,

( )
2
1
P
x 1

b)
( )
2
P. 5 2 6. x 1 x 2005 2 3 + + +
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
. 2 3 . x 1 x 2005 2 3
x 1
+ + +

2 3 x 2005 2 3 + + +
x 2005 (TMK)
Vy x = 2005 th P.
( )
2
5 2 6 x 1 x 2005 2 3 + + +
2.3/ Bi tp t ng t:
Bi 1. ( thi tt nghip nm 2002-2003)
Cho biu thc
1 1 3
A :
x 3 x 3 x 3
_


+ ,
a) Tm iu kin xc nh, rt gn biu thc A
10
chuyn n tp lp 9
b) Vi gi tr no ca x th A >
1
3
c) Tm x A t gi tr ln nht.
Bi 2. ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2008-2009)
Cho biu thc
3 1 1
P :
1 x x 1 x 1
_
+

+ + ,
a) Nu iu kin xc nh v rt gn biu thc P
b) Tm cc gi tr ca x P =
5
4
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: M
x 12 1
.
P x 1
+

Bi 3. Cho biu thc:

2 x x 3x 3 2 x 2
D 1
x 9 x 3 x 3 x 3
_ _
+
+

+
, ,
a) Tm KX, rt gn biu thc
b) Tm x D < -
1
2
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca D
Bi 4. Cho biu thc:
a 2 a a a
P 1 : 1
a 2 a 1
_ _
+
+

+
, ,
a) Tm KX, rt gn P
b) Tm a Z P nhn gi tr nguyn.
Bi 5. Cho biu thc
( ) ( )
1 1
B
2 x 3 1 2 x 3 1

+ + +
a) Tm x B c ngha v rt gn B.
b) Tm x nguyn B nhn gi tr nguyn.
Bi 6. Cho biu thc
( )
2
2 x 1 x x 2x x
P
x x 1 x x 1
+
+
+ +
a) Tm KX, rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
c) Tm x biu thc
2 x
Q
P

nhn gi tr nguyn.
Bi 7. ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2006-2007)
Cho biu thc:
( )
2
1 1 x 1
P :
x x 1 x
1 x
+ _
+

,

11
chuyn n tp lp 9
a) Tm KX v rt gn P b) Tm x P > 0
Bi 8. Cho biu thc
1 1 a 1 a 2
P :
a 1 a a 2 a 1
_
+ + _




,
,
a) Tm KX, rt gp P
b) Tm gi tr ca a P > 0
Bi 9. Cho biu thc
( )
2
1 x x 2 x 2
P .
2 x 1 x 2 x 1
_ +


+ +
,
a) Tm KX, rt gn P
b) Tm x P <
1
2
Bi 10. Cho biu thc:
x 3 6 x 4
P
x 1 x 1 x 1

+
+
a) Tm KX, rt gn P.
b) Tm x P <
1
2
.
Bi 11. ( thi vo lp 10 nm hc 2007-2008)
Cho biu thc
x 1 1
A :
x 1 x x x 1
_



,
a) Tm KX v rt gn A
b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x sao cho A < 0
Bi 12. Cho biu thc:
1 1 1
P 1
1 a 1 a a
_ _
+

+
, ,
vi a > 0 v a 1.
a) Rt gn biu thc P.
b) Vi nhng gi tr no ca a th P >
1
2
.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 THPT tnh H Tnh - Nm hc 2011 - 2012)
Bi 13. Cho biu thc : A =
2
1
x x x
x x x

vi ( x > 0 v x 1)
1) Rt gn biu thc A.
2) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc khi
3 2 2 x +
Bi 14. Cho biu thc : P =
4 4 4
2 2
a a a
a a
+ +
+
+
( Vi a 0 ; a 4 )
1) Rt gn biu thc P.
2) Tm gi tr ca a sao cho P = a + 1.
12
chuyn n tp lp 9
Bi 15. Cho biu thc : A =
1 2
1 1
x x x x
x x
+ +
+
+
1) Tm KX v rt gn biu thc A
2) Vi gi tr no ca x th A < -1
Bi 16. Cho biu thc : A = (1 )(1 )
1 1
x x x x
x x
+
+
+
(Vi
0; 1 x x
)
a) Rt gn A
b) Tm x A = - 1
Bi 17. Cho biu thc : B =
x
x
x x

+
+

1
2 2
1
2 2
1

a) Tm KX v rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tnh gi tr ca B vi x = 3
c) Tnh gi tr ca x
2
1
A
Bi 18. Cho biu thc : P =
x
x
x
x
x
x

+
+
+
+

+
4
5 2
2
2
2
1
a) Tm TX ri rt gn P
b) Tm x P = 2
Bi 19. Cho biu thc : Q = ( )
1
2
2
1
( : )
1
1
1

a
a
a
a
a a
a) Tm TX ri rt gn Q.
b) Tm a Q dng.
c) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc khi a = 9 - 4 5
Bi 20. Cho biu thc : M =

,
_

,
_

1 1 2
1
2
a
a a
a
a a
a
a

a) Tm TX ri rt gn M
b) Tm gi tr ca a M = - 4.
C. Kt lun:
Trn y l mt trong nhng chuyn dy ngoi kha cho hc sinh lp 9
m trong nhng nm gn y, t ton trng THCS K phng thc hin. Khi
a chuyn ny vo thc tin, chng ti thy rt c hiu qu. Chnh v vy
chng ti mnh dn a chuyn ny bo co trc tp th gio vin cm vng
trong.
Tuy nhin trong chuyn khng trnh khi nhng hn ch thiu st, rt
mong nhn c s gp ca bn b ng nghip.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
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