Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Types of Relay
Latching Relay. Reed Relay. Polarized Relay. Buchholz Relay. Overload Protection Relay. Machine Tool Relay. Contactor Relay. Solid State Relay. Solid State Contactor Relay.

Distance Relay A distance relay essentially looks at the impedance of the circuit to be protected. When a fault occurs the impedance of the circuit will change. It then calculates this new impedance to determine where the fault has occurred. By knowing where the fault is it can trip appropriate CB's to isolate the faulted section. Differential Relay The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in side the differential protection zone of transformer. Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.

Restricted Earth Fault Relay Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical power transformer are connected together. In Restricted Earth Fault scheme the common terminals of phase CTs are connected to the secondary of Neutral CT in such a manner that secondary unbalance current of phase CTs and the secondary current of Neutral CT will oppose each other. If these both electric currents are equal in amplitude there will not be any resultant current circulate through the said close path. The Restricted Earth Fault Relay is connected in this close path. Hence the relay will not response even there is an unbalancing in phase current of the power transformer.

Step Reduction
When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current will enter the earth. Based on the distribution of varying resistivity in the soil (typically, a horizontally layered soil is assumed) a corresponding voltage distribution will occur. The voltage drop in the soil surrounding the grounding system can present hazards for personnel standing in the vicinity of the grounding system. Personnel stepping in the direction of the voltage gradient could be subjected to hazardous voltages.

In the case of Step Potentials or step voltage, electricity will flow if a difference in potential exists between the two legs of a person. Calculations must be performed that determine how great the tolerable step potentials are and then compare those results to the step voltages expected to occur at the site.

Touch Reduction
When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current will pass through any metallic object and enter the earth. Those personnel touching an object in the vicinity of the GPR will be subjected to these touch voltages which may be hazardous.

For example if a person happens to be touching a high-voltage tower leg when a fault occurs, the electricity would travel down the tower leg into the persons hand and through vital organs of the body. It would then continue on its path and exit out through the feet and into the earth. Careful analysis is required to determine the acceptable Fibrillation Currents that can be withstood by the body if a fault were to occur.

Star Connection

Eline = Iline = Iphase

Ephase

Delta Connection

Eline = Ephase Iline = Iphase

Assignment
Submitted to:
Sir Ehsan Elahi

Submitted by:
Muhammad Zain

500 KV Gatti Grid Station Faisalabad