Religion

Main article: Religion in China Freedom of religion is guaranteed by China's constitution, although religious organizations which lack official approval can be subject to state persecution. [234][422] An accurate estimate of the number of religious adherents is hard to obtain because of a lack of official data, but there is a general consensus that religious belief has been enjoying a resurgence in China since the late 1980s. [423] A 1998 survey reported by Adherents.com found that 59% (over 700 million) of the population was non-religious. [424] A later survey, conducted in 2007, found that there were 300 million religious believers in China, constituting 23% of the population, as distinct from the official figure of 100 million. [423] Over the millennia, the Chinese civilization has been influenced by various religious movements, including local folk

The Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai is the initial site of the Tiantai branch of Chinese Buddhism, originally built in 598 AD during the Sui Dynasty.

religions, Taoism, Buddhism,Christianity, Shamanism, Islam, Manicheism, Zoroastrianism and numerous new religions. Of these, Taoism and Buddhism have had the greatest impact in shaping Chinese culture. Taoism is the most notable Chinese indigenous religion, while Buddhism spread to China from India in the 1st century CE. [425] Christianity and Islam first gained a significance presence in China in medieval times. [426][427] Today, local folk religions are dominant in terms of adherents, being practiced by over 30% of the Chinese population; these religions commonly overlap with Taoist practices. [428] Buddhism is practiced by between 10.85% [428] and 18% of Chinese. [429][430][431] Christianity is practiced by between 3.2% [428][430][431][432] and 5% [433] of the population, while Islam accounts for around 2%. [434] Some of the ethnic minorities of China practice unique ethnic religions Dongbaism is the traditional religion of the Nakhi people, Moism that of theZhuang people, and Ruism that of the Qiang people. The traditional indigenous religion of Tibet is Bn, while most of Tibetans follow Tibetan Buddhism, a form of Vajrayana. However, Tibetan Buddhism has also spread to other areas of China, and has been adopted by many Han Chinese. [435] Mahayana Buddhism (Dacheng) and its subsets Pure Land (Amidism), Tiantai and Chn (better known in English by its Japanese pronunciation Zen) are the most widely practiced denominations of Buddhism. Theravada is practiced largely by ethnic minorities along the southern geographic fringes of the Chinese mainland. [436]

Culture
Main articles: Culture of the People's Republic of China and Chinese culture Since ancient times, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism and conservative philosophies. For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious Imperial examinations, which were instituted in 605 AD to help the Emperor select skilful bureaucrats. [437] The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that calligraphy, poetry and painting were higher forms of art than dancing or

drama. Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective. [24] Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of New Confucians have claimed that modern democratic ideals and human rights are compatible with traditional Confucian values. [438]

A traditional Beijing opera being performed.

The first leaders of the People's Republic of China were born into the traditional imperial order, but were influenced by the May Fourth Movement and reformist ideals. They sought to change some traditional aspects of Chinese culture, such as rural land tenure, sexism, and the Confucian system of education, while preserving others, such as the family Beijing's Forbidden City, showing structure and culture of obedience to the state. Some observers see the itsclassical Chinese architectural style. period following the establishment of the PRC in 1949 as a continuation of traditional Chinese dynastic history, while others claim that the Communist Party's rule has damaged the foundations of Chinese culture, especially through political movements such as the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, where many aspects of traditional culture were destroyed, having been denounced as "regressive and harmful' or 'vestiges of feudalism'. Many important aspects of traditional Chinese morals and culture, such as Confucianism, art, literature, and performing arts like Peking opera, [439] were altered to conform to government policies and propaganda at the time. Today, the Chinese government has accepted numerous elements of traditional Chinese culture as being integral to Chinese society. With the rise ofChinese nationalism and the end of the Cultural Revolution, various forms of traditional Chinese art, literature, music, film, fashion and architecture have seen a vigorous revival, [440][441] and folk and variety art in particular have sparked interest nationally and even worldwide. [442] Only 34 foreign films a year are allowed to be shown in Chinese cinemas. [443] China is now the third-most-visited country in the world, with 55.7 million inbound international visitors in 2010. [444] It also experiences an enormous volume of domestic tourism; an estimated 740 million Chinese holidaymakers travelled within the country in October 2012 alone. [445]

Cuisine
Main article: Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine is highly diverse, drawing on several millennia of culinary history. The dynastic emperors of ancient China were known to host banquets with over 100 dishes served at a time, [446] employing countless imperial kitchen staff and concubines to prepare the food. Such royal dishes gradually became a part of wider Chinese culture. China's staple food is rice, but the country is also well known for its meat dishes. Spices are central to Chinese cuisine. Numerous foreign offshoots of Chinese food, such as Hong Kong cuisine and American Chinese food, have emerged in the various nations which play host to the Chinese diaspora.

Traditional Chinese food in Tianjin, including dumpling and guobacai.

Sports
Main articles: Sport in the People's Republic of China and China at the Olympics China has one of the oldest sporting cultures in the world. There is evidence that a form of association football was played in China around 1000 AD. [447]Today, some of the most popular sports in the country include martial arts, basketball, football, table tennis, badminton, swimming and snooker. Board games such as go (known as weiqi in China), xiangqi, and more recently chess, are also played at a professional level. [448] Physical fitness is widely emphasized in Chinese culture, with morning exercises such as qigong and t'ai chi ch'uan widely practised, [449] and commercial gyms and fitness clubs rapidly gaining popularity in the country. [450] Young people in China are also keen on football and basketball, especially in urban centers with limited space and grass areas.

Dragon boat racing, a popular traditional Chinese sport.

basketball, especially in urban centers with limited space and grass areas. The American National Basketball Association has a huge following among Chinese youths, with ethnic Chinese players such as Yao Ming being held in high esteem. [451] In addition, China is home to a huge number of cyclists, with an estimated 470 million bicycles as of 2012. [368] Many more traditional sports, such as dragon boat racing, Mongolian-style wrestling and horse racingare also popular. [452] China has participated in the Olympic Games since 1932, although it has only participated as the PRC since 1952. China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where its athletes received 51 gold medals the highest number of gold medals of any participating nation that year. [453] China also won the most medals of any nation at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, with 231 overall, including 95 gold medals. [454][455] China will host the 2013 East Asian Games in Tianjin and the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing.

See also
Outline of China Index of China-related articles International rankings of China
China portal People's Republic of China portal Asia portal

Footnotes
a. ^ Or (previously) "Peking". b. ^ Ethnic minorities that are recognized officially. c. ^ Xi Jinping holds four concurrent positions: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission for both state and party.[5] d. ^ The area given is the official United Nations figure for the mainland and expressly excludes Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.[6] It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),Aksai Chin 37,244 km2 (14,380 sq mi) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km2 (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopdia Britannica.[7] For further information, see Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China. e. ^ Except Hong Kong and Macau. f. ^ The total area ranking relative to the United States depends on the measurement of the total areas of China and the United States. See List of countries and outlying territories by area for more information.

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