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KHOA IN IN T
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN Ngy Thng Nm 2012 Gio Vin Hng Dn
ON VN TUN
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN Ngy Thng Nm 2012 Gio Vin Phn Bin
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MC LC
LI NI U
Ngy nay th gii bc vo mt cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut trong mi lnh vc. Con ngi bit ng dng khoa hc k thut vo sn xut nng cao nng sut cht lng rt ngn thi gian sn xut. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh vi in t pht trin. s ra i ca cc vi mch vi u im nh gn dung lng ln, cc ln vi gi thnh hp vi kh nng ca ngi s dng... mang li nhng thay i su sc cho ngnh k thut in t. Mch s v ang thm nhp vo tt c cc thit b in t thng dng v chuyn dng. S pht trin hi h ca nn i cng nghip nn s cnh tranh ca cc mt hng trn th trng din ra cng mnh. Do chng em chn ti mn hc l THIT K, CH TO THIT B IU KHIN NG C IN MT CHIU T XA nhm phc v cho thc t ca i sng.
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c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy ON VN TUN chng em thc hin ti ca mnh vi tnh nng nh yu cu ca th trng. Cng vi s n lc ca bn thn nhng do thi gian, kin thc v kinh nghim cn hn hp nn s khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Chng em rt mong c s gip v tham kho kin ca thy c cng cc bn nhm ng gp pht trin thm ti.
NHIM V CA TI
N MN HC
Kho hc Ngnh hc Lp : 2009-2013 : in t cng nghip. : -TK7.2
TN TI : THIT K, CH TO THIT B IU KHIN NG C IN MT CHIU T XA. I. D liu cho trc: PIC 16F877A, cc linh kin cn thit lin quan. H thng c th iu khin c cc ng c c cng sut <=60W, in p <=24VDC.
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Thao tc iu khin bao gm o chiu, tng gim tc bng k thut iu ch rng xung (PWM). Remote c cc phm nhn iu khin vic o chiu, tng gim tc t xa. H thng c cch ly v in gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc m bo chng nhiu cho b iu khin. Cc ti liu, xng thc hnh, vt dng h tr lin quan. Bn bo co v tin thc hin cc cng vic theo tng tun, tng thng. Thuyt minh ti (Phn tch yu cu, trnh by cc gii php thc hin, c s l thuyt, qu trnh thit k v thi cng mch, hng pht trin v phm vi ng dng ca ti). Cc bn v thit k cho tng khi, cho ton b module. Sn phm phi hot ng tt, m bo tnh k thut, m thut, p ng ng cc yu cu ca gio vin hng dn. Nhm SV thc hin 1. Mai Vn Ha 2. V Trng Hng 3. Nguyn Xun Thip ---------------------Gio vin hng dn: Ngy giao ti : /../2012 Ngy hon thnh : ../../2012 -----------------
ON VN TUN
Np thuyt minh v hon thnh sn phm ng thi gian quy nh.
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TNG THIT K
Thit k ng c mt chiu c chc nng thc hin cc yu cu iu khin o chiu v iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu.
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Cc yu cu : iu khin ng c DC t xa iu chnh tc ng c DC bng phng php PWM Mch c h thng c cch ly v in gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc m bo chng nhiu cho b iu khin nn ta s dng IC opto cch ly quang. iu khin chnh xc, tin cy v n nh. Thit k n gin
Phng n thc hin a ra tng thit k Thit k phn cng bao gm :mch iu khin, mch cng sut,thit b iu khin t xa. Xc nh ni dung cn thc hin. V lu thut ton v vit chng trnh diu khin ng c. Cn chnh li ph hp vi thc t
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1.1.1 in tr
-Khi nim v in tr. in tr :in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng ln. -Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt linh kin quan trng, chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in tr c tr s khc nhau.
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in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t 0,125W n 0,5W in tr cng sut : L cc in tr c cng sut ln hn t 1W, 2W, 5W, 10W. in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in tr cng sut , in tr ny c v bc s, khi hot ng chng to nhit.
1.1.3 T in - Cu to ca t in : Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi. Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v t in cng c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.
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- in dung n v v k hiu ca t in * in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca t in, in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gia hai bn cc theo cng thc :
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C=.S/d
Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F) : L hng s in mi ca lp cch in. d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca t in.
* n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F), 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh MicroFara (F), NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF).
1 Fara = 1.000.000 Fara = 1.000.000.000 n F = 1.000.000.000.000 p F 1 Fara = 1.000 n Fara 1 n Fara = 1.000 p Fara
* K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor) K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l. Phn loi t in T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc ) Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.
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T ho ( T c phn cc ) T ho l t c phn cc m dng, t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F, t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh tr..
Hnh 1.10: T ho L t c phn cc m dng. T xoay T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng c lp trong Radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i.
1.1.4 Diode
Diode (i t) Bn dn
Tip gip P N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn. Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N, nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im: Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.
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Hnh 1.11: Mi tip xc P N => Cu to ca Diode . - hnh trn l mi tip xc P N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.
Hnh 1.12: K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn. - ng dng ca Diode bn dn . * Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch ghim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng. Trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode c dng .
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Cc loi Diode
- Diode Zener * Cu to: Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.
Hnh 1.14: Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz ) khng i. - Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode )
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Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P N, dng in ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode. - Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED ) Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n 20mA Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in . vv Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung ) Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc t vo Diode. - Diode xung Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s cao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th thay th vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn diode thng nhiu ln.V c im, hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t nt hoc nh du bng hai vng
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Diode tch sng. L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P N ti mt im trnh in dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn dng tch sng tn hiu. Diode nn in. L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.
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Hnh 1.19 l s khi ca PIC 16F877A, gm cc khi: Khi ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit. Khi b nh cha chng trnh Flash Program Memory.
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Khi b nh cha d liu EPROM Data EPROM. Khi b nh file thanh ghi RAM RAM file Register. Khi gii m lnh v iu khin Instruction Decode Control. Khi thanh ghi c bit. Khi ngoi vi timer. Khi giao tip ni tip. Khi chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s - ADC. Khi cc port xut nhp.1.4 IC Opto (loi PC817C ).
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clock.
Chn (1) c 2 chc nng : ng vo reset tch cc mc thp. Vpp: ng vo nhn in p lp trnh khi lp trnh cho PIC. Chn RA0/AN0(2), RA1/AN1(3), RA2/AN2(3): c 2 chc nng Chn RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF+(4): xut nhp s/ ng vo tng t ca
knh th 2/ nh vo in p chun thp ca b AD/ ng vo in p chn cao ca b AD. ICSP. Chn RB7/PGD(40): xut nhp s/ mch g ri v d liu lp trnh ICSP. Chn RC0/T1OCO/T1CKI(15): xut nhp s/ ng vo b giao ng Chn RC1/T1OSI/CCP2(16) : xut nhp s/ ng vo b dao ng Timer 1/ Chn RA3/AN3/VREF+(5): xut nhp s/ ng vo tng t knh 3/ ng Chn RA4/TOCK1/C1OUT(6): xut nhp s/ ng vo xung clock bn Chn RA5/AN4/ / C2OUT(7): xut nhp s/ ng vo tng t knh 4/ ng Chn RB0/INT (33): xut nhp s/ ng vo tn hiu ngt ngoi. Chn RB1(34), RB2(35): xut nhp s. Chn RB3/PGM(36): xut nhp s/ cho php lp trnh in p thp ICSP. Chn RB4(37), RB5(38): xut nhp s. Chn RB6/PGC(39): xut nhp s/ mch g ri v xung clock lp trnh vo in p chun (cao) ca b AD. ngoi cho Timer 0/ ng ra b so snh 1. vo chn la SPI ph/ ng ra b so snh 2.
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I2C. I2C.
Chn RC2/CCP1(17): xut nhp s/ ng vo Capture1 ,ng ra compare1, Chn RC3/SCK/SCL(18): xut nhp s/ ng vo xung clock ni tip ng
ng ra PWM1. b, ng ra ch SPI./ ng vo xung clock ni tip ng b, ng ra ca ch Chn RC4/SDI/SDA(23): xut nhp s/ d liu vo SPI/ xut nhp d liu Chn RC5/SDO(24): xut nhp s/ d liu ra SPI. Chn RC6/TX/CK(25): xut nhp s/ truyn bt ng b USART/ xung Chn RC7/RX/DT(26): xut nhp s/ nhn bt ng b USART. Chn RD0-7/PSP0-7(19-30): xut nhp s/ d liu port song song. Chn RE0/ /AN5(8): xut nhp s/ iu khin port song song/ ng vo Chn RE1/ /AN6(9): xut nhp s/ iu khin ghi port song song/ ng vo
ng b USART.
tng t 5. tng t knh th 6. Chn RE2/ /AN7(10): xut nhp s/ Chn chn la iu khin port song
song/ ng vo tng t knh th 7. Chn VDD(11, 32) v VSS(12, 31): l cc chn ngun ca PIC.
1.2.3 B nh d liu
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhiu bank. i vi PIC16F877A b nh d liu c chia ra lm 4 bank. Mi bank c dung lng 128 byte, bao gm cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFG (Special Function Register) nm cc vng a ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc ch chung GPR
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(General Purpose Register) nm vng a ch cn li trong bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR thng xuyn c s dng (v d nh thanh ghi STATUS) s c t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip thun tin trong qu trnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. S c th ca b nh d liu PIC16F877A nh hnh 1.22 1. THANH GHI CHC NNG C BIT SFR y l cc thanh ghi c s dng bi CPU hoc c dng thit lp v iu khin cc khi chc nng c tch hp bn trong vi iu khin. C th phn thanh ghi SFR lm hai lai: thanh ghi SFR lin quan n cc chc nng bn trong (CPU) v thanh ghi SRF dng thit lp v iu khin cc khi chc nng bn ngoi (v d nh ADC, PWM, ). Phn ny s cp n cc thanh ghi lin quan n cc chc nng bn trong. Cc thanh ghi dng thit lp v iu khin cc khi chc nng s c nhc n khi ta cp n cc khi chc nng . Thanh ghi STATUS (03h, 83h, 103h, 183h):thanh ghi cha kt qu thc hin php ton ca khi ALU, trng thi reset v cc bit chn bank cn truy xut trong b nh d liu.
Thanh ghi OPTION_REG (81h, 181h): thanh ghi ny cho php c v ghi, cho php iu khin chc nng pull-up ca cc chn trong PORTB, xc lp cc tham s v xung tc ng, cnh tc ng ca ngt ngoi vi v b m Timer0.
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Thanh ghi INTCON (0Bh, 8Bh,10Bh, 18Bh):thanh ghi cho php c v ghi, cha cc bit iu khin v cc bit c hiu khi timer0 b trn, ngt ngoi vi RB0/INT v ngt interrput- on-change ti cc chn ca PORTB.
Thanh ghi PIE1 (8Ch): cha cc bit iu khin chi tit cc ngt ca cc khi chc nng ngoi vi.
Thanh ghi PIR1 (0Ch) cha c ngt ca cc khi chc nng ngoi vi, cc ngt ny c cho php bi cc bit iu khin cha trong thanh ghi PIE1
Thanh ghi PIE2 (8Dh): cha cc bit iu khin cc ngt ca cc khi chc nngCCP2, SSP bus, ngt ca b so snh v ngt ghi vo b nh EEPROM.
. Thanh ghi PIR2 (0Dh): cha cc c ngt ca cc khi chc nng ngoi vi, cc ngt ny c cho php bi cc bit iu khin cha trong thanh ghi PIE2.
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Thanh ghi PCON (8Eh): cha cc c hiu cho bit trng thi cc ch reset ca vi iu khin.
2. THANH GHI MC CH CHUNG GPR Cc thanh ghi ny c th c truy xut trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua thanh ghi FSG (File Select Register). y l cc thanh ghi d liu thng thng, ngi s dng c th ty theo mc ch chng trnh m c th dng cc thanh ghi ny cha cc bin s, hng s, kt qu hoc cc tham s phc v cho chng trnh.
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Opto l loi linh kin tch hp c cu to gm mt led v mt photo diode hay mt photo transitor. c s dng cch ly gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v in hay cng sut nh khi cng sut nh (dng nh, in p 5V) vi khi in p ln dng ln v p ln.
Hnh 1.18: Hnh v v s chn ca IC opto (loi pc817) Nguyn l hot ng ca opto: khi cung cp 5V vo chn s 1, LED pha trong Opto ni gia chn s 1 v 2 sng, xy ra hiu ng quang in dn n 3-4 thng, mc logic s b chuyn t 1 sang 0 m khng cn tc ng trc tip t IC. 1.5. L7805T 78xx l loi linh kin dng bin i t in p cao xung in p thp ty thuc vo c im ca tng loi h 78. - L7805T l loi linh kin dng to ra in p 5V.
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U 2 V IN G N D 1 V O U T 3
L 7 8 0 5 /T O 3
Hnh1.19: S chn ca IC 78xx S chn ca 7805: chn 1 l chn in p vo(V in), chn 2 (chn mass GND), chn 3(chn in p ra V out).
1.6 MOSFET Gii thiu v Mosfet Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit, Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hp cho khuch i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu trong cc mch ngun Monitor, ngun my tnh .
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Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet
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Cu to ca Mosfet
G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng Mosfet kn N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi lp SiO2 hai ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn dn N c ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G. Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS ) Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh.
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Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho Mosfet ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in i qua cc DS khi chn G khng c cp in. Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D sng. Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c dng in i qua cc GS. Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n tt
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=> T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor thng thng m in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung . IRF540: l mosfet loi N - in p hot ng cc i 100v, dng ti a 22A - Nhng ng dng: +B bin i DC - DC hiu qu cao +UPS v iu khin m t IRF9540: L mosfet loi P - Hot ng vi in p VDSSMAX = -100V, RDS(ON) = 0,20, ID = -19A
1.7. ng c mt chiu
-Khi nim: ng c in ni chung v ng c in mt chiu ni ring l thit b in t quay, lm vic theo nguyn l in t, khi t vo trong t trng mt dy dn v cho dng in chy qua dy dn th t trng s tc dng mt lc t vo dng in (vo dy dn) v lm dy dn chuyn ng. ng c in bin i in nng thnh c nng. - u im ca ng c mt chiu: u im ca ng c in mt chiu l c th dng lm ng c in hay my pht in trong nhng iu kin lm vic khc nhau. Song u im ln nht ca ng c in mt chiu l iu chnh tc v kh nng qu ti. Nu nh bn thn ng c khng ng b khng th p ng c hoc nu p ng c th phi chi ph cc thit b bin i i km (nh b bin tn....) rt t tin th ng c in mt chiu khng nhng c th iu chnh rng v chnh xc m cu trc mch lc, mch iu khin n gin hn ng thi li t cht lng cao. Ngy nay hiu sut ca ng c in mt chiu cng sut nh khong 75%
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85%, ng c in cng sut trung bnh v ln khong 85% 94% .Cng sut ln nht ca ng c in mt chiu vo khong 100000kw in p vo khong vi trm cho n 1000v. Hng pht trin l ci tin tnh nng vt liu, nng cao ch tiu kinh t ca ng c v ch to nhng my cng sut ln hn l c mt vn rng ln v phc tp v vy vi vn kin thc cn hn hp ca mnh trong phm vi ti ny em khng th cp nhiu vn ln m ch cp ti vn thit k b iu chnh tc c o chiu ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp. Phng php c chn l b bm xung ... y c th cha l phng php mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nht nhng n c s dng rng ri bi nhng tnh nng v c im m ta s phn tch v cp sau ny. Cu to ca ng c in mt chiu: ng c in mt chiu c th phn thnh hai phn chnh: phn tnh (stato) v phn ng (roto). - phn tnh hay stato: hay cn gi l phn kch t ng c, l b phn sinh ra t trng. Gm c mch t v dy cun kch thch lng ngoi mch t (nu ng c c kch t bng nam chm in). - mch t c lm bng st t (thp c, thp c ) - Dy qun kch thch hay cn gi l dy qun kch t c lm bng dy in t (may).Cc cun dy in t ny c ni tip vi nhau. Cc t chnh: L b phn sinh ra t trng gm c li st cc t v dy qun kch t lng ngoi li st cc t. Li st cc t lm bng nhng l thp k thut in hay thp cacbon dy 0,5 n 1mm p li v tn cht. Trong ng c in nh c th dng thp khi. Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh cc bulng. Dy qun kch t
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c qun bng dy ng bc cch in v mi cun dy u c bc cch in k thnh mt khi tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc t. Cc cun dy kch t c t trn cc cc t ny c ni tip vi nhau. Cc t ph: Cc t ph c t trn cc cc t chnh v dng ci thin i chiu. Li thp ca cc t ph thng lm bng thp khi v trn thn cc t ph c t dy qun m cu ro ging nh dy qun cc t chnh. Cc t ph c gn vo v my nh nhng bulng. Gng t: Gng t dng lm mch t ni lin cc cc t, ng thi lm v my. Trong ng c in nh v va thng dng thp dy un v hn li. Trong my in ln thng dng thp c. C khi trong ng c in nh dng gang lm v my. Cc b phn khc. Bao gm: - Np my : bo v my khi nhng vt ngoi ri vo lm h hng dy qun v an ton cho ngi khi chm vo in. Trong my in nh v va np my cn c tc dng lm gi phn quay ra ngoi. C cu chi than bao gm c chi than t trong hp chi than nh mt l xo t chy ln c gp. Hp chi than c c nh trn gi chi than v cch in vi gi. Gi chi than c th quay c iu chnh v tr chi than cho ng ch. Sau khi iu chnh xong th dng vt c nh li. - Phn quay hay rto. L phn sinh ra sut in ng . Gm c mch t c lm bng vt liu st t(l thp k thut ) xp li vi nhau. Trn mch t c cc rnh lng dy qun phn ng (lm bng dy in t ).
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Cun dy phn ng gm nhiu bi dy ni vi nhau theo mt qui lut nht nh .Mi bi dy gm nhiu vng dy cc u dy ca bi dy c ni vi cc phin ng gi l phin gp . Cc phin gp c ghp cch in vi nhau v cch in vi trc gi l c gp hay vnh gp. T trn c gp l cp tri than lm bng than graphit v c ghp st vo thnh c gp nh l xo. +Li st phn ng: Dng dn t. Thng dng nhng tm thp k thut in dy 0,5mm ph cch in mng hai mt ri p cht li gim tn hao do dng in xoy gy nn. Trn l thp c dp hnh dng rnh sau khi p li th dt dy qun vo. Trong nhng ng c trung bnh tr ln ngi ta cn dp nhng l thng gi khi p li thnh li st c th to c nhng l thng gi dc trc. Trong nhng ng c in ln hn th li st thng chia thnh nhng on nh, gia nhng on y c mt khe h gi l khe h thng gi. Khi my lm vic gi thi qua cc khe h lm ngui dy qun v li st. Trong ng c in mt chiu nh, li st phn ng c p trc tip vo trc. Trong ng c in ln, gia trc v li st c t gi rto. Dng gi rto c th tit kim thp k thut in v gim nh trng lng rto. + Dy qun phn ng: Dy qun phn ng l phn pht sinh ra sut in ng v c dng in chy qua. Dy qun phn ng thng lm bng dy ng c bc cch in. Trong my in nh c cng sut di vi kw thng dng dy c tit din trn. Trong my in va v ln thng dng dy tit din ch nht. Dy qun c cch in cn thn vi rnh ca li thp.
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trnh khi quay b vng ra do lc li tm, ming rnh c dng nm cht hoc ai cht dy qun. Nm c lm bng tre, g hay bakelit. + C gp: Dng i chiu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. C gp gm nhiu phin ng c c m cch in vi nhau bng lp mica dy t 0,4 n 1,2mm v hp thnh mt hnh trc trn. Hai u trc trn dng hai hnh p hnh ch V p cht li. Gia vnh p v tr trn cng cch in bng mica. ui vnh gp c cao ln mt t hn cc u dy ca cc phn t dy qun v cc phin gp c d dng. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu ng c in phi c hai ngun nng lng . Ngun kch t cp vo cun kch t sinh ra t thng kch t Ngun phn ng c a vo hai chi than a vo hai c gp ca phn ng . Khi cho in p mt chiu vo hai chi in trong dy qun phn ng c in. Cc thanh dn c dng in nm trong t trng s chu lc tc dng lm rto quay. Chiu ca lc c xc nh bng qui tc bn tay tri Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr cc thanh dn i ch cho nhau. Do c phiu gp nhiu dng in d nguyn lm cho chiu lc t tc dng khng thay i. Khi quay cc thanh dn ct t trng s cm ng vi sut in ng E chiu ca sut in ng c xc nh theo qui tc bn tay phi, ng c mt chiu s E ngc chiu dng in I nn E c gi l sc phn in ng . Phng trnh cn bng in p : U = E + R.I +I.
didt
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mch roto
C gp
Trc
Chi than
Li thp
Hnh 1.26: Hnh nh ng c in mt chiu c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu: c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu l quan h gia tc quay v mmen quay ca ng c: = f(M) hoc n = f(M) trong : - tc gc(rad/s)
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M 0
Mm b) c tnh c nhn to
Hnh 1.28: c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to Phn loi: Khi xem xt ng c in mt chiu cng nh my pht in mt chiu ngi ta phn loi theo cch kch thch t cc ng c. Theo ng vi mi cch ta c cc loi ng c in loi: C 4 loi ng c in mt chiu thng s dng : ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp . ng c in mt chiu kch t song song. ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip .
- ng c in mt chiu kch t hn hp . - Kch thch c lp: khi ngun mt chiu c cng sut ko ln, mch in phn ng v mch kch t mc vo hai ngun mt chiu c lp nhau nn : I = I. - Kch thch song song: khi ngun mt chiu c cng sut v cng ln v in p ko i, mch kch
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t c mc song song vi mch phn ng nn I = Iu +It - Kch thch ni tip: cun kch t mc ni tip vi cun dy phn ng cun kch t c tit din ln, in tr nh, s vng t, ch to d dng nn ta c I = I =It. - Kch thch hn hp: Ta c: I = Iu +It Vi mi loi ng c trnl tng ng vi cc c tnh, c im k thut iu khin v ng dng l tng i khc nhau ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t, ti ny ta ch xt n ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp v bin php hu hiu nht iu khin loi ng c ny 1.8.L thuyt v iu ch rng xung PWM
a-khi nim:
Trc khi tm hiu su chng ta hy tm hiu nh ngha ca PWM l g? Phng php iu ch PWM c tn ting anh l Pulse Width Modulation l phng php iu chnh in p ra ti hay ni cch khc l phng php iu ch da trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung dn m s thay i in p ra Cc PWM khi bin i th c cng 1 tn s v khc nhau v rng ca sn dng hay hoc l sn m
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Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.
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Nguyn l ca PWM. y l phng php c thc hin theo nguyn tc ng ngt ngun ti ti v mt cch c chu k theo lut iu chnh thi gian ng ct. Phn t thc hin nhim v trong mch cc van bn dn. Xt hot ng ng ct ca mt van bn dn. dng van ng ct bng Mosfet Gin xung :
Hnh 1.31: Gin xung. Trn l mch nguyn l iu khin ti bng PWM v gin xung ca chn iu khin v dng in p u ra khi dng PWM. * Nguyn l : Trong khong thi gian 0 - to ta cho van G m ton b in p ngun Ud c a ra ti. Cn trong khong thi gian to - T cho van G kha, ct ngun cung cp cho ti. V vy vi to thay i t 0 cho n T ta s cung cp ton b, mt phn hay kha hon ton in p cung cp cho ti. + Cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ti : Gi t1 l thi gian xung sn dng (kha m ) cn T l thi gian ca c sn m v dng, Umax l in p ngun cung cp cho ti. ==> Ud = Umax.( t1/T) (V) hay Ud = Umax.
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vi D = t1/T l h s iu chnh v c tnh bng % tc l PWM Nh vy ta nhn trn hnh th dng iu ch xung th ta c : in p trng bnh trn ti s l : + Ud = 12.20% = 2.4V ( vi D = 20%) + Ud = 12.40% = 4.8V (Vi D = 40%) + Ud = 12.90% = 10.8V (Vi D = 90%)
CHNG 2: THIT K V CH TO
2.1 S khi.
KHI RF CNG SUT
IU KHIN
NGUN
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Hnh 2.2: S khi ngun in p xoay chiu 220V c h p xung cn 12v xoay chiu. in p 12v xoay chiu c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu ri a vo IC n p 7805 ly ra in in p 5V, a vo mch iu khin. in p sau chnh lu nui ng c. Chn IC 7805 cho ra 5v nui cho vi iu khin. 12V qua chnh lu nui cho opto pc 817. in p qua cu chnh lu 12v cp cho khi cng sut. Cc in p ly ra chun m bo cc linh kin v ng c chy tt nht.
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Hnh 2.3: S khi cng sut Tn hiu iu khin c cch li quang vi khi ng lc. khi chn PC2 mc cao, PC1 mc thp th T1,T4 , kha T2 T3 dn thng qua cu phn p R6, R9 lm st p trn cc G ca T3 lm T3 dn ,ng c quay thun. Khi PC2 mc thp, PC1 mc cao th T2, T3 kha, T1 dn thng qua cu phn p R3, R5 lm st p trn cc G ca T1, lm ng c quay ngc. Tnh ton: Cng sut ca ng c l = <15w. Vi ngun nui l 12V vy gi tr dng in khong 1A. V vy chn Mosfet c dng nh mc khong 3A-5A, nhng trn th trng c IRF 540 va IRF 9540 c tr s IM = 22A c gi thnh thp.
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Cc in tr l cc cu phn p cho Mosfet. Cc diode mch c tc dng chng ngc dng., chng nhiu. UG=12V m bo IRF dn tt nht.
2.5.Khi iu khin
Hnh2.5: S khi iu khin D liu iu khin c nhp t phm bm ca b pht RF sau a ti b thu RF . PIC iu khin tn hiu v xut ra 2 chn CCP1 v CCP2. Nt Reset khi ng li mch.
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T=1
S
iu khin quay phi
P=1
S
iu khin tng tc
TT=1
S
iu khin gim tc GT=1
End End
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3.4 Chng trnh iu khin #include <16f877A.h> #define <16f877A.h> #use delay(clock=20000000) #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #fuses NOLVP #fuses NOWDT,PUT,HS,NOPROTECT int duty,x; void Main() { set_tris_c(0xf9); //dat 2chan ccp_pwm la output con cac chan con lai la input output_c(0); output_b(0); setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_4,124,1); setup_ccp1(ccp_pwm); setup_ccp2(ccp_pwm); set_pwm1_duty(0); set_pwm1_duty(0); duty=0; while(true) { if (input(pin_b3)==1 && input(pin_b4)==1) // chay tien { delay_ms(10); if(duty>0) { duty=duty-1; } if(x==1) { set_pwm2_duty(0); set_pwm1_duty(duty); } if(x==0)
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{ set_pwm1_duty(0); set_pwm2_duty(duty); } } if (input(pin_b2)==1 && input(pin_b4)==1) { delay_ms(10); if(duty<124) { duty=duty+1; } if(x==1) { set_pwm2_duty(0); set_pwm1_duty(duty); } if(x==0) { set_pwm1_duty(0); set_pwm2_duty(duty); } } if (input(pin_b1)==1 && input(pin_b4)==1) { x=0; set_pwm1_duty(0); set_pwm2_duty(duty); } if (input(pin_b0)==1 && input(pin_b4)==1) { x=1; set_pwm2_duty(0); set_pwm1_duty(duty); } }}
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KT LUN 1.Kt qu t c
Sau qu trnh nghin cu v thi cng, nhm hon thnh cc ni dung ti nu ra. ng c iu khin tc trn bi bin tr, o chiu gin tip bng nt nhn. Vi mi thnh vin trong nhm, sau khi thc hin xong ti ny c thm nhiu kin thc v cu trc phn cng vi iu khin, lp trnh vi iu khin v ghp ni cho cc ng dng thc t. ng thi c thm nhng kinh nghim trong vic thit k v lp trnh cc ng dng cho vi iu khin.
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1. Cu trc v lp trnh h vi iu khin 8051 ca Nguyn Tng Cng v Phan Ngc Thng (NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut) 2. H vi iu khin 8051 ca Tng Vn On v Hong c Hi (NXB Lao ng X Hi) 3. Gio trnh k thut vi iu khin ca Bch Hng Trng (Trng i Hc SPKT Hng Yn). 4. K thut vi x l v lp trnh Assembly cho h vi x l ca Xun Tin (NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut) 5. K thut mch in t ca Phm Minh H (NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut) 6. Ti liu trn mng: - Website: http://www.ebook.edu.vn/
http://www.cdtvn.net http://www.tailieu.vn/ http://www.dientuvietnam.net/ http://www.google.com.vn/
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