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Chapter 4: 3-D Loaded Pin with Friction

4 3-D Loaded Pin with Friction


Summary 95

Introduction 96

Required Solution 96

FEM Solutions 96

General Analysis Tips 101

Input File(s) 101

Video 101
CHAPTER 4 95
3-D Loaded Pin with Friction

Summary
Title Chapter 4: 3-D Loaded Pin with Friction
Contact features • Receding contact area
• Curved contact surfaces
• Deformable-deformable contact
• Friction along the contact surface
Geometry 3-D continuum (units: mm) L1
• L1 = 200 R2
H θ
• L2 = 20 R1
• R1 = 50
t
• R2 = 100
F
• H = 100

2
L
• t = 10 F

Material properties E pin = 210kN  mm 2 , E sheet = 70kN  mm 2 ,  sheet =  pin = 0.3

Analysis type • Quasi-static analysis


• Linear elastic material
• Geometric nonlinearity
Displacement boundary • Symmetric displacement constraints (quarter symmetry).
conditions and • Left side of sheet is fixed.
applied loads • Two equal point forces, resulting in a total force on the pin of 100kN .
Element type 3-D Continuum - 8-node linear elements
Contact properties • Deformable-to-deformable bodies contact
• Coefficient of friction  = 0.1
FE results 1. Plot of contact pressure against angle 
2. Plot of tangential stress against angle 
3. Plot of relative tangential slip against angle  .
Displacement X (mm)
0.8
Pin_x
0.7

0.6

0.5 Strip_x

0.4

0.3

0.2
Angle (degrees)
0.1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
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Introduction
This application example evaluates the performance of contact algorithms at curved boundaries between deformable
bodies. A cylindrical pin is located in the cylindrical hole of a strip. The diameters of the hole and the pin are identical.
Two equal point forces are applied to the center of the end surfaces of the pin. It is assumed that the tangential contact
forces can be described with a Coulomb friction model using friction coefficient 0.1. Due to the symmetry condition,
a quarter of the assembly is sufficient for the finite element analysis.

Required Solution
The displacement components and contact normal and tangential forces are of interest. In addition, the relative
tangential slips along the contact surfaces of the two bodies as functions of angle  (see Figure 4-1) are also worth
investigating. One analysis is conducted with MD.Nastran SOL 400 with standard HEX elements and compared with
available advanced HEX elements. In the current version of MD Nastran SOL 400, the advanced HEX elements are
defined by a PSOLID entry pointing to an auxiliary PSLDN1 entry.

Figure 4-1 Angle Definition in Requested Displacement Field

FEM Solutions
Numerical solutions have been obtained with MD Nastran solution sequence 400 for the 3-D case. First, the advanced
3-D elements are used to conduct the analysis with contact and friction. In comparison, the same analysis is also
conducted with the standard 3-D solid elements.
The contact, material/geometry, solution/convergence schemes and other parameters are explained below.

Contact Parameters
The element mesh using the 3-D solid element is shown in Figure 4-2. The contact body named as cbody1 (shown
in pink) represents the pin. The contact body named as cbody2 defines the strip. A point load (black arrow) is applied
at the center point of top end of the pin. It should be noted that the symmetry has been taken into consideration.
CHAPTER 4 97
3-D Loaded Pin with Friction

Figure 4-2 FE Model for the Numerical Solution

In the input data file, the contact bodies are defined as below:
BCBODY 1 3D DEFORM 1 0 .1
BSURF 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ö.
BCBODY 2 3D DEFORM 2 0 .1 -1
BSURF 2 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302
Ö.

The BCBODY with ID 1 defines the pin as a three-dimensional deformable body. The BCBODY with ID 2 defines the
sheet also as a three-dimensional deformable body. Furthermore, BCBODY 2 is described as an analytical body by set
value of –1 at the 8th field.
The BCTABLE bulk data entries shown below define the touch conditions between the bodies:
BCTABLE 0 1
SLAVE 1 0. 0. .1 0. 0
1 1 0
FBSH 1.+20 .99 0.
MASTERS 2
BCTABLE 1 1
SLAVE 1 0. 0. .1 0. 0
1 1 0
FBSH 1.+20 .99 0.
MASTERS 2

As shown above, BCTABLE with ID 0 is used to define the contact touching conditions at the start of the analysis. Zero
(0) identifies the case number. The BCTABLE entry is mandatory for the contact analysis with SOL 400. Also, the
options (BCONTACT with ID 0 and BCPARA with ID 0) are all applied at the start of the analysis. For the loading
analysis defined as load case 1 under the case control section, the contact touching conditions are redefined by options
of BCTABLE, BCPARA, and BCONTACT with ID 1. In this example, the BCPARA is only defined once because the
parameters specified herein are applied through the analysis from the beginning unless some of these parameters are
redefined by BCTABLE entry with ID 1. It should be mentioned is that the BIAS parameter is defined as 0.99 (the
default value is 0.9).
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BCPARA 0
BIAS .99 FTYPE 6

Material/Geometry Parameters
The both bodies in this analysis are defined as isotropic elastic materials. The Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio are
defined as:
MAT1 1 210000. .3 1.
MAT1 2 70000. .3 1.

As shown above, the material IDs are given as 1 and 2 for the pin and the sheet, respectively.

Case Control Parameters


There is a single loading sequence in the analysis. The control parameters are defined by the NLPARM option. As
shown below, SUBCASE with ID 1 defines all necessary conditions applied to the analysis which includes bulk data
options: TITLE, NLPARM, BCONTACT, SPC, LOAD, and requested output information. Particularly, it is necessary to
note the analysis control options NLPARM, NLMOPTS, and the parameter LGDISP. For the FE analysis with SOL 400,
the advanced 8-node 3-D continuum elements are well designed for this type of analysis with large strain and large
displacement. In this example, the NLMOPTS option defines that assumed strain formulation is used. The LGDISP
parameter indicates that geometric nonlinearity includes the stiffness of follower forces. NLPARM defines the loading
schemes used for the analysis. Here, the full Newton-Raphson method is used. The total number of loading increments
is set to 10. The maximum iteration for each increment is set to 25. The default convergence scheme is used and NO
for output of analysis results for intermediate loading steps except for the results at the end of the last loading
increment.
SUBCASE 1
TITLE=This is a default subcase.
NLPARM = 1
BCONTACT = 1
SPC = 2
LOAD = 2
DISPLACEMENT(SORT1,REAL)=ALL
SPCFORCES(SORT1,REAL)=ALL
STRESS(SORT1,REAL,VONMISES,BILIN)=ALL
NLSTRESS(PRINT)=ALL
BOUTPUT (PRINT)=ALL
$ Direct Text Input for this Subcase
BEGIN BULK
NLMOPTS,ASSM,ASSUMED
PARAM LGDISP 1
NLPARM 1 10 PFNT 25 NO

The element type is defined by the PSOLID and PSLDN1 bulk data options as shown below where (C8 SOLI L)
defines the 3-D continuum solid element with linear integration scheme.
PSOLID 1 1 0
PSLDN1 1 1 +
+ C8 SOLI L +
+ C20 SOLI Q
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3-D Loaded Pin with Friction

Results
Numerical solutions have been done with current versions of MD Nastran SOL 400 and Marc. As seen in Figure 4-3,
a relatively coarse mesh is used for the strip and a fine mesh is used for the pin. The nodes on the pin surface are defined
as slave nodes and the surfaces of the strip are specified as master contact surface in this analysis. In order to describe
the contact body more accurately, the contact surface of the strip is defined analytically. Therefore, a smoother surface
(Coons Patch) is used during the analysis for the strip.

Figure 4-3 Contact Normal Forces on the Contact Surfaces

The resulting contact normal nodal forces are shown in Figure 4-4. The peak value in the contact normal force is found
to be around 1933 N. The peak contact tangential force is found to be around 193 N, which equals to F n . That is
consistent with the coefficient of friction applied during the analysis.

Figure 4-4 Contact Friction Forces on the Contact Surfaces

The displacement in x and y directions along the circular edge of the pin (slave or contacting surface) are shown as
function of the angle in Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6, respectively.
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Displacement X (mm)
0.8
Pin_x
0.7

0.6

0.5 Strip_x

0.4

0.3

0.2
Angle (degrees)
0.1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Figure 4-5 Displacement (x) along the Circular Edge of the Pin and the Strip
Displacement Y (mm)
0.10

0.08

0.06 Strip_y

0.04
Pin_y
0.02

0.00

-0.02

-0.04
Angle (degrees)
-0.06
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Figure 4-6 The Displacement (y) along the Circular Edge of the Pin and the Strip
For the comparison, another solution is obtained by using the existing solid element available in SOL 400. This
element type is defined by PSOLID option only. The results are almost identical. Figure 4-7 compares of the
displacement contours obtained by MD Nastran SOL 400 with the advanced 3-D solid elements and the standard 3-D
solid elements (without PSLDN1 option). It shows that both results are extremely close.

(a) (b)

Figure 4-7 Displacement Contours Obtained by Two Different Solid Elements in SOL 400
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3-D Loaded Pin with Friction

General Analysis Tips


• Convergence control: While the nonlinearity is quite mild in this problem, it is suggested to use both
displacement and residual convergence check due to the nonlinearity introduced by contact. Also, the full
Newton-Raphson iteration scheme is recommended for all SOL 400 analyses because the degree of
nonlinearity may be significant.
• In this example, the body surface of the pin is defined as slave nodes for the contact search against the master
contact surface. Generally speaking, the contact body with finer mesh should be defined as slave contact
surface because it is easy to be detected when the slave nodes touch the master surface. Also, caution must be
used when choosing the BIAS value. Smaller BIAS value may be used to give better contact accuracy, but
may increase computation cost significantly if too small a value is applied.

Input File(s)
File Description
nug_04am.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – advanced lower-order planar elements
nug_04an.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – lower-order planar elements
nug_04bm.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – advanced higher-order planar elements
nug_04bn.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – higher-order planar elements
nug_04cm.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – advanced higher-order hexahedral elements
nug_04cn.dat 3-D loaded pin with friction – higher-order hexahedral elements

Video
Click on the image or caption below to view a streaming video of this problem; it lasts approximately 18 minutes and
explains how the steps are performed.

L1
R2
H θ
R1

t
F
2
L

Figure 4-8 Video of the Above Steps

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