C VN

Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh cng

nghip ha cht v thc phm ang tr thnh ngnh ch lc ca nc ta.
Trong ngnh cng nghip ng ma c vai tr quan trng i vi nn
kinh t cng nh p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Bn
cnh cung cp ngun dinh dng cho con ngi, ng cn c vai tr quan
trng trong nhiu ngnh khc nh bnh ko, dc, ha hc Vi nhng
ng gp quan trng , cng nghip ma ng ngy cng pht trin cng
vi vic m rng nng sut, ci tin cng ngh v i mi thit b.
Thit b sn xut ng vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao cht
lng sn phm v nng sut, v vy vic s dng thit b phi ph hp vi
tnh hnh thc t qu trnh sn xut t hiu qu tt nht. Thit b c c l
mt trong nhng thit b chnh nh hng quan trng n qu trnh sn xut
ng, vic tnh ton cc thng s, kt cu cng nh chn loi thit b c c
cn phi chnh xc, hp l, ph hp vi yu cu ca sn xut.
i vi l sinh vin ngnh cng ngh thc phm, n qu trnh thit
b l mt n c vai tr ht sc quan trng, gip chng ta hiu c cch
thc thit k mt thit b theo yu cu, cng nh cung cp mt ci nhn thc
t v dy chuyn sn xut. Bao gm vic tnh ton la chn cc thng s lm
vic cng nh cc thng s ca thit b, bit c cch vn hnh cng nh
a ra ch lm vic, m bo cho thit b lm vic n nh v p ng yu
cu t ra, nghin cu v ra bin php khc phc cc s c trong qu trnh
vn hnh, hot ng thit b. n qu trnh thit b c c cn gip chng ta
hiu c cch tra s tay, bao gm tra cu cc s liu lin quan n qu trnh
c c ma ng nh nhit si, p sut hi, nht, khi lng ring .vv.
v cc cng thc tnh ton. Ngoi ra, qua vic thit k thit b, chng ta s bit
cch thit lp mt bn v k thut, bit cch c, phn tch v hiu mt bn
v. Tm li, n qu trnh thit b c vai tr rt thit thc i vi qu trnh
hc tp cng nh cng vic sau ny.

- 1 -

Vi nhng yu cu trn, ti thc hin ti Thit k h thng c c

dung dch ma ng xui chiu lin tc, bung t trong ng tun hon
ngoi. Trong qu trnh thc hin n, do cha c kinh nghim v kin thc
cn hn hp nn khng trnh khi c nhng sai st, rt mong s ng gp
kin ca thy c. Ti xin cm n c Nguyn Th an Huyn v cc thy c
thuc khoa CK-CN tn tnh hng dn, gip ti trong qu trnh lm
n.

- 2 -

CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP V CNG
NGH

1. S lc v l thuyt c c:
1.1. nh ngha:
C c l phng php thng dng lm tng nng mt cu t
no trong dung dch hai hay nhiu cu t. Ty theo tnh cht ca cu t
kh bay hi (hay khng bay hi trong qu trnh ) ta c th tch mt phn
dung mi (cu t d bay hi hn) bng phng php nhit hay bng phng
php lm lnh kt tinh. ti ny ta s dng phng php c c bng
nhit.
1.2. Cc phng php c c:
Phng php nhit (un nng): dung mi chuyn t trng thi lng sang
trng thi hi di tc dng ca nhit khi p sut ring phn ca n bng p
sut tc dng ln mt thong cht lng. Bn cht ca c c do nhit: to
thnh hi (trng thi t do) th tc chuyn ng v nhit ca cc phn t
cht lng gn mt thong ln hn tc gii hn. Phn t khi bay hi s thu
nhit khc phc lc lin kt trng thi lng v tr lc bn ngoi. Do ,
ta cn cung cp nhit cc phn t nng lng thc hin qu trnh ny.
Phng php lnh: khi h thp nhit n mt mc no th mt
cu t s tch ra dng tinh th n cht tinh khit, thng l kt tinh dung mi
tng nng cht tan.Ty tnh cht cu t v p sut bn ngoi tc dng
ln mt thong m qu trnh kt tinh xy ra nhit cao hay thp v i
khi phi dng n my lnh.

- 3 -

1.3. Phn loi v ng dng ca c c:

1.3.1. Theo cu to:
Nhm 1: dung dch i lu t nhin (tun hon t nhin) dng c c
dung dch kh long, nht thp, m bo s tun hon t nhin ca dung
dch d dng qua b mt truyn nhit. Gm:
C bung t trong (ng trc bung bc), c th c ng tun hon
trong
hoc ngoi.
C bung t ngoi ( khng ng trc bung bc).
Nhm 2: dung dch i lu cng bc, dng bm to vn tc dung
dch t 1,5 - 3,5 m/s ti b mt truyn nhit. C u im: tng cng h s
truyn nhit, dng cho dung dch c st, nht cao, gim bm cn, kt tinh
trn b mt truyn nhit. Gm:
C bung t trong, ng tun hon ngoi.
C bung t ngoi, ng tun hon ngoi.
Nhm 3: dung dch chy thnh mng mng, chy mt ln trnh tip xc
nhit lu lm bin cht sn phm. c bit thch hp cho cc dung dch thc
phm nh dung dch nc tri cy,hoa qu pGm:
Mng dung dch chy ngc, c bung t trong hay ngoi: s dng
cho dung dch si to bt kh v.
Mng dung dch chy xui, c bung t trong hay ngoi: s dng cho
dung dch si t to bt v bt d v.
1.3.2. Theo phng php thc hin qu trnh:
C c p sut thng (thit b h): c nhit si, p sut khng i.
Thng dng c c dung dch lin tc gi mc dung dch c nh t
nng sut cc i v thi gian c c l ngn nht. Tuy nhin, nng dung
dch t c l khng cao.

- 4 -

C c p sut chn khng: dung dch c nhit si di 100 oC, p

sut chn khng. Dung dch tun hon tt, t to cn, s bay hi nc lin tc.
C c chn khng dng cho cc dung dch c nhit si cao, d b phn
hy v nhit.
C c p sut d: dng cho dung dch khng b phn hy nhit
cao nh cc dung dch mui v c, s dng hi th cho c c v cho cc
qu trnh un nng khc.
C c nhiu ni: Mc ch chnh l tit kim hi t. S ni khng
nn ln qu v s lm gim hiu qu tit kim hi. C th c chn khng, c
p lc hay phi hp c hai phng php. c bit c th s dng hi th cho
mc ch khc nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
C c lin tc: Cho kt qu tt hn c c gin on. C th p dng
iu khin t ng, nhng cha c cm bin tin cy.
1.4. Nhng yu cu i vi thit b c c:
- Khong khng gian nc ma cn nh nht, khng c khong khng
cht.
- Nc ma lu li trong ni vi thi gian nh nht.
- C h s truyn nhit ln.
- Hi t phi m bo phn b u trong khng gian bn ngoi gia
cc ng ca dn ng ( m bo nhit phn b u cho cc ng ca dn ng ).
- Tch ly hi th cp tt, m bo hi th cp sch cho ngng t
(khng lm bn b mt ngng )ly nhit cp cho ni tip theo.
- m bo thot kh khng ngng tt. V kh khng ngng phng t
cn thot ra bnh thng. S tn ti ca kh khng ngng trong phng t s
lm gim h s cp nhit ca hi v do gim nng sut bc hi.
- m bo thot nc ngng d dng. Vic thot noc ngng t c lin
quan cht ch n tc bc hi. Nu c mt ni no thot nc ngng
khng tt, nc ngng ng li nhiu trong phng t, lm gim lng hi
t vo phng v nh hng n tc bc hi.

- 5 -

- Thit b n gin, din tch t d lm sch.

- Thao tc khng ch n gin, t ng ha d dng.

2. Nguyn liu v sn phm:

2.1. c im nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu cho cng on c c ng saccharoza l nc ma
c lm sch, loi b cc tp cht, ty mu, ty mi. Sau cng on lm
sch nc ma c pH khong 6,5- 6,8.
Thnh phn chnh ca nc ma l ng saccharoza, mt phn nh l
cc ng n (glucoza, fructoza.. ),celluloes,tinh bt v mt s cc cht v
c, hu c khc (axit amin, HNO3, NH3, protein, cht mu, cht sp).
Do c hm lng ng cao, nc ma l mi trng thun li cho vi
sinh vt pht trin nn trong quy trnh sn xut ng, nc ma phi c
cha ng trong, vn chuyn, x l trong cc thit b kn, lin tc.
ng saccharoza khng bn v nhit, nhit cao v pH axt, n d
b bin i thnh cc ng n, cc hp cht c mu lm gim hiu sut thu
hi ng v gim gi thnh sn phm. V vy trong qu trnh sn xut, ngi
ta lun tm cch gim nhit vn bo v gim thi gian dung dch tip xc
vi nhit cao.
2.2. c im sn phm:
Sn phm dng dung dch, gm:
- Dung mi: nc.
- Cc cht ho tan : c nng cao.
2.3. Bin i nguyn liu v sn phm:
Trong qu trnh c c, tnh cht c bn ca nguyn liu v sn phm
bin i khng ngng.

- 6 -

2.3.1. Bin i tnh cht vt l:

Thi gian c c tng lm cho nng dung dch tng dn n tnh cht
dung dch thay i.
- Cc i lng gim: h s dn nhit, nhit dung ring, h s cp nhit,
h s truyn nhit.
- Cc i lng tng: khi lng ring dung dch, nht, tn tht
nhit do nng , nhit si.
2.3.2. Bin i tnh cht ha hc:
Thay i pH mi trng: thng l gim pH do cc phn ng phn hy
amit ( vd: asparagin ) ca cc cu t to thnh acid.
ng cn: do trong dung dch cha mt s mui Ca2+ t ha tan nng
cao, phn hy mui hu c to kt ta.
Phn hy mt s vitamin.
2.3.3. Bin i sinh hc:
Tiu dit vi sinh vt ( nhit cao).
Hn ch kh nng hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt nng cao.
2.3.4. Yu cu cht lng sn phm v gi tr sinh ha:
Thc hin mt ch ht sc nghim ngt :
m bo cc cu t qu trong sn phm c mi, v c trng c gi
nguyn.
t nng v tinh khit yu cu.
Thnh phn ha hc ch yu khng thay i.

3. La chn thit b c c:
Theo tnh cht ca nguyn liu, cng nh u nhc im ca cc dng
thit b ni trn ta chn loi thit b c c bung t trong ng tun hon
ngoi, s dng hai ni xui chiu lin tc.

- 7 -

u im ca h thng:
- Thit b c ng tun hon ngoi nn nhit ch cp cho dung dch ch
khng cp cho ng tun, v vy i lu mnh hn so vi trng hp c ng
tun hon trung tm. u im ca ng tun hon ngoi l tc tun hon
ca dung dch ln, t 2-3 m/s nn dung dch khng b ng cn v h s
truyn nhit khng gim
- Dng h thng 2 ni xui chiu lin tc c th s dng hp l lng
hi bng cch dng hi th ca ni trc lm hi t ca ni sau. H xui
chiu thch hp c c cc dung dch m cht tan d bin tnh v nhit
cao nh dung dch nc ng. V trong h xui chiu, nhit v p sut
ca dung dch gim dn t ni trc ra ni sau, do nhit ca dung dch
ni cui cng s thp tc l sn phm c hnh thnh ni c nhit
thp nht. ng thi do chnh lch p sut ni trc v ni sau nn nguyn
liu t chy t ni trc ra ni sau, do gim bt chi ph cho thit b bm.
Nhc im:
- H c c 2 ni xui chiu loi ng di khng c li khi phi c c
dung dch c nht cao v nng cui ln, v dung dch khi ly ra nhit
thp c nht ln nn kh ly ra.
- Khng thch hp khi c c dung dch n nng cui cao v dung
dch d kt tinh v dung dch s dnh trn ng ng gy tc ng.
- H c c nhiu ni i hi chi ph cho thit b nhiu hn, cng nh
din tch nh xng ln hn. Bung t trong nn qu trnh tch bt khng
hiu qu bng bung t ngoi, ng thi chiu cao ln hn nn kh khn
trong vn hnh sa cha cng nh thit k chiu cao nh xng
- C c chn khng nn iu kin an ton kh khn, tn nng lng v
chi ph vn hnh thit b

- 8 -

4. Quy trnh cng ngh:

4.1 Quy trnh hot ng ca h thng (bng v [1]) :
Nguyn liu u tin l nc ma qua lm sch c nng 10%
c bm t bn cha ln thng cao v sau vo thit b gia nhit vi nng
sut 10000kg/h gia nhit ln n nhit si. Thit b gia nhit s dng
hi t ly t l hi vi p sut tuyt i l 4 at. Trong thit b gia nhit c s
trao i nhit gia dng lng v dng hi qua vch truyn nhit. Dng lng s
c gia nhit t n nhit si trc khi vo thit b c c. Vic gia
nhit ln nhit si c ngha ln cho qu trnh din ra lc sau thit b c
c v ta s khng phi mt thm nng lng cho vic gia nhit n nhit
si, ngoi ra cn m bo qu trnh truyn nhit bc hi bung t l tht
s hiu qu. Cn dng hi s c ngng t thnh lng si v c thot ra
ngoi. thit b gia nhit c ng thot kh khng ngng m bo an ton
v p sut trong thit b v qu trnh truyn nhit c hiu qu.
T thit b gia nhit, dung dch c a sang h thng c c. u tin
dng lng vo bung t 1 (thit b c c 1). Dng hi c s dng cng t
l hi vi p sut tuyt i l 4 at, dng nng lng ly t s ngng t hi
nc cp nhit cho dng lng. y xy ra qu trnh trao i nhit qua b
mt ng truyn nhit, dung dch trong ng nhn nhit ca hi s si v i ln
pha trn bung bc to thnh hn hp hi-lng. bung bc 1, dung dch
thc hin qu trnh bc hi (sau khi nhn nhit chuyn trng thi).
Hi nc bc ln vi p sut l P1 at v dung dch cn li s tng nng
ln l 15.639%. Trong qu trnh bc hi s c hin tng dng hi li cun
cc git lng i theo n v iu ny s lm nh hng n thit b pha sau do
c s to cn ln cc ng truyn nhit lm gim hiu qu truyn nhit.
khc phc iu ny trong cc bung bc c b phn phn ly git lng. Tu
vo loi thit b m c th da vo lc trng trng, s dnh t hay s ly
tm. y ta s dng thit b phn ly theo kiu dnh t dng nn. Khi dng
hi bc ln s gp b mt nn, cc git lng s b gi li trn nn v chy
xung li bung t theo ng mao qun, hi th trn qua phn nn i ra ngoi
theo ng dn hi sang cung cp cho bung t 2. Hi sau khi cung cp

- 9 -

nhit ngng t thnh lng v c tho ra ngoi, ng thi kh khng ngng

ca c thi ra ngoi m bo cho qu trnh. Cn dung dch c bm
sang bung t 2 tip tc thc hin qu trnh c c.
h thng ni c c 2 hin tng xy ra tng t nh ni 1 tuy
nhin cng c mt s khc bit v hi t v u ra ca cc dng nh sau:
Do c s thay i ng k p sut mt thong dung dch nn nhit
si ca dung dch gim xung ng vi nhit hin c ca dung dch. V
dung dch vo ni 2 trng thi qu nhit nn xy ra qua trnh t bay hi mt
phn dung mi nhit gim xung xung nhit si ca ni 2, sau
nhn nhit lng ca hi t tip tc bay hi. Dung dch trong ng truyn
nhit si ln v to thnh hn hp hi lng i ln bung bc, hi sau khi cung
cp nhit ngng t thnh nc ngng cng vi kh khng ngng c thot ra
ngoi.
Ti bung bc 2, qu trnh bay hi c thc hin. Hi th lc ny c
p sut tuyt i kh nh 0.258 at c i theo ng dn hi n thit b ngng
t baromet. Trong khi dung dch ma ng sau qu trnh bc hi t n
nng 37 % c a vo bn cha chun b cho cc cng on sau .
4.2. Nguyn l hot ng thit b ngng t Baromet
Thit b ngng t baromet c chn y l thit b ngng t trc tip
loi kh. Lc ny dng hi th c i t di ln, tip xc trc tip dng
lng c cp vo t trn xung c nhit thp s ngng t thnh lng theo
dng nc i xung bn cha. Trong qu trnh ny c mt lng ln hi
c ngng t nn p sut gim to p sut chn khng. Chnh nh iu ny
m p sut trong thit b c duy tr n nh. Sau khi qua thit b ngng t,
dng kh khng ngng cn li s c chuyn qua thit b tch lng. Tm
ngn s lm vt cn dnh t cc git lng c th cn st li trong dng kh
ny ri sau mi cho n qua thit b bm chn khng trnh hin tng
xm thc c th xy ra lm h bm. Do p sut bn trong thit b thp hn p
sut bn ngoi nn kh khng ngng khng t thot ra ngoi v vy phi s
dng bm ht chn khng gip ht kh khng ngng p sut khng b thay
i trong c h thng.

- 10 -

CHNG 2
TNH TON CNG NGH CA QU TRNH C
C

Thng s ban u
- Dung dch nc ma.
- Nng u ca dung dch: x = 10%,
- Nng cui ca dung dch: xc = 37%.
- Nng sut tnh theo dung dch u:Gd: = 10,000 (kg/h)
- p sut hi t ni 1: P1 = 4 at.
- p sut thit b ngng t baromet : Pnt = 0.25 at

1. Tnh cn bng vt liu:

1.1. Tnh lng hi th bc ra khi h thng (W):
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu cho ton b h thng
Gd = Gc + W
Trong :
Gd, Gc: lu lng i vo , i ra khi h thng (kg/h)
W:lng hi th i ra khi h thng (kg/h)
Vit cho cu t phn b
Gdxd =Gcxc+Wxw
Xem lng cu t ha tan khng mt mt theo hi th, ta c:
Gdxd=Gcxc
Vy lng hi bc ra ca ton b h thng c xc nh :

- 11 -

W Gd (1

xd
)
xc

(kg/h)

Thay s vo ta c:
W Gd (1

xd
10
) 10000.(1 ) 7297.297 kg/h.
xc
37

1.2 .Xc nh nng cui ca mi ni:

m bo vic dng ton b hi th ca ni trc cho ni sau,
thng ngi ta phi dng cch la chn p sut v lu lng hi th tng
ni thch hp.
1

Ta chn

W1
1.2
W2
W1
1
W2

Khi ta c h phng trnh:

W1
1
W2
W1 W2 = 7297.297

Gii h trn c kt qu :
W1 = 3648.649 (kg/h)
W2 = 3648.649 (kg/h)
Nng cui ca dung dch ra khi ni 1:

Gd .xd
10000 10

15.745%
xc1=
Gd W1 10000 3648.649
Nng cui ca dung dch ra khi ni 2:

xc2

Gd .xd
10000 0.1

37%
Gd W 10000 7297.297

- 12 -

2. Tnh cn bng nng lng:

2.1. Xc nh p sut ca mi ni:
Gi P1, P2 ,Pnt: l p sut ni 1, 2, v thit b ngng t
P1 :hiu s p sut hi t ca ni 1 so vi ni 2

P2 :hiu s p sut ca hi t ni 2 so vi thit b ngng t

P :hiu s p sut ca ton h thng

Gi s rng s dng hi t dng bc hi v un nng l hi nc

bo ha
Ta c:
P =P1 Pnt = 4 0.25 = 3.75 (at)
P = P1 + P2 =3.75 (at)

Gi s chn :
Suy ra :

P1
2.5
P2

P1 = 2.679 (at)

P1 = P1 P2 P2 = P1 P1 = 4 2.679 = 1.321 (at)

2.2. Xc nh nhit trong cc ni:
Gi
thd1 , thd2 , tnt : nhit hi t i vo ni 1, 2, thit b ngng t
tht1, tht2

:nhit hi th ra khi ni 1, 2

Gi s tn tht nhit do tr lc trn ng ng gy ra khi chuyn t

ni 1 sang ni 2 l 10C v t ni 2 sang thit b ngng t l 10C.
Tra bng I.250, [1] / 312 v I.251, [2] / 314

- 13 -

Bng 1: thng s pha hi

Gi tr
i lng

K hiu

n v

Ni 1

Ni 2

Thit
NT

at

1.321

0.25

Nhit

thd

142.9

106.92

64.2

Entanpi

iD

Kj/kg

2744

2690.456 2616.092

n nhit ngng t

rD

Kj/kg

2141

2242.624 2347.125

p sut

Pw

at

1.366

0.258

Nhit

tht

107.92

65.2

Entanpi

iw

J/kg

2692.256 2617.825

n nhit ngng t

rw

J/kg

2239.842 2344.712

Hi t
p sut

Hi th
C

2.3. Xc nh tn tht nhit :

2.3.1. Tn tht do nng gy ra ( ' ):
cng mt p sut, nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit si ca
dung mi nguyn cht. Hiu s ca nhit si ca dung dch v dung mi
nguyn cht gi l tn tht nhit do nng gy ra.
0
0
tsdmnc
Ta c: ' tsdd

Tra t bng IV-1, [3]/ 198, ta c bng sau:

Bng 2: Tn tht nhit do nng d gy ra cc ni
Ni 1

Ni 2

Nhit hi th (0C)
107.92
x1d (10%)

65.2
x1c (15.745%)

x2d (15.745%)

- 14 -

x2c (37%)

'i ( C)

0.1

0.279

0.215

0.820

Vy tn tht nhit do nng gy ra ca h thng l:

0

' '1 '2 = 0.279+0.820 = 1.099 C

2.3.2. Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh ( '' ):

Gi chnh lch p sut t b mt dung dch n gia ng l P (N/m2),
ta c:
P =

1
S.g.Hop (N/m2)
2

Trong :
s : khi lng ring ca dung dch khi si (kg/m3)
s =0.5 dd
dd : Khi lng ring ca dung dch (kg/m3)
Hop: Chiu cao thch hp tnh theo knh quan st mc cht lng (m)
Hop = [0.26+0.0014(dd-dm)].Ho
T P ta s tnh c p sut trung bnh ca dung dch tng ni thng
qua cng thc:
Ptbi= Pwi + Pi
( i ): ni th i
Tra bng I.5, [1]/ 11 v bng I.86, [1]/ 58 ta c bng sau:
Bng 3: khi lng ring ca dung dch v dung mi
xc ,%

t,0C

dd , kg/m3

s , kg/m3

dm , kg/m3

Ni 1

15.745

107.92

1064.05

532.025

952.535

Ni 2

37

65.2

1163.29

581.645

980.48

- 15 -

Xem dd trong mi ni thay i khng ng k trong khong nhit

ang xt.
Chn chiu cao ng truyn nhit l Ho = 3 (m).

Ni 1:
Hop = 0.26+0.0014(dd -dm ) Ho =[0.26 + 0.0014(1064.05-952.535)]3=1.248

(m)
p sut trung bnh:
Ptb1= Pw1+ P1=1.366 + 0,5 532.025 1.248 10-4 = 1.399 (at)
Tra s tay ti Ptb1 = 1.399 (at) ta c t1=108.678 0C.
Suy ra : 1 = t1 t1 = 108.678 107.92 =0.758 0C
Ni 2:
Hop = 0.26+0.0014(dd -dm ) Ho =[0.26+0.0014(1163.29

-980.48)]3=1.548

(m)
p sut trung bnh:
Ptb2= P w2 + P2=0,52 + 0,258 581.645 1.548 10-4 = 0.303 (at)
Tra s tay ti Ptb2 = 0.303 (at) ta c t2= 68.9 0C.
Suy ra : 2 = t2 t2 = 68.9 65.2 =3.7 0C
Vt tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh ca hai ni l:
=1+2 =0.758 + 3.7 = 4.458 0C
2.3.3. Tn tht do tr lc thy lc ( ''' ):
Chp nhn tn tht nhit trn cc on ng dn hi th t ni 1 sang
ni 2 v t ni 2 sang thit b ngng t l 10C.

- 16 -

Do :
'''1 = 10C
'''2 = 10C
' '''1 '''2 = 2 C
0

2.3.4. Tn tht nhit ca ton h thng:

' '' ''' =1.099 +4.458 +2 = 7.557 C

0

2.3.5. Hiu s hu ch v nhit si ca tng ni:

Nhit si ca tng ni:
0

Ni 1:

t s1 =t ht1 +'1 ''1 = 107.92+0.279+0.758 = 108.957 C

Ni 2:

t s2 =t ht2 +'2 ''2 = 65.2+0.82+3.7 = 69.72 C

Hiu s nhit hu ch ca tng ni:

0

Ni 1:

hi1 t hd1 t s1 = 142.9 108.957= 33.943 C

Ni 2:

hi2 t hd2 t s2 = 106.92 69.72 = 37.2 C

Hiu s nhit hu ch ca ton h thng:

0

hi hi1 hi2 = 33.943+37.2 =71.143 C

2. Cn bng nhit lng:

2.1. Tnh nhit dung ring ca dung dch cc ni:
p dng cng thc I.50, [1]/ 153
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ng trc khi c c:
Cd1= 4190-(2514-7.542td1) xd 1 , vi td1 = 108.7780C, xd 1 =10%
Cd1= 4190-0.1(2514-7.542 x 108.778) =4020.64 (J/kg.)
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ng sau khi ra khi ni 1:
Cc1=4190-(2514-7.542tc1) xc1 =4190-0.15745(2514-7.542 x 108.957)

- 17 -

=3923.561 (J/kg.)
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ng sau khi ra khi ni 2:
Cc2=4190-(2514-7.542tc2) xc2 = 4190-0.37(2514-7.542 x 69.72)
=3454.376 (J/kg.)

2.2. Lp phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:

S cn bng nng lng cho h thng c c:

Hnh 1: Cn bng nhit lng ca h thng c c 2 ni

Ta c phng trnh cn bng nng lng tng qut cho h thng c c
Gd Cd td DiD Wiw DCng Gccctc Qcd Qtt

lin tc:
Trong :
Gd Cd td =Qd

: Nhit lng do nguyn liu mang vo

DiD

: Nhit lng do hi t mang vo

- 18 -

Wiw = QW

: Nhit lng do hi th mang ra

DC ng = Qng : Nhit do nc ngng mang ra

Gc cc tc = Qc

: Nhit do sn phm mang ra

Qcd

: Nhit c c

Qtt

: Nhit tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh

Vi gi thit:
Nhit c c l rt nh, c th b qua, Qcd =0.
Khng c hin tng qu lnh nc ngng, tc l nc ngng trng
thi lng si, nhit nc ngng bng nhit hi t: i - Cng. = r.
Nhit lng do hi t cung cp l : QD = D(i - Cng. ) = D. r
Lng nhit tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh: Q tt =0.05D.r
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng ca h thng c vit li:
D.r + Gd Cd td = Wiw + Gc cctc +0.05D.r
0.95D.r = Wiw + Gc cc tc - Gd Cd td

Ni 1:
0.95D1.rD1 = W1iw1 + (Gd W1 )Cc1tc1 - Gd Cd 1td 1
Ni 2:
0.95D2.rD2 = W2iw 2 + (Gd W)Cc 2tc 2 - Gd 2Cd 2td 2
= (W-W1). iw2 + (Gd W)Cc 2tc 2 - (Gd W1 )Cc1tc1
Trong :
D1, D2 l lng hi t vo ni 1, ni 2
iw1 , iw2 l entanpi ca hi th ni 1, ni 2
Cd 1 , Cc1 , C d 2 , Cc 2 l nhit dung ring ca dung dch vo v ra ni 1, ni

- 19 -

t d 1 , t c1 , t d 2 , t c 2 l nhit ca dung dch trc khi vo v sau khi ra ni

1, ni 2
rD1, rD2 l n nhit ngng t ca hi t ni 1 v ni 2
Vi D2=W1, ta c:
0.95W1.rD2 = (W-W1). iw2 + (Gd W)Cc 2tc 2 - (Gd W1 )Cc1tc1
W1

Wiw 2 (Gd W )Cc 2tc 2 Gd Cc1tc1

=
0,95rD 2 iw 2 Cc1tc1

7297.297 2617.852 103 (10000 7297.297) 3454.376 69.72 10000 3923.561 108.96
0.95 2242.624 103 +2617.852 103 3923.561 108.96

= 3582.439(kg/h)
W2 = W W1 = 7279.297 3582.439 = 3714.858(kg/h)
Lng hi t cung cp cho ni 1:
D1

W1iw1 (Gd W1 )Cc1tc1 Gd Cd 1tdt

0.9rD1

=
3582.439 2692.256 103 (10000 3582.439) 3923.561108.957 10000 4020.640 108.778
0.95 2141103

= 4954.209(kg/h)
Kim tra gi thit phn b hi cc ni:
1

3582.439 3648.649
1.815% <5%
3648.649

3714.858 3648.649
1.782% <5%
3714.858

Vy gi thit v s phn b hi th cc ni l ph hp.

Nng ca dung dch:
Ni 1:

xc1

Gd xd
100% =15.582%
Gd W1

- 20 -

Ni 2:

xc1

Gd xd
100% =37%
Gd W

3. Tnh b mt truyn nhit:

3.1. nht:
p dng cng thc Pavolov:

t1 t2
K const
1 2

Vi: t1,t2: l nhit cht lng c nht 1 , 2 .

1 , 2 :l nhit ca cht lng tiu chun c nht tng ng.

Nn:

t1 t2
t t
K 1 1 2 2 .
1 2
K

Chn cht chun l nc

Ni 1: Nng dung dch: x1 15.582%
t 60 C
Ti nhit : 1
0
0

t2 80 C

Tra bng I.112, [1]/ trang 114 ta c nht dung dch:

3
2

1 0.559 10 N .s / m

3
2

2 0.432 10 N .s / m

490 C
ng vi nhit ca nc l: 1
0

2 65.6 C

( Tra bng I.102, [1]/ 94)

60 80
1.205
49 65.6

Ni 1 c ts=108.9750C s

108.975 80
65.6 89.634(0 C )
1.205

Tra bng I.102, [1]/ trang 94 : dd1 0.3179 *10-3 N.s/m2

Ni 2: Nng dung dch: x3 37%

- 21 -

0
t1 75 C
Ti nhit :
0
t2 85 C

Tra bng I.112, [1]/ trang 114 ta c nht dung dch:

3
2

1 1,338.10 N .s / m

3
2

2 1,1204.10 N .s / m

9.21 C
ng vi nhit ca nc l: 1
0
0

2 15.68 C

( Tra bng I.102, [1] / 94)

75 85
1.546
9.21 15.68

Ni 2 c ts= 69.720C s

69.72 85
15.68 5.79(0 C )
1.546

Tra bng I.102, [1]/ trang 94 ta c :

dd2 1.4827.103 ( N .s / m 2 )

3.2. H s dn nhit ca dung dch:

dd AC p .3

(W/m )

(cng thc I.32, [1] /123)

A : l h s t l ph thuc vo mc lin kt ca cht lng i vi

nc
Cp: nhit dung ring ng p ca cht lng (J/kg )
: khi lng ring (kg/m )
3

M : khi lng mol ca cht lng

i vi dung dch ng ta chn A=3,58.10-8
xi
M
Ta c: mi x dd1 x
i
i

M dd M H 2O

Ni1:

- 22 -

0.15582
342
m1
0.0096
0.15582 1 0.15582

342
18

M1=0.0096 342+(1- 0.0096) 18=21.12

1 3.58 103 3923.5611064.05 3

1064.05
0.552 (W/m.)
21.13

Ni 2:
0.37
342
m2
0.03
0.37 1 0.37

342
18
M 2 0.03 342 (1 0.03) 18 27.715

2 3.58 10 8 3454.376 1163.29 3

1163.29
0.5 (W/m.)
27.715

3.3. H s cp nhit:
3.3.1. V pha hi ngng t:
1 = 2.04A. 4

r
H .t1

(cng thc V.101, [2]/ 28)

Vi :
r: n nhit ngng (J/kg)
H: chiu cao ng truyn nhit (H=3 m)
2 . 3
: h s ph thuc tm
A

tm= 0,5(tv1 + thd)

t thd tv1

Trong :
tm : nhit trung bnh ca mng nc ngng

- 23 -

tv1: nhit d ca vch ngoi ca ng truyn nhit

thd: nhit ca hi t
Ni 1: Chn t1 4.24 0C
0

tv1 thd 1 t1 142.9 4.24 138.660 C

tm1 0.5(142.9 138.66) 140.780 C

Tra bng:
Bng 4: gi tr A ph thuc vo nhit tm
tm(0C) 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

120

139

155

169

179

188

194

197

199

199

104

Ta c A=194.120C
1,1 2.04 194.12 4

2141103
2
8021.08 (W/m .)
3 4.24

Nhit ti pha hi t ca ni 1:
q1,1 1,1 t1 8021.8 4.24 34009.379 (W/m2)

Ni 2: chn t1 3.300 C
tv1 thd 2 t1 106.92 3.3 103.620 C
tm 2 0.5(106.92 103.62) 105.27 0 C

Tra bng ta c A=181.761

1,n 2 2.04 181.761 4

2242.624
2
8089.305 (W/m .)
3 3.30

Nhit ti ring pha hi t ni 2:

q1,2 1,2 t1 8089.305 3.3 26694.705 (W/m )
2

3.3.2.V pha dung dch si:

Theo cng thc VI.27,[2]/ 71 h s cp nhit pha dung dch:

- 24 -

n : h s cp nhit ca nc
Vi: : h s hiu chnh

dd
n

0,565

2 C
. dd . dd . n
n Cn dd

0,435

Ta c:
n 45.3 p 0.5 t 2.33

Trong :
p : p sut hi th (at)
t : hiu s nhit gia vch trong ca ng v dung dch si

Gi s qu trnh truyn nhit l n nh v b qua mt mt nhit, ta c:

q1 qv q2

q1 : nhit ti ring pha hi t

qv : nhit ti truyn qua vch ng truyn nhit
q2 : nhit ti ring pha dung dch
Ta c: qv
Vi

1
(tv1 tv 2 )
r
r r1 r2 r3

Trong :
r1:nhit tr ca lp hi nc
r2

: nhit tr ca tng

:b dy ng truyn nhit (2mm)

: h s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng truyn nhit
r3 :nhit tr ca lp cn bn

- 25 -

Khi :

tv 2 tv1 qv r tv1 q1 r

Ti ni 1:
Tra bng V.1, [2]/ 4 ta c :
r1 0.232 103 (m2./W), r3 0.387 103 (m2./W)

Chn vt liu ca ng truyn nhit l thp khng g 12MX, tra bng

XII.7, [2]/ 313 ta c:

=50.2 (W/m.)
r (0.232

2
2
0.387) 103 0.659 103 (m ./W)
50.2

Nhit ca vch trong ng truyn nhit:

tv 2,1 tv1,1 q1,1 r =138.66-34009.379 116.253 0.659 103 =116.253

Hiu s nhit vch trong ng truyn nhit v dung dich si:

0

t 2,1 tv 2,1 tsdd1 =116.253-108.957=7.3 C

ng vi nhit si ca dung dch ni 1 l 108.9570C, tra bng I.249,

[1]/ 310 ta c:
Cn1 =4231.64 (J/kg.)
n1 =951.772 (kg/m )
3

n1 =0.684 (W/m.)

n1 =0.261 103 (N.s/m )

2

Khi :

0.552

0.684

0,565

1064.05 2 3923.561 0.261

.

.
.
951.772 4186.78 0.3179

H s cp nhit pha dung dch:

2
2,1 n,1 45.31.3660.5 7.32.33 0.867 4713.752 (W/m .)

Nhit ti ring:
q2,1 2,1 2,1 4713.752 7.3=34410.39 (W/m )
2

- 26 -

0,435

0.867

Kim tra iu kin:

1

q1,1 q2,1
q2,1

100%

34009.379 34410.39
34410.39

100% 1.165% < 5%

Nhit ti nhit trung bnh:

qtb1

q1,1 q2,1
2

34009.379 34410.39
34209.885(W / m2 )
2

Ti ni 2:
Tra bng V.1, [2]/ 4 ta c :
r1 0.464 103 (m2./W), r3 0.387 103 (m2./W)
r (0.464

2
2
0.387) 103 0.891103 (m ./W)
50.2

Nhit ca vch trong ng truyn nhit:

tv 2,2 tv1,2 q1,2 r =79.839

26694.705 0.891103 =79.839(0C)

Hiu s nhit vch trong ng truyn nhit v dung dich si:

0

t 2,2 tv 2,2 t sdd2 =79.839-69.72=10.12 ( C)

ng vi nhit si ca dung dch ni 2 l 69.72 0C, tra bng I.249,

[1]/ 310 ta c:
Cn2 =4186.78 (J/kg.)
n 2 =977.95 (kg/m )
3

n 2 =0.668 (W/m.)

n 2 =0.401 103 (N.s/m )

2

Khi :

0.5

0.668

0,565

1163.29 2 3428.974 0.401

.

.
.
977.95 4186.78 1.4827

0,435

H s cp nhit pha dung dch:

2
2,2 n,2 45.3 0.2580.5 10.122.33 0.514 2600.652 (W/m .)

Nhit ti ring:

- 27 -

0.514

q2,2 2,2 2,2 2600.652 10.12 = 26318.595 (W/m )

2

Kim tra iu kin:

2

q1,2 q2,2
q2,2

100%

26694.705 26318.595
26694.705

100% 1.409% < 5%

Nhit ti nhit trung bnh:

qtb 2

q1,2 q2,2
2

26694.705 26318.595
26506.650(W / m2 )
2

3.4. Tnh h s phn b nhit hu ch cho cc ni:

Xem b mt truyn nhit trong cc ni nh nhau nn nhit hu ch
phn b trong cc ni l:
Qi
K
thi (i ) n 2 i
Qi

i 1 K i

(cng thc VI.20, [2]/ 68)

hi

Trong :
0

t hi :nhit hu ch trong cc ni( C)

Qi :l nhit lng cung cp(W)
2

K i :l h s truyn nhit(W/m .)

Ki

1
1

1
Qi

0.95Di ri
3600

Trong :
Di :lng hi t ca mi ni

ri :n nhit ngng t ca hi nc

- 28 -

Ni1:
0.95 4954.209 2141103
2799059.533(W)
3600

Q1

K1

1
1
0.659 103
8021.08
4713.752

1004.362 (W/m .)

Ni2:
0.95 3582.439 2242.642 103
2120100.333(W)
3600

Q2

K2

1
1
0.891103
26694.705
26318.595

714.807 (W/m .)

Nhit hu ch ni 1:
2799059.533
0
1004.362
hi1
71.143 34.464 ( C)
2799059.533 2120100.333

1004.362
714.807

Nhit hu ch ni 2:
hi 2

2120100.333
0
714.807

71.134 36.679 ( C)
2799059.533 2120100.333

1004.362
714.807

Kim tra sai s:

1
2

34.464 33.943
33.943
36.679 37.2
37.2

100% 1.512% 5%

100 1.401% 5%

B mt truyn nhit:
F

Qi
K i thi ,i

- 29 -

Ni 1:

F1

2790059.533
2
80.9 (m )
1004.362 34.464

Ni 2:

F2

2120100.333
2
80.9 (m )
714.807 36.679

m bo an ton trnh nhng s c c th xy ra nh v hi t,

chn khng...Thng thng theo kinh nghim ly b mt truyn nhit ln 20%
so vi b mt tnh ton.
Fthc=1.2F=97.08(m2)

- 30 -

CHNG 3
TNH TON THIT B CHNH

1. Bung t:
1.1. S ng truyn nhit:
Chn loi ng truyn nhit c ng knh 38 x 2 mm (theo bng VI.6,
STQTTBT2/ Trang 80).
ng knh trong ca ng truyn nhit:

dt=34 (mm)

Chn chiu cao ca ng truyn nhit:

h=3(m)

S ng truyn nhit:
n

F
97.08

303.1 (ng)dt .h. 0, 034.3.3,14

Theo bng quy chun s ng truyn nhit theo bng V.11, [2], T2/ 48.
Chn cch xp ng theo hnh lc gic.
Tng s ng ca thit b l 367 ng.
Tng s ng khng k cc ng trong cc hnh vin phn l 311 ng
S ng trong cc hnh vin phn l 36 ng
S hnh su cnh l 10.
S ng trn ng xuyn tm ca lc gic b= 21 ng.

1.2. ng knh bung t:

Dt t (b 1) 4d n

(cng thc V.141, [2]/ 49)

Trong :
t l bc ng, thng chn t= (1,21,5)dn
b l s ng trn ng cho ca hnh lc gic u.

- 31 -

Chn t=1,5.dn t 1,5.0,038 0,057(m)

Dt 0, 057 (21 1) 4 0.038 1.292(m)

Chn Dt=1.4(m) (bng XIII.6, [2]/ 359)

1.3. Chiu dy bung t:
Chn vt liu lm thn bung t l thp CT3
B dy bung t c xc nh theo cng thc :
S

Dt .P
C ( m)
2 P

(cng thc XIII.8, [2]/ 360).

Trong :
Dt : ng knh trong ca bung t (m), Dt =1,4 (m).
: h s bn ca thnh hnh tr tnh theo phng dc, chn =0,95

(Theo bng XIII.8, [2]/ 362).

C : h s b sung do n mn (m)
C=C1+C2+C3
C1: b sung do n mn (chn 1mm)
C2: b sung do hao mn, (b qua)
C3: b sung do dung sai, (ph thuc vo tm vt liu)
P: p sut trong thit b (at)

P=Phd

Ni 1:
Vt liu CT3 c gii hn bn l :
k 380.106 ( N / m2 )
c 240.106 ( N / m2 )

( Tra bng XII.4, [2]/ 309)

Suy ra ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 theo gii hn bn l :

nk
nc

(CT XIII.1v XIII.2 , [2]/ 355)

- 32 -

Trong :
:h s hiu chnh, chn =0.9 (bng XIII.2, [2]/ 356)
nk : h s an ton bn, chn nk =2,6 ; nc = 1,5 ( bng CT XIII.3, [2]/ 356)

380.106
0.9 131.54 106 ( N / m2 )
2, 6

240.106
0.9 144 106 ( N / m 2 )
1,5

Ta chn gi tr b hn tnh ton.

P= 4 9.8 104 =392000 (N/m2)
[ ]
131.54 106
.
.0,95 318.783 50 nn ta c th b P
P
392000

Ta c:
mu s.

Nn ta c: S

1.4 392000
C 2.2 103 C (m)
6
2 131.54 10 .0,95

T bng XIII.9, [2]/ 364 ta c:

C3=0.22(mm)
Khi :

C=1+0.22=1.22(mm)

S= (2.2 1.22) 103 3.42 103 (m)

Chon S=4 103 (m)

Kim tra ng sut theo p sut th:

( S C ) .Po c

2.( S C )
1,2

(cng thc XIII.26, [2]/ 365)

Chn Po=Pth=1.5P=588000 (N/m2)

1.4 (3 1.18).103 588000

156.16 106 c 200 106 ( N / m2 )

3
2 (4 1.22) 10 0.95
1, 2

Vy chn chiu dy bung t ni 1 l: S=4(mm)

Ni 2:
V bung t ni 2 lm vic p sut thp hn bung t ni 1 nn
chiu dy bung t ni 2 b hn chiu dy bung t ni 1.

- 33 -

Vy ta chn chiu dy bung t cho c hai ni ni l 4mm

1.4. Chiu dy y bung t:
Ni 1:
c tnh theo hnh nn c g, vt liu l thp CT3, gc y l 60 ,
0
= 30 v Rs/Dt = 0.15
Sd

Dt P y
C (m)
2 u h

(cng thc XIII.52, [2]/ 399)

Sd

D ' P
C (m)
2cos P

(cng thc XIII.53, [2]/ 399)

Trong : y l yu t hnh dng y, xc nh theo th hnh

XIII.15, [2]/400 ; y=0.98
D l ng knh, i vi nn c g :
D ' Dt 2 R 1 cos 10S sin 0,5 Dt 2R 1 cos d

d : ng knh ca l tm y, chn d =0.05(m)

p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng tc dng ln y :
P1= s .g.h=532.025 9.8 (3+0.5)=18248.46(N/m2
P=Pht1+P1=152116.46(N/m2)
Xc nh chiu dy y S theo cng thc (XIII.52):
S

1.4 152116.46 0.98

C 0.75 103 C (m)
6
2 131.54 10 0.95

ng knh D:
D ' 1, 4 2 0.24 1 cos300 10 1 10 3 sin 300 1.33

0,5 1, 4 2 0.24 1 cos300 0, 05 0, 69

131.54 106 0,95 821.5 >50 nn c th b qua i lng P

P

152116.46

mu s trong cng thc (XIII.53).

- 34 -

Xc nh b dy S theo cng thc (XIII.53):

Sd

1.33 152116.46
0.85 103 C (m)
2 cos 300 (131.54 106 0,95)

Gi tr tnh theo cng thc (XIII.53) ln hn, ta chn kt qu ny.

C=(1+0.12)10-3 =1.12 10-3(m)
Do chiu dy y l: S = (0.95 + 1.12) 10-3 = 2.07 10-3(m)
Ly trn S = 3 mm.
Kim tra ng sut thnh bng cng thc (XIII.55):

1
D ' P0
P0 c
2 cos S C
h 1, 2

(cng thc XIII.55, [2]/ 400)

Chn P0 = Pth+ P1 (cng thc XIII.27, [2]/ 366).

Pth=1,5Pht1 (bng XIII.5, [2]/ 358).
P0 = 200802 18248.46 219050.46 (N/m2).
1.33 219050.46
1

219050.46
94.68 106 c 200 106
0
3
1, 2
2cos30 3 1.22 10
0.95

(N/m2)
Vy chn chiu dy y bung t ni 1 l S = 3(mm)
Ni 2:
y bung t ni 2 lm vic chu tc dng p sut ngoi nn chiu dy
ca y c tnh:
Sd

Sd

Dt Pn y
C
2 u k1 h

D ' Pn

2cos .k1 n Pn

(cng thc XIII.56, [2]/ 402)

C

(cng thc XIII.57, [2]/ 402)

k1: h s, chn 0.74 cho y c l c tng cng

- 35 -

Cc thng s tnh ton cn li cng tng t nh y nn bung t ni

1.
Pn=1+1-Pht2= (2 0.258) 9.8 104 =170716 (N/m2)
Xc nh chiu dy y S theo cng thc (XIII.56):
1.4 170716 0,98
C 1.15 103 C (m)
6
2 131.54 10 0.74 0,95

ng knh D:
D ' 1.4 2 0.24 1 cos30 0 10 2 10 3 sin 30 0 1.32

0.5 1.4 2 0.24 1 cos30 0 0.05 0.69

131.54 106 0,95 732 >50 nn c th b qua i lng P

170716

mu s trong cng thc (XIII.57).

Xc nh b dy S theo cng thc (XIII.57):
Sd

1.32 170716
1.28 103 C (m)
6
2 cos 30 0.74 (131.54 10 0,95)
0

Gi tr tnh theo cng thc (XIII.57) ln hn, ta chn kt qu ny.

C=(1+0.18)10-3 =1.18 10-3(m)
Do chiu dy y l: S = (1.28 + 1.18). 10-3 = 2.46 10-3(m)
Ly trn S = 3 mm.
Kim tra ng sut thnh bng cng thc (XIII.55):

1
D ' Po
P0 c
2 cos .k1 S C
h 1, 2

(cng thc XIII.59, [2]/ 402)

Chn P0 = 0.2 106

1.32 0.2 106

0.2 106
119.68 106 c 200 106
0
3
1, 2
2cos30 0.74 3 1.18 10
0.95

(N/m2)

- 36 -

Vy chn chiu dy y bung t ni 2 l S = 3 (mm)

m bo an ton v ng nht gia chiu dy y bung t v
bung t, ta chn chiu dy y bung t cho c hai ni l 4mm.

2. Bung bc:
2.1. ng knh bung bc:
Chn ng knh bung bc ln hn ng knh bung t. Bung bc
hay cn gi l khng gian phn ly, l khng gian tch hn hp lng hi do
phi m bo phn ly c nhng git lng trong hn hp hi lng.
ng knh bung bc phi ln m bo iu kin vn tc hi th
trong bung bc khng qu 70 80% vn tc lng ca cc git lng. Vi
nhng iu kin trn, thng thng chn ng knh bung bc ln hn
bung t 0.4 0.8 m. T bng XIII.6, [2]/ 359 ta chn ng knh bung bc
Dt=2.2 m.
2.2. Chiu cao bung bc:
Th tch khng gian hi c xc inh:
Vkgh

W
(m3 )
h .utt

(cng thc VI.32, [2]/ 71)

Trong :
Vkgh

: l th tch khng gian hi (m3)

: lng hi th bc ln trong thit b (m3)

: khi lng ring ca hi th (kg/m3)

utt

: cng bc hi th tch cho php ca khong khng gian hi

trong mt n v thi gia (m3/m3.h)

Theo cng thc VI.33, [2]/ 72
utt f .utt (1at ) khi P # 1at

Vi:
utt (1at ) :cng bc hi cho php P=1at

- 37 -

Thng thi utt=1600-1700(m3/m3.h)

Chn utt=1600
Chiu cao khng gian hi:
H kgh

4.Vkgh

.Dt2

(cng thc VI.34, STQTTB,T2/72)

Ni 1:
p sut hi th Pht1 =1.366 (at)

ht1 0.7747(kg / m3 )
Tra th , ta c f =0.95 (hnh VI.3, [2]/ 72)
Vy:
utt 0.95 1600 1520(m3 / m3h)
Vkgh1

W1
3582.439

3.04(m3 )
ht1.utt 0.7747 1520

H kgh1

4 3.04
0.8(m)
3.14 2.22

Ni 2:
p sut hi th P2ht=0.258 (at)
ht2 0.1626(kg / m3 )

Tra th , ta c f =1.5 (hnh VI.3, [2]/ 72)

Khi :
utt 1.5 1600 2400( m3 / m3h)
Vkgh1

W2
3714.858

9.52(m3 )
ht 2 utt 0.1626 2400

H kgh1

4 9.52
2.5(m)
3.14 2.22

V chiu cao ct dung dch dng ln trong bung bc khong 0.5(m)

nn chiu cao ca thn tr bung bc ni 2 l 3(m)
Vy chn chiu cao bung bc cho c hai ni l 3(m)

- 38 -

2.3. Chiu dy bung bc:

Ni 1:
Gi s chiu cao mc dung dch si dng ln bung bc l 0.5m, p
sut

thy

tnh

do

mc

dung

dch

ny

l:

P1= s

.g.h= 532.025 9.8 0.5 =2606.9(N/m2)

Vt liu CT3 c gii hn bn l :
k 380.106 ( N / m2 )
c 240.106 ( N / m2 )

( Tra bng XII.4, [2]/ 309)

Suy ra ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 theo gii hn bn l :

nk
nc

(CT XIII.1v XIII.2 , [2]/ 355)

Trong :
:h s hiu chnh, chn =0.9 (bng XIII.2, [2]/ 356)
nk : h s an ton bn, chn nk =2,6 ; nc = 1,5 ( bng CT XIII.3, [2]/ 356)

380.106
0.9 131.54 106 ( N / m2 )
2, 6

240.106
0.9 144 106 ( N / m 2 )
1,5

Ta chn gi tr b hn tnh ton.

P=Pht1+P1=1.366 9.8 104 2606.9 136474.92 (N/m2)
Ta c:

[ ]
131.54 106
.
.0,95 915.64 50 nn ta c th b P
P
136474.92

mu s.
Nn ta c: S

2.2 136474.92
C 1.2 103 C (m)
6
2 131.54 10 .0,95

T bng XIII.9, [2]/ 364 ta c:

- 39 -

C3=0.18(mm)
Khi :

C=1+0.18 =1.18(mm)

S= (1.2 1.18) 103 2.38 103 (m)

Chon S=3 103 (m)

Kim tra ng sut theo p sut th:

( S C ) .Po c

2.( S C )
1,2

(cng thc XIII.26, [2]/ 365)

Chn Po=Pth+P1=1.5Pht1+P1=200802+2606.9=203408.92(N/m2)
2.2 (3 1.18) 103 203408.92

129.52 106 c 200 106 ( N / m2 )

3
2 (3 1.18) 10 0.95
1, 2

Vy chn chiu dy bung bc ni 1 l: S=3(mm)

Ni 2:
V ni 2 lm vic trong iu kin chn khng nn ni 2 thuc thit b
lm vic chu p sut ngoi, chiu dy S c tnh theo cng thc XIII.29,
[2]/ 370:
V:
1<
(

3
<8 (m)
2.2

Pn l 0.4
) 0.0042 <0.523
Et D

Trong :

Pn=1+(1-Pht2)=1.842(at)=180516(N/m2)

E t = 20 1010 l modun n hi ca thp CT3

l=Hb l chiu cao ca thn bung bc

p dng cng thc XIII.32, [2]/ 370
P l
180516 3
3
S 1.25D tn
11.63 10 C (m)
C 1.25 2.2
10
E

D
20

10

2.2

0.4

T bng XIII.9, [2]/ 364 ta c:

- 40 -

C3=0.8(mm)
Khi :

C=1+0.8=1.8(mm)
S= (11.63 1.8) 103 13.43 103 (m)

Chon S=14 103 (m)

ng sut lm vic cho php:
[Pn ]=0.649Et

Dt S C S C
217981.177

l Dt Dt

V Pn<[Pn] nn chiu dy tnh l ph hp

Vy ta chn chiu dy bung bc cho c hai ni l 14mm.
2.4. Chiu dy np bung bc:
Ni 1:
Chon np dng elip, vt liu ch to l thp CT3, chiu dy S ca np
c cc nh theo cng thc XIII.47, [2]/ 385:

Dt
Dt P
S
C (m)
3,8 k P 2h
b

Trong :

ng knh trong ca bung bc Dt =2,2 (m)

p sut : P = Pht1=134004.6 (N/m2)

ng sut cho php : c = 1,46.108(N/m2)
Np c l c tng cng hon ton k = 1
Chiu cao hb ca np : hb = Dt 0,25 = 0,55 (m).
[ ]
131.54 106
k
.0,95 1020.86 50 nn c th b qua i lng P
P
134004.6

mu.
2, 2 134004.6

2, 2
3
S C

1.242 10

6
3,8 131.54 10 0,95 2 0.55

V S C = 1.242 10-3 < 10 103 (m) nn tng thm 2 mm cho chiu dy

ca np vo gi tr C:
C=(1.18+2) 103 =3.18 103 (m)

- 41 -

Khi chiu dy ca np:

S=(1.242+3.18) 103 =4.422 103 (m)

Chn S=5 103 (m)

Kim tra li ng sut thnh p sut th thy lc (cng thc XIII.49,
[2]/ 386)
P0 =Pth=1,5Pht1 = 1,5. 134004.6 =201006.9(N/m2)
Dt2 2hb ( S C ) P0 2.22 2 0.55(5 3.18) 103 201006.9

134.67 106 (N/

3
7,6 k h hb ( S C )
7.6 1 0.95 0.55(5 3.18) 10

m2)
134.67 106

c
1, 2

200 106

(N/m2)

Vy chiu dy ca np ni 1 l S = 5(mm)
Ni 2:
Np ni 2 lm vic chu p sut ngoi, chiu dy S c tnh theo cng
thc XIII.50, [2]/ 387:

Dt Pn
S
3,8 k1k Pn
n

Trong :

Dt
C

2
h
b

k1 l h s, chn k=0.74 i vi l tng cng.

[ ]
131.54 106
k1k
0.74 0.95 801.3 50 nn c th b qua i lng
P
170716

P mu.
2, 2 170716

2, 2
3
S C

2.138 10

6
3,8 131.54 10 0.74 0,95 2 0.55

V S C = 2.26 10-3 < 10 103 (m) nn tng thm 2 mm cho chiu dy

ca np vo gi tr C:
C=(1.22+2) 103 =3.22 103 (m)
Khi chiu dy ca np:

S=(2.138+3.22) 103 =5.358 103 (m)

Chn S=6 103 (m)

- 42 -

Kim tra li ng sut thnh p sut th thy lc (cng thc XIII.51,

[2]/ 387)
P0 =Pth=0.2 106 (N/m2)
Dt2 2hb ( S C ) P0 2.22 2 0.55(6 3.22) 103 0.2 106

118.57 106 (N/

7,6k1k h hb ( S C )
7.6 0.74 0.95 0.55(6 3.22) 103

m2)
118.57 106

c
1, 2

(N/m2)

200 106

Vy chiu dy ca np bung bc 2 l S = 6(mm)

Chn chiu dy ca np bung bc cho c hai ni l 6mm

3. ng knh cc ng dn:
Phng trnh lu lng: Vs
d

.d 2
4

(m 3 / s ) (cng thc V.41, [2]/ 74)

Vs
(m)
0,785.

Vi: Vs: lu lng kh, hi, dung dch chy trong ng (m3/s)
: tc thch hp i trong ng (m/s)

Chn 20(m / s) i vi hi bo ha, 1(m / s) vi cht lng t nht.

Vs=W.v
Vi: W: lu lng khi lng (kg/s)
v:l th tch ring (m3/kg)
3.1. ng knh ng dn hi t:
Ni 1:
W

D1
4954.209

1,376(kg / s)
3600
3600

nhit t1h 142.9(o C ) v 0.4718(m3 / kg )

314)

- 43 -

(bng

I.251,

[1]/

Nn: d

1.376 0.4718
0, 203(m)
0.785 20

Chn d=200(mm)

(bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

Ni 2:
W

D2
3582.439

0.995(kg / s)
3600
3600

nhit t2 h 107.92(o C ) v 1.299(m3 / kg ) (bng I.250, [1]/ 312)

Nn:

0.995 1.299
0.2869(m)
0, 785.20

Chn d=250(mm), theo bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409

Vy chn ng loi ng knh ng dn hi t c hai ni l dt= 250
(mm), vi ng knh ngoi dn= 273 (mm).
3.2. ng knh ng dn hi th:
Ni 1:
ng knh ng dn hi th ni 1 bng ng knh ng dn hi t ni
2.
Suy ra: dt = 250(mm), dn=273(mm)
Ni 2:
W

W2
3714.858

1, 032(kg / s)
3600
3600

Hi th c nhit t 65.2(o C ), 6.16(m3 / kg ) (bng I.250, [1]/ 312).

d

1.032 6.16
0.636( m)
0.785 20

Chn d= 600(mm), vi dn= 631 (mm).

- 44 -

3.3. ng knh ng dn dung dch:

3.3.1. ng knh ng dn dung dch vo thit b gia nhit:
W

G
10000

2.778(kg / s)
3600 3600

Gi s dung dch c: t =30(oC), Cd 10%

1039.98(kg / m3 )

Nn: d

(bng I.86, [1]/ 58)

1
0,962 103 (m3 / kg )
1039.98

2.778 0.962 103

0.0583(m)
0.785

Chn d= 50 (mm), dn= 57 (mm)

(bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

3.3.2. ng knh ng dn dung dch t ni gia nhit sang ni 1:

Ta c: W

G
10000

2.778(kg / s) .
3600 3600

Gi thit ni gia nhit tng nhit dung dch u t 300C ln n nhit

si ni 1 l 93.3240C
t= 93.324(oC), Cd 5%
1039.89(kg / m3 ) ,theo bng I.86, [1]/ 58.

Khi :
d

1
0,962.103 (m3 / kg )
1039.89

2.778 0.962 103

0.0583(m)
0.785

Chn d= 50(mm), dn= 57 (mm)

(bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

3.3.4. ng knh ng dn dung dch t ni ni 1 sang ni 2:

Ta c:

G d -W1 10000 3582.439

1, 78(kg / s)
3600
3600

Dung dch sau khi ra khi ni 1 c Cc1=15.582% v t= 108.957(oC)

- 45 -

Suy ra :

1064.05(kg / m3 ) ,

Khi :

(bng I.86, [1]/ 58)

1
0.94 103 (m3 / kg )
1064.05

1.78 0.94 103

0.046(m)
0.785

Chn dt= 50 (mm), dn=57(mm) (bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

3.3.5. ng knh ng dn dung dch t ni 2 sang b cha sn phm:
W

Ta c:

G d W 10000 7297.297

0.751(kg / s)
3600
3600

Dung dch sau khi ra khi ni 1 c Cc2 = 37% v t = 60.617(oC)

1163.29(kg / m3 )

Suy ra :

(bng I.86, [1]/ 58)

1
0.86 103 (m3 / kg )
1163.29

0.751 0.86 103

d
0.0286(m)
0, 785.1

Chn dt= 32 (mm) ,dn=38(mm) (bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

Tm li, chn ng knh ng dn dung dch cho ton h thng l:
dt= 50(mm), dn= 57 (mm).
3.4. ng knh ng tho nc ngng :
Ni 1:
Lu lng khi lng nc ngng:

W= D= 1.376(kg/s).

Ta c:
t= 142.9(oC) 1082.53 106 (m3 / kg ) (bng I.5, [1]/ 11)
Chn vn tc ca nc ngng 0,5m / s
d

1.376 1082.53 106

0.062(m)
0.785 0.5

Chn dt= 70 (mm), dn=76 (mm) (bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

- 46 -

Ni 2:
Lu lng khi lng nc ngng:

W= D= 0.995(kg/s).

Ta c:
t= 106.92(oC) 1049.01106 (m3 / kg )
Do :

(bng I.5, [1]/ 11)

0.995 1049.01106
0.052(m)
0.785 0.5

Chn d= 50 (mm) theo bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409.

Vy chn ng knh ng tho nc ngng cho c 2 ni l:
dt= 70(mm), dn= 76 (mm).
3.5. ng knh ng tun hon ngoi:
Ni 1:
Gi s lu lng khi lng dung dch chy trong ng l 60% lu
lng vo ni .
Khi :

Gd
10000
.60%
.60% 1.67(kg / s)
3600
3600

1
0.94 103 (m3 / kg )
1064.05

Vn tc tun hon chn =0.8(m/s)

1.67 0.94 103
d
0.0499(m)
0.785 0.8

Nn:

Chn d= 50(mm) (bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409)

Ni 2:
Gi s lu lng khi lng dung dch chy trong ng l 60% lu
lng vo ni.
Khi :
s

Gd W1
10000-3582.439
.60%
60% 1.07( kg / s)
3600
3600

1
0.86 103 (m3 / kg )
1163.29

- 47 -

Nn: d

1.07 0.86 103

0.038(m)
0.785 0.8

Chn d= 40(mm) theo bng XIII.26, [2]/ 409.

Vy chn ng knh ng tun hon ngoi cho c 2 ni l dt= 50(mm),
dn= 57(mm).
Bng 5 : Tm tt ng knh ng dn
ng dn

ng knh trong
dt (mm)

ng knh ngoi
dn (mm)

Hi t

250

273

Hi th ni 1

250

273

Hi th ni 2

600

611

Nguyn liu vo thit b

50
gia nhit

57

Dung dch

50

57

Tho nc ngng

70

76

Tun hon ngoi

50

57

4. Chiu dy v ng:
V ng phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
+ Gi cht ng
+ Gi nguyn hnh dng ca v ng sau khi lp ng
+ Chng b n mn
Nn ta chn b dy v ng bng 15 (mm)

5. Chiu dy lp cch nhit:

hn ch nhit truyn qua thnh thit b hay ng dn thot ra ngoi
khng kh lm tn tht nhit lng, ta phi bc thit b hay ng dn bng mt
vt liu dn nhit km gi l lp cch nhit.

- 48 -

5.1.Tnh chiu dy lp cch nhit ca ng dn:

B dy lp cch nhit bc cc ng dntrong iu kin cp nhit ra ngoi
khng kh chuyn ng t do, nhit mi trng xung quanh khong 20 0C
c tnh theo cng thc:
2.8

d 21.2 1.35 tT1.32

( m)
q1.5

(cng thc V.137, [2]/ 41)

Trong :
D2

:ng knh ngoi ca ng dn(khng k lp cch nhit)

:h s dn nhit ca lp cch nhit ( W/m.)

:nhit tn tht tnh theo 1m chiu di ng(W/m)

tT2

:nhit mt ngoi ca ng kim loi cha k lp cch nhit

Chn cht cch nhit l bng thy tinh:

Vi:
0.0372(W / m0 ) (Bng I.126, [1]/ 128)
200(kg / m3 )

(Bng I.1, [1]/ 8)

5.1.1. ng dn hi t:
Ni 1:
Ta c dn=273 (mm)
tT2 =thd1=142.9 0C
Tra bng V7, [2]/ 42 ta c:
q=162.326 (W/m)
2.8

2731.2 0.03721.35 142.91.3

8.45(mm)
162.3621.5

Lm trn gi tr: =9 (mm)

Ni 2:
Ta c dn=273 (mm)

- 49 -

tT2 =thd2=106.920C
Tra bng V7, [2]/ 42 ta c:
q=128.5 (W/m)
2731.2 0.03721.35 106.921.3
2.8
8.23(mm)
128.51.5

Lm trn gi tr =9 (mm)
5.1.2.ng dn hi th:
Ni 1:
ng dn hi th ni 1 l ng dn hi t ni 2 nn b dy lp cch
nhit ca ng dn hi th 1 l =9 (mm)
Ni 2:
Ta c dn=631 (mm)
tT2 =tht2=65.2 0C
Tra bng V7, [2]/ 42 ta c:
q=178.91 (W/m)
2.8

6311.2 0.03721.35 65.21.3

7.19(mm)
178.911.5

Lm trn gi tr =8 (mm)
5.1.3. ng dn dung dch
T thit b gia nhit vo ni 1:
Ta c:
dn=57 (mm), tT2 =108.9570C
Tra bng V7, [2]/ 42 ta c:
q=56.556 (W/m)
2.8

571.2 0.03721.35 108.9571.3

4.407(mm)
56.5561.5

- 50 -

Lm trn gi tr =5 (mm)
T ni 1 sang ni 2:
Chiu dy lp cch nhit ng dn dung dch ni 1 sang ni 2 bng chiu
dy lp cch nhit ng dn thit b gia nhit vo ni 1
Chiu du lp cch nhit =5 (mm)
T ni 2 sang b sn phm:
Ta c:
dn=57 (mm), tT2 =tsdd2=69.720C
Tra bng V7, [2]/ 42 ta c:
q=36.64 (W/m)
2.8

571.2 0.03721.35 69.721.3

4.73(mm)
36.641.5

Lm trn gi tr =5 (mm)
5.1.4. ng tun hon ngoi:
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit ca ng tun hon ngoi bng chiu dy
lp cch nhit ca thn thit b.
5.2. Chiu dy lp cch nhit ca thn thit b:
Chiu dy lp cch nhit:
n (tT 2 tkk )

c
(t t )
c T1 T 2

(cng thc VI.66, [2]/ 92)

Trong :
tkk=300C (nhit khng kh)
tT2=400C (nhit b mt lp cch nhit v pha khng kh )
tT1= thd=142.90C (nhit hi t ni 1)
n : h s cp nhit t b mt ngoi ca lp cch nhit bng thy tinh

n khng kh

- 51 -

 n 9.3 0.058 tT 2 9.3 0.058 40 11.62 (W/m .)

2

(CT VI 67, [2]/

92)
c

c (tT 1 tT 2 ) 0.0372(142.9 40)

0.033(m)
n (tT 2 tkk )
11.62(40 30)

Chn =33(mm)
Ly chiu dy lp cch nhit ni 2 bng chiu dy lp cch nhit ca
ni 1. Vy ta c th chn chiu dy cch nhit cho thn bung bc v bung
t cho c hai ni l 33(mm)

6. Chn mt bch:
Mt bch l mt b phn quan trng d ni cc phn ca thit b cng
nh cc b phn khc vi thit b.
H thng c c ang tnh c p sut lm vic khng cao lm nn chn
loi bch lin ni cc b phn ca thit b.
6.1. Mt bch ni thit b:

Hnh 2: Bch lin bng thp ni thit b

- 52 -

Ta chn kiu bch trn ni thn bung t vi thn bung bc, thn
bung bc vi np v thn bung t vi y. Cc thng s ca bch cn chn
c th hin bng di y
Bng 6: Mt bch ni thit b
Py10-6 Bung
(N/m2)

Kch thc ni

Dt
D

Db

D1

Bulng
Do

db

mm
Ci
<0.3

1400 1540 1490 1460 1413 30

M20 40

<0.1

Bc

2200 2350 2300 2260 2215 32

M24 56

6.2. Mt bch ni ng dn vi thit b:

Hnh 3: Bch ni ng dn vi thit b

Ta dng kiu bch trn ni cc ng dn vi dung dch, cc thng s

ca mt bch cn chn c th hin trong bng di y.
Bng 7: Mt bch bi ng dn vi thit b

- 53 -

ng dn

Dy

Dn

Kch thc bch ni

D

Db

D1

Bulng
h

db

mm

Z
Ci

Hi t

250

273

435

395

365

24

M20 12

Hi th ni 2

600

631

740

690

650

20

M20 20

Nguyn
liu 50
vo thit b gia
nhit

57

140

110

90

12

M12 4

Dung dch

50

57

140

110

90

12

M12 4

Nc ngng

70

76

160

130

110

14

M12 4

Tun hon

40

45

130

100

80

12

M12 4

7. Chn tai treo:

Chn 4 tai treo bng thp CT3 cho mt bung t.
Ti trng cho 1 tai treo l: G1

G
.
4

Vi: G= Gthn +Gnp+Gy+Gcchnhit+Glng+Ghi+Gbch+Gng+Gv

Ti trng thn:
d n 2 dt2
) gh
G= (
4

Bung t:
G1 3.14

(1.4 8 103 ) 2 1.62

3 7850 9.81 4073.96( N )
4

Bung bc:
G2= 3.14

(2.2 14 103 ) 2 2.22

3 9.8 11207( N )
4

Ti trng ng truyn nhit:

d n2 dt2
n gh
G3=
4

- 54 -

G3= 3.14 376

0.0382 0.342
3 7850 9.81 19638.6( N )
4

Ti trng np:
Vi np elip c ng knh trong Dt= 2200mm, chiu cao ca g
h=40mm, din tch mt trong F=5.53m2 ta c ti trng ca np c tnh gn
ng vi cng thc:
G4= F S g = 5.53 6 103 7850 9.81 2555.1( N )
Ti trng y:
Vi y nn c ng knh trong Dt=1400mm, chiu cao H=1269mm,
chiu cao g h=40mm, din tch b mt trong F=3.485m2 ta c ti trng ca
y c tnh gn ng vi cng thc:
G5= F S g = 3.485 4 103 7850 9.81 1073.5( N )
Ti trng lp cch nhit:
G=

d 22 d12
gh
4

Trong :
d2: ng knh ngoi ca lp cch nhit, d2=d1+2
d1: ng knh trong ca lp cch nhit, d1=dthn
bung bc:
G6 3.14

(2.2 2 0.014 2 0.033) 2 (2.2 2 0.014) 2

200 9.81 3 1379( N )
4

Bung t:
G7=
3.14

(1.4 2 0.004 2 0.033) 2 (1.4 2 0.004) 2

200 9.81 3 878.88( N )
4

Ti trng ct cht lng:

G8 n

dt2
0.0342
max gh 367 3.14
581.645 9.8 3 5695.1( N )
4
4

- 55 -

Ti trng hi:
G9 max gh

Dt2
2.22
0.7747 9.81 3 3.14
86.62( N )
4
4

Ti trng v ng:
G10=
2

Dt2 n d 2n
1.42 367 0.0382
gS 2 3.14
7850 9.8 0.015 1728.98( N )
4
4

Ti trng bch:
Bung bc-np:
G11=
2

D 2 Do2 Zdb2
2.352 2.2152 56 0.0242
gh 2 3.14
7850 9.81 0.032 2259.5( N )
4
4

Bung t-y, bung t-bung bc:

G12=
4

D 2 Do2 Zdb2
15402 14132 40 0.022
gh 4 3.14
7850 9.81 0.03 2604.5( N )
4
4

Vy tng ti trng rc dng ln tai treo:

G= G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12
=4073.96 11207 19638.2 2555.1 1073.5 1379 878.88 5695.1 86.62 1728.98 2259.5 2604.5
53180.4 N

Vy ti trng ca 1 tai treo:

G1

G 52971

1.33 104 ( N )
4
4

m bo an ton cho thit b, chn theo bng XIII.36, [2]/ 438.

Bng 8: tai treo thit b thng ng
Ti
trng

B
mt

Ti
trng

B1

- 56 -

Khi lng
mt
tai

cho

cho
php
F
php
trn
104 m2ln b
mt tai
mt
treo

4
q
G 10

treo, kg
mm

106 N / m2

2.5

173

1.45

15
0

12
0

13
0

21
5

60 20 30 3.48

CHNG 4
THIT B PH

1. Cn bng vt liu:
1.1.Lng nc lm ngui cn thit ti vo thit b ngng t:
Da vo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng
Gn =

W2 .(i Cn .t2 c )
(kg/s) (cng thc V51, [2] /84)
Cn .(t2 c t2 d )

Trong :
W2 : Lng hi ngng i vo thit b ngng t (kg/s)
W2 = 3714.858kg/h = 1.032 kg/s
i : Hm nhit ca hi ngng t (J/kg), i=2616.092 103 (J/kg)
t2d , t2c : Nhit u v nhit cui ca nc (0C)
Chn:

t2d = 30 0C
t2c = 55

- 57 -

Nhit trung bnh cu nc: ttb =

t2 d t2c 30 55

42.50 C
2
2

Cn: Nhit dung ring trung bnh cu nc (J/kg.)

Tra theo ttb ta c Cn =4178(J/kg.)
Vy:
1.032 (2616.092 103 4178 55)
23.58 kg/s
Gn =
4178 (55 30)

1.2. Th tch kh khng ngng v khng kh c ht ra khi thit b:

Lng kh khng ngng v khng kh c ht ra khi thit b l c sn
trong hi th, chui qua l h ca thit b hoc bc ra t nc lm lnh.
Chnh lng kh khng ngng v khng kh ny vo thit b ngng t
lm gim chn khng , p sut hi ring phn v hm lng tng i
ca hi trong hn hp gim , ng thi lm gim h s truyn nhit ca thit
b. V vy cn phi lin tc ht kh khng ngng v khng kh ra khi thit b.
Lng kh khng ngng v khng kh c ht ra khi thit b:
Gkk 0.25 104 W2 0.25 10 4 Gn 0.01W2 (cng thc VI.47, [2]/ 84)

Vi:
Gkk :lng kh khng ngng, khng kh c ht ra khi thit b (kg/s)
Gkk 0.25 104 1.032 0.25 104 23.58 0.01 1.032 0.0109 (kg/s)

Th tch kh khng ngng v khng kh c ht ra khi thit b ngng

t:
Vkk =

288.Gkk (273 tkk )

(cng thc VI.49, [2]/ 84)
p ph

Vi:
Vkk: th tch kh khng ngng v khng kh (m3/s)
P: p sut chung ca hn hp kh trong thit b ngng t(N/m2)

- 58 -

Ph: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong hn hp(N/m2), ly bng p

sut hi bo ha nhit ca khng kh (tkk)
Nhit ca khng kh c xc nh nh sau:
tkk = t2d + 4 + 0,1 (t2c t2d) = 36.5(0C)

(cng thc VI.50, [2]/

84)
Ph = 0.0627 at

Vy:
Vkk =

288 0.0109 (273 36.5)

0.053(m3 / s) = 190.8 (m3/h)
4
(0.25 0.0627)9.8110

2. Kch thc thit b ngng t:

2.1.ng knh thit b ngng t:
ng knh ca thit b ngng t c xc nh theo cng thc:
dtr = 1.383

W2

h h

(cng thc VI.52, [2]/ 84)

(m)

Vi:
dtr: ng knh trong ca thit b ngng t (m)
W:lng hi ngng t(kg/s)
h :khi lng ring ca hi (kg/m )
3

Ph=0.25at tra bng I.251,STQTTB,T2/314 suy ra =0.158(kg/m3)

h :tc hi trong thit b ngng t (m/s). Chn h =25m/s

dtr = 1.383

1.032
0.707( m)
0.158 25

Chn ng knh thit b ngng t l dtr=800 mm

- 59 -

2.2. Kch thc tm ngn:

m bo lm vic tt , tm ngn phi c dng hnh vin phn. Chiu
rng ca tm ngn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b=

dtr
+ 50 (mm) (CT VI.53, [2]/ 85)
2

Vi;
d tr :ng knh trong ca thit b ngng t (mm)

V trn tm ngn c nhiu l nh , chn ng knh ca l l 2mm

Ly nc sch lm ngui .
Ta c:
b=

800
+ 50=450(mm)
2

Chiu cao ca g cnh tm ngn l 40mm

Chn chiu dy tm ngn l 4mm
Tng din tch b mt ca cc l trong ton b mt ct ngang ca thit
b ngng t ngha l trn mt cp tm ngn :
f

Gn

W
(m 2 )
c n

Vi:
Gn: lu lng nc(m3/s)
c :tc tia nc (m/s); chn c =0.62 (m/s)
n :khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3); chn n =991.15(kg/m3)
f

23.58
0.038(m2 )
991.15 0.62

Cc l trn tm ngn sp xp theo hnh lc gic u nn ta c th xc

nh bc ca cc l bng cng thc

- 60 -

t = 0.866d (

f e 1/ 2
(cng thc VI.55, [2]/ 85)
)
f tb

d:ng knh ca l
fe
:t s gia tng din tch tit din cc l vi din tch tit din ca
f tb

thit b ngng t, thng ly

Chn

fe
=0.025- 0.1
f tb

fe
=0.1
f tb

Nn: t = 0.866 2 0.11/2 0.548 (mm)

2.3. Chiu cao thit b ngng t:
chn khong cch trung bnh gia cc tm ngn v tng chiu cao
hu ch ca thit b ngng t , ta da vo mc un nng nc v thi gian
lu ca nc trong thit b ngng t .
Mc un nng nc c xc nh
P=

t2 c t2 d
tng t2 d

(cng thc VI56, [2]/ 85)

Vi: t 2c , t2d :nhit cui , u ca nc ti vo thit b

t ng :nhit ca hi nc bo ha ngng t

P=

t2 c t2 d
55 30

0.731
tng t2 d 64.2 30

Tra bng VI.7, [2]/ 86:

S ngn=8, s bc =4, khong cch gia cc tm ngn l 400mm, thi
gian ri qua mi bt l 0.41s
Tra bng VI.8, [2]/ 88 ta c:
Khong cch t ngn trn cng n np thit b l a=1300mm
Khong cch t ngn di cng n y thit b l b=1200mm

- 61 -

Thc t hi i trong thit b ngng t t di ln th th tch ca n s

gim dn, do khong cch hp l nht gia cc tm ngn l gim dn theo
hng t di ln khong 50mm cho mi ngn. Vy khong cch gia cc
ngn t di ln s ln lc nh sau: 400mm, 350mm, 300mm, 250mm,
200mm, 150mm, 100mm.
Chiu cao tng ca thit bi ngng t l
H=H'
+b=(400+350+300+250+200+150+100)+1300+1200=4250mm

+a

Khong cch gia tm thit b ngng t v thit b thu hi

K1=950 mm ; K2=835 mm
Chiu cao ca h thng thit b H=5080 mm
Chiu rng ca h thng thit b: T=2350 mm
ng knh ca thit b thu hi D1=500 mm ; D2=400
Chiu cao ca thit b thu hi: h1=1700 ; h2=1350 mm
2.4. Tnh kch thc ca ng Baromet:
p sut trong thit b ngng t l 0.25(at) do tho nc ngng v
hi ngng t mt cch t nhin th thit b phi c ng Baromet.
ng knh ng Baromet c xc nh theo cng thc:
dB =

0.004(Gn W2 )
.

(cng thc VI.57, [2]/ 86)

(m)

Trong :
Gn: Lng nc lnh ti vo thp (kg/s)
W2: Lng hi ngng t (kg/s)
: Tc ca hn hp nc lnh v nc ngng chy trong ng
Baromet
Chn = 0.5m/s
Vy:

- 62 -

dB =

0.004 (23.58 1.032)

0.25(m)
3.14 0.5

chn dB=250 mm
Chiu cao ca ng Baromet c tnh theo cng thc:
H= h1+h2+0.5(m) (cng thc VI.58, [2]/ 86)
Vi:
h1:chiu cao ca ct nc trong ng cn bng vi hiu s gia p
sut kh quyn v p sut trong thit b ngng t.(m)
h2:chiu cao ca ct nc trong ng baromet cn khc phc
ton b tr lc ca nc khi nc chy trong ng(m).
0.5(m): chiu cao d tr ngn nga nc dng lntrong ng
v chy trn vo ng ng dn hi khi p sut kh quyn tng.
Ta c:
h1 = 10.33

b
760

y b l chn khngtrong thit b ngng t (mmHg)

b=(1-0.25) 760=570 (mmHg)
Nn h1 = 10.33
h2

570
7.75(m)
760

1 (m) (cng thc VI.60, [2]/ 87).

2g
d

H s tr lc khi vo ng ng ly =0,5;khi ra khi ng ly =1 th

cng thc trn c dng nh sau: h2
Vi:

H
2.5 (m)
2g
d

H: ton b chiu cao ng Bazomet (m)

d : ng knh trong ca ng Bazomet(m)
: h s ma st khi nc chy trong ng

tnh ta tnh h s chun Re khi cht lng chy trong ng Bazomet:

- 63 -

Re

d B n

( cng thc VI.4, [1]/ 359)

Vi: dB : ng knh ng dn.(m)

0

n : khi lng ring ca nc 55 C, n =985.73(kg/m )

: nht ca nc 55 C, =0.5064 103 (N.s/m )

0

Re

0.25 985.73 0.5

24.33 104 104
3
0.5064 10

Vy ng Bazomet c ch chy xoy, ch chy xoy ta c th

xc nh h s ma st theo cng thc sau:
6,81 0,9
2 lg

3,7

Re

(cng thc II.65, [1]/ 380)

Vi: : nhm tng i xc nh theo cng thc sau:

d td

(cng thc II.66, [1]/ 380)

Trong : : nhm tuyt i: = 0,1(mm)

dtd: ng knh tng ng ca ng(m), dtd=0.25(m)

0.1103
0.4 103
0.25
2

0.018
0.9
3

6.81
0.4

10

2 lg

24.33

10
3.7

0.52
H
3
2.5 0.018
0.0318 0.92 10 H
2 9.81
0.25

Nn:

h2

V :

H = h1+h2+0,5 = 7.75+0.5+0.0318+0.92 103 H

H = 8.29 (m)

Nhng trong thc t ngi ta thng chn chiu cao Baromet, H =

10.5(m)

- 64 -

3. Chn bm:
3.1. Bm chn khng:
Ngoi tc dng ht kh khng ngng v khng kh, bm chn khng
cn c tc dng to chn khng cho thit b ngng t va thit b c c.
Trong thc t qu trnh ht kh l qu trnh a bin nn:
Cng ca bm chn khng:
m 1
m 1

m
P2
P2 m
m
m

L
P .v
1
RT
1
m 1 1 P 1

m 1 1 1 P 1

(cng thc II.243a, [1]/

465)
Vi: P1 : p sut kh lc ht (N/m2);
P2 : p sut kh lc y (N/m2).
m : ch s a bin ca khng kh, thng m=1.2-1.62 , ly m=
1.5
L : cng ca bm chn khng ( J/kg).
v1 : th tch ring ca kh khng ngng v khng kh c ht ra
khi h thng (m3/kg).
P1= Pck-Ph=0.25-0.0627=0.1873(at)=18374.13(N/m2)
Ph: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong hn hp
Chn: P2= 1.1(at)=107910 (N/m2).
Cng sut l thuyt ca bm chn khng:
Nlt=

GL
(kW )
1000

(cng thc II.426, [1]/ 466)

Trong :
G : nng sut ca bm chn khng( kg/s)
Cng sut thc t ca bm chn khng:
Ntt=

N lt

- 65 -

Trong :
: hiu sut a bin, chn =0.8

Vy cng sut thc t ca bm chn khng:

m 1

P2 m
LG
m

Ntt

P .V
1
3
3 1 1
10 m 1 10
P
1

Trong :
V1: th tch khng kh v kh khng ngng ht ra khi h
thng(m3/s)
1.51

1.5
1.5
109710

N tt
18374.13 0.053
1 2.973(kW)
18374.13

0.8 (1.5 1) 103

Cng sut hiu dng ca bm chn khng:

Nhd=

N tt

ck

(cng thc II.249, [1]/ 466)

Cng sut ca ng c in:

N dc

N hd

trdc

N tt

trdcck

Vi:
: h s d tr cng sut,thng ly =1.1-1.15, chn =1.12
tr : hiu sut truyn ng , chn tr =0.98

dc : hiu sut ng c, chn dc =0.95

ck : hiu sut c kh ca my nn, chn ck =0.9
N dc

2.973 1.12
3.97(kW )
0.98 0.95 0.9

Vy cng sut ca ng c bm chn khng l 3.97 (kW).

- 66 -

3.2. Bm nc lnh vo thit b ngng t:

Chn bm ly tm 1 gung bm nc lnh ln thit b ngng t, ta
chn chiu cao ng ht v ng y ca bm l: Ho= 15 (m).
Chiu di ton b ng ng l: 20 (m).
Chn ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y, d=150(mm)
Khi vn tc chy trong ng:
v

Gn
23.58

1.34(m / s)
2
0.785 d 0.785 0.152 995.68

Cng sut hiu dng ca bm c tnh theo cng thc sau:

N

Q.H . .g Gn Hg

( KW) (cng thc II.189, [1]/ 439).

1000
1000

Vi: : khi lng ring ca nc 25(oC).=995.68

Q: nng sut ca bm (m3/s).
H: p sut ton phn (p sut cn thit cht lng chy trong
ng)
: hiu sut ca bm, chn =0,78

(bng II.32, [1]/ 439)

H = Hm + Ho+ Hc (m). (CT II.185,STQTTB,T1/Trang438)

Trong :
Hm : tr lc thy lc trong mng ng.
Hc : chnh lch p sut cui ng y v u ng ht.
Ho : tng chiu di hnh hc m cht lng c a ln ( gm
chiu cao ht v chiu cao y )
Tnh Hm :
H1 =

H m H1 H cb (m)

(cng thc 1-102, [4]/ 64]

l 2
: tr lc do ma st
2dg

H2 =

2
2g

: tr lc cc b

- 67 -

Khi :
2
l

Hm
( m)
d
2.g

Vi:
l: chiu di ton b ng, l=20(m).
d: ng knh trong ca ng, d=0.15(m).
: tc ca nc trong ng, =1.34(m/s)

: h s ma st

: h s tr lc chung.
H s ma st c xc nh qua ch chy Re:

Re

d n

Vi:
: nht ca nc 30( C)
o

=0,8007.10 (N.s/m ) ( Bng I.102, [1]/ 94)

-3

Re

1.34 0.15 995.68

2.499 105 104.
3
0.8007 10

Nn trong ng c ch chy xoy

H s ma st c xc nh:
6.81 0,9
2 lg

3.7

Re

(CT II.65, [2]/ 380)

Vi: l nhm tng i c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

d td

Trong :
d t : ng knh tng ng ca ng(m)
: nhm tuyt i, = 0.1(mm)

- 68 -

0.1103
0.667 103
0.15
2

0.0194
0,9

6.81
0.667

10

2 lg

2.499

10
3.7

Tng tr lc c xc nh theo bng II.16, [1]/ 382:

0

ca vo= 0,5 (Bng N 10)

0

ca ra= 1 (Bng N 10)

0

Co 90 = 0.3 (3 ci) (Bng N 30)

0

van tiu chun= 4.4(Bng N 37)

0

van mt chiu= 6.84 (Bng N 47)

0.5 1 3 0.3 4.4 6.84 13.64

Vy: H m 0.0194

2
20
1.34
13.64
1.485( m).
0.15
2 9.81

Chnh lch p sut cui ng y v u ng ht: H c

P2 P1
( m)
.g

Vi: P1, P2: p sut tng ng u ng ht, cui ng y.

(0.25 1) 9.81104
Hc
7.53(m)
995.68 9.81

p sut ton phn ca bm l:

H = 1.485 + 15 + (- 7.53) = 8.955(m)
Cng sut ca bm:
N

23.58 9.81 8.955

2.656( KW).
103 0.78

Cng sut ca ng c in:

- 69 -

N dc

N
2.656

2.853( KW)
tr .dc 0.98 0.95

Ngi ta thng ly ng c c cng sut ln hn cng sut tnh ton

trnh hin tng qu ti. V Ndc nm trong khong 1 5 (KW) nn tra bng
II.33, [1]/ 440, chn h s d tr =1.3
N 'dc = .Nc = 1.3 2.853 3.709(kW )

Nn :

3.3. Bm dung dch ln thng cao v:

Chn bm ly tm vi chiu cao ht v chiu cao y l 15 (m).
Chiu di ca ng l 20(m)
Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc:
n

Vi:

HQ g HGg

(CTII.189,STQTTB,T1/Trang 439)
1000 1000

: hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0.78

: khi lng ring ca dung dch c C = 10%; t = 30( C)

o

= 1039.98(kg/m )
3

(Bng I.86, [1]/ 58)

Q : nng sut ca bm (m3/s)

G: lu lng bm (Kg/s)
H : p sut cn thit dung dch chuyn ng trong ng
H= Hm+ Hc+Ho
Vi:

Hm: tr lc trong mng ng

Hc: chnh lch p sut cui ng y, u ng ht
Ho: chiu cao ng ht v y, chn: Ho=15(m)

Tnh Hm:

2
l

H m
(m).
d
2.g

- 70 -

Chn ng knh ng ht v y dung dch ln thng cao v d=50(mm)

v

Gd
2.778

1.12(m / s)
2
0.785 d 0.785 0.052 1039.98
-3

dd = 1.2 10 (N.s/m )

(Bng I.112, [1]/ 114)

H s ma st c tnh qua ch chy Re:

Re

d dd 1.12 0.05 1039.98

5.2 104 104

dd
1.2 103

C ch chy xoy, suy ra:

2

0.0266 (W/m.)
0,9

3
2 lg 6.81 2 10

3.7
5.2 10

Vi:

0.1103
2 103
0.05

Tng tr lc: theo bng II.16,STQTTB,T1/Trang 382; ta c:

ca vo= 0,5 (Bng N 10)

0

ca ra= 1 (Bng N 10)

0

Co 90 = 0.6 (3 ci) (Bng N 34)

0

van tiu chun= 4.9 (Bng N 37)

van mt chiu= 6.84 (Bng N 47)
0

0.5 1 3 0.6 4.9 6.84 15.04

Vy: H m 0.0266

2
20
1.12
15.04
1.64( m).
0.05
2 9.81

Tnh Hc:
Hc

P2 P1
g

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V P2=P1=1(at) nn Hc=0(m)
p sut ton phn ca bm:
H= 1.64+15 = 16.64(m).
Cng sut ca bm:
N

16.64 2.778 9.81

0.534( KW)
1000 0.85

Cng sut ca ng c in:

N dc

N
0.534
=
0.574(kW ) (KW)
dc . tr 0.98 0.95

Ngi ta thng ly ng c c cng sut ln hn cng sut tnh ton

trnh hin tng qu ti. V Ndc <1KW (tra bngII.33, [1]/ 440) chn h s
d tr =2
Suy ra: N ' = .Nc= 2 0.574 1.184(kW )

3.4. Bm dung dch t ni 2 sang b cha sn phm:

Chn bm ly tm vi chiu cao ht v chiu cao y l 1(m).
Chiu di ca ng l 10 (m)
Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc:
n

Vi:

HQ g HGg

(CTII.189,STQTTB,T1/Trang 439)
1000 1000

: hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0.78

: khi lng ring ca dung dch c C =37%; t = 69.72( C)

o

= 1163.29(kg/m )
3

(Bng I.86, [1]/ 58)

Q : nng sut ca bm (m3/s)

G: lu lng bm (Kg/s)
H : p sut cn thit dung dch chuyn ng trong ng

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H= Hm+ Hc+Ho
Vi:

Hm: tr lc trong mng ng

Hc: chnh lch p sut cui ng y, u ng ht
Ho: chiu cao ng ht v y, chn: Ho=1(m)
2
l

H m
(m).
d
2.g

Tnh Hm:

Chn ng knh ng ht v y dung dch d=50(mm)

v

Gc
0.751

0.329(m / s)
2
0.785 d 0.785 0.052 1163.29

dd = 1.4827 10 (N.s/m )
-3

(Bng I.112, [1]/ 114)

H s ma st c tnh qua ch chy Re:

Re

d dd 0.329 0.05 1163.29

1.29 104 104

3
dd
1.4827 10

C ch chy xoy, suy ra:

2

0.032
0,9
3

6.81
2

10

2 lg

1.29

10
3.7

Vi:

0.1103
2 103
0.05

Tng tr lc: theo bng II.16,STQTTB,T1/Trang 382; ta c:

ca vo= 0,5 (Bng N 10)

0

ca ra= 1 (Bng N 10)

0

Co 90 = 0.6 (3 ci) (Bng N 34)

0

van tiu chun= 4.9 (Bng N 37)

0

van mt chiu= 11.43 (Bng N 47)

0

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 0.5 1 4 0.6 4.9 11.43 20.23

Vy: H m 0.032

2
20
0.329
20.23
0.182( m).
0.05
2 9.81

Tnh Hc:
Hc

P2 P1
g

P1: p sut u ng ht, P1=0.258(at) (b qua p sut thy tnh ca ct

cht lng trong ng truyn nhit).
P2: p sut cui ng y, P2=1at
Hc

(1 0.258) 9.81104
6.37 (m)
1163.29 9.81

p sut ton phn ca bm:

H= 1+0.182+6.37 = 7.552(m).
Cng sut ca bm:
N

0.751 7.552 9.81

0.534(kW )
1000 0.85

Cng sut ca ng c in:

N dc

N
0.534
=
0.574(kW )
dc . tr 0.98 0.95

Ngi ta thng ly ng c c cng sut ln hn cng sut tnh ton

trnh hin tng qu ti. V Ndc <1(kW) (tra bngII.33, [1]/ 440), chn h
s d tr =2.
Suy ra: N ' = .Nc= 2 0.574 1.148(kW )

4. Thit b gia nhit:

4.1. Mc ch:
Mc ch ca qu trnh gia nhit thit b gia nhit l nng nhit
dung dch nc ma ln n im si trc khi vo h thng c c. Khi vo
thit b c c th dung dch nc ma si v bc hi ngay nn rt ngn c

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thi gian c c v khng phi mt thm nhit lng cho vic gia nhit n
nhit si.
4.2. Cn bng nhit lng:
Thng s cc dng:
Dung dch ma ng:
nng :

x= 10%

nhit u:

tlv=30 0C

nhit cui:

tlr=108.7780C

Hi t:
p sut:

Ph=4 at

Cn bng nng lng:

Gv Cv tv Ghv ihv Gr Cr tr Gng ing Qtt

Trong :
Gv, Gr: lu lng dung dch vo v ra khi thit b gia
nhit(kg/h)
Cv, Cr: nhit dung ring ca dung dch trc v sau khi gia nhit
(J/kg.)
tv, tr: nhit dung dch trc v sau khi gia nhit(0C)
Gh, Gng: lng hi vo gia nhit v nc ngng thot ra(kg/h)
ihv, ing: nhit lng ca hi t v ngc ngng(J/kg)
Qtt: nhit lng tn tht(J)
Gi s khng c hin tng qu lnh nc ngng, tc nhit nc
ngng bng nhit hi t, khi : ihd ing=r l n nhit ngng t ca hi
t.
V Gv=Gr, Ghd=Gng nn phng trnh cn bng nhit lng tr thnh:

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Ghvr=Gv(Crtr Cvtv)+Qtt
Gi thit Qtt=0.5Ghvr
Khi lng hi t cn cung cp cho thit b gia nhit:
Ghv

Gv (Cr tr Cvtv )
0.95r

Nhit dung ring ca dung dch trc khi gia nhit:

Cv 4190 (2514 7.542tv ) xv 4190 (2514 7.542 30) 0.1 3961.226 (J/kg

.)
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch sau khi gia nhit:
Cr=4020.640(J/kg.)
Ghv

10000 (4020.64 108.778 3961.226 30

1487.718(kg / h)
2141103

- 76 -

KT LUN

Qua thi gian tm hiu v tnh ton, v c bn ti hon thnh nhim

v n ca mnh. Trong bao gm vic tm tiu, tnh ton, xc nh thng
s cng ngh, cc yu t nh hng trc tip n qu trnh c c, tnh ton
nng lng v la chn thit b, thit k mt thit b c bn. Qua n ti
tip thu c nhiu kin thc mi, hiu bit thm v qu trnh c c cng
nh qu trnh truyn nhit, c hc, phng php thit lp, c v hiu mt
bn v thit b. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s kh khn trong qu trnh lm n
nh ti liu tham kho cn hn ch, cha trc tip quan sc h thng lm vic
nn vn cn mt s sai st trong tnh ton cng nh lp lun. Ti xin cm n
thy c gp ti hon thnh n ny.

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