Tai Lieu Ky Thuat Dien - Dien Tu Cong Nghiep - Nghe Han

TRNG CAO NG NGH QUC T VABIS HNG LAM KHOA IN IN LNH
MN HC: K THUT IN IN T CNG NGHIP

M S: MH11 NGH: HN Trnh Cao ng ngh
Vng tu 2012 Gio trnh lu hnh ni b
TRNG CAO NG NGH QUC T VABIS HNG LAM KHOA IN IN LNH
MN HC: K THUT IN IN T CNG NGHIP

M S: MH11 NGH: HN Trnh Cao ng ngh
Gio vin son
Khoa in in lnh
L Vit Thnh
Nguyn Vn V
Vng tu 2012 Gio trnh lu hnh ni b
Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip
Ngh: Hn
MC LC
GII THIU MN HC ........................................................................................................... 2 CHNG 1: MCH IN MT CHIU ................................................................................ 5 CHNG 2: IN T ........................................................................................................... 21 CHNG 3: DNG IN XOAY CHIU MT PHA ......................................................... 37 CHNG 4: MCH IN BA PHA ...................................................................................... 61 CHNG 5: MY BIN P .................................................................................................. 72 CHNG 6: NG C KHNG NG B ....................................................................... 77 CHNG 7: LINH KIN IN T .....................................................................................106 CHNG 8: MCH CHNH LU ....................................................................................... 132 TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................152
Mc lc
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GII THIU MN HC
I. V TR , TNH CHT CA MN HC - V tr ca mn hc: Mn hc ny c b tr sau khi hc xong cc chng trnh chung v trc cc mn hc/ m-un o to ngh. - Tnh cht mn hc: L mn hc l thuyt c s bt buc. II. MC TIU MN HC Hc xong mn hc ny ngi hc c kh nng: - Gii thch ng nh lut m v mch in xoay chiu, mt chiu. - Trnh by y cu to, nguyn l lm vic my bin p, ng c in xoay chiu, cc loi thit b chnh lu. - Gii ng cc bi ton mch in n gin. - S dng an ton cc thit b in, cc thit b c s dng ngun in. III. NI DUNG MN HC S TT I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tn chng, mc Mch in mt chiu in t Mch in xoay chiu hnh sin 1 pha Mch in xoay chiu 3 pha My bin p ng c khng ng b Linh kin in t Mch chnh lu Tng s 4 4 6 6 4 6 3 2 Thi gian (gi) L Thc hnh, thuyt BT 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Kim tra*
Cng 35 18 14 3 * Ghi ch: Thi gian kim tra l thuyt c tnh vo gi l thuyt, kim tra thc hnh c tnh vo gi thc hnh IV. IU KIN THC HIN M UN Vt liu: - Cc linh kin in t. - Dy xp dn in. Dng c v trang thit b:
Gii thiu mn hc Trang 2
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- Cc bn v v mch in. - Cc m hnh my in, my bin p. - My chiu OVERHEAD. - My chiu PROJECTOR Hc liu - Phim, giy trong. - a hnh. - My vi tnh. - Tranh, p phch treo tng. - Gio trnh in k thut. - Ti liu hng dn ngi hc. Ngun lc khc - Cc xng thc tp ngh in. - Cc c s ch to thit b in. - Cc nh my sn xut in. V. PHNG PHP V NI DUNG NH GI 1. Kin thc: Bng phng php kim tra trc nghim t lun t cc yu cu sau: - Trnh by ng khi nim v dng in xoay chiu, mt chiu v cc i lng c trng cho dng in xoay chiu hnh sin. - Trnh by y cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my in mt chiu, xoay chiu, my bin p. - Gii ng cc mch in n gin bng nh lut m. 2. K nng: Bng quan st c bng kim, ngi hc cn t cc yu cu sau: - Nhn bit chnh xc cc k hiu v dng in xoay chiu, mt chiu. - Gii chnh xc mch in 3 pha. - c thnh tho cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca cc linh kin in t.
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3. Thi : nh gi trong qu trnh hc tp t cc yu cu sau: - C thc t gic, tnh k lut cao, tinh thn trch nhim trong cng vic, c tinh thn hp tc, gip ln nhau. - Tham gi y thi gian hc tp. - Cn thn, t m, chnh xc trong cng vic. VI. HNG DN THC HIN CHNG TRNH 1. Phm vi p dng chng trnh: - Mn hc c k thut c s dng ging dy cho trnh TCN, trnh CN v cho cc i tng hc ngh ngn hn. 2. Hng dn mt s im chnh v phng php ging dy mn hc: - Khi ging dy cn s dng chun b cc loi tranh treo tng hoc cc thit b my chiu m t cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in mt chiu, my pht in xoay chiu 3 pha, my bin p, cc linh kin in t, cc bn v v mch in, cc m hnh my in, my bin p. - Nu cc vn , gi hc sinh gii cc bi ton v mch in c bn. - S dng cc m hnh, trc quan vt tht lm r vn nu ra trong l thuyt. - B tr thi gian thc hnh mn hc theo tng chng hoc khi kt thc phn l thuyt tu vo iu kin thc t ca cc trng v xng thc hnh. 3. Nhng trng tm chng trnh cn ch : - Cc khi nim v dng in mt chiu, dng in xoay chiu, my pht in mt chiu, my pht in xoay chiu 3pha, my bin p, cc thit b chnh lu. - Cc i lng c trng cho dng in, nh lut m, nh lut cm ng in t, gii cc mch in 3 pha i xng. 4.Ti liu cn tham kho [1]. ng Vn o, L Vn Doanh- K thut in (l thuyt v 100 bi gii)[2]. NXBKHKT 1995. [3]. Hong Hu Thn-o lng my in v kh c in NXBKHKT 1982 [4]. Trn Minh S- K thut in NXBGD 2001. [5]. Xun Th- K thut in t- NXBGD 2004.
Mn hc: K thut in in i t cng nghip
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CHNG 1: 1 MCH CH IN MT CHIU

(L thuyt: thuy 2h; Bi tp: 2h; Kim tra: 0h) Mc tiu: c nhim v, vai tr tr ca cc phn n t cu thnh th mch in nh: - Phn tch c ngun n in, dy dn, ph ti, thit b o lng, l ng ct...; - Hiu v vn n dng c cc biu thc tnh ton c bn n ca nh lut m Ni dung: 1.1. NHNG NG KHI NIM C C BN N V MCH IN MT CHIU Dng in n mt chiu l l dng in c tr s v chiu u khng thay i theo thi gian. . .
. .
Chng 1: Mch in mt t chiu ch
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cho ng dng dng in vi nc chy t cao xung thp, nn lc ngi ta cho l dng in cng chy t cc dng v cc m. Sau ny khi bit dng in chy trong mch chnh l dng electron, ngi ta gi dng in chy t cc dng v cc m l dng in quy c. V gi dng electron l dng in thc hay dng vt l. Trong ngnh in, c nhiu dng dng in, c hiu nh sau: Dng in electron, cc electron t do khng gn vi mt nguyn t no, khi tp trung li v chy thnh dng, chng ta c dng in t. y l dng dng in thc chy trong cc mch in t. Do electron mang in tch m, nn n s b ht v chy v cc dng ca ngun. Dng in ly t, cc phn t mt cn bng in tch s tr thnh cc ion, c ion dng v ion m. Khi chu tc ng ca in trng, cc ly t s chy trong mch, ion dng chy v hng cc m v ion m chy v hng cc dng, s chy ca cc ion rt chm, v n nng v c qun tnh ln. Dng in chy trong cc ng n hunh quang l dng ion. Dng in l. Trong cc cht bn dn, trn cc ch kt ni gia cc nguyn t khi mt in t ni s ra l trng, nh c cc l trng ny m cc in t ni ln cn c th di chuyn to ta dng in, ngi ta gi dng in ny l dng l, dng l l mt chuyn ng biu kin, n chy v hng cc m. Dng in ton hc. Trong khi tnh ton cc mch in, trn cc nt ca mch in, chng ta c th chn chiu dng chy tu . V khi gii ton, nu c dng in c du m th chiu chy phi l chiu ngc li, nu l c du dng chiu chy ng vi chiu chn. Dng in quy c, cn gi l dng Franklin, chiu chy ca dng dng in ny l cho chy t cc dng v cc m. V lc ngi ta tng ng dng in nh dng nc, nc chy t cao xung thp th dng in cng chy t cc dng, mc cao, v cc m, mc thp. Tuy chiu chy ca dng ny khng ng vi bn cht ca dng in tht, nhng do dng quen nn hin vn cn c a dng. Bn nh trn i, nng lng l ci to ra cng. C nhn loi ang i tm nhng dng nng lng mi, nng lng sch. Nng lng c 2 dng: * Khi mt vt th nm yn, n c th nng, th nng l nng lng xc nh theo t th ca n, n mc cao hay mc thp, nm cng cao c nng lng cng ln. * Khi vt th chuyn ng, n c ng nng, ng nng l nng lng xc nh theo tc chuyn ng ca n. ng tnh cng ln, nng lng cng mnh. Vy in p tht s l g? in p l ch sc p ca in (p l , l p. Kh p l sc p ca hi, h nc trn cao gi l ct thy p), mt ngun in nng s to ra sc p in, khi Bn gn mt ngun in vo mt mch in kn n s to ra dng chy trong mch. Ngi ta o in p bng n v Volt. Bn xem hnh v minh ha mt ngun in p cm ng pht ra t cun dy v to dng chy trong mt mch ng kn.
Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu
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Khi Bn t mt nam chm gn mt cun dy, cc ng t lc pht ra t nam chm ny s i qua cun dy v to ra lng t thng, nu Bn quay nam chm, cc ng t lc i qua cun dy s bin i. Lc ny hai u cun dy s xut hin in p ng, in p ny s to ra dng bin i chy trong mt mch in ng kn. l pht hin ca Faraday v cng l nguyn l ca tt c cc my pht in in t hin dng. Trong cuc sng, ngi ta to ra cc my pht in xoay chiu c bin i theo dng sin, in p danh nh thng l 220V (hiu dng), v tn s cng nghip l 50Hz. in p cng c th to ra t mt phn ng ha hc, ngi ta dng cc phn ng ny ch to cc ngun in DC, chng ta c cc ngun pin, in p ca pin thng l 1.5V, 9V, 12V, 24V.
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Hnh v bn y cho thy ngun pin to ra sc p in v to ra dng in chy trong mch, dng ny lm nng si nung trong n, khi dy kim loi b t nng n s pht ra nh sng. l nguyn l vn hnh ca loi n nhit quang. Mt mch in thng 3 trng thi: * Trng thi mch ang hot ng, lc ny trn cc ng mch c mc p V, trn cc nhnh c dng chy I v cc linh kin chu tc ng ca cng sut W. * Trng thi mch ang tt. Lc ny trong mch vn cn c ngun nhng khng c dng chy. Mch s hot ng li khi ng kha in. * Trng thi mch cht, mch tho pin.
Trong mt mch in c 2 tham s trng thi quan trng m chng ta lun mun bit, l: Mc p V trn cc ng mch v cng dng in I chy qua cc linh kin. o in p chng ta dng Volt k cho mc song song vo hai im o bit p, do khi o p dng cch mc song song nn my o t nh hng vo hot ng ca mch Bn phi dng my o Volt c ni tr ln, cng ln cng tt. Khi o dng chng ta dng Ampere k cho mc ni tip vo mch, do khi o dng dng cch mc ni tip nn my o t nh hng vo hot ng ca mch Bn phi dng my o Ampere c ni tr nh, cng nh cng tt.
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1.2. NH LUT OHM 1.2.1. Lut Ohm cho on mch Lut Ohm cho thy cc mi quan h gia 4 tham s P, V, R, I. Trong mt mch in khi bit R, I, chng ta s tnh cV. Pht biu c bn ca lut Ohm l: Khi c dng in I chy qua 1 in tr R, th trn 2 u ca in tr s xut hin in p V, v V = R x I. in p V v dng in I l 2 tham s trng thi, cn cc tham s khc, nh in tr R, in dn G, cng sut P l cc tham s dn xut, n tnh theo V v I.
Lut Ohm cho thy mi quan h nh lng ca 3 tham s trn cc in tr, l: in p V o trn hai u ca in tr, l cng dng in I chy qua in tr v tr sc cng Ohm ca in tr.
nh mi quan h ca 3 tham s ny, Bn c th dng hnh v trn. Nu bit trc 2 tham s th lun tnh c tham s th 3. Bn ly ngn tay che ch V s thy IxR, Bn ly ngn tay che ch I s thy V/R v Bn ly ngn tay che ch R s thy V/I. Trong mt mch in, cc php ton thng c tnh theo cc cng thc c lit k theo bng sau:
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Cc tnh ton c bn trong mt mch in ch lng vng vi 4 tham s, l: * Cng sut P tnh bng Watt. * in p V tnh bng Volt. * in tr R tnh bng Ohm. * Cng dng in I tnh bng Ampere Cch dng bng: Phn 1: Bn dng bng tnh cng sut P theo cc tr V, R, I. Phn 2: Bn dng bng tnh V theo cc tr P, R, I. Phn 3: Bn dng bng tnh R theo cc tr P, V, I. Phn 4: bn dng bng tnh I theo cc tr P, V, R. Th d: Bn c mt ngun pin V=9V cp dng cho mt in tr l R=1K, vy dng chy trong mch l bao nhiu Ampere? v cng sut t nng in tr l bao nhiu Watt? Tra bng chng ta thy, ly p V chia cho tr R s bit cng dng chy trong mch. Tra bng chng ta thy, ly bnh phng p V v chia cho tr R s bit cng sut t nng tr.
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1.2.2. Lut Ohm cho mch kn Xt nhnh c E v R (Hnh 1-10) Biu thc tnh in p U : U = U 1 + U2 + U3 + U4 = R1. I E1 + R2 .I + E2 = (R1 + R2 )I (E1 - E2 ) Vy : U = ( R)I - E. (1.9) Trong biu thc (1.9), quy c du nh sau : Sc in ng E v dng in I c chiu trng vi chiu in p U s ly du dng, ngc li s ly du m. Biu thc tnh dng in :
I=
U + E R
(1.10)
Trong biu thc (1.10), quy c du nh sau : Sc in ng E v in p U c chiu trng vi chiu dng in I s ly du dng, ngc li s ly du m. V d: Cho mch in nh hnh 1 11. Bit E1 = 100V; R1 = 2; I1 = 5A. Tnh UAB ?
E1 UAB
I1
R1
Hnh 1 - 11
Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu Trang 11
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Li gii: in p UAB : UAB = E1 R1 x I1 = 100 2 x 5 = 90V 1.2.3. in tr trong mch mt chiu in tr l mt linh kin rt ph dng, c 3 tham s lun gn vi mt in tr, l: in p V o trn hai u ca mt in tr, cng dng in I chy qua in tr v sc cn dng ca chnh in tr. Lut Ohm cho thy mi quan h ca 3 tham s ny.
Cng c th dng cch mc cc in tr theo kiu ni tip hay theo kiu song song to ra cc in tr ng hiu c tr s Ohm theo mun: Hnh 1 cho thy khi cho 2 in tr mc ni tip, chng ta s c mt in tr ng hiu R = R1 + R2. Vy khi cho nhiu in tr mc theo kiu ni tip, tr ca in tr ng hiu s bng tt c cc in tr ny cng li. Nu mun c in tr ln, c th dng nhiu in tr nh cho mc theo kiu ni tip. Hnh 2 cho thy, khi cho mc 2 in tr song song, chng ta s c mt in tr ng hiu R = R1xR2/ (R1+R2). Vy khi cho nhiu in tr mc theo kiu song song, tr nghch o ca in tr ng hiu s bng tng ca cc nghch o ca cc in tr song song. Nu mun c in tr nh, c th dng nhiu in tr ln cho mc theo kiu song song.
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song song:
theo logic AND.
logic OR.
Chng 1: Mch in mt t chiu ch
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CU HI N TP CHNG 1 1. Nu khi nim mch in, cc thnh phn ca mch in?
2. Pht biu nh lut m.
3. Cho E = 100V; R = 10; I = 5A. Tnh in p U trong hai s sau:
E U
R U
p s : U = 150 V, U = 50V
4. Cho E = 50V; R = 5; U = 40V. Tnh dng in I trong hai s sau:
E U
E U
p s : I = 18 A, I = 2A
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5. Mt ti c in tr R = 5 u vo ngun in mt chiu c E = 100V, in tr trong Rtr = 1. Tnh dng in I in p U v cng sut P ca ti p s : I = 5 A, U = 95V; P = 475W.
6. Bn in tr mc ni tip u vo ngun in in p U = 12V (khng c in tr trong). Dng in trong mch I = 25mA, in p trn cc in tr R1; R2; R3 l 2,5V; 3V; 4,5V. V s cch u dy, cch mc ampe k, vn k o cc i lng trn. Tnh in p U4. Tnh in tr R1; R2; R3; R4. p s : U4 = 2V; R1 = 100; R2 = 120; R3 = 180; R4 = 80.
7. c in tr tng ung 150, ngi ta u song song hai in tr R1 = 330 v R2 .Tnh R2 p s : R2 = 275;
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8. Xc nh tng tr ca mch mc ni tip cc in tr 20, 75 v 5.
9. Cc in tr 6 ohm, 7 ohm v 12 ohm c mc ni tip vi nhau vo ngun in 100V, xc nh cng dng in v cng sut tiu th ca in tr 7 ohm.
10. Tnh tng tr ca mch t hp ni tip sau y v cng sut tiu th trn tng on mch song song.
11. Xc nh tng tr ca mch in di y v cng dng in qua in tr 56 .
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12. Xc nh in p ri trn tng in tr trong mch in di y.
13. Xc nh cng dng in tng ca mch in v cng sut tiu th ca in tr 5 .
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14. Xc nh in p ca ngun in v cng dng in qua in tr 24 trong mch in di y.
15. Trong mch din di y, xc nh cng dng in tng v cng sut tiu th ca in tr 32 .
16. Xc nh cng dng in tng v in p ri trn in tr 50 trong mch in di y.
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17. Xc nh in p ngun in v cng dng in qua in tr 3 trong mch in di y.
18. Xc nh in p ri trn in tr 24 , 36 v 72 cng dng in qua in tr 320 trong mch in di y.
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19. Xc nh gi tr ca in tr R5 trong mch in di y.
20. Xc nh tng tr v cng dng in tng v cng sut tiu th ca in tr 128 trong mch in di y.
21. Xc nh in p ca ngun in v cng sut tiu th ca on mch song song u tin trong mch in di y.
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CHNG 2: IN T
(L thuyt: 2h; Bi tp: 2h; Kim tra: 0h) Mc tiu: - Phn tch c nhim v, vai tr ca cc phn t cu thnh mch in nh: ngun in, dy dn, ph ti, thit b o lng, ng ct...; - Hiu v vn dng c cc biu thc tnh ton c bn ca nh lut m. Ni dung: 2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v t trng. Nam chm vnh cu, nam chm in, dy dn dn in to ra xung quanh n mt t trng. T trng c biu din bi nhng ng sc t trng (gi l cc ng cm ng t) i t cc bc (N) n cc nam (S) v tr v cc bc (N) qua li nam chm. (Hnh 2 1 a,b) + -
a)
Hnh 2 1 : ng sc ca nam chm a) nam chm vnh cu b) nam chm in
b)
i vi dy dn thng di mang in, chiu t trng c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai: Nu chiu dng in trng vi chiu tin ca ci vn nt chai th chiu quay ca ci vn nt chai xc nh cho ta chiu t trng mi im (Hnh 2 2a). Ta cng c th s dng quy tc bn tay phi (Hnh 2 2b): Ngn tay ci hng theo chiu dng in, bn ngn tay cn li ch hng ng sc t trng.
I
b) a)
Hnh 2-2 : Xc nh chiu ng sc t trng ca dy dn thng mang dng in
Chng 2: in t
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i vi cun dy gm mt s vng dy c dng in ta cng dng quy tc vn nt chai xc nh chiu ng sc t trng: Nu chiu quay ci vn nt chai trng vi chiu dng in th chiu tin ca ci vn nt chai l chiu ng sc t trng (Hnh 2 3).
Hnh 2-3 : Xc nh chiu ng sc t ca cun dy c dng in
S c mt ca t trng trong khng gian c trng bng cc biu hin sau: 2.1.1. Lc t gia cc cc nam chm. Hai cc khc tn ca nam chm t gn nhau s ht nhau, ngc li hai cc cng tn t gn nhau s y nhau.
Hnh 2 -4 2.1.2. Lc in t. Lc tc dng ln dy dn c dng in t trong t trng hoc in tch ang chuyn ng trong t trng. 2.1.3. Cm ng in t. S xut hin sc in ng cm ng vo mt vng dy khi t trng bin thin hoc dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng. 2.2. Cng t cm - Cng t trng - T thng. T trng phn b trong khng gian c biu din bng cc ng sc t trng, n l ng cong khp kn, tip tuyn ti mi im trng vi phng ca t trng ti im y, mt ng sc ln hay nh cho ta bit t trng mnh hay yu. Cc biu din bng ng sc cho ta thy mt cch tng minh s phn b ca t trng tuy nhin trong tnh ton nguyn cu, c trng cho t trng ngi ta dng
khi nim vc t t cm B
Chng 2: in t
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2.2.1 Vect cng t cm B : T trng c c trng bi i lng vt l l vect cng t cm (gi l
vect t cm, vect cm ng in t). Tr s ca vect t cm B cho ta bit t trng
mnh hay yu. Chiu ca vect t cm B l chiu ca t trng (chiu ca ng sc t trng). Trong h n v quc t SI, n v ca cng t trng l Tesla, k hiu l T. Trong cc my in, cng t cm B vo khong t 1T - 6 T. Ngi ta chng minh c rng cm ng t ca mt dng in chy trong dy dn di t trong khng kh c tnh bng cng thc:
B = 2 . 10
I r
(2.1)
Chiu ca B
c xc nh theo quy tc ci inh c 1.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng cm ng t ca mt dng in chy trong ng dy dn t trong khng kh c tnh bng cng thc:
B = 4 . . 10
nI
(2.2)
Vi n l s vng dy trn mi mt chiu di ca ng, I l dng in chy trong dy dn.
Chiu ca B c xc nh theo quy tc ci inh c 1.
2.2.2 Vect cng t trng H :
Trong chn khng, vect t cm B m t trng thi ca t trng. Nhng trong vt cht, ta phi xt n nh hng ca chng ln t trng. Khi t vt liu nh giy, thy tinh, nha vo trong t trng ca mt nam chm, ng sc t khng b bin dng. Ngc li, khi ta t vo mt tm st, ng sc t s tp trung i vo tm st, t trng b bin dng. xt n nh hng ny ca
mi trng vt cht, ngi ta dng vect cng t trng
Trong mi trng ng hng (mi trng c tnh cht vt l ng nht theo mi
hng khc nhau), quan h gia
B v H
nh sau:

B = 0 (1 + m ). H = . H
Trong :
Chng 2: in t
(2.3)
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m : t thm ca mi trng vt cht, c trng nh hng ca mi trng. 0 : h s () t thm ca chn khng. : h s t thm ca mi trng vt cht. n v ca cng ca h s t thm l Henry trn mt, k hiu n v ca cng t trng l Ampe trn met, k hiu l A . m H . m
Trong thc t h s t thm ca vt liu in t ln gp hng nghn ln i vi chn khng, so snh ngi ta a ra mt khi nim h s t thm tng i r:
r =
(2.4)
Trong k thut in, cc vt liu st t dn t rt tt c r t vi trm n vi vn v th vt liu st t c s dng ch to cc mch t cho cc thit b in. Biu thc (6.1), khi p dng vo cho cc b phn ca thit b in ta c: Trong cc khe h khng kh hoc cc b phn khng st t: B = 0H Trong : 0 = 4.10 -7 ( Trong phn thp: B = H = 0rH. 2.2.3 T thng .
(2.5) H ) m (2.6)
Khi nghin cu, thit k cc thit b in, ngoi khi nim cn s dng khi nim t thng.
H , ngi ta
T thng l thng lng ca vect
xuyn qua mt b mt S.
Khi vect B thng gc vi mt S v c tr s bng nhau trn mt phng y th t thng c tnh nh sau: = B.S n v ca t thng l Vbe, k hiu l Wb. Biu thc (3.8) c th vit: B= S (2.8) (2.7)
Vy cng t cm B chnh l mt t thng trn din tch S.

Chng 2: in t Trang 24
Ngh: Hn
2.3. Vt liu st t: Cc cht st, cban, niken v nhng hp kim ca chng lm thnh nhm vt liu st t. Do cu to vt cht ca n, h s t thm ca vt liu st t rt ln (r c tr s t vi trm n vi vn) v h s t thm khng phi l hng s m l mt hm ca cng t trng H. Ngoi ra vt liu st t, c hin tng t tr, ngha l khi ta t ha li st bng dng in xoay chiu trong c chu k, qu trnh din ra khng thun nghch, ngha l khi tng cng t trng H th cng t cm B tng, quan h theo nhnh tng, khi ta gim H th B gim theo nhnh gim khng trng vi nhnh tng. ng cong quan h gia B v H trong c chu k gi l ng khp kn t tr. Trong vic tnh ton mch t th dng ng cong trung bnh B = f(H). Ph thuc vo loi thp s c cc ng cong t ha khc nhau.
B
Hnh 2-5 : ng khp kn t tr ca st. 2.4. nh lut cm ng in t. 2.4.1. Sc in ng cm ng khi t thng xuyn qua vng dy bin thin. Hin tng cm ng in t do Faraday pht hin nm 1831 sau nm 1893 Lentz pht hin ra quy tc v chiu. Ni dung nh lut nh sau: Khi t thng xuyn qua vng dy bin thin, trong dy s cm ng ra sc in ng, sc in ng y c chiu sao cho dng in n sinh ra c xu hng chng li s bin thin ca t thng. Nu chn chiu dng ca sc in ng cm ng ph hp vi chiu ca t thng theo quy tc vn nt chai (Hnh 2 - 6). Sc in ng cm ng trong mi vng dy c vit theo cng thc Macxoen nh sau: e=d dt (2.9)
e Hnh 2-6
Nu cun dy c W vng dy, sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy s l: e=-W d d =dt dt (2.10)
Trong = W gi l t thng mc vng ca cun dy.
Chng 2: in t
Trang 25
Ngh: Hn
Trong cc cng thc trn t thng o bng Vbe (Wb), sc in ng o bng Vn (V). 2.4.2. Sc in ng cm ng trong thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng. Khi mt thanh dn chuyn ng ct ng sc ca t trng, trong thanh dn s cm ng mt sc in ng e c tr s l: e = Blvsin. Trong : B l t cm o bng T. l l chiu di hiu dng ca thanh dn (phn thanh dn nm trong t trng) o bng mt. v vn tc ca thanh dn o bng m/s. l gc hp bi chiu vn tc v chiu t trng. Khi chuyn ng vung gc vi chiu t trng (thng gp trong my in, = 90 ) th sc in ng cm ng l:
0
(2.11)
e = Blv.
(2.12)
Chiu ca sc in ng cm ng c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi v c pht biu nh sau: Cho ng sc t trng i vo lng bn tay phi, chiu chuyn ng ca thanh dn theo chiu ngn tay ci xe ra, th chiu 4 ngn tay cn li l chiu ca sc in ng cm ng. (Hnh 2-7) Khi thanh dn chuyn ng song song vi t trng, trong thanh dn s khng c sc in ng cm ng.
e N B v
S Hnh 2-7
2.5. nh lut in t: Khi thanh dn mang dng in nm trong t trng, thanh dn chu lc in t tc ng c tr s l:
Chng 2: in t
Trang 26
Ngh: Hn
F t = B . I . l . sin
Trong : B - Cng t cm o bng T. I - Dng in o bng A. l - Chiu di hiu dng thanh dn o bng m. - Gc gia chiu dng in v chiu t trng. Ft - Lc in t o bng N. Khi thanh dn t vung gc vi t trng, lc in t l: Ft = B.I.l Chiu lc in t c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri "Cho chiu ng sc t trng xuyn vo lng bn tay tri, chiu dng in trng vi chiu bn ngn tay, th chiu ngn tay ci xe ra l chiu lc in t".
Tm tt t thm () l i lng th hin kh nng vt liu c th c t ha. a ra c

gi tr ca t thm ca vt liu, ngi ta phi cn c vo t thm ca khng kh c gi tr l 4 x 10-7.
= r.o trong :
r o
l t thm thc t l t thm tng i l t thm ca khng kh.
V d. Mt li t c tit din ngang hnh vung 20mm x 25mm c chiu di 110mm, nu c t thm tng i (r,) l 810, xc nh t tr ca li t. = r o = 810 x 4 x10-7 = 0.001018 hay Rm = ______L_________ r x o x A ____ .110_107_______ 810 x 4 x .02 x .025 110000 1.2733 = 86389.96
= =
Cc i lng ca t tnh
Sut t ng (Fm) Kh nng ca mt cun dy ta ra t thng c gi l Sut t ng (Fm) v c xc nh qua n v Ampe-vng (A/t). Chng 2: in t Trang 27
Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip Fm = IN trong Fm I N l sut t ng vi n v l amp-vng l cng dng in (A) l s vng dy ca cun dy (vng).
Ngh: Hn
V d. Xc nh sut t ng to ra bi cun dy c 960 vng khi c dng in 0,25A chy qua. Fm = I.N = 0.25 x 960 = 240 A/t
Lc t ha (H).
c Electrical Principles for Electrical Trades - 4th Edition, trang.102, phn. 5.5.2 Lc t ha (H) l i lng th hin kh nng ca sut t ng t ha vt liu khi tnh n chiu di ca vt liu c t ha. Do vic tnh ton c th thc hin bng cch chia sut t ng cho chiu di ca mch t. Nu din tch mt ct ngang ca mch dn t l khng thay i th c th p dng cng thc: H = IN / l trong : H IN 1 l lc t ha vi n v amp-vng/mt vi n v amp-vng l chiu di ca mch t (m).
V d. Lc t ha ta ra trn li c chiu di 150mm v d trn c th tnh ton c nh sau: H = IN/l = 0.25 x 960 / 0.15 =1600 At/m (i khi c vit l A/m)
T thng ()
T thng trong mt mch t c nh lng thng qua n v Vbe. Mt Vbe bng 100.000.000 (108) ng sc t. Tuy nhin tng lng t thng li khng thc s quan trng bng mt t thng trn b mt cc t ca nam chm.
Mt t thng (B)
Mt t thng (B) c xc nh thng quan lng t thng tng v din tch m t thng i qua: B = /A trong : B A l mt t thng vi n v Tesla (wb/m2) l tng lng t thng vi n v Vbe (Wb) l din tch vi n v m2.
V d. Mt mch t vi din tch mt ct ngang l 120mm2 dn dng t thng 0.24 Wb. Xc nh mt t thng trong li dn. B = /A = 0.24/ 120 x 10-6 = 2x10-9T
Chng 2: in t
Trang 28
Ngh: Hn
T tr (Rm)
T tr (Rm) l i lng c trng cho kh nng cn tr s i qua ca t thng trong vt liu. T tr c nh hng tng t nh in tr trong mch in v ph thuc vo chiu di ca mch t (l), din tch mt ct ngang ca mch dn t (A) v t thm ca vt liu __ l__ Rm = A trong : Rm l t tr vi n v amp-vng/Vbe 1 l chiu di ca mch t vi n v mt l t thm thc ca li vt liu dn t A l din tch mt ct ngang ca li dn t vi n v m2.
Mch t
Mch t c th so snh vi mch in nh th hin trong bng di y:
Trut ng S cn tr p sut/Lc Dng
Mch in in tr (R) Sut in ng (emf) Cng dng in (I)
Mch t T tr (Fm) Sut t ng (mmf) - T thng ()
Sut t ng (mmf) l c hnh thnh bi mt cun dy solenoid vi (N) vng c cng dng in (I) i qua. n v ca sut t ng l ampe vng (At). mmf = NI (ampe vng)
T thng l chm cc ng sc t i vo v i ra khi bt k mi nam chm vnh cu hay nam chm in. n v ca t thng l Vbe (Wb) v c k hiu bng k t Hy lp (phi). T tr l i lng ca mch t th hin s ngn cn dng t thng v c th xc nh c thng qua n v ampe-vng / Vbe (At/Wb). Lc t ha (H) to ra trong mch t c xc nh thng qua sut t ng (mmf) ca cun dy sonlenoid v chiu di (l) ca phn m t thng i qua. H = mmf/1 At/m
Chng 2: in t
Trang 29
Ngh: Hn
t thm tuyt i () l c trng cho php cc ng sc t i qua ca vt cht v c so snh vi t thm ca khng kh a ra t thm tng i (pr). = o r (Ch : t thm ca khng kh (o) = 4 x 107)
Mt t thng (B) l s phn b ca t thng ()trn mt din tch (A). B = /A (Tesla)
Mt t thng ca mt t trng ph thuc vo lc t ha (H) v t thm tuyt i ca mi trng t tnh. B = H (Tesla)
T thng tht thot l mt phn ca lng t thng tng khng thc hin theo mc ch mong mun. T thng tht thot c nh gi thng qua h s tht thot v thng c gi tr tuqf 1,1 n 1,3 i vi cc trang thit b in. h s tht thot = tng t thng to ra / t thng hu ch
Phn tn t xy ra khi t thng i qua khe h khng kh v c khuynh hng phn tch. Hiu ng ny dn n lm gim mt t thng qua khe h khng kh. (c ngha l khe h cng ln th s phn tn cng xy ra mnh hn). Khe h khng kh: khng xy ra s gin on ca mch t vi vt liu l st t ngay c khi c s phn tch bng khng kh, ng, g hay mi loi vt liu khng c t tnh khc.
Chng 2: in t
Trang 30
Ngh: Hn
BNG CNG THC
Fm = IN IN H= l I V = L. t
mmf H= l
___l ___ Rm = r o A IN = Rm L. = l mmf Rm =
mmf = NI
F=BlI
B= A N L = I
Trong : mmf Fm I N H l B A Rm V F r o L. E = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
r o A N
L= l N t
E =
sut t ng theo ampe vng (At) sut t ng theo ampe vng (At) cng dng in (A) s vng qun ca cun dy lc t trng (At/m) chiu di ca mch t - mt (m) t thng : tt-la (T=Wb/m) t thng tng - webers (Wb) din tch - (m) t tr ca mch t (At/Wb) in th (V) bin thin Lc - Newtons (N) t thm tng i ca vt liu li t thm ca khng gian t do (H/m) t tr t cm Henry sut in ng phn khng
Chng 2: in t
Trang 31
Ngh: Hn
CU HI N TP CHNG 2 1. Xc nh lc tc ng ln dy dn c chiu di 0.2032m t trong t trng 1.395T vi cng dng in i qua l 50 A.
2. Xc nh lc tc ng ln on dy dn c chiu di 0,15m t trong t trng 2,5T v c dng in chy qua l 20A.
3. Xc nh chiu di cn thit ca dy dn ca cun dy t trong t trng c cng 8 Tesla, mang dng in 5A c lc tc ng l 10N.
4. Xc nh cng dng in chy trong dy dn c chiu di 0,2m t trong t trng 0,3T v to ra lc tc ng 10N.
Hiu in th cm ng nh lut Faraday th hin rng hiu in th cm ng tng nu: tng s vng dy ca cun dy tng cng t trng tng tc chuyn ng tng i gia dy dn v t trng V = N t I V = L t
Chng 2: in t
Trang 32
Ngh: Hn
5. Mt nam chm c ko nhan ra khi mt cun dy c 800 vng. T thng tng thay i trong cun dy l 0.2 Wb v vi thi gian ko nam chm ra l 20 ms. Xc nh hiu in th cm ng.
Kt qu
_________________
6. Nu nam chm c ko ra khi cun dy tng t trong khong thi gian 2ms v tng tc ln 10 ln th hiu in th cm ng s l:
Kt qu
_________________________________________
7. Mt nam chm di chuyn vo trong mt cun dy c 200 vng trong khong thi gian 20ms v hnh thnh mt hiu in th cm ng 25V. Vy hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng 50V vi cng tc di chuyn ca nam chm th cun dy phi c bao nhiu vng qun?
Kt qu
______________________________________
Chng 2: in t
Trang 33
Ngh: Hn
8. Mt nam chm di chuyn vo trong mt cun dy c 200 vng qun trong khong thi gian 20ms v hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng 25V. Vy nu mun hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng l 50V trong khi khng thay i s vng dy th tc di chuyn ca nam chm phi tay i nh th no?
Kt qu
__________________________________
9. Mt nam chm di chuyn vo trong mt cun dy c 200 vng qun trong khong thi gian 20ms v hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng 25V. Nu khng thay i cun dy hoc tc di chuyn ca nam chm th cng t trng ca nam chm phi thay i nh th no hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng l 100V?
Kt qu
10. Mt b phn cm in c t cm l 5H c cng dng in bn trong l 15A. carries a current of 15 amps. Cng dng in gim xung 0 vi khong thi gian l 2ms. Xc nh hiu in th cm ng.
Kt qu
Chng 2: in t
Trang 34
Ngh: Hn
11. T trng ca mt b phn cm ng in b mt i trong khong thi gian 10 giy v sinh ra hiu in th cm ng 100V. Nu t trng mt i trong thi gian 1 giy th hiu in th cm ng s c gi tr nh th no?
Kt qu
_______________________________________
12. Mt cun cm c t cm l 5H mang dng in 3A. nu cng dng in gim v 0 vi vi khong thi gian l 1ms th s hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng bng bao nhiu.
Kt qu
_____________________________________
13. Mt cun cm 400 mH mang cng dng in 300 mA. Nu gim cng dng in v 0 trong khong thi gian 3ms, xc nh hiu in th cm ng.
Kt qu
_______________________________________
14. Mt cun cm c hiu in th cm ng l 12,5VA khi c dng in 100mA h xung 50mA trong khong thi gian 20ms. Xc nh gi tr ca t cm.
Kt qu
Chng 2: in t Trang 35
Ngh: Hn
15. Nu cng dng in i qua mt cun cm 2mH hnh thnh hiu in th cm ng l 20V khi tng dng in t 1A ln 5A th thi gian din ra s thay i cng dng in nh vy s l bao lu.
Kt qu 16. Mt cun dy thng c 100 vng qune, Xc nh hiu in th cm ng tng ng vi cc trng hp sau: a. t thng khng i 106 Wb
b.
t thng thay i vi tc 2 Wb/s
c.
t thng thay i vi tc 0.01 Wb/s
Kt qu
a........................................................... b........................................................... c............................................................
17. 10. Xc nh sut t ng cn thit to ra t thng 0.2 Vbe trong mt cun dy nam chm c t cm l 2000 At/Wb.
Kt qu
Chng 2: in t
Trang 36
Ngh: Hn
CHNG 3: DNG IN XOAY CHIU MT PHA

(L thuyt: 3h; Bi tp: 2h; Kim tra: 1h) Mc tiu: - Gii thch c cc khi nim c bn trong mch xoay chiu 1 pha nh: chu k, tn s, pha, s lch pha, tr bin , tr hiu dng... Phn bit cc c im c bn gia dng in mt chiu v dng in xoay chiu; - Biu din c lng hnh sin bng th vect; - Tnh ton cc thng s (tng tr, dng in, in p...) ca mch in AC mt pha khng phn nhnh v phn nhnh; Gii c cc bi ton cng hng in p, cng hng dng in; Ni dung: 3.1. Cch to ra sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin. to ra dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, ngi ta tc ng lc c hc vo khung dy, lm cho khung dy quay ct ng sc t trng ca nam chm. Khung dy s cm ng mt sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Dng in cung cp cho ti thng qua vng trt v chi than. Khi cng sut in ln, cch ly in nh vy gp nhiu kh khn ch tip xc gia vng trt v chi than.
Hnh 3-1 Nguyn l to ra dng in xoay chiu Trong cng nghip, my pht in xoay chiu c ch to nh sau: dy qun ng yn trong cc rnh ca li thp l phn tnh, cn nam chm l phn quay. Khi tc dng lc c hc vo lm nam chm quay, trong dy dn phn tnh s cm ng ra sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Dy qun ng yn nn vic cung cp cho ti rt an ton v thun li.
Hnh 3-2. My pht in trong cng nghip. Cu to ca my pht in s c trnh by k hc phn my in.
Chng 3: Dng in xoay chiu mt pha Trang 37
Ngh: Hn
3.2. Cc nh ngha v dng in hnh sin. Dng in xoay chiu hnh sin l dng in bin i mt cch chu k theo quy lut hnh sin vi thi gian.
i = I max sin ( t + i ) u =U
Trong :
max
sin ( t + u
(3.1)
i, u : tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p. Imax, Umax : tr s cc i (bin ) ca dng in, in p. i, u : pha ban u ca dng in, in p.
Hnh 3 3: Dng in xoay chiu. 3.2.1. Chu k, tn s, tn s gc : Chu k T l khong thi gian ngn nht dng in lp li tr s v chiu bin thin. Tn s f l chu k ca dng in trong thi gian 1s. f = n v tn s l hc k hiu l Hz. Tn s gc l tc bin thin ca dng in hnh sin, n v l rad/s. = 2f = 2 T (3.3) 1 T (3.2)
3.2.2 Tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p: Tr s tc thi l tr s ng vi mi thi im t. Trong biu thc (3.1) tr s tc thi ph thuc vo bin Imax (hoc Umax) v gc pha (t + i) hoc (t + u). Bin Imax, Umax l tr s cc i, ni ln dng in (hay in p) ln hay nh.
Chng 3: Dng in xoay chiu mt pha
Trang 38
Ngh: Hn
t i > 0
t i = 0
i > 0
a)
b) Hnh 3 - 4
c)
Gc pha (t + i) hoc (t + u) ni ln trng thi ca dng in hay in p thi im t. thi im t = 0 gc pha ca dng in (in p) l i (u). i (u) c gi l gc pha ban u (hoc gi ngn gn l pha u) ca dng in (in p). Gc pha u ph thuc vo thi im chn lm gc thi gian (thi im t = 0). Gc pha u l on ON trong N l im dng in i qua tr s 0 t m n dng, gn im O nht. Trn hnh 3 4 ch ra gc pha u i khi chn gc to khc nhau. 3.2.3. Gc lch pha gia cc i lng (gia in p v dng in). L hiu s pha u ca chng. Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in thng k hiu l : = u - i (3.4) > 0 in p vt trc (sm pha) dng in (hoc dng in chm sau in p) < 0 in p chm pha so vi dng in (hoc dng in vt trc in p) = 0 in p trng pha vi dng in. = 180O in p nghch pha vi dng in. 3.3. Tr hiu dng ca dng in hnh sin. Ta bit rng tc dng nhit v lc in t t l vi bnh phng dng in. i vi dng in bin thin c chu k T th tc dng ny t l vi tr s trung bnh bnh phng ca dng in trong mt chu k T. Tr s trung bnh bnh phng trong mt chu k T c gi l tr s hiu dng I. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in c tnh l :
I =
1 T
T 0
i 2 dt
Thay th i = Imax sint vo biu thc trn.
I =
1 T
2 2 I max sin 2 tdt = I max
1 T
sin 2 tdt
Trang 39
Ngh: Hn
Vy tr hiu dng ca hnh sin l:
I =
l :
I max 0 , 707 I max 2
(3.5)
Tng t, ta c tr s hiu dng ca in p v sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin
U =
max
0 , 707 U
max
(3.6)
E =
E max 0 , 707 E max 2
(3.7)
Tr hiu dng l i lng quan trng ca mch in xoay chiu. Ta ni dng in xoay chiu bng bao nhiu Ampe hoc in p xoay chiu bng bao nhiu Vn l n tr hiu dng ca chng. Trong thc t, gi tr c trn cc c cu o dng in I, o in p U, o cng sut P ca dng in hnh sin l tr s hiu dng ca chng. Cc gi tr U, I, P ghi nhn mc ca dng c v thit b in l tr s hiu dng. 3.4. Biu din dng in hnh sin bng vect. Mt phaso l mt ng thng, c v theo t l, do vy chiu di ca n th hin ln (kch thc) ca gi tr, v hng ca n th hin mi quan h pha. Phaso in p c biu din bng mt ng thng vi u mi tn h: Phaso dng in c biu din bng mt n thng vi mi tn u c: biu din mt gi tr ny dn trc (vt pha so vi) gi tr khc, v d I dn trc V mt gc 45o, ta cn bit ng no hng v pha trc. Theo qui c, pha c chiu quay ngc chiu kim ng h, do ta c:
I
Mt cch hiu biu phaso l coi mi pha nh ang chy ua vi nhng pha khc. ng i ca cuc ua l theo chiu ngc chiu quay ca kim ng h, vch xut pht nm ngang, v hng sang bn phi, ging nh phaso in p trong biu trn. Vch xut pht ny c gi l "phaso chun". im xut pht ca tt c cc pha ny c gi l "im gc". Xt mt dng in hnh sin c biu thc ca tr s tc thi l :
Chng 3: Dng in xoay chiu mt pha Trang 40
Ngh: Hn
i = I m sin ( t +
)=
2 I sin ( t +
Trong : Im l bin , I l tr hiu dng, l tn s gc v l gc pha u. Ta hy ly mt h trc to c cc c trc Ox nm ngang (hnh 3-5a). Ta v
mt vc t OM vi di
OM = OM
biu din cho tr s hiu dng I ca dng
in theo mt t l t l xch mI cho sao cho di OM c tr s thch hp.
V d: Vi I = 10A, nu ta chn t l xch l
mI = 2
A cm th :
OM =
I 10 A = = 5 cm A mI 2 cm
Ta t vc t
OM v tr sao cho gc hp bi OM v trc Ox tnh theo chiu
t trc Ox n OM bng gc pha u , tc l . Theo quy c, ngi ta chn chiu dng ca gc l chiu ngc vi chiu quay ca kim ng h.
( Ox , OM ) =
Vc t OM xc nh nh trn gi l vc t dng in hiu dng cch vn tt hn, l vc t dng in I.
, hoc mt
y M O x 300 b)
I2
0 I1 45
a)
O Hnh 3 - 5
V d hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu dng v gc pha u khc nhau.
i1 ( t ) = I 1 i2 (t ) = I 2
2 sin ( t + 2 sin
) = 10 ( t + 2 ) = 20
1
2 sin t + 30 2 sin t +
)A 45 )A
0 0
1
s tng ng c biu din bng hai vc t dng in hiu dng I
2 nh hnh 3-5b.
Trang 41
Ngh: Hn
Tnh tng hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s bng phng php th vc t: Gi s ta cn tm tng ca hai dng in hnh sin ni trn :
i 3 (t ) = i1 (t ) + i 2 (t ) = I 1
Ta t
i 3 (t
2 sin ( t + 1 ) + I 2
t +
3
2 sin ( t +
)=
2 sin
tm tr hiu dng I3 v gc 3 ta ch cn thc hin php cng vc t i vi cc dng in (hiu dng)
I 3 = I1 + I 2
3 Hay hnh v hnh 3-6.
OM
= OM 1 + OM
bng phng php hnh hc nh
bit ln ca I3 ta ly di
OM
3 nhn vi t l xch mI:

3
I 3 = m I .OM
xc nh s ca 3 ta ch cn o gc 3 trn hnh v. Cn ch rng, vic cng vc t cc dng in nh trn ch p dng cho cc dng in hnh sin c cng mt tn s gc (hoc cng tn s f). T th vc t hnh 3-6 ta thy r rng ni chung I3 I1 + I2 v I3 = I1+I2 ch khi 1 = 2.
y M3 M2 2 O Hnh 3 - 6
Hnh 3-6 c gi l th vc t cho cc dng in.
I2
I3
M1 3 1 I1
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3.5. R L C TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU Mch in xoay chiu, ch cha in tr (R)
Khi mch in c in tr c u vo ngun xoay chiu, n s hot ng nh khi n nhn c dng in mt chiu. Tt nhin l dng xoay chiu, nhng tr s ca n, cho d l tr s tc thi hay tr s hiu dng, cng u c tnh da trn nh lut m, v cng sut tiu th c tnh theo cng thc P = V x I = I2R = V2/R.
Cu hi n tp
1. Mt l si in tiu th dng in 12A t ngun 240V v 50Hz. Hy tnh tng cng sut m mch in ny tiu th.
2. Mt phn t nung c ni vo ngun in li 480V v 50Hz v c tr s dng in tiu th. Hy tnh tng cng sut ca mch in ny.
3. Nu mt phn t tiu th in c cng sut 5kW th n s tiu th dng in c tr s bao nhiu nu ni n vo ngun in 240V?
4. Hy tnh cng dng in m mt phn t in tr 4,8kW tiu th khi ni phn t ny vi ngun in 240V v 50Hz.
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5. Nu cc in tr c tr s 10 v 15 c mc ni tip vi nhau v u vo ngun 250V th dng in m chng tiu th l bao nhiu?
6. C 3 in tr c mc ni tip vi nhau v c in p 10V trn in tr th nht v in p 15V trn in tr th ba. a. Hy tnh in p trn in tr th 2 nu in p ngun l 50V.
b. Nu tr s dng in o c qua in tr th 3 l 2A th tr s dng in chy qua in tr th nht R1 v in tr th hai R2 l bao nhiu?
c. Tng tr s dng in m mch in ny tiu th t ngun l bao nhiu?
d. Hy tnh tng cng sut ca mch in ny. 7. Mt mch in xoay chiu cha 3 in tr c tr s ln lt l 5, 10 v 15. in tr 10 c in p l 25V. Hy v s mch in ny v tnh: (i) (ii) (iii) in p trn in tr 15. in p ngun Cng sut m in tr 5 tiu th.
Gi cch gii: Tnh cng dng in chy qua ti 10. y l mch ni tip, dng in ny ng thi l IT. Tnh in p trn ti 15, s dng IT v 15. Tnh tng in tr RT, sau tnh in p ngun VS. Tnh cng sut ti ti 5, s dng IT v 5.
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IN CM (L) TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU

in cm l tnh cht ca mch in cho php gy ra mt sut in ng cm ng bn trong mch. Mt cun cm v c bn gm mt s nht nh cc vng dy cch in c qun thnh mt cun. Cc vng dy ny c th c qun quanh nhiu loi li khc nhau. Cc cun cm c th c li khng kh, li st, v.v. i khi cun cm cn c gi l cun cm khng. n v o ca in cm l Henry (H) K hiu ca in cm l: (L) K hiu ca cun cm l:
t cm
Khi dng in xoay chiu bin i c ni vo mt cun cm th s hnh thnh mt t trng thay i. T trng ny ct ngang cc vng dy ca cun cm v s gy nn sut in ng cm ng bn trong cun cm. iu ny c ngha l t trng thay i ca n t to ra mt in p trong cc vng dy.
S h cm (cm ng h tng)
Khi nim s h cm c dng m t hiu ng khi dng in bin i chy qua mt dy dn gy nn sut in ng trong mt dy dn gn k n. Khng nht thit phi c bt k s kt ni no v mt in gia hai dy dn .
CM KHNG (XL)
Cm khng (XL) l s cng li dng in thay i m in cm ca mch to nn. n v o: m (). V dng in xoay chiu dng sng hnh sin bao gi cng bin i, cm khng tr thnh yu t quan trng trong cc mch in xoay chiu. V chnh dng in bin i to nn cm khng nn suy ra, tc thay i (tn s) ca dng xoay chiu s phn no quyt nh tr s ca cm khng, nh sau: XL = 2fL, trong XL = cm khng tnh bng (m) f = tn s tnh bng Hz (Hertz) L = in cm tnh bng H (Henry).
Th d:
Cun dy vi tr s 0,15H c ni vo ngun in 240V v 50Hz. Hy tnh cm khng (XL) ca n.
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XL = 2fL = 2 x 3,14 x 50 x 0,15 = 47,12.
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Khi mt s cun cm c ni thnh mt mch in, c th tnh tng in cm v tng cm khng bng cch dng nhng cng thc tng t nh nhng cng thc dng tnh in tr trong cng loi mch in. LT = L1 + L2 + L3 v.v., v XL tng = XL1 + XL2 + XL3 v.v.
Bi t kim tra:
1. Cm khng 25 c mc ni tip vi cm khng 30. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in ny.
2. Bn cun cm mc ni tip vi nhau c tr s cm khng ln lt l 40, 50, 65 v 35. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca chng.
3. Mt cun cm c tr s in cm 0,25H c ni vi mt ngun in 250V v 50Hz. Hy tnh cm khng ca mch in ny. 4. Hy tnh cm khng ca mch in c cun dy 0,65H ni vi ngun 400V v 50Hz.
5. Hai cun cm c mc ni tip vi nhau. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in ny nu hai cun cm c tr s in cm ln lt l 1,5H v 2H v chng c u ni vo ngun in 150V v 50Hz.
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6. Mt cun cm c in cm 0,7H v mt cun cm khc c cm khng 65 c mc nu tip vi nhau v ni vo ngun in 240V v 50Hz. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in ny.
Mch in song song:

1. LT =
1 1 1 + + L1 L2 L3 1 1 1 + + X L1 X L 2 X L3
2. X L ,Tong =
Bi t kim tra:
1. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in sau y nu cm khng 25 c mc song song vi cm khng 35.
2. Cc cm khng 8, 6 v 4 c ni song song vi nhau. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in ny. 3. Nu mt cun cm c cm khng 40 c ni song song vi mt cun cm khc c cm khng 10 th tng cm khng ca mch in do chng to nn l bao nhiu?
4. Hy tnh tng cm khng ca mch in song song cha cc cun cm c cc tr s sau y: 50, 60, 40 v 30.
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Mt cun cm ni chung l mt cun dy dn, c ngha l n phi c c tr s in tr v in cm no . Trong mch in, cun cm hot ng nh l in cm thun ty mc ni tip vi in tr thun ty. Tuy nhin, i khi thun tin, chng ta coi chng ring bit. V vy, i khi trong ti liu c ghi nhng cu nh: trong mt mch in cm ng thun ty Bng cch ny, chng ta c th xem xt mt cch ring bit cc thnh phn ca mch in, ri sau kt hp kt qu ca chng li vi nhau. Nu xem xt mt mch in cm ng thun ty, khi m cm khng (XL) l thnh phn duy nht cn li dng in, c th tnh dng in chy qua cun cm bng cch chia in p trn cun cm cho cm khng. I = V / XL I = V / XL, trong : I = dng in chy qua cm khng, tnh bng A V = in p trn cun cm, tnh bng V XL = cm khng, tnh bng . V, cng nh i vi nh lut m, nu bit trc bt k hai tr s no trong nhng i lng , ta c th tnh c tr s ca i lng th ba.
Th d:
Mt in cm 0,2H ng vi dng in 1,25A chy qua trong mch in 240V v 50Hz. Hy tnh mc st in p. (i) XL = 2fL = 2 x 3,14 x 50 x 0,2 = 62,83. (ii) I = V / XL do , ta dng cng thc bin i tnh V (iii) V = I x XL = 1,25 x 62,83 = 78,54V. Ngoi vic cn dng in trong mch in xoay chiu, in cm cng gy nn hiu ng lm cho dng in b tr so vi in p. Ni cch khc, dng in tr nn lch pha so vi in p. Mc tr ny ph thuc vo lng cm khng v vo lng ca cc thnh phn cn dng khc trong mch in. Nu in cm l thun ty, dng in s b tr 90o. Sau y l hai phng php minh ha s tr ny.
Bt k cun dy c li st no cng u c tnh cht ny mc no . Mt s trong cc th d l: ng c in, my pht in, bin th, cun cm khng, rle v cngtct.
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Trong mt s mch in, cn phi hn ch ln dng in chy qua thnh phn c th ca mch. Mt trong nhng cch thc lm iu l mc ni tip thm mt in tr vo thnh phn . iu ny s khin cho in p st ti in tr, v lm cho in p trn thnh phn b gim bt. in p gim c ngha l dng in chy qua thnh phn cng gim. Tuy nhin, in tr cng tiu th cng sut theo cng thc I2R v cng sut ny coi nh b lng ph. i khi tt hn ht l dng mt cun cm mc ni tip vi thnh phn . N s hn ch dng in bng cch to ra sut in ng ngc vi in p, do dng in chy qua ch l kt qu ca s chnh lch gia in p tc ng v in p cm ng. V cun cm c lm t dy dn, n s c in tr no , c ngha l s sinh nhit (tn tht nhit), nhng mc nh hn so vi s dng in tr thun ty. Th d v cun cm c chc nng ny l cun cm (chn lu) trong b n hunh quang. Trong n cng sut 36W, chn lu s gim in p ngun xung cn 110V, nhng tn tht ch l 7W.
Cu hi t kim tra:
1. Hy tnh dng in chy qua mch in 240V v 50Hz cha mt in cm thun ty 24.
2. Nu mt cun cm thun ty c ni vo ngun 400V v 50Hz v tiu th dng in 16A th cm khng ca mch in ny l bao nhiu?
3. Mt cun cm 0,85H c mc ni tip vi mt cun cm 0,4H. Hy tnh dng in chy qua mi cun cm nu chng c ni vo ngun 100V v 50Hz.
4. Mt cun cm thun ty 0,95H tiu th dng in 3A trong mch 240V v 50Hz. Hy tnh in p trn cun cm .
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DUNG KHNG
Mt loi in khng na l dung khng (XC). Dung khng (XC), l s cn li dng in bin i m in dung ca mch in to ra. Mt ln na ta thy, v y l thnh phn in khng, dung khng c o bng , v cng chu nh hng ca tn s.
XC = 10 6 2fC
trong :
XC = dung khng, tnh bng
f = tn s, tnh bng Hz C = in dung, tnh bng F.
Th d:
Hy tnh dung khng ca mt t in 20F khi t ny c ni vo mch in 240V v 50Hz.
XC = 10 6 2fC
XC =
1.000.000 2 3,14 50 20
XC = 159,2. Nh thy trong phn in ng dng 2, vic mc ni tip cc t in s cho ta tng in dung nh hn tng tr s ring bit, v khi mc song song th tng in dung li tng ln. Khi bit trc tng in dung, cng thc ni trn c th c dng tnh dung khng. Cng thc tnh mt trong nhng i lng dng in, in p v dung khng tng t nh nh lut m: IC = V / XC trong IC = dng in chy qua t in, tnh bng A V = in p trn t in, tnh bng V XC = dung khng, tnh bng Khi cc t in c ni vo mch in xoay chiu, chng cng khin cho dng in b lch pha so vi in p, nhng trong trng hp ny dng in khng tr m li dn trc so vi in p. in dung thun ty s lm cho dng in dn trc in p mt gc 90o.
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Mt cp cun cm rt di t cnh nhau c th c in dung o c, nhng ni chung, in dung khng phi l vn i vi th in. Thc ra, v hiu ng lch pha ca n ngc li so vi ca in cm, chng ta s dng t in dung b li hiu ng lch pha ca cun cm. Khi dung khng v cm khng tn ti trong mt mch in, chng c xu hng trit tiu ln nhau, v vy tng in khng (X) c tnh nh sau: X = XL XC
in khng
in khng (X) l s cn li dng in chy qua do c s tn ti ca in cm v/hoc in dung trong mch in. n v o: Nu X < 0 th I dn trc V. Nu X > 0 th I b tr so vi V.
TR KHNG
Tr khng (Z) l ton b s cn tr dng in chy trong mch in xoay chiu. n v o: .
Cu hi t kim tra:
1. Cn c in cm (L) bao nhiu to ra cm khng (XL) 60 trong mch in xoay chiu 50Hz.
2. Hy tnh dung khng (XC) ca t in 19F khi ni t ny vo mch in 50Hz.
3. Nu c hai thnh phn ni trn c mc ni tip vi nhau trong mch in 50Hz th tr s in khng (X) ca mch l bao nhiu?
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MCH IN XOAY CHIU NI TIP

i vi mch ni tip, tr khng c tnh theo cng thc: Z2 = R2 + X2 Ta thy cng thc ny gn ging vi nh l Pytago cho tam gic vung: H2 = B2 + A2, v vy c th minh ha cng thc tnh tr khng trn hnh tam gic vung m chng ta gi l tam gic tr khng.
Tam gic tr khng ca mch ni tip

Ta hy xt mch in ni tip cha in tr thun ty, in cm thun ty v in dung thun ty.
Th d:
in tr, in cm v in dung trong mch in xoay chiu mc ni tip.
S n gin mch RLC ni tip

Vi s ni trn, gi thit rng in tr (R) l 20, cm khng (XL) l 60 v dung khng (XC) l 45. Hy tnh tr khng (Z) ca mch in ny. X = XL XC = 60 45 = 15 Z2 = R2 + X2
Z = 20 2 + 152
Z = 625
Z = 25. Nu in cm v in dung bit trc thay v cc gi tr ca in khng th trc ht phi chuyn i chng thng qua tn s.
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CU HI T KIM TRA:
1. Mt mch in xoay chiu ni tip gm mt in tr 50, mt in cm 0,1H v mt t in 15F c ni vo ngun in 250V v 50Hz. Hy tnh: (i) Cm khng (XL) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Dung khng (XC) Tr khng (Z) Tng dng in (IT) Tng cng sut tiu th (P = I2R) Tng cng sut tiu th ca mch (P = I2Z)
Cng hng in l mt iu kin c bit ca mch in xoay chiu, tn ti khi cm khng (XL) bng dung khng (XC). Hy nh rng, cm khng (XL) = 2fL v dung khng (XC) = 106 / 2fC. Trong c hai trng hp, tn s l mt trong nhng yu t. iu ny c ngha l i vi mt cun cm hoc mt t in, cm khng hoc dung khng thay i theo tn s.
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Trong mch xoay chiu mc ni tip R, L v C, nu XL = XC (v d mi thnh phn l 40), ta s tnh c: X = XL XC = 40 40 = 0 V vy, cn tr duy nht i vi s chuyn ng ca dng in l in tr cn li trong mch in ny. Do , iu quan trng l phi c in tr trong mch hn ch cng dng in xung ti mc an ton nht nh. Trong mt mch in xoay chiu song song cha R, L v C, khi nhnh c cun cm c cng tr s cm khng nh tr s dung khng ca nhnh cha t in, chng s nui nhau. Nng lng tch t trong mt nhnh s c chuyn sang nhnh kia, v ngc li. iu ny c ngha l cc nhnh c tr khng ly dng in t li in, do tr khng (Z) ca mch in l bng vi in tr, v dng in s c gim thiu. C th tnh c tn s m ti mt mch in cng hng nh sau:
f0 = 1 2 LC
trong :
f0 = tn s cng hng [Hz]
L = in cm C = in dung ca mch [F]
CU HI T KIM TRA:
1. Cng hng l mt iu kin c bit ca mt mch in xoay chiu khi:
2. Hy tnh tn s m ti mch in cng hng, nu n cha mt t in c in dung 45F v mt cun cm c in cm 0,0563H. Hy nh chuyn i t F sang F.
3. Hy tnh in khng ca mch in nu cm khng l 65 v dung khng l 65.
4. Mt mch in ni tip RLC gm mt t in, in tr v cun cm. Hy tnh tng in khng ca mch nu: XL = 150, R = 10 v XC = 150.
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3.6. Cng sut dng in hnh sin. 3.6.1. Cng sut tc dng P. Cng sut tc dng P l cng sut in tr R tiu th, c trng cho qu trnh bin i in nng sang dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, quang nng,.... P = R.I2 = UR.I = U.I.cos. Cng sut tc dng l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k. 3.6.2. Cng sut phn khng Q. c trng cho cng qu trnh trao i tch ly nng lng in t trng, ngi ta a ra khi nim cng sut phn khng Q. Q = X.I2 = UX.I = U.I.sin. Cng sut phn khng ca in cm QL: QL = XL.I2. Cng sut phn khng ca in dung QC: QC = -XC.I2. 3.6.3. Cng sut biu kin S. c trng cho kh nng ca thit b v ngun thc hin cc qu trnh nng lng, ngi ta a ra khi nim cng sut biu kin S c nh ngha nh sau:
S = U .I =
Biu thc P, Q c th vit theo S nh sau:
P2 + Q2
P = U.I.cos = S.cos Q = U.I.sin = S.sin n v ca P: W, kW, MW. n v ca Q: VAr, kVAr, MVAr. n v ca S: VA, kVA, MVA.
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CU HI N TP CHNG 3. 1. Cho hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu dng v gc pha u khc nhau.
i1 ( t ) = I 1
i2 ( t ) = I 2
2 sin( t + 1 ) = 5 2 sin( t + 45 0 )
2 sin( t +
2
) = 15
2 sin( t + 60
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng vec t v tnh dng in tng.
2. Cho hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu dng v gc pha u khc nhau.
i1 ( t ) = I 1
2 sin( t +
) = 25
2
2 sin( t + 60
)
0
i2 ( t ) = I 2
2 sin( t +
) = 30
2 sin( t + 30
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng vec t v tnh dng in tng.
3. Cho cc dng in hnh sin:
i1 ( t ) = 30 i 2 ( t ) = 15
2 sin( t + 45 2 sin( t + 60
0 0
) )
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng s phc v tnh dng in tng.
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8/ V mt biu phaso n gin vi dng in l ng chun v in p tr pha mt gc 60 so vi n.
9/ V mt biu phaso n gin vi ng chun l in p v dng in dn trc mt gc 300 hoc tr mt gc 60 .
1. in dung c o bng n v _________________ 2. iu g xy ra i vi dung khng ca mt mch in nu tng tn s ca ngun in u ni vi mch ny? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Dung khng c o bng n v _________________ 4. Hy tnh dung khng ca mt t in 8,4F khi ni n vo ngun in 50Hz.
5. Hy cho bit tr s ca t in to ra mt cm khng 70,7 khi n c ni vo ngun in c tn s 50Hz.
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6. Hy cho bit tr s ca dng in chy qua mt t in 100F khi ni t ny vo ngun in 230V v 50Hz.
7. Hy tnh tng dung khng ca mt b gm hai t in 4,5F v 50F mc ni tip vi nhau.
8. Cm khng c o bng n v ____________________________ 9. in cm c o bng n v ____________________________ 10. Nu tng tn s ca mch in cha mt cun cm, cm khng ca n s _________ 11. Hai cun cm thun ty 40mH v 120mH c u ni tip vo mt ngun in 230V v 50Hz. Hy tnh dng in i qua chng.
13. Hai cun cm thun ty 40mH v 120mH c u song song vo mt ngun in 230V v 50Hz. Hy tnh dng in i qua chng.
14. Tr khng l g?
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15. Hy vit ra cng thc tnh tr khng nu bit trc tr s in p v dng in ca ngun in.
16. Mt mch ni tip cha mt in tr 40, mt cm khng 20 v mt dung khng 50 c mc vo ngun in c in p 230V. Hy tnh tr s dng in ca ngun.
17. Mt mch ni tip cha mt in tr 40, mt cun cm 220mH v mt t in 50F c mc vo ngun in c in p 230V. Hy tnh tr s dng in ca ngun.
19. Mt mch ni tip cha mt in tr 40, mt cun cm 0,75H v mt t in 50F c mc vo ngun in c in p 230V. Hy tnh tr s dng in ca ngun.
20. Mt mch ni tip cha mt in tr c in p 80V, mt cun cm c in p 90V v mt t in c in p 150V. Hy tnh tr s in p ngun.
22. H s pha (cosphi) ca mch in tr l g?
23. Cng sut biu kin l g?
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24. n v o ca cng sut biu kin l g?
25. Cng sut phn khng do nhng thnh phn no to thnh? a)
b)
26. Hy cho bit cng thc tnh cng sut phn khng.
27. Mt mch ni tip cha mt in tr c in p 160V, mt cun cm c in p 180V v mt t in c in p 300V. Hy s dng biu phaso tnh tnh: a) tr s in p ngun b) gc h s pha (gc phi).
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CHNG 4: MCH IN BA PHA

(L thuyt: 3h; Bi tp: 2h; Kim tra: 1h) Mc tiu: - Phn tch c khi nim v cc ngha, c im v mch xoay chiu ba pha; - Phn tch v vn dng c cc dng s u dy trong mng ba pha; - Gii c cc dng bi ton v mng ba pha cn bng. - Phn tch c ngha ca h s cng sut v cc phng php nng cao h s cng sut. Ni dung: 4.1. Khi nim chung. Nhng h thng in ln thng gm ba dng in ring bit c hiu in th bng nhau, lch pha nhau 120o v vi cc cun dy qun ca my in lch nhau 120o. H thng in dng ny gi l h thng in ba pha vi nhiu u im m h thng in mt pha khng c c. U IM CA MY PHT IN BA PHA C th truyn in n mt a im cch xa ngun v lng kim loi dng lm dy dn cho mch in ba pha t tn km hn. C hai loi hiu in th khc nhau c th cng hot ng. My pht in ba pha c mt s u im so vi my pht in mt pha. l: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Vn hnh m hn nn gim c rung ca c h thng my. Mmen khi ng cao hn. i vi cng cng sut u ra, my c kch thc vt l b hn my pht mt pha. Gi thnh r hn do c kt cu n gin hn. Chi ph chy v bo dng my thp hn. Cng sut ca my ba pha t ti 96% so vi cng sut ca my mt pha ch t 64%.
4.1.1. Ngun in ba pha. Vi my pht in ba pha,ta c th s dng ba pha 230V ring r hoc c th kt hp ba pha ny theo cc cch khc to ra mt hiu in th khc, v d 400V. Cng c th to ra mt cng sut ba pha bng cch s dng ba my pht in xoay chiu mt pha ring r, cc my c cng hiu in th v tn s, v cn c ni ghp mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin, thng thng, ngi ta s dng mt nam chm quay trong mt Stato cha ba cun dy mt pha ging nhau b tr lch gc quay 120o hiu in th ca chng lch pha nhau 120oE (lch sng in) trn dao ng hnh sin.
Chng 4: Mch in ba pha
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C ba cun dy c cng mt Roto, nn chng hot ng mt cch ng b v c cng hiu in th ra cho cc ti ging nhau. Hiu in th u ra c th c minh ha bng nhng sng hnh sin hoc vng pha nh sau:
Th t m ba hiu in th ln lt t c mt gi tr tng t nhau trn sng hnh sin c gi l th t pha hoc chiu quay pha. hnh trn, th t pha l L1, L2, L3 hay ng , ng Trng, ng Xanh lam. Mi dy mang in c th c nhn bit theo mu (, trng, xanh lam) hoc theo nhn R.W.B hoc L1, L2, L3 hoc A.B.C. Ch rng Roto quay theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h, tc l (R), Trng (W), Xanh lam (B). Mc quy chiu L1 l ng nm ngang, L2 v L3 c t lch 120o nh hnh v. Thng thng, vng pha c chiu quay ngc chiu kim ng h, khi L2 s chuyn vo v tr ca L1, v L3 chuyn vo v tr ca L2. Phng php minh ha nh trn gip ta hnh dung c nhng gi tr sau: a) Gi tr Cng dng in (Ampe) b) Gc lch pha (sm hoc tr pha) c) Chiu quay. Nhng gi tr trn cng c th c minh ha m khng cn s dng n th sng hnh sin. Mt mch xoay chiu c mc v vn hnh sai trnh t th cn phi tin hn o mch. Trnh t pha cn phi c kim tra, nu thy cn thit, bng mt ng h o trnh t pha. Trnh t pha s cho bit nhng thng tin v: 1. Ni dy vo mt thit b quay nh th no.
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2. Th t t cc i ca mi pha. 3. ng c c b o mch hay khng. 4.1.2. Cch ni mch in ba pha. Nu mi pha ngun in ba pha ni ring l vi mi pha ca ti, th ta c h thng ba pha khng lin h vi nhau. Mi mch in nh vy gi l mt pha ca mch in ba pha. Thng mch ba pha ca ngun in ni vi nhau, ba pha ca ti ni vi nhau v c ng dy ba pha ngun vi ti, dn in nng ti ti. Sc in ng, in p, dng in mi pha ca ngun (hoc ti) gi l sc in ng pha k hiu l Ep, in p pha k hiu Up, dng in pha k hiu Ip. Dng in chy trn dy t ngun ti ti gi l dng in dy k hiu Id, in p gia cc dy pha gi l in p dy k hiu Ud. i lng pha: Phase (P); i lng dy: Line (L) hoc dy (d). Quan h cc i lng ph thuc vo cch ni. 4.1.3. Mch in ba pha i xng. Ngun in gm ba sc in ng hnh sin cng bin , cng tn s, lch pha nhau 2/3 gi l ngun ba pha i xng.
Hnh 4 - 1: Ngun ba pha i xng i vi ngun i xng ta c: eA + eB + eC = 0. Nu tng tr phc ca cc pha ti bng nhau ZA = ZB = ZC th ta c ti i xng. Mch in ba pha gm ngun, ti v ng dy i xng gi l mch in ba pha i xng. Nu khng tho mn mt trong cc iu kin nu gi l mch ba pha khng i xng. 4.2. Cch ni hnh sao (Y). 4.2.1. Cch ni. Mi pha ca ngun hoc ti c u v cui. K hiu u pha l A, B, C cui pha l X, Y, Z. Mun ni hnh sao ta ni ba im cui ca pha vi nhau to thnh im trung tnh.
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Ngh: Hn
i vi ngun, ba im cui X, Y, Z ni vi nhau thnh im trung tnh O ca ngun. i vi ti, ba im cui X', Y', Z' ni vi nhau thnh im trung tnh O' ca ti. Cc dy ni ngun vi ti gi l dy pha.
Ip O B
A UA Up
Id
IA Up
I0
O B C
C IC
IB
Hnh 4-2: Cch ni hnh sao. 4.2.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v pha trong cch ni hnh sao i xng. 4.2.2.1. Quan h gia dng in dy v pha. Id = Ip 4.2.2.2. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha.

UAB =UAUB

(4.1)
UBC =UB UC (4.2)

UAC = UA UC (4.3)
V tr hiu dng: UAB = UBC = UCA = Ud = 3 Up (4.4) V pha, in p dy UAB, UBC, UCA lch pha nhau mt gc 1200. in p dy vt trc in p pha tng ng mt gc 300. 4.3. Cch ni hnh tam gic (). 4.3.1. Cch ni: Mun ni hnh tam gic ta ly u pha ny ni vi cui pha kia. Theo tiu chunl: A ni vi Z, B ni vi X, C ni vi Y. Ngoi ra ta cng c th kt ni: A ni vi Y, B ni vi Z, C ni vi X.

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Ngh: Hn
A Ip EC EB C IC EA Ud B
Id
IA
A IAB Ip Up
ICA IB C
IBC B
Hnh 4-3: Cch ni ti hnh tam gic. 4.3.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v pha khi i xng. 4.3.2.1. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha. Ud = Up p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti cc nt (4.5) 4.3.2.2 Quan h gia dng in dy v dng in pha.

I AB = I A I B
I BC = I B I C

(4.6) (4.7)
I AC = I A I C
V tr s dng in dy ta c : Id = 3 Ip
(4.8)
V pha, dng in dy chm sau dng in pha tng ng mt gc 300. 4.4. Cng sut ca mch in ba pha. 4.4.1. Cng sut tc dng. Cng sut tc dng P ca mch ba pha bng tng cng sut tc dng ca cc pha cng li. Gi PA, PB, PC tng ng l cng sut tc dng ca cc pha A, B, C ta c: P= PA + PB + PC = UA IA cosA + UB IB cosB + UC IC cosC Khi mch ba pha i xng: UA = UB = UC = UP ; IA = IB = IC = IP v cosA= cosB = cosB = cos Ta c: P = 3Up Ip cos = 3 Rp I2p ; trong Rp l in tr pha. i vi ni sao i xng: Ip = Id ; Up = Ud 3
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Ngh: Hn
i vi ni tam gic i xng: Up = Ud ; Ip =
Id 3
Cng sut tc dng ba pha vit theo i lng dy, p dng cho c trng hp ni sao v ni tam gic i xng: P = 3 Ud.Id.cos 4.4.2. Cng sut phn khng Q: Q = QA + QB +QC = UA IA sinA + UB IB sinB + UC IC sinC Khi mch ba pha i xng : Q= 3Up Ip sin = 3Xp I2p; trong Xp l in khng pha Hoc vit theo i lng dy: Q = 3 Ud.Id.sin 4.4.3. Cng sut biu kin: Khi mch ba pha i xng, cng sut biu kin ba pha:
S = 3U
.I
S =
3U d . I d
2 p
S = 3 Z p .I
TM TT
1) H s cng sut l cosin ca gc pha gia V v I. 2) H s cng sut l h s m khi nhn n vi cng sut biu kin ta c cng sut thc hay l t s ca cng sut thc v cng sut biu kin.
H s cng sut:
Cng sut thc Pf = Cng sut biu kin
3) Gi tr ca h s cng sut ph thuc vo lch pha (gc pha) gia hiu in th cung cp v dng in. 4) Khi U v I cng pha, h s cng sut = 1. 5) Khi U v I lch pha 900, h s cng sut = 0. 6) H s cng sut cng b th dng in cng phi ln cung cp cng sut thc theo yu cu cho trc.
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Ngh: Hn
NGUYN NHN LM GIM H S CNG SUT Phn ln cc mch in l cm ng nn dng in b tr pha so vi hiu in th. Dng in sm pha trong mch in l rt him. Nguyn nhn ch yu lm gim h s cng sut l do n hunh quang, bin p hoc m-t in c ti thp. NH HNG DO H S CNG SUT THP Trong trng hp h s cng sut thp, ngun s phi cung cp mt lng in thm vo, nh hng n mt s yu t nh: 1) Tit din dy dn phi ln hn. 2) Bin p phi ln hn. 3) C cu ng ngt mch phi tt hn. 4) Hiu in th ca dy dn phi cao hn. 5) Lng ng tiu hao nhiu hn. 6) Gim hiu sut ca my (v vy tng nhiu liu v gi thnh pht in). HIU CHNH H S CNG SUT hiu chnh h s cng sut, cn gim lch pha gia hiu in th v dng in theo cc phng php sau: 1) Mc t in song song vi ph ti gy chm pha. 2) Mc nhiu t in vo bng in chnh. 3) Trong cc x nghip ln, ngi ta thng mc ng c ng b khng ti vo mch.
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CU HI N TP CHNG 4 1. Nu nhng u im ca mch in ba pha.
2. Mt iu ha nhit 3kW c ni vi mt ngun in xoay chiu 230V 50Hz. Cho h s cng sut l 0,6. Tm : a. Dng in chy t ngun ti h s cng sut 0,6 ? b. Dng in chy t ngun ti h s cng sut 0,9 ?
3. Cho mt ti vi h s cng sut 0,7, cng 8A ni vi mt ngun in xoay chiu 240V 50Hz. Tnh cng sut thc ca mch.
4.
Mt ti 8KW nhn 50A t mt ngun 240V, 50Hz. Tnh cng sut biu kin, cng sut phn khng, h s cng sut v gc lch pha.
5.
Mt ng c c ni vi mt ngun in 240V, 50Hz nhn c dng in c cng 10A nu hiu in th v dng in lch pha 10o. Tnh cng sut thc.
6.
Mt ti 800W c cng 5A c ni vi mt ngun 240V, 50Hz. Tnh cng sut biu

kin, cng sut phn khng v h s cng sut.
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7. Xc nh dng in dy trong ba mch ba pha mc hnh TAM GIC, vi: a) b) c) IP = 15A IP = 30A IP = 70A
8. Xc nh dng in pha trong ba mch ba pha mc hnh TAM GIC, vi: a) b) c) IL = 100A IL = 60A IL = 14A
9. Mt Vn k c mc song song vi mt mch ba pha mc hnh TAM GIC ch 230V. Cho dng in trong mi pha l 15A, hy xc nh: a) Hiu in th dy
b)
Dng in dy.
10. Cho mt my pht in xoay chiu ni hnh tam gic. Mi cun dy ca my cung cp hiu in th 450V v nhiu nht l 25A. Cho mch xoay chiu chy ht cng sut v cung cp in cho ti thun tr. Hy xc nh: (a) Hiu in th dy (VL)
(b) Dng in dy (IL)
11. Mt ngun in ba pha ni sao, Upn = 120V cung cp in cho ti ni sao c dy trung tnh. Tic in tr pha Rp = 180. Tnh Ud, Id, Ip, I0, P ca mch 3 pha. p s: Ud = 207,84V; Id = Ip = 667mA; I0 = 0; P = 240W
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12. Mt ngun in ba pha i xng u sao cung cp cho ti ba pha i xng u tam gic. Bitdngin pha ca ngun Ipn = 17,32A, in tr mi pha ca ti Rp = 38. Tnh in p pha cangun v cng sut P ca ngun cung cp cho ti 3 pha. p s: Upn = 220V; Pn = Pt = 11400W
13. Mt ti ba pha i xng u hnh tam gic, bit Rp = 15; Xp = 6, u vo mng in 3 phaUd = 380V. Tnh Ip, Id, P, Q ca ti. p s: Ip = 23,5A; Id = 40,7A; P = 24893,5W; Q = 9957,4A.
14. Mt ng c in 3 pha u vo mng 3 pha Ud = 380V, bit dngin dy Id = 26,81A; h scng sut cos = 0,85. Tnh dng in pha ca ng c, cng sut in ng c tiu th. p s: Ip = Id = 26,81A; Pin = 15kW
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15. Mt ng c khng ng b c s liu nh mc sau: cng sut c nh mc Pm = 14kW.Hiu sut m = 0,88; h s cng sut cos m = 0,89; Y/ 380V/220V. Ngi ta u ng c vomng 220V/127V. a. Xc nh cch u dy ng c b. Tnh cng sut in ng c tiu th khi nh mc. c. Tnh dngin dy Id v dng in pha Ip ca ng c.
16. Mt ti ba pha c in tr pha Rp = 20, in khng pha Xp = 15, ni hnh tam gic, u vo mch in c in p Ud = 220V. Tnh dng in pha Ip, dng in dy Id, cng sut tiu th v v th vec t in p dy v dng in pha.
17. Mt ti ba pha gm ba cun dy u vo mng in ba pha c in p dy l Ud = 380V. Cun dy c thit k lm vic vi in p nh mc 220V, cun dy c c in tr R = 2, in khng X = 8. a) Xc nh cch ni cc cun dy thnh ti ba pha. b) Tnh cng sut P,Q, cos ca ti.
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Mn hc: K thut in in n t cng nghip
Ngh: Hn
CHNG 5: MY BIN BI P
(L thuyt: t: 3h; Bi B tp: 2h; Kim tra: 1h)
Mc tiu:
- Phn tch c c cu to, nguyn nguy l lm vic ca my bin p. - Phn tch c c ch lm l vic ca my bin p. Ni dung 5.1. Khi nim - L nhng ng thit b c kh nng bin i in p (xoay chiu) v khng lm thay i i tn s ca n. 5.2. Cu to v nguyn tc c hot ng a. Cu to: m c hai cun dy : cun s s cp c N1 vng v - Gm cun th cp c N2 vng. Li bin bi p gm nhiu l st mng ng ghp cch in vi nhau trnh dng d Fu-c v tng cng ng t thng qua mch. Hnh 2 - S vng dy hai cun n phi khc nhau, tu thuc nhim v ca my m m c th N1 > N2 hoc ngc c li. - Cun s cp p ni vi mch in xoay chiu cn c cun n th cp ni vi ti tiu th in. n p c dng nh nh hnh 1, cn trong vic c biu din s s - Trong thc th th my bin my bin p th c dng nh hnh nh 2 b. Nguyn tc hot ng: t in p xoay chiu tn s f hai u cun s s cp. p. N gy ra s bin thin thi t - t thng trong hai cun. n. Gi t thng ny n l: = 0cost - T thng qua cun s cp v th th cp ln lt l : 1 = N10cost v 2 = N20cost - Trong cun n th cp xut hin sut in ng cm ng e2 c biu thc c hot ng ca my bin p da vo v hin tng ng cm ng in T ta thy nguyn tc t. 5.3. Kho st my bin p a cun s s cp v th cp. Gi N1. N2 l s vng ca Gi U1, U2 l hiu u in th 2 u cun s s cp v th cp. Gi I1, I2 l cng ng hiu dng ca dng d in 2 u cun s cp v th cp. Trong khong thi gian t v cng nh nh t thng bin thin n gy ra trong mi m vng dy ca c hai cun sut in n ng bng: Sut in ng trn mt t cun s s cp l: Sut in ng trn cun n th cp: => T s in p 2 u cun th cp bng t s vng v dy ca 2 cun tng ng ng Hnh 1
Chng 5: My bin p
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Ngh: Hn
T s
i theo thi gian nn n ta c th thay bng gi tr hiu dng ta c khng i , (1)
n tr thun ca cun s s cp rt nh nn in (2)
, khi mch ch th cp h nn n
T (1) v (2) ta c , (*) Nu N2 > N1 => U2 > U1 : gi l my tng p. Nu N2 < N1 => U2 < U1 : gi l my h p. V hao ph my bin p rt nh, coi nh nh cng sut t 2 u cun th cp v v s cp nh nhau. , (**) T (*) v (**) ta c n p tng in p bao nhiu nhi ln th cng ng dng d in Kt lun: Dng my bin gim by nhiu ln v ngc ng li. Ch : Cng thc c (*) lun c p dng cho my bin p cn cng ng thc th (**) ch c c p dng khi hao ph khng ng k hoc hai u cun th cp h.
Chng 5: My bin p
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Ngh: Hn
CU HI T KIM TRA:
1. Hy gii thch ngha ca thut ng b gim th.
2. Hy cho bit tn gi cun dy ca my bin th m ngun in c ni vo. 3. Hy cho bit tn gi cun dy ca my bin th m ti c ni vo.
4. Mt my bin th mt pha c 250 vng dy trn cun dy ni vi ngun in v c 25 vng dy trn cun dy ni vi ti. a) Hy tnh t s ca bin th ny.
b) Nu 250 vng dy c ni vo ngun in xoay chiu 240V, hy tnh in p ti cun dy th cp.
c) Nu dng s cp o c l 2A, hy tnh dng th cp. 5. Mt b gim th c 24000V ni vo cun dy s cp ca n. Hy tnh in p th cp nu t s ca bin th ny l 50 : 1.
6. Hy gii thch hin tng h cm ca my bin th.
7. Dng in 8A chy qua ti t mt my bin th. Cun s cp ca bin th ny c ni vi ngun in 240V v 50Hz. Cun th cp ca bin th c in p 12V. a) Hy tnh dng in t li in chy vo bin th.
Chng 5: My bin p
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Ngh: Hn
b) Cun dy s cp ca bin th c 960 vng. Hy tnh s vng dy ca cun th cp. 21. Mt bin th mt pha c cun dy s cp cha 1000 vng dy v cun dy th cp cha 50 vng dy. Hy tnh in p u ra khi u bin th ny vo ngun in 240V v 50Hz. 22. Cn dng mt bin th cp dng in 12V v 12W cho n chiu sng trong vn. Hy tnh dng in ngun cp cho bin th ny khi u ni n vo in li 240V v 50Hz. 23. Hy m t ngn gn hot ng ca bin th (cch thc hot ng ca n). 30. Nu mt bin th c 960 vng dy s cp, v 960 vng dy th cp, n c gi l loi .. 31. Trong b gim th, dng trong cun dy s cp s nh hn dng trong
33. (khng c cu 32) Nu mt bin th c t s vng dy 4 : 1 th c ngha l cun dy th cp c
34. Nu cun s cp ca bin th c ni vo ngun 230V v in p th cp l 1150V, dng th cp l 10A th dng s cp chy t ngun vo bin th l bao nhiu?
35. Hy v s mt my bin th v ch thch y . 56. Mt bin th c 480V ni vo cun s cp v 48V ti pha cun th cp. Hy tnh dng in s cp khi bit dng in th cp l 20A. 57. Mt bin th c 300 vng dy trn cun s cp v 60 vng dy trn cun th cp. Hy tnh in p m ngun cung cp cho n nu in p th cp l 12V.
Chng 5: My bin p
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Ngh: Hn
58. Hy tnh in p s cp ca bin th khi bit t s ca bin th l 12 : 1 v ti pha th cp o c tr s in p 20V.
Hy tnh dng in s cp nu bit dng in th cp l 20A.
59. Mt bin th c tr s 240V trn cun s cp v 6000V trn cun th cp. Hy tnh t s ca bin th.
Hy tnh dng in s cp nu dng in th cp l 0,025A.
Cun dy th cp phi c bao nhiu vng dy nu cun s cp c 960 vng dy?
Chng 5: My bin p
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Ngh: Hn
CHNG 6: NG C KHNG NG B
(L thuyt: 3h; Bi tp: 2h; Kim tra: 1h) Mc tiu: - Phn tch c cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca ng c xoay chiu 3 pha, ng c khng ng b xoay chiu 1 pha. - Gii thch c cc nguyn tc iu chnh tc ca ng c xoay chiu. Ni dung 6.1. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG CA NG C IN XOAY CHIU BA PHA 6.1.1. Cu to ng c khng ng b ba pha Gii thiu ng c khng ng b l loi ng c c ng dng ng dng rng ri nht trong cng nghip. L do l n c cu to n gin, cng sut ln v gi thnh thp. ng c khng ng b c mt rotor khng kt ni vi in p ngun cp bn ngoi. ng nh tn gi, ng c khng ng b ly nng lng t hin tng cm ng in t. C hai loi ng c khng ng b l ng c lng sc (SCIM) v ng c rotor dy qun (WRIM).
ng c khng ng b
ng c lng sc Rotor thng thng Rotor i
ng c rotor dy qun (Vng chia)
Hnh 1 (a) C hai loi ng c trn u c mt stator v mt rotor l cc phn cu to chnh ca chng Mt iu rt quan trng l phi ch cc b phn cu to ca tng loi my Stator y l mt li c ghp bng cc l thp m cc l thp ny c lm t cc thp tm mng c dp to thnh, c cc rnh b mt bn trong. Cc bi dy ln lt ca cc pha ngun cp c qun u n trong cc rnh ny. Sau khi cc cun dy c t vo trong cc rnh tng ng, ton b stator c lp ph bn ngoi mt
Chng 6: ng c khng ng b
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Ngh: Hn
lp sn hoc nha epoxy. iu ny gi cho lp cch in ca stator v rotor khng b m. Cu to chi tit v cc phn chnh ca stator
Rotor lng sc Rotor lng sc c mt li tr c ghp t cc l thp vi cc rnh c to ra trn b mt. Thanh dn rotor c lm t vt liu c th l ng, nhm hoc mt vt liu hp kim ph hp, c t trong cc rnh v ni ngn mch cc u bng cc vng dn. Mt rotor hon chnh bao gm mt trc, bc, cc li thp ghp l v cc thanh dn rotor T s lp rp cc thanh dn rotor c n gin ha, rt d c th ch ra ti sao rotor ny li c gi l lng sc
Lng c lm t hp kim nhm c
Cnh qut Trc thp
Thanh rotor (thanh xin)
Hnh 2 Khi kim tra k bn s thy rng cc thanh rotor c t nghing mt gc (thanh xin) dc theo thn ca rotor. iu ny m bo vic tng tc trn v u trong sut qu trnh khi ng.
Chng 6: ng c khng ng b Trang 78
Ngh: Hn
Mt ch gi tr khc na l cc thanh dn rtor ny c th c in tr ln hoc in tr nh C rt nhiu cch kt hp cc thanh rotor trong vic thit k rotor thay i m men quay ca my Theo tiu chun c - Australian Standards 1359.41 cho php ch c hai loi rotor l 1) Thanh dn rotor tiu chun hoc thng thng (Hnh 3) 2) Rotor lng i hoc mmen ln (Hnh 4) Xem xt c th hai loi rotor ny v cch cc thanh dn rotor c t vo trong li thp
Hnh 3
Khe h khng kh
Hnh 4 ...................................................................... ng c rotor dy qun Trong mt ng c rotor dy qun, cc khe ca rotor c qun trn bi cc cun dy cch in, ging nh cc cun dy qun trn stator, v thng c kt ni theo kiu SAO v kt thc hai u c ni vi ba vng bc trt (c gp) c gn vo trc rotor.
Hnh 5
Ngh: Hn
Cc cun dy rotor khng c ni trc tip vi ngun cp, cc c gp ch n thun c ngha kt ni vi hp iu khin bin tr bn ngoi vi mch rotor. Loi rotor ny rt t tin v yu cu bo dng mc cao. Bin tr rotor s tng tr khng mch rotor trong qu trnh bt u khi ng. Khi ng c tng tc, bin tr dn dn b ct b, do tr khng ca rotor gim. V vy, m men quay ca ng c c iu khin ti gi tr m men ln nht phc v cho sut qu trnh tng tc ca ng c. Cc c gp c ngn mch khi ng c t ti tc nh mc, hot ng ca n khi cng ging nh ng c lng sc Bi v mch rotor c th thay i trong qu trnh hot ng, iu ny c ngha l cung cp kh nng iu khin tc ca ng c. Khi tr khng ca rotor c tng ln, m men quay cng s ln hn tng ng vi mt h s trt ln hn. Kh nng thay i tr khng ca rotor lm cho n c kh nng thay i m men khi ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau Cun dy rotor khng c ni vi ngun cp, cc c gp ch n thun c mt ngha l kt ni b iu khin bin i tr khng bn ngoi vo trong mch rotor Loi rotor ny rt t tin v yu cu bo dng mc cao. Quan st k s rotor di v ch v tr ca ba c gp
C gp
Cun dy rotor
Hnh 6 V ng c Kch thc v hnh dng ca v my rt a dng, ph thuc vo iu kin ni ng c c lp t v hot ng. Tt c cc khung v ca ng c u c thit k c gi vng bi t rotor, bo v cc cun dy v h tr vic g lp ng c vo cc phn khc ca h thng. Hu ht cc khung v ng c hin i u c lm t vt liu hp kim nhm, iu ny gip cho trng lng ca my gim i v gip cho vic tn nhit d dng hn thng qua cc gn hoc cc cnh trong cc thit k khung v.
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Ngh: Hn
Cc nh sn xut ng c thng cung cp mt di cc loi v my khc nhau ph hp vi cc ng dng c th Sau y l ba loi v my c bn, mi loi bao gm mt s c im khc nhau, nhng xu hng hin i ngy nay ch tp trung vo cc loi v kn hon ton . V kn - thng gi lm mt t nhin y l cc loi m vic thng gi lm mt khng b hn ch do khng nh hng ti cu trc c kh. y l cc loi m cc u dn khng kh vo v ra c ph mt lp li l, cho mt khong m nh nht y l cc loi m phn h lm thng gi c bo v trnh nc v bi ri xung theo chiu thng ng.
Hnh 8 V kn hon ton (TEFC v kn hon ton c qut lm mt)
Hnh 9
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My c qut lm mt c cu to khng kh c bao kn v khng thng vi khng kh bn ngoi nhng khng cn thit phi airtight - b kn hon ton. S lm mt c thc hin bng vic lu thng khng kh trong khung v my Hu ht cc ng c u thuc loi kn hon ton, vic lm mt c thc hin bi qut, qut c hot ng nh chnh ng c v thi cc lung kh bn ngoi vo cc mt lm mt ca ng c. Vi ng c c cp lin tc kh lm mt, th khung v c b tr cc ng dn kh vo ra lm mt. V my chng la My c thit k theo tiu chun ca c Australian Standard (AS1359) cho cc ng c chu la
Hnh 10 By gi, s dng cc kin thc m bn thu c trong rt nhiu cc dng ng c khng ng b ba pha, ta s kim tra cc c tnh hot ng v cc ng dng in hnh cho tng loi ng c. Cc ng c tnh hot ng ca ng c rto lng sc ng c khng ng b rto lng sc c th c v nh l mt my bin th vi phn th cp quay. u tin khi ngun cp c cp cho cc cun dy stator (s cp), kt qu l t trng to ra quay tc ng b. Vi hot ng ca rotor nh l mt cun dy th cp ngn mch , mt dng in tun hon gi tr cao c hnh thnh trong cc thanh rotor. iu ny cng to ra dng in c gi tr cao trong cc cun dy stator v dng ny s gim khi rotor t c tc mong mun. Khi ng c chy ch khng ti th tc s gn vi tc ng b v dng trong rotor rt nh. Khi ng c c ti, th rotor s quay chm i. Tuy nhin t trng quay s tip tc quay vi tc quay ng b M men quay ca ng c tng ln khi tc gim i v nng lng u ra tng ln c tnh k thut Dng in/Tc
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Ngh: Hn
Dng in
Tc nh mc
Dng in nh mc
Hnh 11 Hnh v 11 biu th mi quan h gia tc ca rotor v dng ca stator. Khi tc rotor tip cn tc nh mc, dng stator s gim mnh bt u t dng khi ng cao lc u (cao gp 6-7 ln dng ti) n khi n t c ch nh mc hon ton Rotor tiu chun ng c tnh M men quay/ Tc Khi ti ca ng c tng ln (Hnh 12) th m men quay tng ln v tc gim i cho ti khi m men quay t n tc ln nht v c gi l m men ti hn. Nu ng c c t ti nm ngoi im ny, th c m men quay v tc s gim v ng c s rt nhanh chng chuyn v ch dng. M men ti hn M men khi ng Tc nh mc Tc trt
M men quay
M men nh mc
Hnh 12 Rotor lng sc kp - c tnh M men quay/ Tc
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Loi rotor ny c hai nhm thanh dn rotor. Cc thanh dn rto bn trong (Tr khng nh) c gi tr t nht l mt na so vi cc thanh dn rotor ngoi (c tr khng cao) Kt qu l m men khi ng (hnh 13) ca loi rotor ny xp x 225% m men quay nh mc, kt qu l cho dng khi ng cao gp khong 5 ln dng chy nh mc Tc nh mc
M men quay %
M men nh mc
Tc Hnh 13 ng c tnh lm vic ca ng c khng ng b

Khng ti ti
Speed : tc Rpm vng/pht ng c khng ng b ba pha 4 cc12 kW, 50 Hz, 415V, 4 cc Ampe Tc trt Percentage Slip : tc trt Power factor : h s cng sut Efficiency : hiu sut Torque : M men quay Stator current : Dng stator
Hiu sut (%) v h s cng sut
M men quay Nm
Nng lng u ra kW
Hnh 14 S ny (hnh 14) ch ra mt cch ton din tt c cc ng c tnh hot ng chnh ca mt ng c khng ng b ba pha in hnh Ch rng tc trt khi ti ch xp x 4%. Trong iu kin dng quay, in khng ca rotor ca loi ng c ny c th gp 5 ln in tr ca rotor Tuy nhin ch ti, in khng ca rotor ca loi ng c ny nh hn in tr ca rotor C hai m men quay v tc trt u tng ti im bin th
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iu chnh tc trong ng c lng sc rt hon ho, c th thay i khng nhiu ch rt t phn trm trong ln trn dy bt u t ch ti sang ch khng ti (Xp x 250 rpm) Trong qu trnh m my khi ng, h s trt ca ng c l ln nht, mt dng in ln c cm ng vo trong rotor, chnh dng in ny to ra m men quay cn thit khi ng ng c. Tng kt ng c khng ng b l loi ng c ph bin nht trong cng nghip C hai loi ng c khng ng b l ng c khng ng b rto lng sc v ng c khng ng b rto dy qun. Tt c cc ng c khng ng b u gm c STATOR v ROTOR Stator ca ng c khng ng b c cu to chnh gm cc cun dy ba pha c nh Rotor lng sc c cu to bao gm cc thanh dn ng hoc nhm c t vo trong mt li ghp t cc thp l v c ni ngn mch hai u Rotor dy qun ca ng c khng ng b c mt rotor gm t hp ba cun dy kt ni vi cc c gp C rt nhiu loi rotor lng sc ph hp vi ng dng cn m men m my cao hay thp Rotor dy qun ca ng c khng ng b c thit k cho php tc v m men khi ng d thay i ph hp vi cc iu kin ti trng ln ng c c th dng ba loi v my gm: v kn- thng gi t nhin, kn hon ton v v my chng chy v c rt nhiu dng khc nhau trong tng loi c tnh khi ng v vn hnh ca mt ng c khng ng b lng sc c xc nh bng vic thit k cc bi dy dn ca rotor, v c rt nhiu cc thit k ph hp vi cc iu kin ti trng khc nhau. 6.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b ba pha Gii thiu chung ng c xoay chiu l ng c hot ng vi ngun cp l in xoay chiu mt pha hoc nhiu pha. Tuy vy, cc ng c ny u c mt nguyn l hot ng chung. Nguyn l ny l: dng in xoay chiu cp cho ng c (phn Stator) s sinh ra mt t trng quay, t trng quay ny s to lc quay phn rtor ca ng c. T trng quay (RMF) Trc khi nghin cu lm cch no mt t trng quay c to ra trong stator ca ng c th cn hiu r cch kt ni in trong phn stator ca ng c. S sau (Hnh 1) minh ho mt stator 3 pha vi ngun cp l ngun xoay chiu3 pha. Cc cun dy ni theo kiu tam gic. Hai cun dy trn mi pha c qun theo cng mt hng
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u vo xoay chiu
u vo xoay chiu
Stator 3 pha
Hnh 1: Stator 3 pha ni kiu tam gic

Ti bt c mt thi im no, t trng c to ra bi mi pha ring bit u ph thuc vo cng dng in i qua pha . Nu dng in bng khng th cng t trng cng bng khng. Nu dng in ln nht th cng t trng cng ln nht.Do dng in trong ba pha ln lt lch nhau mt gc 120 th t trng c to ra t ba dng cng ln lt lch nhau mt gc 120 . By gi, ti mt thi im bt k th ba t trng tn ti s kt hp vi nhau to ra mt t trng chung duy nht tc ng ln rtor. Hng dch chuyn ca cc ng sc t trong t trng t hp ny lun lun thay i theo mt vng trn. Sau khi kt thc hon ton mt chu k ca dng xoay chiu th t trng s chuyn ng quay mt gc 360 hay mt vng quay. S sau (hnh 2) minh ho hnh dng sng ca ba dng in hnh thnh trong cc cun stator. Cc sng pha ny lch pha nhau 120 ln lt gia cc pha. Cc sng ny c th l t trng xoay chiu c to ra bi ba pha hoc l dng trong mi pha. Cc sng c nh k hiu ph hp vi cc cc pha tng ng ca n.
Hnh 2: Qu trnh to ra mt t trng quay
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S dng cc dng sng, ta c th kt hp cc t trng ti tng thi im sau mt phn su chu k (60oE) xc nh chiu ca t trng tng. Ti im 1, sng C dng v sng B m . iu ny c ngha l dng i qua theo hai hng i nghch nhau qua cc pha B v C, v v vy thnh lp s phn cc t trng ca hai pha B v C. S phn cc t trng c ch ra trn s rt gn trn vi v tr l im 1 Bn s quan st thy rng im B1 l cc bc v im B l cc nam, cng tng t im C l cc bc v im C1 l cc nam. Ti thi im ca im 1 khng c dng i qua pha A, do t trng bng khng. T trng di chuyn t cc B1 v C s tin v trc ti cc cc gn nht l C1 v B nh hnh v. Trong khi t trng ca B v C c bin bng nhau nn t trng tng hp ca hai t trng trn s nm gia hai t trng v n s c hng nh hnh v. Ti im 2, sau mt gc 60oE, dng sng ca dng in u vo ti cc pha A v B l nh nhau v c ln tri ngc v sng ti im C l khng. T trng tng hp s quay i mt gc 60oE. Ti im 3, sng ti B l khng v t trng tng hp s quay i mt gc 60oE v s quay nh vy bt u t im 1 ti im 7 (theo ng mt chu k ca dng xoay chiu), bn c th nhn thy t trng quay tng hp quay mt vng vi mi chu k ca ngun xoay chiu cp cho stator By gi c th thy r rng rng vic cp in 3 pha xoay chiu vo cc cun dy t i xng quanh stator th s to nn mt t trng quay trong . T trng quay ng dng trong c ng c khng ng b v ng c ng b. Tc ca t trng quay (Rmf) Tt c hot ng v tc quay ca ng c khng ng b u da vo s tn ti ca t trng quay (a rotating magnetic field - rmf). Trong kiu qun dy gm hai cc (cho mt pha) c ch ra trn hnh 1, t trng trong s quay c mt vng hon chnh trong mt chu k ca dng in. Trong kiu qun dy gm bn cc trong mi pha c hai nhm cun dy ring bit mc ni tip vi nhau, t trng quay (rmf) s to ra mt vng quay trong hai chu k ca dng in. Trong kiu qun day gm su cc, t trng quay (rmf) s to ra mt vng quay trong ba chu k ca dng in. Tc quay trn ca t trng quay c gi l tc ng b ca ng c. i vi tt c ng c in khng ng b u c mi lin h ging nhau gia s cc v tn s ngun cp trong vic xc nh tc ca t trng quay Tc ca t tng quay tnh theo s vng trn mt pht (rpm) c th c nh ngha t biu thc sau:
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Vi:
nsync = Tc (vng / pht ) F = tn s (Hertz ) P = s cc ( mi pha)
Tc ng b ca cc ng c vi kch thc thng dng hot ng tn s 50 Hertz c lit k hnh 3 Tc ca t trng quay trong mt ng c khng ng b vi s cc khc nhau S cc 2 4 1500 6 1000 8 750 10 600 12 500 Tc ng 3000 b (vng/pht) Bng: T trng quay Quan h gia tc v s cc V d: Vi mt my c hai cc mi pha c ni vi ngun in xoay chiu c tn s 50 Hertz. Tc ng b ca t trng quay quanh stator l:
Kt qu
= 3000 vng/pht
Hng ca t trng quay Hng ca t trng quay trong stator ph thuc vo th t cc pha ca ba dng in i qua cc cun dy. Trong hnh 4 dng in ba pha c cp t cc ng R, W v B v ni ti cc im u cui A, B v C ca ng c. T trng tng hp s quay theo chiu thun chiu kim ng h
(a) kt ni RWB Hnh 4: Kt ni cc pha v t trng quay (Kt ni RWB)
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Trong hnh 5 cc ng ngun cp ti pha B v W c i cho nhau. By gi c th thy chiu quay ca t trng c o ngc li. iu c ngha l: hng ca t trng c th iu khin bng cch hon i bt k hai ng cp ngun vo ng c.
(b) kt ni RBW Hnh 5: Kt ni cc pha v t trng quay (Kt ni RBW) S hnh thnh momen quay Cun s cp (Stator) c cp ngun l in xoay chiu ba pha vi mc ch to t trng quay. Cc ng sc t ca t trng quay hnh thnh gia cc cc stator i qua cc khe h khng kh v i vo rotor. N ct cc thanh dn ca rotor gi l cun th cp , v to ra cc sc in ng cm ng trong cc thanh dn ca rotor. Hin tng ny to ra dng in cao chy qua cc thanh dn ca rotor. T thng ca stator c coi gn nh khng i, nhng t thng rotor thay i theo dng in trong rotor c xc nh bi nh sn xut thng qua tr khng, in p cm ng v tc tng i ca cc thanh dn rotor. Trong s (Hnh 6) ch ra v tr ca khe h khng kh v t thng ca stator, khi hng quay l ngc chiu kim ng h.
Hng quay ca t thng
Khe h khng kh
Hnh 6: T thng Stator
Cc ng sc t ct cc thanh dn trong rotor t phi qua tri. Sc in ng (emfs) c cm ng trong cc thanh dn, to ra cc dng in chy theo phng
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vung gc vi mt sch. Hng dng in cm ng c xc nh thng qua quy tc bn tay tri Flemings (p dng cho cc ng c) Quy tc bn tay tri Flemings
Hng chuyn ng hoc lc Hng ca ng sc t Quy tc bn tay tri Fleming (dng cho ng c) B tr cc ngn tay, u tin vi ngn gia ca tay tri t gc 900 bn phi so vi cc ngn khc: 1. Ngn tay tr t hng trng vi hng ca ng sc t 2. Ngn gia t hng trng vi hng ca dng in 3. Ngn ci s ch hng ca lc tc dng ln thanh dn
Tay tri Hng chy ca dng in Hnh 12.21 Quy tc bn tay tri ca Fleming
Cc cun dy rotor
Hnh 7: T thng rotor Mt t thng th cp c hnh thnh, bao gm cc ng sc t i theo ng trn theo chiu ph hp vi chiu kim ng h bao quanh cun dy ca rotor (Nh hnh 7) Kt hp gia t thng ca stator v rotor, t thng tng hp hay t trng c ch ra nh hnh 8. T trng c xu hng b thng ra v cc cun dy rotor c di chuyn theo ngc chiu kim ng h, theo ng chiu quay ca t trng quay.
M men quay tng hp ca cc cun dy rotor
Hnh 8: T trng tng hp Lc quay c gi l m men quay ng c hot ng v l kt qu ca s tng tc ln nhau gia hai t thng.
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to ra dng in cm ng chy trong phn rotor, hay to ra mt m men quay, rotor phi quay vi tc nh hn tc ng b. iu ny c bit n vi tn l tc khng ng b. Trong tnh trng khng ti, tr ca rotor thp hn tc quay ca t trng stator ch mt lng nh., trong khi m men quay ch yu cu mt lng c th vt qua tn tht ng c. Khi ng c c ti, tc rotor gim i. S gim tc trong rotor khin t trng quay- tc khng i quet qua cc cun dy qun ca rotor nhanh hn, v bng cch nh vy th lm tng dng cm ng trong rotor. iu ny to nn kt qu l c mt m men quay ln u ra trong khi tc gim i. Tc Rotor v h s trt Rotor trong ng c in khng ng b khng th chy tc ng b (hay l tc ca t trng quay trong stator). V nu rotor c th quay nh vy, bng mt cch no , rotor t c tc ng b th khi rotor s c th ng yn i vi t trng quay ca stator. Sau s khng c sc in ng hnh thnh trong rotor, khng c dng in trong rotor v dn n khng c m men quay c hnh thnh sau Tc ca rotor thm ch khi trng thi khng ti lun lun mc thp hn tc ng b vi mc ch dng in cm ng c th c to ra trong rotor, v nh vy mi to ra m men quay S khc nhau gia tc ng b ca t trng quay v tc hot ng thc ca rotor c gi l h s trt. N thng c biu th nh l phn trm ca tc ng b H s trt ca mt ng c in khng ng b c th c nh ngha thng qua biu thc sau:
Vi
S% = nsync = nrotor =
H s trt tnh theo phn trm Tc ng b (rpm) Tc rotor (rpm)
V d: Vi mt ng c rto lng sc 4 cc, tn s 50 Hertz c tc khi c ti y l 1440 vng/pht. Vy h s trt ch ti l bao nhiu?
Kt qu = 4%
Ngh: Hn
Tn s ca Rotor ng c khng ng b ging nh b bin p vi phn th cp quay. Ti thi im khi ng, tn s ca dng in trong rotor ging nh trong mch stator (s cp) Khi rotor tng tc theo cng hng quay ca t trng, mc m t trng quay quet qua cc thanh dn trong rotor s gim i C in p cm ng vo trong rotor v tn s ca dng in trong rotor cng s gim i. Nu rotor c th quay tc ng b, th khi tn s ca rotor s bng khng. Tn s ca rotor ph thuc vo s khc nhau v tc ca stator v dng in trong rotor Tn s ca rotor c th c nh ngha bng biu thc sau:
Vi:
fr
= tn s rotor - Hertz S% f = h s trt % = tn s ngun cp - Hertz
V d: Xc nh tn s ca rotor vi ng c khng ng b 2 cc tn s 50 Hz nu tc ca rotor l 2850 rpm Bc 1 : Xc nh h s trt %
Kt qu = 5% Bc 2: Xc nh tn s ca Rotor Tip theo
Kt qu = 2.5Hz
Ngh: Hn
Tng kt Tt c ng c khng ng b u hot ng da vo t trng quay trong stator ca n T trng quay c hnh thnh trong cun dy stator ca mt ng c ba pha Hng ca t trng quay trong stator c xc nh qua th t pha trong ngun cp Thay i bt c hai ng cp ngun u vo s dn n thay i hng ca t trng quay (th t pha thay i) T trng quay s quay vi tc ng b Tc ca t trng quay c xc nh bi c tn s ngun cp v s cc. (Ch : Khi ni mt ng c hai cc, ba pha th c ngha l ng c c hai cc cho mi pha) Hot ng ca mt ng c khng ng b ph thuc vo t trng quay qut qua v cm ng dng in chy trong mch rotor. M men quay ca mt ng c c hnh thnh bi s tng tc ln nhau gia t trng ca stator v rotor Mt ng c cm ng (ng c khng ng b) khng th chy tc ng b. S khc nhau gia tc ng b v tc thc ca rotor c gi l tc trt v n biu th bng phn trm ca tc ng b Mt ng c khng ng b c h s trt l 100% khi n ng yn, v n gim cn 4% khi n hot ng ti Tn s ca rotor ph thuc vo s khc nhau gia tc ca t thng trong stator v tc ca rotor trng thi ng yn th tn s rotor s ging nh tn s ca ngun cp, v gim khi tc ng c tng. 6.1.3. GII HN DNG KHI NG (NG C XOAY CHIU V MT CHIU) Khi mt ng c ln c khi ng, d n l ng c mt chiu hay xoay chiu s s dng mt dng in ln cung cp mt m men quay ln c th quay phn ti kt ni vi n. Dng in ny lm cho li in c th st p nh hng h thng li in cp v c th l nguyn nhn ph hng phn ai truyn ca ng c, Vi vic s dng b khi ng ng c, ta c th gim thiu dng khi ng ln ca ng c gy ra. u im ca hn ch dng m my 1. Lm gim lc c hc tc dng ln cc cun dy ng c. Khi dng m my ln i qua cun dy ng c, mt t trng quay cc mnh s c hnh thnh xung quanh tng cun dy v l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng tng tc ln nhau gia cc cun dy. Khi hin tng ny xut hin th cc lp cch in
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trong cc cun dy qun s b mn do cc cun dy s b p st li vi nhau. Bi vy, tui th trong cc lp cch in ca cun dy s gim i. 2. Lm gim cc lc sc c hc tc ng ln cc khung, trc ng c v hp s 3. C mt qu trnh tng tc n nh vi cc ti trng ngoi 4. Lm gim c st p trn li in cp (V=I x R) 5. Gim c nhiu trn ton b h thng ngun cp y l mt s u im c th c quan tm khi s dng b khi ng ng c khi ng c khi ng Nhc im ca hn ch dng m my 1. Lm gim ln m men khi ng ca ng c. 2. Lm tng gi thnh qua cc thit b khi ng. 3. V c cc thit b khi ng nn iu ny cng lm tng chi ph bo tr v bo dng thit b. 4. Mt s b khi ng ng c c hot ng kh phc tp.
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6.2. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG NG C MT PHA 6.2.1. CC B PHN ca mt NG C KHNG NG B MT PHA

Tm chn u cui Li stator Cc cun dy stator B chuyn mch ly tm Tm chn u cui
Qut lm mt Rotor Dn ng b chuyn mch ly tm
Cu to ca stator Phn srator l phn c nh hoc l phn tnh ca mt ng c. N bao gm cc cun dy stator v c kt ni vi ngun cp. Cc cun dy stator c t v tr trong cc khe ca li ghp t thp l, m phn li ny li c t trong v ng c
Cun dy khi ng
Li stator ghp t thp l
Cun dy hot ng
Rotor lng sc Rotor lng sc bao gm cc vng bc thanh rotor ni vi cc thanh rotor c khi m chng c n vo trong cc l thp k thut.
Thanh rotor
Vng bc thanh rotor
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ROTOR LNG SC HON CHNH Rotor l phn quay. Trong rotor khng c kt ni in vi ngun cp, dng trong rotor sinh ra t cm ng in t vic bin i t trng trong stator.
B chuyn mch ly tm
Vnh trt Qu vng ly tm
Trc ng c L xo Vnh c nh
Tip im cng tc Khi rotor quay, c mt lc ly tm c hnh thnh tc dng ln qu vng, khi lc ny ln c th thng lc l xo th qu vng s bay ra l nguyn nhn y vnh trt di chuyn v v vy m tip im cng tc. Khi m tip im ca cng tc s ngt kt ni cun dy khi ng hoc trong trng hp ca ng c khi ng- chy t hoc ngt kt ni t ln hn. Cng tc s gi nguyn v tr ny cho n khi tc ng c gim xung.
Vnh trt Lc ly tm
Di chuyn cng tc
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T TRNG QUAY Mt ng c khng ng b mt pha cn to ra mt t trng quay RMF, lm cho ng c c mt hng quay xc nh Vi vic ch c mt cun dy n nh cc hnh i ngc nhau trn, t trng ch n gin thay i cc trong na chu k m khng phi l quay. Vy nu rotor ca ng c c quay theo quy lut mt chiu, th sau ng c s quay theo ng chiu nh vy
to ra mt t trng quay RMF trong mt ng c mt pha, ta cn lp t thm b khi ng hoc cun dy b tr.
Cun dy khi ng
Cng t trng: - Cun chnh: ln - Cun khi ng: b
Cun dy chnh
Cun dy Cng t trng: khi ng - Cun chnh v Cun khi ng ging nhau Cun dy chnh
Cun dy Cng t trng: khi ng - Cun khi ng: ln - Cun chnh: b
Cc c tnh k thut ca cun dy ny lm cho t trng lch pha so vi cun dy chnh ng c, bi vy to ra t trng quay cn thit khi ng ng c.
Cun dy chnh
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6.2.2. CNG SUT NG C Cc ng c chuyn i t nng lng in sang nng lng c. Chng c cng sut da vo biu thc u ra P = cng sut u ra n = tc thc ca rotor (RPM) T = m men u ra (Nm) Cng sut u vo
s cng sut = h
Pin = cng sut u vo (watts) VL = in p dy IL = dng in dy
Hiu sut ng c S mt mt nng lng c ch ra sau trong mt ng c xoay chiu
CNG SUT U VO
CNG SUT U RA
Tn tht Tn tht ng li T tr Dng xoy R t thng
Tn tht phn c Ma st trc Ma st khng kh (c h)
in tr cun dy
Hiu sut =
cng sut u ra cng sut u vo
100 1
Hiu sut l t s gia cng sut u ra v cng sut u vo v n c biu th qua phn trm
Cng sut u vo = cng sut u ra + cng sut tn tht 1 M lc (H.P.) = 746 Watts
Ngh: Hn
Bi tp 1 Mt ng c khng ng b 4 cc 50 Hz hot ng vi tc rotor l 1440 rpm. Xc nh tc trt.
Bi tp 2 ng c mt pha bn cc c ni vi in p ngun Dng ton ti Cng sut tn tht Tc ng c 240 V 50 Hz 12A vi h s cng sut 0.75 500 Watts 1440 RPM
1. Tnh hiu sut ng c 2. Xc nh cng sut u ra ca ng c theo KW 3. Tnh m men quay u ra ca ng c
Bi tp 3 ng c mt pha 2 cc c ni vi in p ngun Dng ton ti Hiu sut Tc ng c 240 V 50 Hz 14A vi h s cng sut 0.8 78% 2800 RPM
1. Xc nh cng sut u ra ca ng c theo KW 2. Tnh tn tht ng c 3. Tnh m men quay u ra ca ng c 4. Tc trt %
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6.2.3. CC LOI NG C 1 PHA

NG C CHIA PHA ng c khng ng b pha ch thng thng c hai cun dy ring bit (cun dy chy v cun dy khi ng) kt ni vi ngun cp trong qu trnh khi ng. Tuy nhin vi qu trnh chy bnh thng ch c cun dy chy c s dng. Khi tc ng c t c 75% tc ng b th b chuyn mch ly tm (chuyn mch tc ) s m, qua ngt cun dy khi ng. Cun dy chy bao gm mt s cun dy mc ni tip hnh thnh tp hp cc cc. V d vi mt ng c 4 cc, c tt c bn nhm cun dy v chng u c mc ni tip v theo quy lut c t xung quanh stator to thnh 4 cc ring bit.
Cun dy chy
Cun khi ng
Chuyn mch ly tm
Cun dy chy
Cun khi ng
S xp xp bn cc trong ng c Cun dy chy c qun dy vi dy to, tit din ln lm gim in tr. tng in cm cho cc cun dy chy, cc cun dy c lp su vo cc khe ca li st k thut v thng c nhiu vng qun hn cun dy khi ng. Dng in IR chy qua cc cun dy chy c phn khng cao, v n tr so vi in p ngun cp mt gc ng k. Cun dy khi ng cng bao gm mt s cun dy mc ni tip hnh thnh tp hp cc cc. Nu ng c c bn cc trong cun dy chy th n cng c bn cc trong cun dy khi ng. Tuy nhin cc cun dy khi ng c t theo quy lut lch nhau mt gc 90oE xung quanh li stator. Cun dy khi ng ca ng c khng ng b pha ch thng thng c qun dy vi dy to,tit din ln tng in tr cun dy. Khi so snh vi cun dy chy, cun dy khi ng c t vng dy hn, v cc cun dy c t gn b mt cc khe trong li stator hn vi mc ch lm gim in cm ca cun dy.
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in p
Gc lch pha ln n 300 Dng cun dy khi ng
Dng cun dy chy Chung cuc kt qu l c dng IS chy trong cun khi ng v c gc lch pha so vi in p ln hn IR ca cun dy chy. iu ny to mt gc lch pha gia hai dng in, do vy to ra gc lch pha gia cc t trng tng ng vi hai cun dy. Dng in v t trng ca cun khi ng v cun chnh c th lch pha vi nhau gc 300. Gc lch pha ny to ra t trng quay (RMF) cn thit khi ng quay ng c. Gc lch pha cng ln, m men quay khi ng cng ln, do ng c ny ch c m men khi ng mc trung bnh NG C KHNG NG B KHI NG BNG T Cu to Cu to ca loi ng c ny rt ging nh cu to ca ng c khng ng b pha ch. N ch khc mt im l n c mt t in lp bn ngoi ca v c ca ng c v t ny c kt ni ni tip vi cun dy khi ng. V tr ca cc cun dy ging nh trong ng c khng ng b pha ch. Hn ch trong thit k ng c khng ng b pha ch l gii hn gc lch pha ln nht gia dng in trong cun dy khi ng v cun dy chy l 300 E
Cun dy chy
tng gc lch pha ny v nng cao cht lng vi c im ca t in ha l Chuyn mch c kt ni ni tip ly tm vi cun dy khi ng. Nu chn ng loi t in ha, th sau hai dng in trong hai cun dy khi ng v cun dy chy s lch pha vi nhau gc 900 E. T in ha ch c s dng ch lm vic gin on v vy ch c th c tc dng mch trong qu trnh khi ng.
Cun dy khi ng
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NG C KHNG NG B T TCH VNH CU ng c t tch vnh cu c hai cun dy stator c lp, mt cun dy chy l cun chnh, cun th hai c goi l Cun b tr (bi v n lun trong mch ) C hai cun dy u c kch thc v s vng dy ging nhau; do vy t c th c kt ni ni tip vi mt trong hai cun dy to ra lch pha qua to ra t trng quay RMF S khc nhau v pha gia cc cun dy l tng i nh; do m men khi ng cng thp. T in tn ti trong mch trong sut thi gian ng c hot ng, do n phi c lm vic lin tc. Khng cn b chuyn mch ly tm trong loi ng c ny.
Cun dy chnh Cun dy chnh
T in
Cun dy b tr
Cun dy b tr
T in
o chiu ng c bng cch n gin t dy ngun cp theo chiu ngc li ca t in; v tr ca t in ny s c t ni tip vi cc cun dy khc. NG C KHNG NG B KHI NG - CHY T Ch c thm mt s khc nhau gia mt ng c khi ng bng t v ng c khi ng chy t l ng c khi ng chy t c hai t in c lp trn v ngoi ca ng c. T du hay t giy l loi nh hn c in dung l microfarad v n c trong mch trong ton b thi gian hot ng. Do vy n phi c lm vic lin tc T in ha ch c lm vic gin on do vy n ch c trong mch khi ng c khi ng
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T - KHI NG V T CHY Nguyn l hot ng khi ng th c hai t in l t in ha v t in du u c kt ni song song, do vy to ra mt t in c in dung ln ln n hng microfarad v to ra c m men khi ng ln. Khi ng c t c 75% tc ng b, mt chuyn mch ly tm s m do vy s ct b t in ln hn (t in ha) ra khi loi nh hn (t in du) v t in du tn ti vnh cu trong mch vi cun dy b tr Bi v cun dy b tr hot ng lin tc trong mch nn n s c i dy vi tit din ln. Thng thng n c tit din bng vi dy trong cun dy chy.
Cun dy chnh
Cun dy b tr T khi ng T chy
T khi ng
Chuyn mch ly tm
NG C KHNG NG B C CC CHE Cu to ng c c cc che l mt ng c khng ng b mt pha. Thng thng n c mt rotor lng sc v stator m stator ca ng c ny c mt cun dy v mt cun chn (vng ng) c miu t nh mt cun dy th hai.
Cun dy chnh
Li thp
Cun chn
Cun dy chnh to ra mt t trng mnh xuyn qua cc cc kim loi. Lp trn b mt ca cc cc t chnh l mt cun dy ngn mch ln c tn gi l CUN CHN. Li ny thng bao quanh mt na hoc mt phn ba s cc.
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Hot ng
Mt ng c c cc che hot ng ging nh nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b pha ch. Mt t trng quay phi c hnh thnh m n s qut qua cc thanh rotor v cm ng to ra mt sut in ng cm ng trong rotor, do o to nn mt m men quay v l nguyn nhn lm cho rotor quay c. Trong cc phn cc khng b che, lng t trng c hnh thnh t cun dy chnh trong cc pha vi dng trong cun dy chnh. Dng in cm ng vo trong cc cun chn to ra mt t trng m t trng ny lch pha vi pha ca t trng to thnh t cun dy chnh, do vy hot ng ca cun chn nh l mt thit b ch pha hnh thnh mt t trng quay v lm quay rotor. NG C VN NNG (ni tip) Tn gi ng c vn nng c nhn t thc t l ng c ny l loi c th kt ni vi c ngun mt chiu DC hoc ngun xoay chiu AC. Mc d c tnh k thut gia hai
loi ny c th khc nhau mt cht. Cu to Phn kt ni
Trc
Cun dy phn ng Li phn ng (ghp thp l)
u ra
Li ghp thp l Li kch t Cun dy kch t
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Kt ni Cun dy trong s trn ch ra cun dy n, nhng cun dy ny l cun dy b chia i vi mt na thuc v mi cc. (tham kho s cu to) Nguyn l hot ng Dy mc ni tip
Ngun cp
Phn ng
Khi ng c vn nng c kt ni vi ngun xoay chiu v cng tc c bt, trong mt na chu k u tin ca dng xoay chiu th dng in i qua c cun dy kch t v cun dy phn ng, to ra mt t trng rt mnh bi v c mt dng in ln c hnh thnh. Do xut hin mt t trng xung quanh c hai cun dy kch t v cun dy phn ng. T trng rt mnh ny to ra mt m men rt ln hoc mt tc ng kp (m men) tc ng lm cho phn ng quay.
U RA
Trong na chu k th hai, chiu ca dng in thay i l cho cc cc trong c hai cun kch t v cun phn ng cng thay i. Do phn ng s vn quay theo ng chiu nh vy.
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CHNG 7: LINH KIN IN T

(L thuyt: 2h; Bi tp: 1h; Kim tra: 0h) Mc tiu: - Trnh by ng cu to lm vic ca cc linh kin in t, cng dng v phm vi ng dng chng. Ni dung: 1- in tr. in tr R hiu n gin l mt ng dn in. Mi din tr u c sc cn dng., tnh bng Ohm Khi sc cn ca n ln dng chy qua n s nh v ngc li nu sc cn ca in tr nh th dng chy qua n ln. Trong ng dng chng ta thng gp loi in tr hnh ng, loi in tr dn v loi din tr c cng sut ln. Sau y l hnh dng ca cc in tr (Bn xem hnh). Hnh dng cc in tr:
Vi mt in tr, chng ta cn bit tr sc cn ca n (tnh bng Ohm) v cng sut chu nng ca n (tnh bng Watt). Vi cc in tr than hnh ng, tr sc cn thng cho ghi bng cc vng mu, c cc din tr ghi bng 4 vng mu, 5 vng mu v 6 vng mu. in tr chu nng cng ln cng c kch thc ln. H in tr:
Chng 7: Linh kin in t
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Ngi ta ch to cc in tr c tr Ohm thay i c, l cc bin tr, chit p, quang tr, nhit tr, p tr, in tr d m, in tr ... * Bin tr hay chit p: C tr in tr thay i theo nt ko hay nt xoay. * Nhit tr : C tr in tr thay i theo nhit , theo mc nng mc lnh. * Quang tr : C tr in tr thay i theo cng sng mnh yu. * p tr: C tr in tr thay i theo mc in p cao thp trn 2 chn ca in tr. * in tr d m: C tr in tr thay i theo mc m trn b mt m tr. * in tr : C tr in tr thay i theo sc , sc p trn b mt in tr. Cch tnh tr ca cc in tr than (hnh ng) thng dng:
Vi in tr 4 vng mu: Vng 1 v vng 2, tr ly theo mu. Vng 3 mu cho bit s s 0. Vng 4 cho bit mc gia gim. Th d: Mt in tr c cc vng mu nh sau: Nu-en--Hong kim s c tr l: 1-0-00 gia gim 5%, tc 1000 Ohm hay 1K.
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-Tm-Cam-Bc s c tr l: 2-7-000 gia gim 10%, tc 2700 Ohm hay 2.7K. Vng-Tm-Vng-khng mu s c tr l 4-7-0000 gia gim 20%, tc 470000Ohm hay 470K. Cng dng ca in tr: (1) in tr dng nh dng cho diode zener.
c mc p n nh 2.2V, chng ta dng diode zener D02BZ2_2 v trong mch phi dng in tr hn dng. Vi in tr hn dng l 1K, dng lm vic chy qua diode zener l 9.801mA. (2) in tr dng lm cu chia p.
T ngun nui l 9V, chng ta dng cc in tr lm cu chia volt, ly ra cc mc p khc nhau.

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* Mch A ly ra 1.22V trn in tr 4.7K (chia p vi in tr 33K). * Mch B ly ra 1.579V trn in tr 10K (chia p vi in tr 47K). * Mch C ly ra 4.5V trn in tr 10K (chia p vi in tr 10K). * Mch D ly ra 2.878V trn in tr 470K (chia p vi in tr 1Meg). Chng ta thy cu in tr c tr in tr cng ln th dng chy qua nhnh s cng nh v ngc li. Cch mc cc in tr: C 2 cch mc thng dng, l mc song song v mc ni tip.
Mc cc in tr theo kiu ni tip s to ra in tr ng hiu c tr ln hn, vy n cho dng qua nh. V nu mc cc in tr theo kiu song song s to ra in tr ng hiu c tr nh hn v n s cho dng qua ln hn. Mt th d: Dng PSpice xc nh dng v p i vi cch mc in tr ni tip v cch mc song song.
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o in tr vi Ohm k:
Hnh v cho thy cch dng Ohm k o cc in tr.
Hnh v cho thy cch dng Ohm k o cc quang tr.
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2. T in Trong mch: T in l cc kho cha in nng theo mc p
T ha l loi t c in mi l mt lp oxid nhm rt mng, t ha c in dung ln v thng c cc tnh m dng. Khi gn cc t ha c cc tnh vo mch in, bn c mc p cao l cc dng v bn c mc p thp l cc m, gn sai cc s to dng r ln v dng r s lm nng t v s lm n t. Loi t ha Tantalum l t c mc ting n rt nh nn thng c dng lm cc t lin lc cc tng u ca cc mch khuch i. Khi cm trn tay mt t in Bn phi bit 2 tham s: * Sc cha in ca t, tnh theo n v Faraday. * Sc chu p ca t tnh theo n v Volt. Thng ngi ta ghi trn t mc p lm vic WV V t l phn t kho dng cha in nng, nn khi lm vic n c 2 qu trnh: Qu trnh np v qu trnh x. Cc t trong mch khng b t nng nh cc in tr. Khi r tay thy c t in b nng, l du hiu "bt thng", phi tt ngun v kim tra mch in. T thng l loi t khng c cc tnh m dng, in mi thng l cc cht cch in, nh mica, gm, cht poly...in dung ca cc t thng thng khng ln, nhng t thng c mc chu p cao. Ngi ta thng dng t thng trong cc mch m tn s ngun kch thch cao.
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T xoay hay cc t tinh chnh l cc loi t in m in dung ca n thay i c. Ngi ta thng dng cc t xoay trong cc mch cng hng, chng ta bit khi t C kt hp vi ng dy L s to ra dng mch cng hng dng to ra tn hiu dng Sin, c tn s ly theo tr ca t C v tr ca cun cm L, mch cng hng LC cn dng lm by sng, dng bt gi cc sng in c trong khng gian.
Vi cc t dng mu ghi tr in dung, cch c tr in dung cng tng t nh in tr.
Hnh v cho thy k hiu ca cc t in. n v ca t l Faraday, nhng trong thc t thng l micro, nano v pico
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T vn l cc kho cha in, cc h thc sau cho thy cch tnh lng in cha trong t.
* Dng in chnh l s chy ca cc ht in, trn cc ht in n mng mt lng in tch, vi h thc Q = C x V, chng ta c th xc nh c lng in tch Q cha trong t C bng cch ly C nhn cho mc p V hin c trn t. * in nng cha trong t, tnh theo Joule, n l 1/2 ca tr in dung C v bnh phng ca mc p V hin c trong t. H thc ny cho thy, mc p trn t cng cao, cho bit t ang cha lng in nng cng ln. Do vi cc t ha c tr in dung C ln, c mc p WV lm vic cao, lng in nng cha trong cc t in ny s rt ln, nn khi lm vic vi cc loi t in ny, Bn nn thn trng, nn dng mt in tr ln Watt, vi trn Ohm cho x in trnh s v t phng in c th gy ra chy da, chy tht.
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Khi Bn cho kch thch t vi cc ngun in xoay chiu dng Sin, c tn s f, lc t c tc dng cn dng, sc cn dng ca t C gi l dung khng. H thc di y, cho thy cch tnh dung khng ca t C vi ngun tn hiu dng Sin, c tn s f.
H thc cho thy: Vi ngun Sin c tn s f cng cao, dung khng Xc ca t cng nh, hay dng xoay chiu dng Sin c tn s cng cao, cng d chy qua t. V i vi ngun in DC, c tn s f = 0Hz, dung khng ca t s v cng ln, chng ta ni t c tc dung "nh h mch" i vi ngun DC. Do sc cn dng ca cc t in thay i theo tn s, do ngi ta dng cc t in trong cc mch lc tn. Trong mn in t cc mch lc tn ng vai tr rt quan trng. C bn c 4 loi mch lc tn: 1. Mch lc thp qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn s thp: "lc ly thp b cao" 2. Mch lc cao qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn s cao: "lc ly cao b thp" 3. Mch lc di qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu khong gia, b thp, b cao. 4. mch lc di chn, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn thp, tn cao, b cc tn hiu c tn s khong gia. Cng nh in tr, vi cc t in, chng ta cng c 2 cch mc t, mc ni tip v cch mc t song song. Hnh di y cho thy cch tnh t ng hiu ca cch mc t ni tip v cch mc t song song.
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* Khi mc cc t ni tip, tr in dung C ca t tng ng nh, "nghch o ca t tng ng bng tng ngch o ca cc t mc ni tip", nhng sc chu p ca t ng hiu tng. * Khi mc cc t song song, tr in dung C ca t tng ng ln, "in dung ca t tng ng bng tng tr in dung ca cc t trong mch", nhng sc chu p ca t phi tnh theo sc chu p nh nht. Khi nim v thi hng (hng s thi gian)
Chng ta thy: Khi t in thi k np in, dng in tch I chy vo t C v lc ny mc p Vc trn t in tng dn ln. Chng ta c h thc dng xc nh cng dng in ang chy vo t. * thi im khi u: Khi mc p trong t bng 0V. Lc ny dng in chy vo t c bin ln nht. Io = Vs/R * thi im lu: Khi mc p trn t ln cao bng mc p ca ngun Vs, lc ny chng ta ni t np y v dng np Is = 0 * thi im ang np: Lc ny dng chy vo t s lm mc p trn t dn cao dn v cng dng in cng gim dn. y, qua php ton, ngi ta thy: Sau khong thi gian R x C, th mc p trn t C ln n mc bng 63% mc p ca ngun. Ngi ta gi R x C l hng s thi gian.
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Hnh v cho thy: ng cong in p tng dn ln khi t C thi k np in. V bng lit k mc p trn t theo thi hng R x C ca mch np. C th thy sau 5 (RxC) th mc p trn t C gn bng mc p ca ngun.
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Hnh v cho thy: ng cong in p gim dn xung khi t thi k x in. V sau 5 (RxC), co8 th36 xem nh[ tu9 0a7 xa6 g25n h38t 0i39n Do sc cn dng ca t thay i theo tn s ca cc tn hiu dng Sin, do tc dng ca cc t lin lc s c dung khng ln i vi cc tn hiu c tn s thp. iu ny s gy mo i vi cc ngun tn hiu "a hi" c dng xung vung. Chng ta bit: Cc tn hiu tn s thp s kha qua t lin lc, u ny s to ra dng mo hnh thanh hay dng mo xung nhn.
Dng trnh PSpice kho st vai tr ca cc t in trong mch: Qua phn tch trn Bn thy dung khng Xc ca t in thay i theo tn s ca cc ngun tn hiu, do vy ngi ta c th dng cc t in lm mch chia p AC. Trong mch, dng t C1 v in tr R1 rp thnh cu chia volt, qua phn tch ca trnh PSpice, chng ta thy c mc p AC ly ra trn in tr R1, y t c tr in dung cng nh, dung khng Xc ca t cng ln, mc p trn in tr R1 s cng thp. Vi cc mch gim p bng t, t in cn gy ra s lch pha gia tn hiu Sin trn t C v trn in tr R. Tm li khi dng t lm mch gim p AC, chng ta dng PSpice bit: * Mc p ly ra trn in tr R, v cng bit c mc p c trn t in C. * Tnh ra c gc lch pha gia ngun tn hiu Sin trn t C v trn in tr R.
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Khi kho st mch RC vi ngun tn hiu dng xung vung, lc chng ta c 2 kiu mch: mch vi phn v mch tch phn. Mch vi phn: Khi tn hiu ly ra trn in tr R, Bn xem hnh, lc chng ta c quan h tn hiu ng ra v tn hiu ng vo qua mt php ton vi phn, dng php ton ny, chng ta s thy, khi tn hiu ng vo c dng xung vung th tn hiu ng ra s l 2 xung nhn ngc du.
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Mch tch phn: Khi tn hiu ly ra trn t C, Bn xem hnh, lc quan h tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra s l php ton tch phn. Lc ny nu t tn hiu xung vung ng vo, trn ng ra chng ta s c xung tam gic cong.
ngha ca mch vi phn v mch tch phn: Vi mt xung vung, chng ta thy c 2 thnh phn rt r rt: Phn cnh ng, hay b ln v b xung, y n cho thy c s thay i bin rt t ngt, thay i rt nhanh, ngi ta ni: " cc cnh ln xung, n tp trung rt nhiu cc tn hiu c tn s cao" v ng vi phn nm ngang, hay mc thp v mc cao, y n cho thy c s thay i bin rt chm, ngi ta ni: "trong vng ny, n tp trung cc tn hiu c tn s thp". Vy: * mch vi phn: Chng ta thy, trong tn hiu ng ra, cc b trc v b sau vn bo ton, phn bin mc cao v phn mc thp b gim bin. Nn ngi ta ni: "mch vi phn gi li vng tn cao v lc b vng tn thp". * mch tch phn: Chng ta thy, trong tn hiu ng ra, cc b dc trc v sau b bin mt, v tn hiu mc cao v mc thp vn bo ton. Nn ngi ta ni: "mch tch phn gi li vng tn thp v lc b vng tn cao". Sau y, chng ta cho kho st cc dng mch lc tn c bn thng dng trong cc mch in thc dng, mch lc c rp vi t in C v cc in tr R. Khi kho st tc dng lc tn, ngun tn hiu cho kch thch mch phi l ngun dng Sin. Mch lc thp qua: th cho thy, ng ra bin cc tn hiu c tn s cao b nn bin
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Mch lc cao qua: th cho thy, bin cc tn hiu vng tn s thp b nn bin.
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Mch lc di qua: th cho thy, cc tn hiu nm trong vng tn thp v vng tn cao b nn bin.
Mch lc di chn: th cho thy, cc tn hiu nm vng gia b nn bin
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4. Diode, Led Trong mch: diode dng nn dng, diode zener dng n p v Led dng bin i dng in ra nh sng
Diode vn l van in, dng chy theo chiu thun th m cho dng chy qua, dng chy theo chiu ngc th ng, ngn khng cho dng chy qua. Vy dng diode c th nn dng in chy theo hai chiu, quen gi l dng xoay chiu, thnh dng in chy theo mt chiu. Do in nh n vn l dng xoay chiu, trong khi hu ht cc dng thit b in t u dng ngun mt chiu, nn trong thit b ngi ta thng dng diode nn dng. Mun c mch nn dng ton k, ngi ta dng cu 4 diode. Hin nay trn th trng c bn rt nhiu dng cu diode, n c 4 chn, trn ghi 2 chn l xoay chiu v chn + cho ra volt dng v chn - cho ra volt m. Khi cm trn tay mt diode, chng ta phi bit dng lm vic ca n v phi bit mc p nghch ca diode. Mt diode khi dn in thng ghim li mc p khong 0.6V, v khi nghch ngn dng khng cho qua, th trn diode s chu mt in p nghch rt ln.
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Diode zener c tnh n p. Trong mch diode zener lun trng thi phn cc nghch v lm vic trng thi b nh thng. Khi diode zener b nh thng, n s c tnh ghim p, lc ny mc p a vo c thay i nhng mc p ly ra trn diode zener l khng i. Trong mch diode zener lun dng vi mt in tr hn dng trnh b qu cng sut. Trong nhiu mch in ngi ta dng diode zener khng c in tr hn dng lm mch bo v trnh trng hp thit b b qu p.
Trong mch ny, ngi ta dng diode cho mc ngang cun dy ca relay bo v transistor. Bo v ra sao? Chng ta bit, khi transistor dn in, n cp dng cho cun dy to ra sc ht nam chm, ht l kim thay i v tr ca tip im. Nhng khi transistor ngng dn, n ct dng cp cho cun dy ca relay, chnh ngay lc ny, t cun dy ca relay s "bung ra in p ng", mc p ny thng c bin rt cao v d nh thng lm h cc mi ni bn dn. trnh iu tai hi ny, ngi ta mc ngang cuc dy mt diode dng chng mc p nghch, diode s vo trng thi dn in do c tnh ghim p, diode gi cho mc p ngang cun dy khng th tng cao. Led l linh kin bn dn dng bin i trc tip dng in nng ra dng quang nng. Do Led l mt diode, do khi dng Led, Led phi trng thi phn cc thun. Hin nay, Led rt c a dng trong nhiu thit b.
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Led c nhiu u im: * Led c hiu sut cao, do chuyn i trc tip in ra quang nn Led cho hiu sut rt cao. * Led c qun tnh nh nn c ng tnh rt nhanh, ngi ta dng Led trong cc bng n hin th hnh nh, con ch... * Led c th lm vic mc p thp, n dng nh nn hin rt thng dng trong cc my sch tay. * Led cho ra dng nh sng nhiu mu, nn ngi ta dng Led trong cc bng n qung co.
Trong mch, ngi ta thng dng mt in tr cho mc ni tip vi Led nh mc dng lm vic ca Led. Bn c th dng lut Ohm tnh c tr s Ohm ca in tr nh dng. Vi dng lm vic ca cc Led l 10mA, Led c mc ghim p thng trn di 2V, Vy vi mc ngun cp cho mch l 9V, in tr R trong mch s c xc nh theo h thc: R = (9V - 2V) / 10mA = 0.7K hay ly in tr 680 Ohm
Hin nay Led i cho ra 3 chn cng rt thng dng (bn xem hnh), vi Led i chng ta c th cho ra 3 mu, dng ch 3 trng thi ca thit b. Nu ch cp ngun volt dng cho chn a1 th Led s pht ra tia sng mu . Nu ch cp ngun volt dng
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cho chn a2 th Led s pht ra tai sng mu xanh l, v nu c 2 Led u c cp ngun, lc ny Led s pht ra tia sng mu vng (do tia kt hp vi tia xanh l cho ra tia sng mu vng). Bn nh khi dng Led i, mi Led phi dng mt in tr hn dng ring.
Hnh trn cho thy cch tnh in tr nh dng lm vic ca Led. Vi cc Led mc ni tip, chng ta s cho cng tt c cc mc ghim p ca tng led li ri dng lut Ohm tnh ra in tr nh dng, dng lm vic ca cc Led thng ly trong khong t 5mA n 15mA l sng. Khng nn Led lm vic vi mc dng qu ln, Led s d b h. Sau y l bng tham kho, cho thy cc tham s thng dng ca cc loi Led.
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Mn hc: K thut in in n t cng nghip
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7 Led .
: . , a, b, g, e, d. , e, f. , f, g, b, c. , b, e. , Led b. , a, b, c. 7 Led. e
5. Tra
Ngh: Hn
Transistor c nhiu loi, y chng ta ni n loi transistor 2 mi ni, quen gi l Bi-Junction Transistor, hay BJT. Trong transistor ny c 2 mi ni NP+PN hay PN+NP, hay NPN v PNP. Transistor c 3 chn: * Chn E (Emitter) l chn dng phun ra cc ht mang in. Vi transistor NPN, chn E phun ra dng in t v vi transistor PNP chn E phun ra dng l (dng l l chuyn ng biu kin ca cc ht in t chuyn di trn cc ni trng). * Chn C (Collector) l chn dng thu gm cc ht in phun ra t chn E. Vi transistor NPN, n thu gm cc ht in t v vi transistor PNP n thu gm cc ht l. * Chn B (Base) l chn dng iu khin dng in chy trong transistor, chy t chn E vo chn C. Khi dng transistor lm linh kin khuch i tn hiu, chng ta cho phn cc thun mi ni B-E v phn cc nghch mi ni B-C. Lc ny tn hiu a vo l mc p tng gim trn chn B, n s tc ng vo dng chy trong transistor, tn hiu ly ra c th trn chn E hay trn chn C. Hnh v di y cho thy k hiu ca transistor, vi loi transistor NPN, mi tn trn chn E ch ra v vi loi PNP mi tn trn chn B ch vo.
Transistor BJT cng c nhiu chng loi, c nhiu kiu chn. Khi cm mt transistor, chng ta phi bit: * N l transistor cao tn hay m tn. * Transistor khuch i analog hay transistor ng m digital hay transistor kha switching * Transistor cng sut nh hay cng sut trung bnh hay transistor cng sut ln. * Transistor c li dng ln hay nh. * Transistor c mc p bo ho nh hay bnh thng...
Ngh: Hn
C th xem mt transistor nh 2 diode (nhng khng th dng 2 diode ghp li to ra mt transistor). Do vy khi kim tra mt transistor, chng ta thng dng Ohm k o tnh thut nghch ca 2 diode ny. Chng ta cn bit: Diode mi ni BE c tnh chu p nghch thp thng khong di 10V, diode mi ni CB thng c tnh chu p nghch cao, thng trn 60V n vi ngn volt.
Hnh v di y cho thy: Dng in bn chn B rt nh, n c th iu khin dng in rt ln bn chn C, chnh l tnh khuch i ca cc transistor. Chng ta a mt tn hiu c cng sut nh vo chn B, chng ta c th nhn c mt tn hiu ln hn, mnh hn trn chn C. Do , chn B gi l ng vo v chn C gi l ng ra. Khi dng mt transistor lm tng khuch i, chng ta thng thit k theo trnh t sau: Th nht: Phi ly ng phn cc DC. Vi transistor NPN, mc volt trn chn B cao hn E khong mt diode, mc volt chn C phi cao hn chn B. Th hai: Tm cch a tn hiu vo mch khuch i v tm cch thu li tn hiu ng ra. C cc kiu vo ra nh sau: * Cho tn hiu vo chn B v ly tn hiu ra trn chn C * Cho tn hiu vo chn B v ly tn hiu ra trn chn E * Cho tn hiu vo chn E v ly tn hiu ra trn chn C. Vy chn B lun l ng vo v chn C lun l ng ra, ch c chn E c th lc lm ng vo v lc lm ng ra. Th ba: Dng k thut hi tip hon thin mch khuch i
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Chng ta bit, trong ch to, mt transistor cho li dng ln th cng sut khng ln, mt transistor cng sut ln th h s khuch i dng nh. Vy c cc transistor va c cng sut ln, va c li dng ln, ngi ta dng cch ghp phc hp cn gi l cch ghp Darlington.
Transistor phc hp s cho h s khuch ai dng rt ln v c cng sut ln. Hnh v sau cho thy transistor BJT c th c dng nh mt mt bin tr chnh theo mc p. Lc ny chn C khng phn cc, chn CE xem nh mt bin tr, tn hiu c th qua li theo hai chiu, ni tr CE s thay i theo mc p cao thp trn chn B. Ngi ta thng dng transistor theo kiu ny mch ALC (Automatic Level Control), n c tc dng n nh bin tn hiu lc my mode ghi bng.
Ngi ta thng dng transistor theo kiu, tn hiu tc ng trn chn B v ti t trn chn C.
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Mch trn cho thy, ngi ta dng in p iu khin a vo chn B v ng m dng chy ra trn chn C, dng dng ny kch thch mt relay t trn chn C. * Khi chn B c mc p cao hn 0.6V, khong 1V, th transistor s vo trng thi bo ha, dng chy ra trn chn C s cp cho cun dy trong relay, relay ht l kim xung v thay i v tr ca cc tip im l kim. * Khi chn B mt p, hay 0V th transistor s vo trng thi ngng dn, lc ny s khng c dng chy ra trn chn C, cun dy trong relay mt dng, tip im l kim b nh ra, n li thay i v tr ca tip im l kim. Do cun dy vn l mt kho cha in nng theo dng dng, nn khi c dng in chy qua cun dy s c np in nng, v khi cun dy b ct dng, lng in nng cha trong cun dy s hon tr li cho mch, n hon tr in nng di dng pht ra in p ng c bin rt cao, mc p ny c th lm h cc linh kin bn dn trong mch, do ngang relay, ngi ta phi gn mt diode bo v.
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C th dng quang tr gn trn chn B ng m Led t trn chn C. * Trong hnh bn tri, khi quang tr b chiu sng, n cho ni tr nh, lm gim mc p trn chn B, nn transistor vo trng thi tt v khng c dng chy ra trn chn C, nn Led tt. V khi quang tr b che sng Led s sng. * Trong hnh bn phi th ngc li. Khi quang tr c chiu sng, n s gim ni tr lm tng mc p trn chn B, transistor dn in, Led sng v khi b che sng th Led tt. Trong mch, chit p 10K dng chnh nhy ca mch.
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CHNG 8: MCH CHNH LU

(L thuyt: 1h; Bi tp: 1h; Kim tra: 0h) Mc tiu: - Trnh by khi nim v s v cc loi chnh lu mt pha v 3 pha. Ni dung: MCH CHNH LU 1 PHA Chnh lu dng in Chnh lu l qu trnh m dng in hoc in p xoay chiu c chuyn thnh dng in hoc in p theo mt phng nht nh (mt chiu). Thng thng ngi ta s dng it bin i dng in xoay chiu (AC) thnh dng in mt chiu (DC). Qu trnh ny c gi l chnh lu. Rt nhiu thit b in trong gia nh nh TV, i v my nghe nhc c u vi ngun in 240V. in p xoay chiu 240V ca in li cp cho cc thit b c th i theo mt trong hai hng sau y: (a) u tin in p c gim xung rt thp bng bin p. in p xoay chiu mc thp ny sau c chnh lu bng cc it bin thnh in p DC nui cc mch in t bn trong thit b. (b) Trc tin c chnh lu bng cc it, trong trng hp ngun cung cp dng cng tc chuyn mch, sau gim xung thnh in p DC mc thp nui cc phn t ca thit b. Bin dng sng xoay chiu AC Ngun in chuyn n ngi s dng t cng ty cung cp in l ngun in c dng in v in p dng xoay chiu vi tn s 50 Hz hoc s thay i cc tnh 50 chu k trong mt giy. Cc thuc tnh ca dng in xoay chiu c th c biu din bng th hnh sin sau y:
1 chu k T Na chu k dng
nh thi gian Na chu k m
Hnh 1 Bin dng sng AC Trong na chu k dng, dng in trong mch AC chy theo mt hng. Dng in s chy theo hng ngc li na chu k th hai (na chu k m).
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Bin ca bin dng sng AC lun lun thay i theo thi gian. ln ca cc dng in v in p AC thng c biu din bng in p RMS hoc dng in RMS. Gi tr in p nh lin h vi in p RMS bng cng thc sau: in p nh = 2 x Vrms = 1,414 x Vrms Chnh lu mt na chu k Chnh lu mt na chu k, hnh 2, l dng n gin nht ca chnh lu. Mch in bao gm mt it ni tip vi ti (R) v u vo ngun xoay chiu AC. K hiu c s dng m t it l k hiu tiu chun, chiu ca mi tn ch chiu ca dng in quy c
Hnh 2 Mch chnh lu mt na chu k Theo hng thun, it cho dng in chy qua n v in tr ca it khi rt nh. Trong hng ngc li (u ngc), it ngn cn khng cho dng in chy qua n, khi in tr ca it rt ln. Kt qu l ti tr (R) nm trong mch AC c t mt sri cc xung, k t y cc xung ny c tn gi l chnh lu mt na chu k.
Bin dng sng in p ca hnh 2
Bin dng sng in p nu it u ngc so vi hnh 2
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Cc cu hi t kim tra 1. Trong hnh 4, it c u ngc li. (a) Dng in s chy trong phn no ca chu k ti .......................................................................................................................... .......... (b) V bin dng sng in p trn ti tr
Hnh 4 B chnh lu na chu k Nu nh it c u ngc, dng sng u ra c o li v cc tnh u ra b ngc li. 2. Xem hnh 5. Hy cho bit cc dng sng ny l AC hay DC ? ......................................................................................................................................
Hnh 5 Cc dng sng cc tnh dng v m Qu trnh chnh lu bin i dng sng AC thnh dng sng mt chiu hoc dng mt chiu. Sng ny dng xung. Thng th cn phi c nhiu qu trnh x l na trc khi sng ny c cp vo cc phn t trong thit b in t.
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Trong cc mch chnh lu, ln ca dng in c th l mt s ampe v st p qua it u thun c th chng 1V hoc thm ch nhiu hn. Khi ng h o in p DC c s dng o sng chnh lu, ng h s hin th gi tr trung bnh ca sng. Kim tra sng ti trong hnh 6. bn c th nhn thy in p trung bnh t ln ti nm trong phm vi gia 0V v nh sng 40V. Bng mt thng bn c th xc nh in p trung bnh l nh hn mt na in p nh.
din tch A1 = din tch A2

trung bnh thi gian
Hnh 6 in p trung bnh Gi tr chnh xc ca in p trung bnh c xc nh bi cng thc:
Hoc in p trung bnh DC c th dng c, ti ti, c th c tnh ton bng vic s dng 0,45 gi tr VRMS ca sng AC u vo hoc 0,318 ca in p nh Vnh
Dng in nh v dng trung bnh c th c xc nh d dng t in p nh v in p trung bnh:
Dng in l bng nhau trong ton b mch ni tip. Dng in nh qua it bng dng in nh qua ti. Dng in trung bnh qua it bng dng in trung bnh qua ti. Cu hi t kim tra 3. Mch chnh lu na chu k vi in p cung cp l 24V AC, c ni vi ti tr 12. Hy v s mch in
Xc nh: (a) in p trn ti
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(b) dng in trn ti
(c) PIV ca it
(d) tn s gn sng
4. in p AC u vo ca b chnh lu mt na chu k l 32V. in p DC trung bnh t ln ti v PIV qua it l bao nhiu?
5. Yu cu nhn c in p u ra l 24V DC t mch chnh lu mt na chu k. Cn phi t in p AC u vo l bao nhiu vn?
6. B chnh lu mt na chu k dng np in cho bnh c qui 50V. PIV xut hin qua it l bao nhiu?
Chnh lu cu c chu k Ngun in AC c th c chnh lu c hai na ca chu k ca sng tn hiu u vo, b chnh lu nh th gi l b chnh lu c chu k. Mch in trn hnh 9a gm c 4 it c sp t theo hnh thoi hoc hnh cu .
Chnh lu cu
Hnh 9a
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Chnh lu cu
Hnh 9b 4 it c th c lp ring r tng ci mt hoc c gi gn trong mt hp. Vic gi gn ny to ra cc chn u ni n gin hn. Hnh 9b ch ra k hiu ca gi chnh lu cu bng it: kho st dng in chy trong mch in trn cc na chu k dng v m ca ngun in xoay chiu u vo. Khi cc cc A B c cc tnh nh ch ra trn hnh 10 (a), dng in s chy nh hin th trn hnh v v in p trn ti c cc tnh dng. Hnh 10 (a) ch ra rng cc it D2 v D3 dn dng in trn na chu k dng.
dn
dn thi gian
dn
dn thi gian
Hnh 10 chnh lu c chu k Khi cc cc A B c cc tnh nh ch ra trn hnh 10 (b), dng in s chy nh hin th trn hnh v. in p trn ti mt ln na li c cc tnh dng, mc d in p u vo trn cc cc A B b o chiu. Hnh 10 (b) ch ra rng cc it D1 v D4 dn dng in qua n, trn na chu k m.
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So snh vi chnh lu mt na chu k, ta thy dng in chy trn ti trong ton b c chu k ca ngun in u vo m khng c na chu k no li khng c dng in chy qua. V v th m in p v dng in trung bnh trn ti trong trng hp chnh lu c chu k bng 2 ln so vi chnh lu mt na chu k.
trung bnh thi gian
Hnh 13 in p trung bnh ca chnh lu c chu k

hoc v
Cc cu hi t kim tra 10. Xem mch in trn hnh 14.

Chnh lu cu
Hnh 14 (a) Hy v ng i ca dng in bng bt ch mu (b) C bao nhiu it cho dng in chy qua chng trong tng na chu k ca ngun in? ..................................................................................................................................... S dng hnh 14, hy xc nh in p v dng in nh v trung bnh trn ti. Cho bit tt c cc it l l tng ngha l in p ri trn tng it l 0V. in p nh th cp,
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in p nh trn ti in p trung bnh trn ti
Cc dng in nh v trung bnh c th s dng nh lut m (Ohm):
Cu hi t kim tra 11. i vi mch in trn hnh 15, hy xc nh in p nh trn ti, in p trung bnh trn ti v dng in trung bnh trn ti. Cho bit rng tt c cc it l l tng, ngha l st p bng 0V trn tng it khi chng c u thun.
Hnh 15 Kt ni ti vi b chnh lu c chu k Chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia (trch t gia cun dy) C chu k in p c chnh lu c th t c bng ch bi 2 it nu nh bin p thch hp c s dng. Bin p ch ra trn hnh 16 c 2 cun dy th cp ging ht nhau, chng c ni vi pha in ngun nh trn hnh v. im ni nm chnh gia hai cun dy ny v im ny thng l im tm ca mch. Tt c in p c o so vi im tm ny.
c)
thi gian
thi gian
Chng 8: Mch chnh lu
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im ni
im ni
Hnh 16 Chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia Vt chm mu en trn s hin th im cui ca cun dy v cc im ny c tn gi u cun dy in phase. Khi cun dy V1 v V2 c cc tnh nh ch ra trn hnh 16 (a), it D1 dn in trong khi it D2 ngn khng cho dng in qua n (u ngc). Khi cc tnh u vo o ngc li, kt qu l it D2 dn in v it D1 tr thnh u ngc, nh ch ra trn hnh 16 (b). Cc tnh ca ti l ging nhau trong c 2 na chu k ca ngun in u vo v do chnh lu c chu k c thc hin. Cc dng in v in p trn ti c tnh ton theo cc thc ging vi chnh lu mt na chu k v chnh lu cu c chu k. Sng tn hiu ca in p ngun v in p trn ti c th hin trn hnh 16 (c).
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Hnh 17 Chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia cun dy Cu hi t kim tra 12. Trong kiu chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia cun dy, c bao nhiu it dn in trong tng na chu k? ........................................................................................................................................... ........... 13. Nu nh in p nh ca V1 v V2 trong mch in trn hnh 17 l 40V, in p nh trn ti s l bao nhiu vn?
Xem hnh 18, hy xc nh in p nh v in p trung bnh trn ti v dng in nh v dng trung bnh qua it.
mi it = 0,65V
Hnh 18 Chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia cun dy khi c ti in p nh th cp,
in p nh trn ti,
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Ch rng ch mt na ca tng cc cun dy th cp c s dng xc nh in p trn ti. Bi v ch mt na ca mch th cp dn in ti tng na chu k ca ngun in. Dng in nh
Tm tt Qu trnh bin i dng in xoay chiu (AC) thnh mt chiu (DC) gi l qu trnh chnh lu C ba mch chnh lu it thng dng l: Chnh lu mt na chu k Chnh lu cu c chu k Chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia cun dy in p inht th cp c xc nh bng cng thc: Vp = 1,414 x Vrms in p nh trn ti nh hn in p nh trn cun th cp. in p nh ny b gim i do s st p trn cc it hin c trong mch in. in p trung bnh trn ti c xc nh bng cng thc: Vav = 0,318 x Vpk hoc Vav = 45 x VRMS i vi chnh lu mt na chu k, v: Vav = 0,637 x Vpk Vav = 0,9 x VRMS i vi chnh lu c chu k. y, Vpk trong c hai trng hp trn l in p nh trn ti. Dng in trung bnh qua ti Iav = Vav/RL v dng in nh qua ti Ipk = Vpk/RL. Dng in qua it bng vi dng in chy qua ti. in p nh theo chiu ngc ca it, theo kinh nghim, bng vi in p nh ca cun th cp i vi chnh lu mt na chu k v chnh lu cu c chu k. in p nh theo chiu ngc ca it trong trng hp chnh lu c chu k kiu trch gia cun dy, theo kinh nghim, bng vi in p nh ca tt c cun th cp.
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CHNH LU 3 PHA CHNH LU NA CHU K 3 PHA (ni kiu sao) Chnh lu na chu k 3 pha ca ngun in u kiu sao s cn n 4 dy (3 dy pha: L1, L2, L3) v mt dy trung ha.
bin p
ti
Bng vic ni cc it gia tng dy pha v ti, ni trong c 3 pha, ta s c mch chnh lu mt na chu k 3 pha.
Ba it c ni vi tng dy pha trong 3 pha nh th hin hnh trn. Tng pha trong ngun in 3 pha s t c gi tr cc i (max) sau 120o i vi pha ln cn trc . it trong tng pha ch dn in khi in p trong pha l dng, so snh in th trn ant v in th trn catt ca it . Ch rng cc catt ca tng it c ni vi cc dng ca ti, do in p u ra t mt it s b st cn in p u ra ca it k tip s tng ln. Khi cc in p l ging nhau th mt it s ng v it khc s m. Do in p u ra khng bao gi gim xung ti 0, m n ln hn in p DC trung bnh u ra
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Nh vy s c 3 xung trong tng chu k ca ngun in, do vy tn s gn sng u ra gp 3 ln ca ngun cung cp u vo. Tn s gn sng u ra = 3 x Fs (tn s ngun cung cp) in p nh khi it ngc bng gi tr nh ca in p pha (RMS), in p pha l in th gia dy pha v dy trung ha.
CHNH LU C CHU K 3 PHA (u tam gic) Li ch ca mch chnh lu c chu k 3 pha l chng s vn hnh vi h thng 3 dy pha (L1, L2 & L3), do bin p c th ni kiu tam gic u ra.
bin p
ti
thi gian
thi gian
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Hnh 5-5 Thi gian dn in ca cc it trong chnh lu cu 3 pha
Tng cp it ni vi tng pha to thnh chnh lu c chu k. Tng it ch dn in khi n c u thun. Mt it ng vai tr l ci chnh lu v ci it khc ng vai tr l it dn hng. Nu nh chng ta ni cc it trn pha phi l cc it chnh lu v cc it pha tri l cc it dn hng, v tng it chnh lu s dn in gp 2 ln v tng it dn hng cng dn in gp 2 ln trong mi chu k pha. it chnh lu s dn in khi in th trn ant ca n dng so vi in th trn catt ca n. it dn hng s dn in bi v in th catt ca n m hn so vi in th ant ca n, so snh tng t cho cc it dn hng khc. in p DC trung bnh u ra (Vdc) l 1,35 ln ln hn so vi gi tr pha ca in p I/P (VL-Lac)
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Nu nh h thng u kiu sao (4 dy) c s dng th in p trn ti c xc nh:

(in p gia dy pha v dy trung ha)
Bi v tng it dn in gp 2 ln trong tng na chu k ca ngun in u vo, nn tn s gn sng s gp 6 ln so vi tn s ca ngun in u vo. Tn s gn sng = 6 x Fs in p nh khi it u ngc (PIV) bng gi tr nh ca in p gia dy pha v dy RMS PIV = 1,414 x VL-L RMS Dng in danh ngha trn tng it ch cn bng 1/3 ca dng in cc i chy qua ti, ngha l mi it ch dn in trong 1/3 thi gian. V d, nu dng in chy qua ti l 100A, mi it s ch mang khong 33A.
CHNH LU 3 PHA C CHU K V d: t hnh v th hin di y:

Th cp ca bin p u kiu tam gic
(a) in p ti:
(b) dng in ti:
(c) PIV it:
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(d) in p gn sng:
(e) tn s gn sng:
Cc vn ca chnh lu 3 pha 1. u ra ca bin p u kiu sao l 200 / 115V ti 50 Hz, c ni vi b chnh lu mt na chu k v mt ti tr 100. (a) Hy v mch in v hin th tt c cc mc in p k trn (b) Hy tnh: (i) in p trung bnh trn ti (ii) Dng in trung bnh qua ti (iii) PIV it (iv) Tn s gn sng (c) Hiu ng no trn ti s s dng mc t in ni ngang qua ti tr nu trn? Ghi ch: Th hin tt c cc cng vic. Gi thit rng tt c cc it l l tng (khng c st p trn it)
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2. u vo ca bin p 3 pha l 415V, 50Hz. S cp c u kiu tam gic v th cp c u kiu sao vi in p gia dy pha v dy trung ha l 50V. Nu nh u ra ca bin p c u vi b chnh lu cu c chu k v mt ti tr l 7,5, hy hon thin cc cng vic sau y: (a) V mch in v hin th tt c cc mc in p k trn (b) Hy tnh: (i) in p trung bnh trn ti (ii) Dng in trung bnh qua ti (iii) PIV it (iv) Tn s gn sng (c) Hiu ng no trn ti s s dng mc t in ni ngang qua ti tr nu trn? Ghi ch: Th hin tt c cc cng vic. Gi thit rng tt c cc it l l tng (khng c st p trn it)
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3. Th cp ca bin p 3 pha u kiu sao c ni vi b chnh lu c chu k cung cp in p mt chiu 75VDC cho ng c in mt chiu, nu ng c ko dng in cc i l 36A, hy hon thnh nhng cng vic sau y: (a) V mch in v hin th tt c cc mc in p k trn (b) Hy tnh: (i) in p dy pha (ii) Dng in nh cung cp (iii) PIV it (iv) Tn s gn sng (c) Hiu ng no trn ti s s dng mc t in ni ngang qua ti tr nu trn? Ghi ch: Th hin tt c cc cng vic. Gi thit rng tt c cc it l l tng (khng c st p trn it)
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4. Ngun in 3 pha, 50 Hz, mc mt chnh lu c chu k np in cho c qui 50V ti dng in l 156A, hy hon thin cc cng vic sau y: (a) in p th cp ca bin p u kiu sao (b) Hy v mch in v hin th tt c cc mc in p k trn (c) Hy tnh: (i) in p trung bnh trn ti (ii) Dng in trung bnh qua ti (iii) PIV it (iv) Tn s gn sng (d) Hiu ng no trn ti s s dng mc cun cm ni ni tip vi ti tr nu trn? Ghi ch: Th hin tt c cc cng vic. Gi thit rng tt c cc it l l tng (khng c st p trn it)
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5. Ngun in 3 pha, 50 Hz, c 3 dy cung cp vi in p gia cc pha l 41,5V, n c dng cung cp cho mt b chnh lu cu 3 pha v ni vi mt ti tr 7. (a) Hy v mch in v hin th tt c cc mc in p k trn (b) Hy tnh: (i) in p trung bnh trn ti (ii) Dng in trung bnh qua ti (iii) PIV it (iv) in p gn sng (v) Tn s gn sng Ghi ch: Th hin tt c cc cng vic. Gi thit rng tt c cc it l l tng (khng c st p trn it)
6. in p gn sng l g? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................
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1. 2. ng Vn o K thut in Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut. Nguyn Vn im Gio trnh mch in t c bn S Gio Dc V o To H Ni. 3. 4. 5. 6. Trng Vn Tm Gio trnh Linh kin in t - H Cn Th. Trng Vn Tm Gio trnh Mch in t - H Cn Th. www.phuclanshop.com www.hocnghetructuyen.com
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Tai Lieu Ky Thuat Dien - Dien Tu Cong Nghiep - Nghe Han

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Tai Lieu Ky Thuat Dien - Dien Tu Cong Nghiep - Nghe Han

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TRNG CAO NG NGH QUC T VABIS HNG LAM KHOA IN IN LNH

MN HC: K THUT IN IN T CNG NGHIP

Vng tu 2012 Gio trnh lu hnh ni b

TRNG CAO NG NGH QUC T VABIS HNG LAM KHOA IN IN LNH

MN HC: K THUT IN IN T CNG NGHIP

Gio vin son

Vng tu 2012 Gio trnh lu hnh ni b

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Mn hc: K thut in in i t cng nghip

CHNG 1: 1 MCH CH IN MT CHIU

Chng 1: Mch in mt t chiu ch

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in i t cng nghip

theo logic AND.

Chng 1: Mch in mt t chiu ch

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

CU HI N TP CHNG 1 1. Nu khi nim mch in, cc thnh phn ca mch in?

2. Pht biu nh lut m.

3. Cho E = 100V; R = 10; I = 5A. Tnh in p U trong hai s sau:

4. Cho E = 50V; R = 5; U = 40V. Tnh dng in I trong hai s sau:

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

8. Xc nh tng tr ca mch mc ni tip cc in tr 20, 75 v 5.

11. Xc nh tng tr ca mch in di y v cng dng in qua in tr 56 .

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

12. Xc nh in p ri trn tng in tr trong mch in di y.

13. Xc nh cng dng in tng ca mch in v cng sut tiu th ca in tr 5 .

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

14. Xc nh in p ca ngun in v cng dng in qua in tr 24 trong mch in di y.

16. Xc nh cng dng in tng v in p ri trn in tr 50 trong mch in di y.

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

17. Xc nh in p ngun in v cng dng in qua in tr 3 trong mch in di y.

18. Xc nh in p ri trn in tr 24 , 36 v 72 cng dng in qua in tr 320 trong mch in di y.

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

19. Xc nh gi tr ca in tr R5 trong mch in di y.

Chng 1: Mch in mt chiu

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Hnh 2 1 : ng sc ca nam chm a) nam chm vnh cu b) nam chm in

Hnh 2-2 : Xc nh chiu ng sc t trng ca dy dn thng mang dng in

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

Hnh 2-3 : Xc nh chiu ng sc t ca cun dy c dng in

Mn hc: K thut in in t cng nghip

2.2.1 Vect cng t cm B : T trng c c trng bi i lng vt l l vect cng t cm (gi l

_l _ Rm = r o A IN = Rm L. = l mmf Rm =