Storage Tanks & Fittings

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4.1.2 The decision as to whether tanks should be installed underground or aboveground is a matter of operational consideration based on the volume to be handled. a) To reduce opening of the tank for gauging purposes, it is suggested that storage tank be equipped with automatic gauge equipment. b) Storage tanks should comply with ISI/API Standards and Explosive regulations. This should include construction of stairs, platforms and walkways and bund walls/enclosure walls, design and construction of tanks, tank valves, and venting of tanks. c) Tanks should be so constructed and provided with sumps and draw-offs so that all water from the bottom can be drained. On product suction lines it is desirable to provide Vortex breaker and on the inlet inside the tank a baffle plate. This avoids disturbing of sediment/sludge existing in the tank bottom. d) Necessary precautionary measures should be taken to keep adjacent areas free of sources of ignition. 4.1.3 Floating Roof Tanks For Installations a) At installations, floating roof tanks should be constructed for storing products which are having high RVP. This type of storage provides the maximum protection in that it minimizes both the vapour space and the possibility of static discharge within the tank. The limitations to this tank are : i) That a vapour space exists in this tank when the liquid level is so low that the floating roof rests on the roof supports. ii)That the flexible seals at the roofs circumference must be maintained in good condition. iii) Snow removal, rain/storm water handling and possible freezing of water in drains present operating problems in some areas. b) Covered floating roof tanks minimize the entrance of di.rt and water into the tank 4.1.4 Why Floating Roofs? Normally, the decision to use floating roof as opposed to fixed roof tanks is based on one or more of the following factors: Reducing evaporation losses Preserving product quality Protecting oxygen sensitive stocks Reducing fire risk

 Preventing air pollution Types of floating roofs: There are three principal types of floating roofs: 1. Pan (now used only as internal roofs inside fixed tanks)2. Single deck pontoon 3. Double deck The following is a brief discussion of each type. Pan roofs are the least expensive but have no buoyancy in the event of leakage. They were originally fitted to open topped but were found to distort under snow or rain-water loading. They also presented drainage, problems. Pan roofs are now used only in conjunction with a fixed roof as shown in Figure. The fixed roof protects it from environmental loading and eliminates the need for drainage facilities. When this type of construction is used, adequate vent slots must be provided in the roof eaves, as specified in API 650, Appendix H Single deck pontoon roofs normally are used for tanks greater than 15 mtrs in diameter, and cost less than an equivalent size of double deck roof. They are constructed to the requirements of API 650, Appendix C. The pontoon is divided radially into a number of compartments. The roof is required to remain afloat in 0.7 specific gravity liquid when two pontoon compartments and the center deck are punctured. Pontoon areas range between 20 and 40% of the roof area. For tanks greater than 60m diameter, circumferential stiffening of. the center deck normally is employed. This provides additional resistance to wind-induced deflection. Double-deck roofs have the advantage of being structurally stiffer than single-deck although somewhat more costly. They have good resistance to wind-induced deflections. In several instances, large single-deck pontoon roofs have had to be replaced by double-deck roofs because of these deflections. Reserve buoyancy is high and usually exceeds API 650 requirements. There is little likelihood of overloading a double-deck roof with water, as only small quantities can collect on it. The water will quickly spill into the emergency drains even if the main drain is closed. The air space between the decks acts as a heat insulator and keeps the liquid surface cool under strong sunlight conditions. Local surface boiling is thus prevented. Four Types of Seals There are a number of methods of sealing the space between the roof and the shell. Four basic types are shown on Figure; they are: (1) Metallic seal (2) Liquid-filled seal (3) Gas-filled seal (4) Foam-filled seal

The principal features of the various types are as follows: The metallic seal are robust and have a long life. In most designs, a series of flexible metal shoes is pressed against the tank shell by weights acting through a pantograph mechanism or by springs. The sealing closure is provided by a fabric strip fitted between the roof and the metal shoes. Details are shown in Figure. Liquid-filled seals use a fabric bag as the sealing element. It is simpler than the metallic seal and does not require weights hanging below the roof. Gas filled seals are not now recommended, since it is extremely difficult to maintain them at the correct state of inflation. In addition, a small leak will be sufficient to make the seal inoperative . The foam-filled seal has the advantage of simplicity, and once installed requires no further adjustment. It can tolerate a certain amount of damage to the outer seal fabric without significant loss of sealing efficiency. However, some vendors use foam which will absorb hydrocarbons. This may produce problems when gas-freeing the tank. Roof Vents Automatic bleeder vents as shown in Figure are fitted to pontoon and double-deck roofs. They discharge tank vapors and air during initial filling and prevent vaccum formation when the tank is being emptied with the roof in the landed position. The vent opens just before the roof lands and closes when it rises. The height of operation is adjustable to allow the vent operation to be set to match the high or low position of the roof legs. On seals rim vents are fitted, which discharge air gas from the annular vapor space. Excessive pressure could otherwise develop in the rim space beneath the. fabric seal and could result in damage to the fabric or the metallic shoe. The vents normally open at 1/2 ounce per square inch. Floating roof tanks have following features: a) Seal is used to seal off the clearance between the rim of the roof and the tank shell in these tanks. b) The roof rests (when it is not afloat) on a number of leg supports. Each leg is free to move within a sleeve attached to the roof, the position of the leg is fixed at one of two points by a securing pin. One fixing point corresponds to the minimum height of the tank roof in the lowest working position; the other supports to roof giving sufficient clearance between the tank roof and bottom for maintenance work to be carried out. Bleeder vents in the roof permit the escape of air when an empty or near empty tank is being filled and before the roof is afloat. They also serve to protect the tank against drawing a vacuum, since they are designed to open automatically just before the roof lands on its supports. c) Rim vents are provided on the periphery of roof to expel air trapped between product level and foam seal.

d) Facilities are provided for draining rain water from the floating roof. Water is drained from the roof via metallic pipes located inside the tank. These pipes have swivel joints and are connected to outside gate valves near the bottom of the shell. The roof drain valves are normally kept closed except when it is necessary to drain off water. During rainy season valves should be kept open but under supervision. Flow of oil via the drain to the roof is normally prevented by a non-return valve in the roof drain. There are other types of roofs with open drain which drains water into stock directly and which is drained through water draw- offs after it settles. e) The roof is also provided with an emergency drain with water seal. In case rain water does not flow freely through the roof drain, it can get into the tank through the emergency drain. This water will have to be subsequently drained from the tank drain after settling. f) Access to the floating roof is provided by a self leveling type rolling ladder, one end of which is hinged at the gauger's platform at the top of the stairway and the other end is free to move on rollers on a track fixed to the roof as the roof moves up and down. g) To maintain roundness when the tank is subjected to wind loads, the tank tops are reinforced with stiffening rings called Wind Girders". A slotted gauge well with rollers is provided through the roof which prevents the roof rotating. 4.1.5 Internal Floating Roof Tanks of: Internal floating roof tanks are used minimize the entrance of dirt and water into the tank. This type roofs are also used in the hilly area to avoid accumulation of snow on the roof. In the internal floating roof tanks, floating roof is constructed inside the fixed roof tank 4.1.6 Depending upon the service, the floating roof tanks are provided with some or all the following accessories: a) Manways for internal access -on the shell and roof b) Clean-out manway c) Vents-Rim vent and Bleeder vent d) Gauge hatch with cover and reference mark/ Automatic level gauge e) Gauging datum plate f) Level indicator g) Temperature gauge h) Product Inlet/Outlet/Circulation nozzles i) Drain nozzle j) Roof drain nozzle k) Emergency roof' drain l) Foam Connection nozzle m) Landing platform n) Spiral Stairway o) Earthing boss p) Leg supports 4.1.7 Advantages a) Floating roof practically eliminates evaporation losses. b) Reduces hazardous vapours above product.

c) Reduces air pollution. d) Reduces product deterioration where oxidation is a factor. e) Interchangability easy to class A" service without change in fittings. 4.1.8 Disadvantages a) More expensive to construct as compared to fixed roof tank. b) More expensive to maintain in good operating condition. c) It is possible for roof to sink if it develops leaks, or by weight of collected rain water if it is not allowed to drain. d) Needs closure supervision during operation. i) At lower levels heavy accumulation of vapours on the roof. 4.1 .9 Vertical Fixed Roof Tanks -Design and Fittings 4.1.10 Fixed roof tanks are used for storing low volatile products. These are vertical cylindrical vessels having conical top and made of welded steel plates. The fixed cone roofs are provided with internal column and rafters or self supporting type of roof. Depending upon the service, the fixed roof tanks are provided with some or all of the following accessories. a) Manways for internal access-on the shell and roof. b) Clean out manway. c) Vents. d) Gauging datum plate. e) Gauge hatch with reference mark. f) Level Indicator g) Temperature gauge. h) Steam heating coil with inlet and outlet nozzles. i) Product inlet/outlet/circulation nozzles. j) Jet mixing nozzle. k) Drain nozzle. l) Foam connection nozzle. m) Spiral stair-way. n) Automatic level gauge. o) Earthing Boss. p) Centre sump. q) Water draw off line. r) Vents. s) Expansion line. 4.1.11 Advantages a) Cone roof tanks are the least expensive to build and maintain. b) They are the first choice for storage of liquids unless there are other factors which dictate use of another type. 4.1.12 Disadvantages

a) Not suitable for the products having high RVP. b) When storing volatile stocks in these tanks there are large evaporation and breathing" losses. These losses result from volatile stocks evaporating into the vapour space above the liquid. A considerable amount of valuable product is contained in vapour form above the liquid level in a cone roof tank. As the temperature of the vapour space rises, the expanded vapours escape through the tank vent. As the vapour space temperature cools, air is drawn back into the vapour space. The stock continues to evaporate into this vapour space until the air is saturated with stock vapour. Then as the temperature rises, the cycle starts over again. In a similar manner, the cone roof presents major losses when pumping into or out of a tank. Cone roof tanks that are used for low flash stocks are tied into a vapour recovery system. As the tank is filled, the enriched vapours are forced out into the vapour recovery system. c) Presents a danger of fire and/or explosion in the vapour space. The mixture of air and stock vapours in the vapour space, when in the right proportions, will burn. Non-volatile stocks will keep the vapour space too lean" to burn and volatile stocks will keep the space too rich". Certain stocks have a vapour pressure which makes the vapour space an explosive atmosphere under most conditions. d) Contribute to air pollution when storing volatile stocks unless equipped with a vapour recovery system. 4.1.13 Storage Location Above-ground storage tanks should meet requirements in respect to their proximity to roads, and should be separated from buildings, structures, as per Explosive Regulations/ OISD 118. a) Spacing Between Tanks and Distances to Property Lines -Tanks should be spaced in accordance with the Explosive Regulations/ OISD - 118. b) Foundations -Tanks should rest on the ground (or sand cushion) or on supports of steel, masonry, concrete, or piling. Any exposed steel supports or piling should be adequately fireproofed. c) Tank Walkways, Stairs, Platforms -Walkways, stairs and platforms, provided for tank gauging and inspection should be constructed of steel or concrete. Personnel safety should be the primary design consideration. d) Bundwalls - Individual tanks or groups of tanks shall be enclosed by bund walls. e) Vents for Normal Breathing -Tanks should have vents of sufficient size to permit the filling and emptying of tanks, at the desired flow rates, and to permit the breathing caused by temperature changes without distortion of the shell or roof. f) Emergency Relief -Each above-ground tank should have some form of construction or

device that will relieve excessive internal pressure, caused by exposure to fire, which might cause a rupture of the tank. This is usually provided by construction of a weaker roof as compared to the rest of the tank structure. g) Tank Valves -Every connection to an above-ground tank should have preferably double valve segeration, located below the full" liquid level, should be provided with a cast steel control valve, located outside the shell of the tank as close as practicable to the bottom for water draw offs and at a required height from the bottom for product withdrawal and filling. 4.1.14 Underground Storage Location -The distance of underground storage tanks from the nearest line of adjoining property which may be built upon should be in accordance with Explosive Regulations/ OISD - 118. a) Underground tanks for the storage of flammable liquids should meet the requirements of the latest Explosive Regulations. b) Installation -Underground tanks should be set on firm foundations and surrounded with clean earth or sand backfill well tamped in place. The tank should be in accordance with the ISI Standards. Manholes, gauges openings should be watertight and of sufficient strength to support expected loads. They should be set at an elevation above surrounding paving sufficient to provide surface drainage away from the openings. The paving should be sloped to meet this required elevation. c) Anchorage -When tanks are to be located in areas where a rise in water table may make them buoyant or in areas subjected to flooding, it will be necessary to provide proper anchorage. d) Vents -Vent piping from underground tanks should be so located that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the fill pipe opening and not less than 4 metres above the adjacent ground level. Open end of the pipe should have brass mesh of adequate size. e) The vent pipe size should be adequate to prevent blow-back of vapour or liquid while filling and to provide adequate breathing while tank is being emptied at the required rate. f) The piping should be laid so as to provide drainage from the whole length of the vent line back to the tank. The tank end of the vent line should not extend more than one inch into the tank. g) All threaded connections should be made up using a suitable thread com- pound or sealant. Individual vents are preferred for each tank to prevent the crossover of fuels between tanks. h) It is recommended that vents of tanks should not be manifolded. i) For MS tanks instead of free vents, PV vents should be provided to avoid free venting. 4.1.15 Facilities to Fill Storage Tanks 4.1.16 General.

These facilities will usually consist of pipelines, tanker, barge, tank wagon and tank trucks unloading equipment. a) For filling above-ground tanks, it will normally be necessary to provide separate pumping facilities and pipelines for each type and grade of product stored. Sometimes it is possible to use the filling pumps where loading facilities are contemplated to use the same pumps for unloading tank wagons or tank trucks by arranging pipeline so that a change in valve position will accomplish loading of tank wagons or tank trucks also. Where tanks are to be filled by gravity system the fill line should be as short as possible. b) Filling Lines -Fill connections (and gauge openings) should be provided with tightly fitting covers to prevent tampering, entry of water and solid con- taminants, and to prevent in or out -breathing. Inlet pipes should extend below the minimum normal operating fuel level and be equipped with deflectors to prevent agitation of tank bottoms. This will minimize the remixing of settled contaminants, generation of static and vapour losses. This will also lessen the possibility of ignition of the vapour-air mixtures of kerosene type of fuels by static sparks generated by spraying of fuel into the tanks. c) Fill lines for above - ground tanks normally enter the tanks near the bottom. Fill lines for underground tanks where practicable should enter only through the top and be graded toward the tanks. This is also helpful in reducing product contamination. d) Piping should be designed to withstand pressures and stresses to which it may be subjected. Pipe sizes will be determined by the rate of flow and pressure desired. All threaded joints and connections should be made up with a suitable thread compound or sealant. Where underground tank filling is accomplished from a remote location, flexibility should be provided in the fill line piping near the tank positions and at the fill connections in order to allow for settling or movement of the tanks without setting up stresses in the piping. Similarly, flexible connections at tanks and loading/ unloading positions should be provided for above ground tanks also, where, there is a possibility of the tanks settling or moving due to peculiar sub- soil conditions. e) Pressure relief should be provided wherever desirable in all liquid lines and equipment that may be completely closed to prevent excessive pressure due to temperature increases. f) Stray Current ,and Static Protection -The rails of side tracks upon which tank wagons stand for unloading should be insulated from the main line and bonded together and should have a permanent electrical connection to the piping system used for the transfer of the fuel to the storage tanks. g) Electrical Equipment -Electrical installations should conform to Explosive Regulations (latest revision) where tanks, lines and/or equipment are under cathodic protection, the system should be de-energized or an electrical bond should be made around the points of separation, before any line is cut or a joint is separated. h) No Smoking" Signs -"No Smoking" signs should be conspicuously displayed where there is any potential hazard from flammable vapour. 4.1.17 Facilities for Fuel Transfer

4.1.18 General 4.1.19 The facilities will consist normally of pumping units, suction and discharge lines and necessary valves and fittings. 4.1.20 Pumping Units Pumps should be located as close as practicable to the storage tanks, especially when underground tanks are used, in order to keep the suction lift as low as possible. Refer to subject Pumps" in this Section. 4.1.21 Suction Lines 4.1.22 General These lines lead from the storage tanks to the pumping units. Also from wagon/tank truck decanting line to pumps and storage tanks. The pipe sizes are determined by the pump characteristics, the rate of flow desired, distance from the tank to the pump, and friction losses due to pipe bends or fittings. Suction lines should be as short as practicable and should have as few bends as possible. Suction lines should be adequately tested to 1-1/2 times the working pressure before being put in operation. Refer to Subject Pump" in this Section. a) Expansion Relief - Expansion relief should be provided in all liquid lines that may be completely closed, in order to prevent excessive pressures due to temperature increases. b) Flexible Joints If required lines connected to aboveground / underground storage should be equipped with flexible joints or facilities to permit settling or other slight movement of the tank without breaking or setting up stresses in the lines. c) Water Protection -Tank outlets or pump suctions in tanks should be sufficiently high above tank bottoms and should terminate with side entry, for above-ground tanks and preferably enter from the top in case of underground tanks with baffles to prevent the drawing up of water or sediment from the bottoms of the tanks. d) Strainers -Screens or other type strainers should be installed in suction lines ahead of the pumping units to protect the pumps from pipe scale or other material and to prevent passage of these contaminants to the deli very lines. e) Valves -Valves should be installed close to above-ground storage tanks and also near the pumping units and other equipment so that the units may be isolated from the systems or removed for repair or maintenance. f) Separation of Fuels and Fuel Grades -Each grade and type of fuel should be handled by an entirely separate pumping system. No manifolding of suction lines to enable one pump to serve more than one type or grade of fuel should be considered. All facilities for handling different fuel grades should be clearly identified by colour code, pipelines should also be painted with colour, product name and flow arrows. 4.1.23 Delivery Lines The pipe sizes for delivery lines are determined by the desired flow rates, distance from the

pumps to the loading equipment, number of bends, and friction losses in filters, water separators and other equipment installed in the lines. In selecting pipe sizes, hydraulic surges and future increases in required delivery rates should be considered. a) Proper allowance should be made for expansion, contraction, vibration, and hydraulic pressure. b) When lines run underground, below areas subject to heavy vehicle wheel loads, they should be protected against mechanical damage by providing Hume Pipe Sleelves. c) A separate delivery line for each fuel grade should be used. Manifolding should be accomplished only by positive means, such as removable pipe sections, spectacle blank flanges, etc. It should not be done by providing valves which is subject to error or mechanical failure. After installation and before being covered, all piping should be tested in an approved manner. d) Pressure relief should be provided in all liquid lines that may be completely closed in order to prevent excessive pressures due to temperature increases. e) All threaded pipe connections should be made up with a suitable compound or sealant. The thread compond should not be of a type which could contaminate fuel. f) Air Separation -Where air may accumulate in fuel lines, air eliminators should be installed ahead of any metering equipment to ensure accurate measurement of delivery. It is good practice to return a line from the air vent to a collection tank to prevent spraying fuel into the surrounding area in case of a malfunction of the separator unit. g) Check valves may be installed in air release vent lines when entry of moisture laden air from the outside presents a corrosion problem. 4.1.24 Filter Separators Filter Separators are usually used for handling Aviation Turbo Fuel where deliveries are made directly to Airports. They usually consist of a case containing a series of cartridges through which fuel is forced. Filter Separators should be installed as close to the delivery point as is practicable in order to remove small impurities which have passed through screen protection at other points in the system. In the filteration of highly non-conductive fuels having volatility characteristics immediately between gasoline and kerosene, relaxation chambers, downstream of the filter unit to mitigate static electricity hazards may be desirable. Refer to Aviation Manual for details of maintenance and periodic checks. 4.1.25 Guidelines in Operation with Storage Tanks 4.1.26 Normal Operations The normal operations required for storage tanks are to receive products from Process Units or other Installations and transfer them for onward despatch by pumps. Operating personnel need to take samples and regular readings for temperatures, levels etc. of tanks. While doing the routine operations, one should take following precautions a) Drain valves of the tanks should never be left open unattended. Whenever draining is to be

done, operator should personally attend to it and ensure that the valve is properly closed after the necessary draining is over, sealed and locked. b) For floating roofs good roof draining procedures are important for trouble-free operation. Overloading of the roof with rainwater, snow, or ice can lead to severe damage or failure. Keep drain valves closed except when drawing water from the roof. This prevents the tank contents from discharging through a damaged internal pipe or hose. The rainwater holdup capacity of any specific roof will vary with the method employed by the vendor to meet the flotation requirements of API 650. Develop draining procedures which will minimize the retention of water on the roof. As a general guide for an average design, do not allow more than the equivalent of a four-inch rainfall to accumulate, bearing in mind that the load carrying capacity will deteriorate if corrosion of the roof has occurred. c) Gauge hatch on the tank top should normally be kept closed as a measure of safety as well as to avoid entry of rain water and reduce the loss of product due to evaporation. d) Jet mixing nozzles should not be used with low level in the tank. This may produce static charges in the tank. e) Adequate care should be taken to ensure that at no time a tank is filled beyond its safe filling height. The safe filling height is usually indicated on the tank or on a placard adjacent to dip hatch. f) It is to be ensured that regular maintenance is done for the screen provided on the vent. A screen clogged by dust, scales, wax or crystalline deposits etc. may place the tank in a hazardous condition by interfering with normal operation of the vents. g) Since all the storage tanks are designed for atmospheric pressure, these should not be subjected to high pressure or vacuum under any circumstances. It should always be ensured that the vents, breather valves are in proper working condition. While receiving product in an empty tank, care should be taken that the flow velocity at the tank inlet does not exceed 1m/sec until the inlet is completely submerged. A velocity of 1m/sec. corresponds to the following approximate flow rates for different line sizes : 300 mm - 246 M3 /hr 150 mm - 59 M /hr 250 mm - 168 M3/hr 100 mm - 27 M3/hr 200 mm - 109 M3/hr 75 mm - 15 M3/hr 4.1.27 For operating floating roof tanks, special care as outlined below should be taken. For details please refer operating manual of floating roof tanks. a) The roof should not be allowed to rest on their legs under normal circumstances. b) The lifting of the roof from its resting point should be done slowly allowing it to float as uniformly as possible. c) Operations to and from the tanks should not be done in the critical region of the roof ( roof

not floating fully) as the oil accounting will be erroneous. d) In case of articulated drainage system of floating roof tank, drain valve should normally be kept opened so that the rain water does not accumulate on the roof. However it is mandatory to keep dyke valve in closed condition. The dyke wall and the outlet valve should be leak proof and shall be opened only in the presence of an operations officer. A responsible personnel should compulsorily check for water accumulation in the dyke & also on floating roof during & after rains.

e) It should be ensured that water seal is always full with water. f) If oil appears at the roof drain Transfer maintain outlet, check the roof immediately to establish its source. Oil on the roof or in the pontoons indicates a problem. The oil must, be removed as soon as possible and the reason for its presence determined. It the leak is a large one, take the tank out of service and repair the roof. Likely sources of leakage are: Leaking roof leg sleeves Broken drain hose or leaking articulated pipe drain combined with leaking check valve. Tilted roof. Cracked roof deck plate. Back flow of product caused by overloading or by leaking pontoons High vapor pressure material. 4.1.28 Protect Roof Drains Against Freezing When low temperatures are likely to cause water in drain hoses or pipes to freeze, take protective measures. Water can be drained off alternatively, the hose or pipe can be filled with anti-freeze. Precautions against snow and ice: In snow and ice conditions, the rolling ladder needs to be kept free of obstruction. This will prevent damage to the ladder and/or roof when the roof moves. Avoid landing the roof when ice or snow are accumulated on it. In addition to the problem of making an accurate assessment of the snow or ice load, eccentric loading can cause high local stresses and damage to the roof. Remember also that the load carrying ability of the roof can be reduced by corrosion of the deck and supports. When the roof is landed, the support legs and articulated pipe drains can become frozen into the ice in the bottom of the tank if the temperature of the tank contents is low enough. Hence, before filling, insure that the material already in the tank is, above 32F or that no water is present, otherwise damage to the roof or its drain system can occur. 4.1.29 Keep Roofs Afloat for Maximum Safety If floating roofs are landed on their legs and the contents pumped to a lower level, the situation becomes similar to a cone roof tank. Thus, the inherent safety advantages of the

floating roof are lost. Avoid this practice where possible, for the following reasons: Dyke arrangements, tank spacing, and fire protection facilities are based on the assumption that a fire will be limited to the rim space area. Thus these facilities are considerably less than would be required for a cone roof tank. Operation with a vapor space increases the possibility of ignition due to air entering the tank. When empty, air will enter the tank after the roof lands and result in a zone of flammable vapor. The open vents can also provide a path for ignition entry. When filling the tank, flammable vapors will be displaced onto the top of the roof until such time as it floats. 4.1.30 If Roofs Must Be Landed Take following Precautions: When it becomes necessary to take a tank out of service the following precautions will make this a safer operation. Before landing the roof, ensure the support legs are set to the desired level. Refer to Figure. At the same time inspect roof legs to ensure they are in good condition and able to support the roof. Also adjust the automatic bleeder vents to correspond with the support leg height. If freezing is likely, fill the rain drain with anti-freeze. During emptying of the tank when the roof is landed, do not do operation with high flow rate. If this rate is exceeded, a vacuum will tend to form, and the roof can be overstressed. When the roof is landed there is a greater probability of gas being present above it than when it is afloat. Restrict visits to the roof to a minimum during this period. If rainfall is expected while a roof is landed, remove the drain plugs. Alternatively, the center emergency stand pipe drain can be removed. 4.1.31 Refill and Refloat With Care: Attention to the following points will assist in achieving a controlled return to normal operation if the roof has been landed: Insure that the roof ladder is free of obstruction is on its runway. When the roof rises from its low position. Avoid going on to the roof when filling is in progress since vapor will be discharged to the roof through the automatic bleeder vents until the roof floats. Limit the filling rate to the lesser value of the two following requirements, until the roof floats. Filling too fast will allow vapors to accumulate under the roof, and can cause it to tilt. The velocity of the material entering the tank. must be limited to a value which will avoid the

accumulation of a static electricity charge. When the roof floats, check that it rises evenly. If it tilts, stop filling until the problem is found and rectified. Unless automatic roof drain valves are fitted, close the outlet valve of floating roof drains except when drawing water off the roof. This will protect against leakage from a broken pipe or hose. It will also prevent any hydrocarbon vapors on the roof from flowing though the drains system to ground level. 4.1.32 Fire Precautions and Protection Fire protection is based on dealing with rim fires only as per OISD 117. If the tank is equipped with fixed foam facilities, ensure that the foam making chamber, deflection plate, and piping inlet are maintained in good order. 4.1.33 AUTOMATIC LINEAR HEAT DETECTION AND FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM FOR RIMSEAL PROTECTION OF FLOATING ROOF TANKS As per directions of Explosives Department of Feb. 2005, all floating roof tanks in lightning prone areas and all future tanks commissioned thereafter must be provided with Linear Heat Detection & Rim Seal Protection. The system specifications are as mentioned below;a) PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Automatic Rim Seal Fire Protection System shall consists of Highly sensitive and field configurable Heat Detection System of hollow metallic tube type coupled with number of pre-mixed Foam Storage / Discharge modules of desired capacity and fire alarm panel. Each module shall be dedicated to the protection of an equal portion of the Rim Seal area. Low expansion foam shall be delivered to the Rim Seal of floating roof tank. The Automatic Detection & Extinguishing System shall be designed such that in the event of fire occurring at any place on rim seal, it shall be detected by metallic detection tubing, which shall be laid around the whole circumference of the floating roof tank. The detection tubing shall be placed to achieve optimum rapid detection of the fire. The system will deploy low expansion foam on to the fire within the first few seconds of it being detected. The aim being to detect and extinguish a fire and provide sufficient time for the central fire service to activate a fixed foam pourer system, if so required. The fire detection sensor, which shall be a hollow metallic tube, shall be connected to evaluation panel, which is housed in a flameproof enclosure and installed alongside one of the extinguishing systems (Foam Module). The Rim seal fire-extinguishing Units shall be mounted directly on to the tank pontoon / double deck roof on the access side of the foam dam. Foam storage and deployment will be arranged as a number of stand-alone units able to rapidly apply foam solution to their individual section. Each unit shall be coupled to its dedicated foam distribution pipe work, which shall be mounted on the pontoon, concentric with the tank shell. The distribution pipes shall be fitted

with an array of foam spray nozzles, which deliver foam solution directly to the fire risk areas. The system shall be connected to the Central Fire Alarm Panel for display of Fire" and Fault" signals. b) SYSTEM COMPONENTS: The system mainly shall consists: 1. Linear Heat Detection System 2. Extinguishing System 3. Fire Alarm Panel. c) LINEAR HEAT DETECTION SYSTEM: MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LINEAR HEAT DETECTION SYSTEM:The detection system shall monitor increase in pressure as a function of rise in temperature of the area to be protected and evaluate this behavior as a rate of rise of temperature (differential) and maximum temperature. The Detection system shall evaluate the rate of rise of temperature or maximum temperature of the area to be protected on the basis of normal atmospheric conditions of the same area which shall be stored at the time of commissioning. The system should be Failsafe, i.e. in the event of Power / Signal cable cut outside the dyke area of the tank, the system should continue normal operation i.e. detect the fire and activate the extinguishing system for minimum of 12 Hrs. For Failsafe condition the evaluation unit shall be housed in a flameproof enclosure and installed alongside one of the extinguishing systems (Foam Module) For Failsafe condition on getting the fire signal the evaluation unit shall immediately activate extinguishing system locally itself, i.e. signal should reach immediately to the extinguishing system even in case of any power failure / cable cut. The system shall have facility for storing system specific parameters and event measurements. The system shall have the facility for interface to PC for commissioning and setting the parameters of the system. Suitable port connectivity for portable PC / Laptop shall be provided at each tank dyke area. The system shall provide potential free contact each for fire alarm and fault to communicate to the fire alarm panel. The system shall be insensitive to environmental influences such as high ambient temperatures, change in humidity, electromagnetic interference, aggressive vapor, UV radiation and heavy rainfall.

d) ESSENTIAL QUALIFYING REQUIREMENTS OF LINEAR HEAT DETECTION

SYSTEM: 1) The linear heat detection system should have been evaluated / approved by UL / VDS for response behaviour according to EN 54-5 Class A1. 2) The system should be Failsafe, i.e. in the event of Power Failure / Signal Cable cut outside the dyke area of the tank, the system should continue normal operation i.e. detect the fire and activate the extinguishing system for minimum of 12 Hrs. 3) For Failsafe condition the evaluation unit shall be housed in a flameproof enclosure and installed alongside one of the extinguishing systems (Foam Module) 4) Heat detection for early warning & high reliability. 5) Continuous heat detection at high temperatures. 6) Possible to adjust the detector sensitivity and response behavior at site. 7) Fully automatic self-diagnostic feature for no false alarms. 8) Free from false alarm. 9) The metallic tube/sensor tube should be reusable type even after exposed to several Fires. 10) Cross zoning facility of rate of rise of temperature & maximum temperature within each zone to avoid unwanted discharge of water spray system & false alarm. 11) Each millimetre of the sensor tube should function as highly sensitive heat detector. 12) The sensor tube should be hollow Metallic tube and non-pressurized type (normal atmospheric pressure). 13) The Linear Heat Detection System (metallic tube type) should have any of the following approval: BIS (INDIA)/ UL (USA) / VDS (GERMANY) / FM/ VKF (SWITZERLAND). e) DETECTOR CABINET The detector box installed on the Tank Roof shall consists of electronic circuit which when detects sudden heat rise with respect to time and maximum heat beyond the specified limits shall trigger an alarm for differential i.e. rate of rise of temperature & maximum temperature. This both alarm should be from the same zone to have high reliability on the system & free from false alarm. The housing of detector box shall have the debugging device operating on preset time interval to detect any malfunctioning of the detector element as well as the electronic circuitry. The detector box shall trigger fault alarm in case any fault detected like rupture of the metallic detector tube, blockage or crimping of the detector due to any reason thereof. The electronic circuit board shall be provided with EEPROM for storing software, EEPROM for storing system specific parameters, event logs etc. The detector box shall have the facility to program the system specific parameters and other related details with the help of hardware provided on the circuit board as well as with the help of PC through RS 232 / 485 communication links from control Room / dyke area. g) SENSOR TUBE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: Linear Heat Detection Systems shall work on the principle; change in volume of gases (air) within a closed circuit sensor due to rapid rise in the external temperature.

The Pneumatically tight system shall be formed by the metallic sensor tube, which shall be sealed at its one end and connected to detector box at its other end. This pneumatic line is to be connected to a fully electronic pressure/Temperature sensor and the mechanical debugging device. Normal air at ambient pressure shall be present in the total pneumatic volume of tube. If the pressure/Temperature in the sensor tube increases due to rise in temperature of the protected area beyond the threshold values the system should trigger an alarm and actuate an Extinguishing System. The sealed metal tube/sensor should be laid only above the sensitive rim seal area, below or above the weather shield plates and further connected to the evaluation unit installed on the tank roof. SENSOR TUBE SHALL HAVE FOLLOWING FEATURES: Continuous detection at any point of risk. Re-usable even after exposure to several hydrocarbon fires. Installation in close proximity to confined or hazardous areas. Resistance to electromagnetic and mechanical interference. Should be free from any cable/plastic/halogen materials Should possess high mechanical strength. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR LINEAR HEAT DETECTION SYSTEM: Supply Voltage Range : 10 to 30 VDC. Sensor tube Length: 20 130 meter Sensor tube diameter (internal/external) : 4/5 mm. Approx. Temperature range for sensor tube : -40 o C to +160C & above. Ambient Humidity of sensor tube : 100 % RH Digital output signals : Potential free contacts for a. Fire b. Detector fault h) EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM: The Rim seal fire extinguishing system shall include the appropriate number of units to protect the entire rim seal area. Each System shall consist of: Foam Vessel (module) charged with pre-mixed foam solution and Pressurized with Nitrogen as an expelling gas. Foam Discharge Manifold with spray Nozzles evenly spaced at a distance of 2.5 mtrs. to cover one segment of rim seal approx. 35 to 40 mtrs. Specially designed to discharge foam solution in approximately 45 to 50 secs. Foam Discharge automatic actuated valve. Instrumentation Panel containing nitrogen charging / Distribution Manifold, pressure switch to monitor foam module pressure, pressure gauges etc. Canopy for the whole foam module for protection from the radiant heat of sun. EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: The System shall be designed to operate with AFFF low expansion pre-mixed foam solution

of 3% or 6%. The foam type is optimized for fighting and sealing fires on the surface of stabilized hydrocarbon liquids. The foam modules with its associated systems shall be equally spaced on the pontoon of the tank's roof. The foam modules shall be provided with filling, flushing and draining facilities for operation, maintenance and sampling purposes. The Rim seal fire-extinguishing unit (Foam module) shall be designed to protect approx 35 to 40 meters of the rim seal area. The delivery nozzles shall produce low expansion foam. The nozzles shall have non-clogging type facility. All nozzles shall have good workmanship and finish. All basic and other irregularities shall be neatly removed. Nozzle shall have hexagonal or square shape on the outside to facilitate screwing of the nozzle. The material of construction for nozzle shall be Chrome plated Brass. All the piping coming in contact with Foam shall be of SS 304 / Copper. Pipe supports shall be designed and located to effectively sustain the weight and thermal effects of piping system and to prevent its vibrations. The piping shall be provided with required no. of valves, bends, and fittings for the efficient functioning of the system. Extension pipe from discharge manifold to nozzle shall be of Copper/SS 304 i) The foam extinguishing system shall be designed as per OISD standards. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM: ONE MODULE CATERING TO APPROX. 40 MTR LENGTH OF RIM SEAL Capacity of each Module : 225 Ltrs. Foam Solution : 150 Ltrs. Material of foam module : SS 304 AFFF Foam : UL Listed Foam module working pressure : 14 to15 Kg/cm2 Foam module design code : ASME SEC VIII DIV I Pressure monitoring switches : Flameproof Gr. IIA & IIB Distance between two Nozzles : 2.5 M as per OISD. Number of Nozzles : 16 Nos. Material of nozzles : Brass chrome plate Pipe Manifold dia. : min. 1" NB Depending on the diameter of the tanks one or more no's of these modules will have to be provided per tank

j) FIRE ALARM PANEL (Alarm Junction Box): Along with Foam Rim seal package it is proposed to provide Alarm Panel / Junction Box for remote indication of healthiness of Foam package units, Fire alarm, Detector fault & detection system re-set. Each Foam package unit shall be provided with one no. pressure switch. All pressure switch signals shall be grouped together for single signal per tank. A conventional type alarm panel/junction box shall have the following features including supply of all fixing materials, interconnections, earth complete as required: Power supply: 220VAC / 110 V AC. Back up power: 4 hour Signal Alarm cables From tank Roof to Junction Box outside the dyke signal/control cable shall be multi core 1.5 sq. mm PVC insulated armored Copper FRLS cable. From Junction Box outside dyke to alarm panel/ junction box, cable shall be PVC insulated (non-FRLS type) armored copper cable. All main multi core cable above three core shall have minimum 20% spare core. Feedback Signals: The following signals/ controls shall be available at the alarm panel /junction box for extension to other location. Fault for foam module pressure low in-group per tank 'FIRE' Detector fault. Detection system re-set
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