INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY

Introduction to Philosophy

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DEFINITION
PHILOSOPHY portmanteau of Greek terms:
Philo Love Sophia Wisdom Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means; Investigation of the nature, causes or principles of reality, knowledge, or values based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods A system of thought based on or involving such inquiry A system of values by which one lives PHILOSOPHER Lover of wisdom SOPHIST Worker of wisdom

Introduction to Philosophy

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2 DIVISIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
1.1. Logic 1.2. Ethics 2. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY 2.1. Metaphysics 2.2. Aesthetics 2.3. Reality 2.4. Cosmology 2.5. Anthropology 2.6. Epistemology 2.7. Rational Psychology 2.8. Social Philosophy 2.9. Political Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy

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PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC the use of valid reasoning and correct thinking ETHICS moral philosophy, deals with systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conducts

Introduction to Philosophy

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SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
METAPHYSICS study of the fundamental nature of being and the world AESTHETICS study of art, beauty and taste
REALITY state of being in existence COSMOLOGY study of the origins and eventual fate of the universe ANTHROPOLOGY science of humanity
Introduction to Philosophy DICHOSO

SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
EPISTEMOLOGY study of knowledge
RATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY normative concept of ones reason to believe or ones reason for action SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY study of questions about social behavior POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY study of politics, liberty, justice and the enforcement of laws

Introduction to Philosophy

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MILESIAN SPECULATION
16th century BC, a group of Milesian thinkers began to engage in an extended exploration of the speculative issues
Their central urge was to show that the complex world has a simple, permanent underpinning in the reality of a single kind of stuff which all else emerges

Introduction to Philosophy

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PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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THALES OF MILETUS
624-550 BC 1 of the 7 Wise Men of Greece Measured the height of pyramid through the length of its shadow Considered water as the basis of all matter Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws Founder of the Ionic School of Philosophy The earth is a flat disc which floats upon water Studied geometry in Egypt Predicted an eclipse in 585 BC Theory of right angles Deductive Science, Magnetism, Electrostatic Effects

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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7 WISE MEN OF GREECE

CLEOBULUS of Lindos SOLON of Athens

CHILON of Sparta
BIAS of Priene

THALES of Miletus
PITTACUS of Mytilene

PERIANDER of Corinth

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS
611-546 BC Pupil of Thales Theory of apeiron (boundless and infinite) First man to draw map of the world The universe is boundless and must be infinite Air, water, earth and fire are in opposition to each other Founded geography and astronomy Wind is the fine and moist effluvium of air massing together Lightning and thunder are caused by pneuma or compressed air which builds up inside thick clouds Earth is cylinder, diameter is 3x height

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS
570-500 BC Pupil of Anaximander Basic principle of the universe is air Air transforms to fire, wind, cloud, earth, water and stone Earthquake is a big product of moisture The rainbow is a natural phenomenon rather than the work of a god Lightning is a reaction of rain and cloud

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
569-500 BC Earth was a sphere rotating around a central fire Pythagorean Therom (Baudhayana) 2 kinds of reasoning: Demonstrative Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Truly, spirits, ghosts, souls and transmigration were believed Believed in metempsychosis Some teachings: Dont eat beans (origin of light) Dont eat white cocks (offerings) Dont face mirror beside light (reflects devil)

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS
535-475 BC Weeping Philosopher, The Obscure The first nobleman in the cabinet of Greek philosophers, impermanence No man ever steps in the same river twice (universe) The path up and down are one and the same (unity of opposite) Considered fire to be the primary form of the real world Everything is in the process of flux (panta rhei) Everything fights against the other (YinYang), concept of logos Believed in self-mastery He is a pantheist, fiery element is the expression that God is everything

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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PARMENIDES OF ELEA
515 BC Founder of Eleatic School of Philosophy 2 fragmentary sections from the poem On Nature The Way of Truth Reality is one Change is impossible Existence is timeless The Way of Opinion World of appearance (false and deceitful)

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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ZENO OF ELEA
490-430 BC Pupil of Parmenides Idea of Monism existence of single reality is Being The Dialectic, for paradoxes Epichierema dialectic syllogism

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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EMPEDOCLES OF ACRAGUS
490-430 BC First philosopher stated the 4 primordial elements: earth, air, fire, water Approached for oracles Works through verse Cosmology, he focused on earth Added the forces of love (harmony) and strife (discord) to 4 elements similar to Yin-Yang Yin-male, Yang-female (I-Ging) Idea of survival of the fittest

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE
500-428 BC First philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens Associated with Pericles Athens statesman and Euripides writer of tragedies Died in Lampsacus as a honoured guest Composition and Decomposition Snow contains black and white Separation process by which matters are formed, dichotomization Popularized astronomy galaxy, milky way, etc.

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS

460-370 BC, Abdera Shadowy figure Expanded atomic theory Did not accept that everything is one; change and motion is illusion Overthrown monism Change is an observation that does not deceive the senses Thought many sizes and shapes of atoms, moving around in space Protons Electrons Neutrons

Ancient Greek Philosophers

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PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
SUMMARY OF NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. THALES water, pyramidal and ship measurement 2. ANAXIMANDER apeiron, geography, astronomy, first map

3. ANAXIMENES air, rainbow formation

4. PYTHAGORAS Pythagorean theorem, metempsychosis 5. HERACLITUS fire, flux (panta rhei) 6. PARMENIDES Eleatic School, On Nature 7. ZENO dialectic, monism 8. EMPEDOCLES oracles, verse, love & strife 9. ANAXAGORAS composition/decomposition, snow, dichotomy 10.LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS atomic theory

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

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SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES

Sophists and Socrates

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PRODICUS OF CEOS
465-399 BC, a sophist Idea of hermeneutics text interpretation Followed the dictate of his master Socrates Case subjected to corrupting the minds of the youth Rationalize religion to natural object Used personification

Sophists and Socrates

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HIPPIAS OF ELIS
Mid 5th c. BC, a sophist Attached to Leucippus and Democritus Popularized 2 dialogues: Hippias Major (Arrogant) Questions beautiful Puts into ludicrous light Hippias Minor (Vain) Deficiency of knowledge Characterizes ridiculous vain Natural law, elements of rights: Object End or intention of agent Circumstances Good Act Indifferent Act Evil Act

Sophists and Socrates

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THRASYMACHUS OF CHALCEDON
459-400 BC, a sophist Character in Platos Repubic Justice Advantage of the stronger Giving what people deserve Advantage for another

Sophists and Socrates

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SOCRATES
469-399 BC, a sophist 1 of the 3 Giant Philosophers I know that I know nothing Idea goodness (summum bonum) Know Thyself (Joharis Window) Done market model of instruction Parapathetic Method art of continuous questioning

FREE

BLIND

HIDDEN

UNKNOWN

Sophists and Socrates

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3 GIANT PHILOSOPHERS
SOCRATES PLATO

ARISTOTLE

Sophists and Socrates

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SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES

SUMMARY OF NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. PRODICUS hermeneutics, religious rationality, personification 2. HIPPIAS Hippias Major/Minor, elements of rights

3. THRASYMACHUS Platos Republic, justice

4. SOCRATES goodness (summum bonum), know thyself, parapathetic

Sophists and Socrates

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