Users Guide and Tutorial for: DC SHORT CIRCUIT CLASSICAL & IEC 61660

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION

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Copyright 2004 All Rights Reserved

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EDSA MICRO CORPORATION

WARRANTY INFORMATION

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Table of Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................Page 4 PROGRAM CAPABILITIES ...................................................................................................Page 6 NUMBER OF BATTERIES ....................................................................................................Page 7 NUMBER OF CHARGERS AND DISTRIBUTION PANELS .................................................Page 7 SYSTEM VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS.............................................................................Page 7 DETERMINATION OF BATTERY DUTY CYCLE..................................................................Page 7 BATTERY SIZE (CAPACITY) ................................................................................................Page 8 SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT .......................................................................Page 8 BUS SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION .............................................................Page 8 FEEDER SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION.........................................................................Page 8 RESISTANCE DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................Page 8 INDUCTANCE DIAGRAM......................................................................................................Page 9 IEC DC SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS........................................................................Page 11 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................Page 11 TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................................Page 13 EDSA DC SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES..................................Page 13 REQUIRED DATA FOR PERFORMING DC SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT STUDY ..........Page 13 DC SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS ............................................Page 14 TIME CONSTANT AND RATE OF RISE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT........................Page 14 SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERY.......................................................Page 15 SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER RECTIFIER......................................Page 16 21.1 Power Rectifier..............................................................................................................Page 17 21.2 Synchronous Converter ................................................................................................Page 17 21.3 Double-Wye Rectifier ....................................................................................................Page 18 21.4 Double-Way Rectifier ....................................................................................................Page 19

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22.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS AND MOTORS ..............Page 20 22.1 Generator ......................................................................................................................Page 20 22.2 Motor .............................................................................................................................Page 21 ANSI DC Short Circuit Sample File.......................................................................................Page 23 IEC DC Short Circuit Sample File .........................................................................................Page 27

23. 24.

List of Figures
Figure 1 Typical DC System................................................................................................................................ Page 4 Figure 2 125 V Class 1E DC System Key Diagram............................................................................................. Page 5 Figure 3 125 1E DC System Instrumentation and Alarms ................................................................................... Page 5 Figure 4 Diagram of a Feeder Short Circuit......................................................................................................... Page 9 Figure 5 Resistance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4.................................................................................... Page 9 Figure 6 Inductance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4................................................................................... Page 10 Figure 7 One line Diagram of Figure 4 .............................................................................................................. Page 10

Note:

You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:

DC Short Circuit Analysis

DCSC.pdf

You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:

C:\EDSA2005\Samples\DCSC

DC Short Circuit

Test Files:

DC_sc2, DC_scge, Iec1

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VERSION CONTROL RECORD

Version 1.00 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.50

Date 5/2/89 11/30/92 6/30/93 3/23/94 5/15/94

Description DC System Fault Analysis Add Multiple Sources Add Bus Impedance Add Multiple Type of Rectifiers Add User defined Motors, Generators and Loads. First windows version added time constant. Filename added to report titles. Add custom class type for generators and motors. Add Max SC entry type for batteries. Add feeder impedance multiplier control from Master File. Added option for IEC 61660 Simulation. Implemented the new EDSA title. Added new option for outputting Time Constants and System information modifies the output report. Implemented Long Bus ID and added abbreviation.

1.00.00 2.50.00

3/20/96 1/31/97

4.00.00

02/09/04

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DC POWER SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION

DC auxiliary power systems play an important role in power generating station control, and in providing backup power in emergency situations. Because of its inherent reliability, battery-supplied DC power is the last chance of the electrical source for powering essential services in the event of a failure of the AC power system. The battery supplies emergency power for circuit breaker control, protective relaying, instrumentation, inverters, emergency lighting, communications, annunciators, fault recorders and auxiliary motors. Generally, the DC system includes motors, generators, rectifiers, batteries, electrolytic cells and synchronous converters. A typical DC system consists of three major components: a battery, a charger and a distribution system. Normally, the battery is float-charged by the battery charger; that is, the battery charger supplies all continuous loads connected to the bus and supplies power to the battery to maintain it in a full state of charge. Under normal conditions the battery does not supply any loads, but is held in the fully charged conditions to supply the DC loads if all AC sources to the battery charger are lost.

Figure 1 Typical DC System

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The following diagram has been copied with permission of IEEE Standard Committee.

Figure 2 125 V Class 1E DC System Key Diagram

Figure 3 125 1E DC System Instrumentation and Alarms

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2.

PROGRAM CAPABILITIES

This program is capable of calculating the short circuit values of loop and radial DC systems. It can handle multiple sources of short circuit, contributing loads, and all the present classes of DC motors and generators. It can also handle islanding and user defined motors and generators. This program is user friendly and can be a very powerful tool for professional engineers and designers in short circuit analysis of DC systems. The DC Short Circuit Analysis program can calculate short circuit of batteries, rectifiers, generators, and any combination of these sources of faults. The values of short circuit are calculated for every bus. DC branch current can also be calculated.

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MOTORS CLASS = "MA" No 40C Continuous Open Constant 115 Shunt or compound wound Curve X No 75C 1 Hour Self-closed Adjustable 230 Compound wound CLASS = "MB" No 40C Continuous Open Constant 230-250 Shunt or compound wound Curve Y No 75C 1 Hour Self-closed Adjustable 230 Series CLASS = "MC" No 40 / 50C Nema Open Adjustable 230 Shunt or compound wound CLASS = "MD" Yes 40 and 60C Continuous Forced and Open Adjustable 230-750 Shunt or compound wound

Pole face winding Temp. rise Loading Ventilation Speed Volts, Rated Field Winding

CLASS = "ME" Pole face winding Temp. rise Loading Ventilation Speed Volts, Rated Field Winding

CLASSIFICATION OF DC GENERATORS

Class Pole face winding Temp. rise Loading Ventilation Speed Volts, rated Field winding

CLASS = "GA" No 40 C Continuous Open Constant 120, 125 Shunt or compound wound

CLASS = "GB" No 40/50 C Continuous Open Constant 230-250, 300, 600 Shunt or compound wound 6

CLASS = "GC" Yes 40 C Continuous Forced and open Constant 250 Shunt or compound wound

CLASS = "GD" Yes 40 C Continuous Forced and open Constant 600, 750 Shunt or compound wound March 2004

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3.

NUMBER OF BATTERIES

As a minimum, a separate battery shall be provided for each engineered safety feature (ESF) division to make it independent. In nuclear power stations, for example, in a unit with four reactor protection channels, four batteries should be provided.

4.

NUMBER OF CHARGERS AND DISTRIBUTION PANELS

As a minimum, one battery charger and the corresponding main distribution panels should be provided for each battery. Standby chargers should be considered for increased operating flexibility.

5.

SYSTEM VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS

The nominal voltages of 250, 125, 48 and 24 are generally utilized in station battery systems. The type, rating, cost, availability, and location of the connected equipment should be used to determine which nominal battery voltage is appropriate for a specific application. A 250 V battery is typically used to power motors for emergency pumps, and large inverters. A 125 V battery is typically used for control power for most relay logic circuits, and the closing and tripping of switchgear circuit breakers. A 48 V or 24 V battery is typically used in subsystems, as for example in specialized instrumentations.

6.

DETERMINATION OF BATTERY DUTY CYCLE

The battery duty cycle is the load current versus time demand placed on the battery during the loss of AC power. It generally consists of various loads applied and removed during a defined period of AC power loss. Examples of such loads are:

Switchgear and load center control, tripping, closing, and indicating devices; Inverter (DC to AC) loads; Emergency turbine lube-oil pump; Protective relaying; Fire protection; Annunciators; Turbine-generator excitation breakers and controls; DC emergency lighting; Communications.

The application, removal, and duration of such loads produce a load current profile of the battery known as the battery duty cycle. The duty cycle must be developed during the design of the DC system as per IEEE standard
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485-1983 (5). The system designer must analyze the loads, anticipate at what times they are to be energized, and for how long. The DC requirements can be first tabulated and then charted for easy analysis. For example, the batteries are to supply power to the system for approximately one minute (the time between loss of off-site power and the loading of the local generator) if, after such time, the charger output and the DC loads return to normal. Such a design would be the minimum period meeting the single failure criteria. More often, the overall period of the battery duty cycle is estimated at 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 hours. After the magnitude, the time duration of each component load, and the overall period have been determined, each battery duty cycle should be constructed.

7.

BATTERY SIZE (CAPACITY)

Battery sizing is a process in which the purchaser, using the duty cycle, defines the needs of the system and, with the help of technical information supplied by the vendors, matches the requirements to standard cell designs. In general, the positive-plate design defines the cell type, and the number of plates defines the cell capacity. By varying the number of plates, a vendor is able to offer a variety of standard-size cells. Sizing may be determined by using the procedures outlined in IEEE standard 485-1983 (8).

8.

SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

The sources of short circuit current in direct current systems include motors, generators, rectifiers, batteries, etc. The short circuit characteristics in each case include equivalent circuits to represent the particular source when calculating the current initial rate of rise and the maximum short circuit current.

9.

BUS SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION

The calculation of short circuit current for a bus fault can generally be done by considering each source individually, and then summing up the individual current to find the total short circuit current in the system.

10.

FEEDER SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

A short circuit on a feeder will result in the current from all of the courses flowing together through the system elements. Refering to Fig. 4 for the indicated short circuit location, the current from all three sources must flow through a common feeder from the bus to the short circuit location. The calculation of the short circuit current in this case is performed with the aid of two-system diagrams: an inductance diagram and a resistance diagram.

11.

RESISTANCE DIAGRAM

The resistance diagram for a direct current system is similar to a system one-line diagram and shows all of the system resistances and is shown in Fig. 5. The values for the internal resistances of the sources of the short circuit current are determined on the basis of the short circuit characteristics presented in the preceeding sections. This diagram is used to calculate the maximum short circuit current for a short circuit at any point in the system. The resistances can be combined in parallel, or series, until one equivalent system resistance is determined to represent the system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The total maximum short circuit current is then calculated by using this equivalent system resistance in the following expression:

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IT Where E Req IT

= = = =

E amps Req

System voltage (Volts); Equivalent system resistance (ohms); Total maximum short circuit current (amps).

Figure 4 Diagram of a Feeder Short Circuit Showing The Current Sharing The Path Through The Common Circuit Element.

Figure 5 Resistance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4

12.

INDUCTANCE DIAGRAM

The inductance diagram for the DC system is also similar to a one-line diagram, and shows all the inductances in the system, and is shown in Fig. 6. The inductance values for the sources of short circuit current can be
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determined from the characteristics given in the preceding sections. The inductance diagram can be handled in the same manner as the resistance diagram. The inductances can be combined as parallel, or series, elements until one equivalent inductance is obtained to represent the entire system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The equivalent inductance is then used to calculate the initial rate of rise of the total short circuit current from the expression:
diT dt

= =

E amps per second Leq

Where Leq

Equivalent system inductance (henries).

Figure 6 Inductance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4

Figure 7 One line Diagram of Figure 4

Tc

= =

Time Constant
Leq Sec. Req

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13.

IEC DC SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

The IEC DC short circuit calculation is calculated in accordance with IEC 61660. The EDSA program calculate the: Ik - Quasi steady state short circuit current Ip - Peak short circuit current Tp - Time to peak (ms) T1 - Rise time of the standard approximation function (ms) T2 - Decay time constant of the standard approximation function (ms) For detailed analysis and formulae refer to the standard.

14.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Linville, T. M., "Current and Torque of D-c Machines on Short-circuit," AIEE Transactions, Vol. 65, Part I, pages 394-402;1946. Linville, T. M. and Ward, H. C., Jr., "Solid Short-circuit of D-c Motors and Generators," AIEE Transactions, Vol. 68, Part I, pages 119-124; 1949. McClinton, A. T., Brancato, E. L. and Panoff, Robert. "Transient Characteristics of D-c Motors and Generators," pages 1100-1106. "Maximum Short-circuit of D-c Motors and Generators," AIEE Committee Report, AIEE Transactions, Vol. 69, Part I, pages 146-149; 1950. Darling, A. G.; Linville, T. M., "Rate of Rise of Short-circuit Current of D-c Motors and Generators," AIEE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part III, pages 314-325; 1952. Jensen, L. E., Rettig, C. E.; "Regulation Curves and Transient Current of Double-way and Double-wye Rectifiers," AIEE TP 55-65. Dortort, I. K., "Extended Regulation Curves for Six-phase Double-way and Double-wye Rectifiers," AIEE Transactions, vol. 72, pt. 1, pp. 192-198, 1952/53. "Protection of Electronic Power Converters", AIEE Committee on Electronic Power Converters, AIEE Trans., vol. 69, pt. 2, pp. 818-829, 1950. Herskind, C. C., "Rectifier Fault Current, II," AIEE Trans., vol. 68, pt.1, pp. 243-251; 1949. Dortort, I. K., "Equivalent Machine Constants for Rectifiers," AIEE Trans., vol. 72, pt. 1, pp. 435-438; 1952/53. Dillard, I. K.; Baldwin, C. J., Jr. "Rectifier Arc-back Study on the Analogue Computer," AIEE Trans., vol. 73, pt. 1, p. 198; Jensen, L. E., "Mercury Arc Rectifier D-c Short-circuit Current Transients," DF-53-AD38. Schmidt, A., Jr., "Fault Current in D-c Systems Which Include Rectifiers," DF-86706. IEC 61660 Short Circuit Currents in d.c. Auxiliary Installations in Power Plants and Substations Part 1, 2, and 3

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TUTORIAL
15. TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION

This tutorial illustrates step-by-step instructions for creating a DC system and performing DC short circuit current calculations. The purpose of the tutorial is to familiarize the user with many of the functions of EDSA (i.e. data entry, performing analysis and reporting). Tutorial overview: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. EDSA DC Short Circuit Current Analysis Capabilities Required Data For Performing DC Short Circuit Current Study Start EDSA Define Bus Record Define Branch Record Run DC Short Circuit Current Study and Review and Print Report

16.

EDSA DC SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES

The EDSA DC Short Circuit Analysis program is capable of calculating the short circuit values of a loop and radial DC systems. It can handle multiple sources of short circuit, contributing loads, and all present classes of DC motors, DC generators and rectifiers. The short circuit values are calculated for every bus, and the DC branch current can also be calculated. There may be multiple batteries or generators in a DC distribution system. Each SC bus code (ie. battery, rectifier, generator and DC motor) has its own pick list.

17.

REQUIRED DATA FOR PERFORMING DC SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT STUDY

In order to perform the calculations, the network topology must be defined. The required information are: 1. DC system alignment 2. Cable data: from/to, length, and size 3. Sources of short-circuit current (i.e. battery, rectifier, DC generator and/or DC motor) The network file is made up of three parts: Master information, Nodes and Branches.

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18.

DC SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS

The sources of short circuit current in DC systems include batteries, rectifiers, motors, generators, etc. The short circuit characteristics in each case include equivalent circuits to represent the particular source when calculating the current initial rate of rise and the maximum short circuit current. The calculation of short circuit current for a bus fault can generally be done by considering each source individually, then summing up the individual current to find the total short circuit current in the system. A short circuit on a feeder will result in the current from all of the sourses flowing together through the system elements. The resistance diagram for a DC system is similar to a system one-line diagram and shows all of the system resistances. The resistances can be combined in parallel or series until one equivalent system resistance is determined to represent the system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The total maximum short circuit current is then calculated using this equivalent system resistance in the following expression:

I SC =
Where, E Req = = =

E amps Req

I SC

System voltage (Volts) Equivalent system resistance (Ohms) Total maximum short circuit current (Amps)

The inductance diagram for the DC system is also similar to a one-line diagram, and shows all the inductance in the system. The inductance diagram can be handled in the same manner as the resistance diagram. The inductance can be combined as parallel, or series, elements until one equivalent inductance is obtained to represent the entire system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The equivalent inductance is then used to calculate the initial rate of rise of the total short circuit current from the expression:

diT E = amps per second dt Leq

Where, Leq = Equivalent system inductance (henries)

The time constant is the time after the fault at which the current is equal to 63.2% of the maximum short circuit value. Therefore, the total short circuit current has a value equal to 63.2% at E/Req at a time of Leq/Req seconds after the short circuit occurs. Also, at a time equal to two (2) times the time constants, the short circuit current is equal to approximately 87% of the maximum short circuit current. Therefore, Tc = Time Constant =
Leq Sec. Req

19.

TIME CONSTANT AND RATE OF RISE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

The inductance (LBC) in the equivalent circuit represents the inductance of the conductors connecting the cells.

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RB

LC

Rcir+Rcell

EB

Battery Terminals

The initial maximum rate of rise of the short circuit current is:
EB dI B = amps per sec . dt LBC + LCC

Where,

LCC LBC

= =

Inductance of battery cells connector (Henries) Inductance of battery circuit (Henries)

The inductance (in Henries) is calculated as follows:

L= X X = Henries 2 * PI * Frequency 377(for Freq = 60Hz)

Time Constant: TC =

(LCC+ LBC) Sec. Req

20.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERY

If the user select ANSI standard for the short circuit calculations then the available types of battery are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Custom (IEEE) Max Short Circuit @ Terminal 1 Minute 8 Hour Rating IEC 61660 Model

If Battery type selected is Custom (IEEE) then the battery resistance Rb is calculated from the battery curve in the library in accordance with IEEE 946-1992.

V1 V 2 Rcell = / Np I 2 I1
and Where; V1, V2, I1, I2 are the battery initial voltages and current from the battery library Np is the number of positive plate Nc is the number of cells Rb = Rcell x Nc

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Otherwise; The battery internal resistance (RB) of the battery is determined by the formula: RB Where: RB EB Idc MF = = = = =
EB MF x Idc

Battery internal resistance Battery actual voltage Battery DC rated current in amps Short-circuit current Multiplying Factor

For MF, 10 times the one minute ampere rating (based on IEEE std. 946-1992 Section 7.9.1), 100 times eight-hour-ampere-rating, or the maximum short-circuit current may be used to calculate the battery internal resistance. If custom rating is selected, the battery equivalent R (OHMS) and X (OHMS) can be entered. The total equivalent resistance R eq is equal to:

Req = R Battery + RCell

The maximum short circuit current (IB) is calculated by: IB =
EB amps RB + Rcell

21.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER RECTIFIER

The available types of rectifier are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Custom Max Short Circuit @ Terminal Double-Wye Rectifier Double-Way Rectifier Synchronous Converter Power Rectifier

Power rectifiers are a major source of power for direct current systems in industry. Knowledge of the short circuit characteristics of the power rectifier is essential for engineers who operate and design directcurrent systems that incorporate a rectifier. The material presented here will provide assistance in determining the short circuit characteristics of the power rectifier. For more detailed information refer to the GE Industrial Power System Data book. The determination of rectifier short circuit characteristics (i.e. current-time curve for a bolted fault at the rectifier terminals) is fairly simple, since the AC system (rectifier transformer included) is the controlling factor.

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It is necessary to develop an equivalent circuit to represent the rectifier for short circuit calculations. This rectifier equivalent circuit would have an equivalent resistance and an equivalent inductance that would be used as constants for calculating DC fault current. The equivalent impedance for every type of rectifier is addressed in detail later in this tutorial.

21.1 Power Rectifier The following information are needed to define a Power Rectifier. System Volt: Rated DC Current: Per Unit Z: Rectifier rated voltage Rectifier rated current (Amps) Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known, this value is calculated automatically)

The rectifier Total AC Z (Ohms) is equal to:

Z (ohms) = Zac per unit x 2.3 x Actual Voltage Rectifier Rated DC current

The rectifier equivalent resistance (RR) is calculated as follows:

RR = Zac per unit x Actual Voltage 1.15 x Rectifier Rated DC current

The rectifier equivalent inductance (henries) is equal to:

LR = Actual Voltage 6 x Frequency* IDS

Where, IDS = Rectifier Short-Circuit Current (amps) for bolted fault

IDS = 1.02 x Rectifier Rated DC Current (Idc) Zac per - unit

The rectifier reactance XR = 2*PI*Frequency*LR

21.2 Synchronous Converter The following information is needed to define a Synchronous Converter. System Volt: Rated DC Current: PU Resistance: PU Rate of Rise: Rectifier rated voltage Rectifier rated current (Amps) Rectifier per-unit resistance, used to calculate the rectifier resistance (RR) Current rate of rise, used to calculate the rectifier inductance (Henries)

The synchronous converter resistance (RR) is equal to:

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RR =

PU resistance * Actual Voltage Rectifier Rated DC Current

The synchronous converter inductance (LR) is equal to:

LR = Actual Voltage Rectifier Rated DC Current * PU Rate of Rise (Henries)

The rectifier reactance XR = 2*PI*Frequency*LR

21.3 Double-Wye Rectifier The following information is needed to define a Double-Wye Rectifier. System Volt: Rated DC Current: Per Unit AC Z: AC Resistance: AC Reactance: It should be noted that:
Total AC Z =

Rectifier rated voltage Rectifier rated current (Amps) Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known, this value is calculated automatically) Total AC resistance including rectifier transformer and AC system Total AC reactance including rectifier transformer and AC system

(AC Resistance )2 + (AC Reactance )2

The rectifier Total AC Z (Ohms) is equal to:

Z (ohms) = Zac per - unit x 2.3 x Actual Voltage Rectifier Rated DC current

The short circuit current is calculated in accordance with the methodology of GE Industrial Power Systems Data Book (Section .172) The resistance and reactance constants (K3 & K4) for determining peak fault current factor (K1) are calculated as follows:
K3 = 2 * Circuit Reactance AC Reactance

K4 =

AC Resistance + 2 * Circuit Resistance AC Reactance

The rectifier equivalent inductance (henries) is equal to:

LR = Actual Voltage 6 x Frequency * IDS

Where, IDS = Rectifier Short-Circuit Current (amps) for bolted fault

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IDS =

1.02 x Rectifier Rated DC Current (Idc) Zac per - unit

The rectifier reactance XR = 2*PI*Frequency*LR

21.4 Double-Way Rectifier The following information is needed to define a Double-Way Rectifier. System Volt: Rated DC Current: Per Unit AC Z: Total AC Z: AC Resistance: AC Reactance: It should be noted that:
Total AC Z =

Rectifier rated voltage Rectifier rated current (Amps) Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known this value is calculated automatically) Rectifier AC impedance in Ohms impedance (If Per Unit AC Z is known this value is calculated automatically) Total AC resistance including rectifier transformer and AC system Total AC reactance including rectifier transformer and AC system

(AC Resistance )2 + (AC Reactance )2

The rectifier Total AC Z (ohms) is equal to:

Z (ohms) = Zac per - unit x 0.6 x Actual Voltage Rectifier Rated DC current

The short-circuit current is calculated in accordance with the methodology of GE Industrial Power Systems Data Book (Section .172) The resistance and reactance constants (K3 & K4) for determining peak fault current factor (K1) are calculated as follows:
K3 = Circuit Reactance 2 * AC Reactance

K4 =

AC Resistance + 0.5 * Circuit Resistance AC Reactance

The rectifier equivalent inductance (henries) is equal to:

LR = Actual Voltage 6 x Frequency * IDS

Where, IDS = Rectifier Short-Circuit Current (amps) for bolted fault

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IDS =

1.02 x Rectifier Rated DC Current (Idc) Zac per - unit

The rectifier reactance XR = 2*PI*Frequency*LR

22.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS AND MOTORS

It is not unusual for 15,000 kW of generation and a similar or greater amount of load to be connected to one bus at 600 Volts. Likewise, at 250 Volts, concentrations of several thousand killoWatts of source capacity and a similar amount of load on one bus are not uncommon. The magnitude of the short circuit current available from such concentrations of power is often not fully appreciated. This section presents the fundamental information on the short circuit characteristics of DC motors and generators. Knowledge of these characteristics should provide the practicing engineers a better appreciation of short circuit current. DC motors and generators are probably the most common sources of short circuit current in a DC system. The equivalent circuits used to represent the DC machine during short circuit is calculated in accordance with the methodology of GE Industrial Power Systems Data Book (Section .171). 22.1 Generator The available types of Generator are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. GA 120-125V, No Pole Face Winding GB 230-250V, No Pole Face Winding GC 250V, Pole Face Winding GD 600-750V, Pole Face Winding Custom

The following information are needed to define a generator. Rated Volt: Generator Class: Rated Output Power: Rated Current: Rated Speed: Generator rated voltage Available options are: Type GA, GB, GC, GD, custom Generator rated output in KW Generator rated current in Amps Generator rated speed in RPM

Calculation of Generator Equivalent Resistance: The generator per-unit resistance (Rpu) is obtained by calculating (KW*Rated Speed/100,000). The actual resistance is calculated using the following formula:

RG(Ohms) =

Rated Voltage * Rpu Rated DC Current

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For calculating short circuit current, the resistance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
Rated Voltage = RG * System Voltage
2

RG SC

Calculation of Generator Equivalent Reactance: For Type GA, GC, and GD generator, the armature circuit unsaturated inductance in henries is calculated as follows:
Lgen = 19.1* Cx * Rated Voltage (Henries) 120 * Frequency * Rated DC Current *1000

For Type GA For Type GC & GD Xgen = 2*PI*Frequency*Lgen

Cx = 0.6 Cx = 0.2

For Type GB generator, the inductance in millihenries is based on (KW*Rated Speed/1000). For calculating rate of rise of short-circuit current, the reactance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
Rated Voltage XG SC = Xeq * System Voltage
2

22.2 Motor The available type of Motors are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MA 115V, No Pole Face Winding, Constant Speed MB 230-250V, No Pole Face Winding, Constant Speed MC 230V, No Pole Face Winding, Adjustable Speed MD 250-700V, Pole Face Winding, Adjustable Speed ME 230, No Pole Face Winding, Mill Custom

The following information are needed to define a motor. Rated Voltage: Motor Class: Rated Output Power: Rated Current: Rated Speed: Motor rated voltage Available options are: Type MA, MB, MC, MD, ME, None (custom) Motor rated output in HP Motor rated current in Amps Motor rated speed in RPM

For Type ME DC motors select winding type as Series or Compound winding. Calculation of Motor Equivalent Resistance: The motor per-unit resistance (Rpu) is obtained by calculating (HP*Rated Speed/100,000). The actual resistance is calculated using the following formula:
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RM(Ohms) =

Rated Voltage * Rpu Rated DC Current

For calculating short circuit current, the resistance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
Rated Voltage RM SC = RM * System Voltage
2

Calculation of Motor Equivalent Reactance: For Type MA, and ME motor, the armature circuit unsaturated inductance in henries is calculated as follows:
Lmotor = 19.1 * Cx * Rated Voltage (Henries) 120 * Frequency * Rated DC Current * 1000

For Type MA & ME

Cx = 0.4

Xmotor = 2*PI*Frequency*Lmotor For Type MB and MC motors, the inductance in millihenries is based on HP. For Type MD motors, the inductance in millihenries is based on (HP*Rated Speed/1000). For calculating rate of rise of short-circuit current, the reactance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
Rated Voltage XMSC = XMotor * System Voltage
2

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23.

ANSI DC Short Circuit Sample File

Please go to your EDSA2004\Samples\DCSC folder:

Proceed to open the DC_sc2.axd file:

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Click on the DC Short Circuit Tools icon as shown above. The DC Short Circuit Toolbar will appear (below):

You may choose to run the analysis by cliking the Report Manager icon.

icon. Then to view the report click the

EDSA DC Short Circuit REPORT MANAGER

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v. 4.50.00

The analysis will run and the above screen is displayed. The output results are sent to a file browser, where it can be printed, saved to a file, or sent to the clipboard to be pasted in a word document. From , then Done. The output report is displayed below. the main menu press Clipboard, then

Output Report
EDSA

DC Short Circuit v4.50.00

Project No.: Page : 1 Project Name: Date : 03/09/04 Title : Time : 09:15:019: Drawing No.: Company : Revision No.: Engineer : JobFile Name: DC_SC2 Check by : Scenario : 1: CheckDate: Base kW : 100 Cyc/Sec : 60 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------Abbreviation -----------General -----------#C = Ck = Cd = Cust Cables Per Phase Circuit Number Device Code = Custom Type of Rectifier MF = Multiplying Factor Req = Equivalent Resistance Time Const = Time Constant Xeq = Equivalent Reactance

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Iscmax = Maximum SC Current Bus Device Code -----------------BT = Battary CP = Capacitor GN = Generator MT = Motor RT = Rectifier

Branch Device Code -------------------CB = Circuit Breaker FD = Feeder FU = Fuse SW = Switch

-----------------------

System Information
----------------------Total Number of Nodes Entered: Total Number of Nodes: Total Number of Branches: Number Number Number Number Number Number of of of of of of Active Sources: Inactive Sources: Active Motors: Inactive Motors: Open Switches: Islands: 7 7 6 3 0 1 0 0 1 28 Elements 224 Bytes

Matrix Size: Calculation Methodology:

Classical

-----------------------------------------------------------

DC Faults and Equivalent Impedance of Contributing Sources

-----------------------------------------------------------

Bus Name -----------------------BATT-1A CHARGER GEN-A MOTOR

Resistance Inductance MaxFlt Time Const Rate of Rise Cd mOhms mH Amps mSec Amps/Sec -- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- -----------BT 12.9500 0.000159 19305 0.01229 1570796416 RT 9.3137 0.025871 26842 2.77778 9663158 GN 8.7500 0.300000 28571 34.28572 833333 MT 43.8697 1.354240 5699 30.86957 184605

---------------

Bus

Results

--------------Thevenin Resistance Inductance Sustain Time Const Rate of Rise mOhms mH Amps mSec Amps/Sec ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- -----------5.23727 0.00016 47735 0.0302 1580054144 5.36994 0.00327 46555 0.6097 76357104 7.12718 0.00359 35077 0.5040 69592624 8.01379 0.00333 31196 0.4159 75003112 5.11835 0.00307 48844 0.6005 81338000 20.94339 0.00360 11937 0.1720 69414560 14.00256 0.00334 17854 0.2384 74904192

Bus Name -----------------------BATT-1A CHARGER GEN-A GEN-BUS MAIN-BUS MOTOR MTR-BUS

Cd -BT RT GN MT

--------------------

Branch Results
-------------------Branch Currents in Amps

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Branch Name -----------------------BATT-1A ->MAIN-BUS CHARGER ->MAIN-BUS GEN-BUS ->GEN-A MAIN-BUS->GEN-BUS MAIN-BUS->MTR-BUS MTR-BUS ->MOTOR

Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at BATT-1A CHARGER GEN-A GEN-BUS MAIN-BUS MOTOR MTR-BUS ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------28430 13112 2435 2536 18099 2198 5146 20212 -19713 3645 3786 21633 3317 7250 -5367 -4311 6506 6765 -5951 -723 -1692 -2851 -2290 -425 -443 -3161 6238 14088 -2851 -2290 -425 -443 -3161 6238 -3766 -5367 -4311 6506 -24431 -5951 -723 -1692

As EDSA is using Long Bus ID, you need to Edit, change font size to 7 or 8, or use wide size report. 24. IEC DC Short Circuit Sample File

From the EDSA2004\Samples\DCSC folder open file IEC1.AXD.

By clicking on the DC Short Circuit icon the DC Short circuit tool bar below will appear.

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By clicking on the options icon output and contribution levels.

the following screen is activated. The user can select the Default

By clicking on the report manager icon the user will have the option to display in the report the input data, output results or save to a file by selecting the desired data to be displayed. The square next to each category will change its color from black to red (Black turned off, Red- data to be displayed in the output report). By pressing OK, the analysis will run and the output report is displayed.

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The output report is sent to the clipboard to be pasted in a word document. From the main menu press clipboard, then OK, then Done. If the user selected to save the output report to a file as shown in the screen below

Then by pressing OK, the analysis will run and a message is displayed informing the user that the output file is created.

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