Solar Cell - MPPT

Li ni u
1
Contents
Li ni u ................................................................................................................ 3
Chng 1 ................................................................................................................... 6
TNG QUAN V H THNG PIN MT TRI .................................................... 6
1. Gii thiu v pin mt tri ...................................................................................... 6
1.1. nh ngha. ......................................................................................................... 6
1.2. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri. .................................................................... 7
1.3. ng dng ......................................................................................................... 9
1.4. Tm nng lng mt tri. ................................................................................. 10
1.5. Cch ghp ni cc tm nng lng mt tri. ................................................... 10
a. Phng php ghp ni tip cc tm mdun mt tri........................................... 10
b. Ghp song song cc mun mt tri. .................................................................. 12
c. Hin tng im nng ..................................................................................... 12
2. H thng pin mt tri. ......................................................................................... 13
2.1. H quang in lm vic c lp ....................................................................... 14
a. Thnh phn lu gi nng lng. ......................................................................... 14
b. Cc b bin i bn dn trong h PV. ................................................................. 14
2.2. H quang in lm vic vi li. ..................................................................... 16
a. Yu cu v giao din. .......................................................................................... 16
b. Cc b bin i trong h PV ............................................................................... 17
2.3. Phng php iu khin MPPT. ..................................................................... 19
Chng 2 ................................................................................................................. 22
CC B BIN I BN DN ............................................................................ 22
TRONG H THNG PIN MT TRI LM VIC C LP ........................... 22
1. B bin i DC/DC. ............................................................................................ 22
1.1. Cc loi b bin i DC/DC ............................................................................ 23
a. Mch Buck. .......................................................................................................... 23
b. Mch Buck Boost: B iu khin phng c quy .............................................. 26
1.2. iu khin b bin i DC/DC ........................................................................ 29
a. Mch vng in p phn hi. .............................................................................. 29
b. Phng php iu khin phn hi cng sut. ..................................................... 30
b. Phng php mch vng dng in phn hi ..................................................... 31
2. B bin i DC/AC. ............................................................................................ 31
Chng 3 ................................................................................................................. 33
PHNG PHP D TM IM LM VIC TI U MPPT ............................ 33
1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................................................. 33
2. Nguyn l dung hp ti ....................................................................................... 34
3. Thut ton xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ln nht MPPT ...................... 35
3.1. Phng php nhiu lon v quan st P&O ...................................................... 37
3.2. Phng php in dn gia tng INC ................................................................ 39
3. Phng php iu khin MPPT. ......................................................................... 41
3.1. Phng php iu khin PI .............................................................................. 41
3.2. Phng php iu khin o trc tip tn hiu ra. ............................................. 43
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4. Gii hn ca MPPT. ............................................................................................ 45
Chng 4 ................................................................................................................. 46
B LU GI NNG LNG .............................................................................. 46
1. Cc loi c quy. ................................................................................................... 46
1.1. c quy ch - axit ............................................................................................... 46
1.2. c quy kim ..................................................................................................... 47
2. Cc c tnh ca c quy. ...................................................................................... 47
2.1. Dung lng: (k hiu l C) .............................................................................. 47
2.2. in p ngng thp nht: ............................................................................... 47
2.3. in p h mch: ............................................................................................. 47
3. Ch lm vic ca c quy (xt c quy ch - axit) ............................................. 48
3.1. Np c quy: ....................................................................................................... 48
3.2. c quy phng: ................................................................................................ 48
3.3. Cc ch ca b ngun np c quy ............................................................... 48
3.4. Np vi dng khng i: .................................................................................. 49
3.5. Np vi p khng i ....................................................................................... 49
3.6. Np ni. ............................................................................................................ 50
4. Lgic chuyn trng thi qu trnh np c quy t ng. ....................................... 50
5. Cc s c cn bo v ca c quy ch - axit.......................................................... 51
6. Cc tiu ch la chn c quy. .............................................................................. 51
7. Cc thng s c trng ca c quy Power Sonic nh sau: ................................. 52
7.1. c tnh phng. ............................................................................................... 52
7.2. Cc phng php np cho c quy. ................................................................... 55
Chng 5 ................................................................................................................. 59
TNH TON H THNG PIN MT TRI LM VIC C LP .................... 59
1. Chn pin mt tri ................................................................................................ 59
5.1. Xy dng m hnh pin mt tri ........................................................................ 59
5.2. M phng c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri .................................................. 61
2. Tnh chn b bin i DC/DC ............................................................................ 64
2.1. Tnh chn cun khng L .................................................................................. 64
2.2. Tnh chn t in trong mch .......................................................................... 65
2.3. Chn kho K v it ........................................................................................ 65
3. La chn thut ton MPPT cho h ...................................................................... 65
4. Chn phng php iu khin MPPT. ................................................................ 70
5. Tnh chn c quy ................................................................................................. 72
5.1. Tnh chn dung lng cquy ........................................................................... 72
5.2. Mch np cquy ............................................................................................... 73
6. Tnh chn b bin i DC/AC. ........................................................................... 75
6.1. Tnh chn van ................................................................................................... 75
6.2. Tnh ton thng s b lc u ra. ..................................................................... 76
7. Tnh chn cc mch iu khin trong h thng. ................................................. 76
8. Gii php ngun .................................................................................................. 79
9. S dng Simulink m phng vai tr ca MPPT trong h PV ........................ 81
Kt lun v xut .................................................................................................. 79
Ph lc ..................................................................................................................... 81
Li ni u
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Li ni u

Ngy nay vi tnh hnh dn s v nn cng nghip pht trin khng ngng, nng
lng cng th hin r vai tr quan trng v tr thnh yu t khng th thiu trong cuc
sng. Tuy nhin trong khi nhu cu s dng nng lng ang ngy cng gia tng th cc
ngun nng lng truyn thng c khai thc s dng hng ngy ang dn cn kit v
tr nn khan him. Mt s ngun nng lng ang c s dng nh ngun nguyn liu
ho thch (du m, than ) ang cho thy nhng tc ng xu n mi trng, gy
nhim bu kh quyn nh gy hiu ng nh knh, thng tng ozn, l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn lm tri t m dn ln. Cc kh thi ra t vic t cc nguyn liu ny
gy ra ma axit, gy hi cho mi trng sng ca con ngi. Cn ngun nng lng thu
in (vn cng c coi l mt loi nng lng sch) th cng khng p ng c nhu
cu tiu th in hin nay trong khi tnh trng mc nc trong h cha thng xuyn
xung di mc nc cht. Trc tnh hnh , vn phi tm c nhng ngun nng
lng mi p ng nhu cu s dng nng lng ang ln mnh hng ngy, thay th
nhng ngun nng lng c hi cho mi trng hoc ang cn kit ang tr nn cp
thit, i hi nhiu s quan tm.
So vi nhng ngun nng lng mi ang c khai thc s dng nh nng lng
gi, nng lng ht nhn Nng lng mt tri c coi l mt ngun nng lng r,
v tn, l mt ngun nng lng sch khng gy hi cho mi trng ang thu ht s
quan tm ca rt nhiu nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu v s tr thnh ngun nng lng
tt nht trong tng lai. H thng quang in s dng nng lng mt tri (H pin mt
tri) c nhiu u im nh khng cn nguyn liu, khng gy nhim mi trng, t
phi bo dng, khng gy ting n Hin nay nng lng mt tri c khai thc
v a vo ng dng trong cuc sng cng nh trong cng nghip di nhiu dng v
hnh thc khc nhau, thng thng cp nhit v in.
Mt h pin mt tri s dng nng lng mt tri c bn bao gm 2 loi: H pin
mt tri lm vic c lp v h pin mt tri lm vic vi li. Ty theo iu kin v nhu
cu s dng v v tr a l lp t m h no c ng dng. Trong kh nng ca mnh,
em ch ch trng n nghin cu cc thnh phn trong h thng pin mt tri lm vic c
lp.
Mt h pin mt tri lm vic c lp bao gm: h thng hp th nh sng l cc
tm pin mt tri ni ghp li vi nhau; Cc b bin i in t cng sut DC/DC v
DC/AC v H thng iu tit v lu tr nng lng l cc thit b iu tit sc, bnh c
Li ni u
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quy. Mi mt thnh phn trong h pin mt tri mang nhng nhim v c th ring bit
mang tnh quyt nh n kh nng lm vic hiu qu ca h quang in . B bin i
DC/DC s dng thut ton iu khin tm im cng sut ti u lm tng hiu qu lm
vic ca pin quang in; c quy gip d tr in nng duy tr hot ng cho c h
thng vo ban m hay khi thi tit m u, nhiu my ma, lc cng bc x nh sng
yu khng pht ra in nng; b bin i in nghch lu DC/AC chuyn i dng
in mt chiu t c quy thnh in xoay chiu (110 V, 220 V) cung cp cho cc thit
b in xoay chiu.
n trnh by bao qut c 1 h thng pin mt tri lm vic c lp vi y
cc thnh phn cn thit trong h. Sau n tp trung nghin cu su hn vo ngun
in pin mt tri gm pin mt tri, b DC/DC, phng php v thut ton iu khin
MPPT thy r c tnh lm vic ca pin thay i di tc ng ca nhit thi tit
v so snh nguyn l lm vic, u nhc im, kh nng ng dng ca cc thut ton
iu khin MPPT nhm h pin mt tri c lm vic ti u nht.
n gm c 5 chng vi ni dung tng quan nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri.
Chng 2: Cc b bin i bn dn trong h thng pin mt tri lm vic c lp
Chng 3: Phng php d tm im lm vic ti u MPPT
Chng 4: B lu tr nng lng (c quy)
Chng 5: Tnh ton h thng pin mt tri lm vic c lp
Trong qu trnh thc hin n tt nghip, em cng c c nhng kin thc
c hc v tip thu thm c mt s kin thc v kinh nghim mi v pin mt tri.
Trn tt c l em c hc v rn luyn c phng php lm vic, nghin cu mt
cch ch ng hn, linh hot hn v c bit l phng php lm vic theo nhm. Qu
trnh lm n thc s rt c ch cho em v nhiu mt.
y l kt qu tng kt qu trnh 5 nm hc tp ca em nhng do kinh nghim
thc t ca bn thn cn cha nhiu nn kh trnh khi nhiu thiu st, do cn phi c
s hng dn, gip ca thy gio. Qua y em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy
TRN TRNG MINH cng cc cn b nghin cu trong trung tm Hitech Bch Khoa
H Ni tn tnh ch bo, hng dn v gip em trong sut qu trnh lm n tt
nghip. Em cng xin cm n cc thy c gio trong b mn T ng ho XNCN trng
i Hc Bch Khoa H ni to iu kin cho em hon thnh tt quyn n tt
nghip ny.
H ni, ngy thng nm
Sinh vin thc hin

Li ni u
5

L TH THU LINH

Chng1. Tng quan v h thng pin mt tri
6
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG PIN MT TRI

1. Gii thiu v pin mt tri
1.1. nh ngha.
Pin mt tri cn gi l pin quang in l thit b ng dng hiu ng quang in
trong bn dn (thng gi l hiu ng quang in trong quang dn) to ra dng in
mt chiu t nh sng mt tri. Loi pin mt tri thng dng nht hin nay l loi s
dng Silic tinh th. Tinh th Silic tinh khit l cht bn dn in rt km v cc in t b
giam gi bi lin kt mng, khng c in t t do. Khi b nh sng hay nhit kch
thch, cc in t b bt ra khi lin kt, hay l cc in t tch in m nhy t vng ho
tr ln vng dn v li mt l trng tch in dng trong vng ho tr. Lc ny cht
bn dn mi dn in.
C 3 loi pin mt tri lm t tinh th Silic:
- Mt tinh th hay n tinh th module. n tinh th ny c hiu sut ti 16%. Loi
ny thng t tin do c ct t cc thi hnh ng, cc tm n th ny c cc
mt trng gc ni cc mdule.
- a tinh th lm t cc thi c t Silic nung chy, sau c lm ngui v lm
rn. Loi pin ny thng r hn loi n tinh th, nhng li c hiu sut km hn.
Tuy nhin chng c th to thnh cc tm vung che ph b mt nhiu hn loi
n tinh th b cho hiu sut thp ca n.
- Di Silic to t cc ming phim mng t Silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh
th. Loi ny thng c hiu sut thp nht nhng cng l loi r nht trong cc
loi v khng cn phi ct t thi Silicon.
V bn cht pin quang in l mt it bn dn bao gm hai tm bn dn loi P v
loi N t st cnh nhau, khc ch pin quang in c din tch b mt rng v c lp N
cc mng nh sng c th truyn qua. Trn b mt ca pin quang in c mt lp
chng phn x v khi chiu nh sng vo pin quang in, s c mt phn nh sng b hp
th khi truyn qua lp N v mt phn nh sng s b phn x ngc li cn mt phn nh
sng s n c lp chuyn tip, ni c cc cp electron v l trng nm trong in
trng ca b mt gii hn. Vi cc bc sng thch hp s truyn cho electron mt nng
lng ln thot khi lin kt. Khi thot khi lin kt, di tc dng ca in
trng, electron s b ko v pha bn dn loi N, cn l trng b ko v pha bn dn loi
P. Khi nu ni hai cc vo hai phn bn dn loi N v P s o c mt hiu in th.
7
Gi tr ca hiu in th ny ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht lm bn dn v tp cht
c hp ph.

1.2. c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri.
c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri th hin qua hai thng s l in p h mch
ln nht VOC lc dng ra bng 0 v Dng in ngn mch ISC khi in p ra bng 0. Cng
sut ca pin c tnh theo cng thc:
P = I.U (1-1)
Ti im lm vic U = UOC/ I = 0 v U = 0 / I = ISC , Cng sut lm vic ca pin
cng c gi tr bng 0.

Hnh 1.1. ng c tnh lm vic U I ca pin mt tri

Hnh 1.2. S tng ng ca pin mt tri
T s tng ng, ta c phng trnh c trng sng von ampe ca pin nh
sau:
h s
s kT
) IRs v .( q
01 sc
R
) IR V (
1 e I I I
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+

(1-2)
Trong :
Isc l dng quang in (dng ngn mch khi khng c Rs v Rsh) (A/m
2
)
+
-
u
I
D
I

sh
I

sh
R
s
R I
UOC
ISC
MPPT
IPV
UPV
uMPP, iMPP
8
I01 l dng bo ha (A/m
2
)
q l in tch ca in t (C) = 1,6.10
-19
k l h s Boltzman = 1,38.10
-23
(J/k)
T l nhit (K)
I, V, Rs, Rsh ln lt l dng in ra, in p ra, in tr Rs v Rsh ca pin trong
mch tng ng hnh 1.2.
* Nhn xt:
- Dng ngn mch Isc t l thun vi cng bc x chiu sng. Nn ng c
tnh V I ca pin mt tri cng ph thuc vo cng bc x chiu sng. mi
tng bc x ch thu c duy nht mt im lm vic V = VMPP c cng sut ln
nht th hin trn hnh v sau. im lm vic c cng sut ln nht c th hin
l im chm en to trn hnh v. (nh ca ng cong c tnh)

Hnh 1.3. S ph thuc ca c trng VA ca pin mt tri
vo cng bc x Mt tri.
- in p h mch Voc ph thuc trc tip vo nhit nn ng c tnh VA ca
pin mt tri cng ph thuc vo nhit ca pin.
9

Hnh 1.4. S ph thuc ca ng c tnh ca pin mt tri vo nhit ca pin
- ton b h PV c th hot ng c mt cch hiu qu th ng c tnh ca
ti cng phi ph hp vi im MPP.

Hnh 1.5. ng c tnh ti v c tnh ca pin mt tri
Trn hnh v 1.5 ng OA v OB l nhng ng c tnh ti. Nu ti c mc
trc tip vi dy pin mt tri th ti c ng c tnh l OA. Khi , pin lm vic im
A1 v pht cng sut P1. Cng sut ln nht do phi nng thu c l P2. c th thu
c cng sut P2, cn c mt b iu chnh cng sut lin kt gia dy pin mt tri
v ti.
1.3. ng dng
Pin mt tri c ng dng nhiu ni trn th gii. Chng c bit thch hp
cho cc vng li in khng n c. Pin mt tri c s dng nhiu trong sn xut
cng nh trong i sng. Mt ng dng n gin ca pin mt tri trong cuc sng hng
ngy nh ng h, my tnh Ngoi ra pin mt tri cn c ng dng trong cc thit
10
b vn chuyn nh t, my tnh cm tay, in thoi di ng, thit b bm nc Ngy
nay, nhng ngi nh c gn nhng tm nng lng mt tri trn nc tr thnh ph
bin v c xu hng tng dn trong tng lai.
1.4. Tm nng lng mt tri.
Tm nng lng mt tri c to thnh t nhiu pin mt tri c th gm 36 n
72 pin mt tri mc ni tip vi nhau. Qua nhng tm pin mt tri, nng lng mt tri
c chuyn ho thnh in nng. Mi pin mt tri cung cp mt lng nh nng lng,
nhng nhiu pin c t tri di trn mt din tch ln to nn ngun nng lng ln
hn cc thit b in s dng. Mi tm pin mt tri c cng sut khc nhau nh:
30Wp, 40Wp, 45Wp, 50Wp, 75Wp, 100Wp, 125Wp, 150Wp. in p ca cc tm pin
thng l 12VDC. Cng sut v in p ca h thng tu thuc vo cch ghp ni cc
tm pin li vi nhau. Nhiu tm nng lng mt tri c th ghp ni tip hoc song song
vi nhau to thnh mt dn pin mt tri. t c hiu nng tt nht, nhng tm
nng lng phi lun c phi nng v hng trc tip n mt tri.
Hiu sut thu c in nng t pin mt tri cc vng min vo cc gi trong
ngy l khc nhau, do bc x mt tri trn b mt tri t khng ng u nhau. Hiu
sut ca pin mt tri ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
- Cht liu bn dn lm pin.
- V tr t cc tm panel mt tri
- Thi tit kh hu, ma trong nm.
- Thi gian trong ngy: sng, tra, chiu
Cc tm nng lng mt tri c lp t ngoi tri nn thit k sn xut
m bo c cc thay i ca kh hu, thi tit, ma bo, s n mn ca nc bin, s
oxi ho Tui th ca mi tm pin khong 25 n 30 nm.
1.5. Cch ghp ni cc tm nng lng mt tri.
Nh ta bit cc mun pin mt tri u c cng sut v hiu in th xc nh
t nh sn xut. to ra cng sut v in th theo yu cu th phi ghp ni nhiu tm
mdun li vi nhau. C hai cch ghp c bn:
- Ghp ni tip cc tm moun li s cho in p ra ln hn.
- Ghp song song cc tm mun li s cho dng in ra ln.
Trong thc t phng php ghp hn hp c s dng nhiu hn p ng c
yu cu v in p v dng in.
a. Phng php ghp ni tip cc tm mdun mt tri.

11

(a) (b)
Hnh 1.6. Ghp ni tip hai mun pin mt tri (a)
v ng c trng VA ca cc mun v ca c h (b)

Gi s cc mun u ging ht nhau, c ng c tnh V-A ging ht nhau, cc
thng s dng on mch ISC, th h mch VOC bng nhau. Gi s cng chiu sng
trn cc tm l ng u nhau. Khi ghp ni tip cc tm mun ny ta s c:

I = I1 = I2 = = Ii (1-3)
=
=
n
1 i
i
V V (1-4)

= =
= = =
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i
P IV I . V P (1-5)

= =
= = =
n
1 i
opti opt
n
1 i
opti opt iopt opt
P P , V V , I I (1-6)
Trong :
I, P, V, l dng in, cng sut v hiu in th ca c h.
Ii, Vi, Pi l dng in, cng sut, hiu in th ca mun th i trong h
Iopi, Vopi, Popi l dng in lm vic ti u, in th lm vic ti u, cng sut
lm vic ti u ca cc mun th i trong h
Iop, Vop, Pop l dng in lm vic ti u, in th lm vic ti u, cng sut lm
vic ti u ca h
Khi ti c gi tr 0 < R < , Cc mun lm vic nh cc my pht tng ng. ng
c tnh vn ampe ca h bng tng hnh hc ca hai ng c trng ca mi mun.
12
b. Ghp song song cc mun mt tri.
cch ghp ny, ta cng gi s cc mun u ging ht nhau, c ng c tnh
V-A ging ht nhau, cc thng s dng on mch ISC, th h mch VOC bng nhau. Gi
s cng chiu sng trn cc tm l ng u nhau.

(a) (b)
Hnh1.7. Ghp song song hai mun pin mt tri (a)
v ng c trng VA ca cc mun v ca c h (b)

Khi ta c:
U = U1 = U2 = = Ui (1-7)
=
=
n
1 i
i
I I (1-8)

= =
= = =
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i
P VI I . V P (1-9)

= =
= = =
n
1 i
opti opt
n
1 i
opti opt iopt opt
P P , I I , V V (1-10)
ng c tnh VA ca h cng c suy ra bng cch cng cc gi tr dng in
I ng vi cc gi tr in th V khng i. Trong trng hp ny, cc pin cng lm vic
nh cc my pht in khi ti c gi tr 0 < R < .
c. Hin tng im nng
Xy ra khi ta ghp ni cc mun khng ging nhau, tc l khi cc thng s ISC,
VOC, POPT ca cc mun pin khc nhau. y l hin tng tm pin yu hn (tc l pin
13
km cht lng hn so vi cc pin khc trong dn hoc khi n b che nng trong khi cc
pin khc trong dn vn c chiu sng) s hp th hon ton cng sut in do cc tm
pin kho hn pht ra v lm cho cng sut in mch ngoi bng 0. Phn nng lng
in tm pin yu nhn c t tm pin kho hn s bin thnh nhit, lm nng tm pin
ny ln v c th dn ti h hng. Hin tng im nng ny ch xy ra trn cc pin yu
hn cc pin khc trong h, dn ti s h hng h hay lm gim ng k hiu sut bin i
quang in ca h.
trnh hiu ng im nng ny, khi thit k phi ghp cc tm pin mt tri cng
loi, c cng cc thng s c trng trong mt dn pin mt tri. V tr t dn phi trnh
cc bng che do cy ci, nh ca hay cc vt cn khc trong nhng ngy c nng cng
nh bo v trnh bi bn ph bm ln mt vng no y ca tm pin v c th s dng
cc it bo v.

Hnh 1.8. it ni song song vi mun bo v mun v dn pin mt tri.
Nhn trn hnh v 1.8 ta thy gi s pin Ci l pin yu nht c bo v bng it
phn cc thun chiu vi dng in trong mch mc song song. Trong trng hp h lm
vic bnh thng, cc pin mt tri hot ng iu kin nh nhau th dng trong mch
khng qua it nn khng c tn hao nng lng. Khi c s c xy ra, v mt nguyn
nhn no m pin Ci b che v b tng nhit , in tr ca Ci tng ln, lc ny mt
phn hay ton b dng in s r qua Dit trnh gy h hng cho Ci. Thm ch khi Ci
b hng hon ton th h vn c th tip tc lm vic.
2. H thng pin mt tri.
H pin mt tri (h PV photovoltaic system) nhn chung c chia thnh 2 loi c
bn:
- H PV lm vic c lp
- H PV lm vic vi li
14
H PV c lp thng c s dng nhng vng xa xi ho lnh, ni m li
in khng ko n c. S khi ca h ny nh sau:

Hnh 1.9. S khi h quang in lm vic c lp
Cn trong h PV lm vic vi li, mng li pin mt tri c mc vi li in
qua b bin i m khng cn b d tr nng lng. Trong h ny, b bin i DC/AC
lm vic vi li phi ng b vi li in v tn s v in p.
2.1. H quang in lm vic c lp
H PV lm vic c lp gm c 2 thnh phn chnh l:
- Thnh phn lu gi nng lng.
- Cc b bin i bn dn.
a. Thnh phn lu gi nng lng.
H quang in lm vic c lp cn phi c khu lu gi in nng c th phc
v cho ti trong nhng thi gian thiu nng, nh sng yu hay vo ban m. C nhiu
phng php lu tr nng lng trong h PV. Ph bin nht vn l s dng c quy lu
tr nng lng. c quy cn phi c mt b iu khin np bo v v m bo cho tui
th ca c quy.
b. Cc b bin i bn dn trong h PV.
Cc b bn dn trong h PV gm c b bin i 1 chiu DC/DC v b bin i
DC/AC.
B DC/DC c dng xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ln nht ca pin v
lm n nh ngun in mt chiu ly t pin mt tri cung cp cho ti v c quy. B
bin i DC/DC cn c tc dng iu khin ch np v phng bo v v nng cao
tui th cho c quy. C nhiu loi b bin i DC/DC c s dng nhng ph bin nht
vn l 3 loi l: B tng p Boost, B gim p Buck v B hn hp tng gim Boost
Buck. C 3 loi DC/DC trn u s dng nguyn tc ng m kha in t theo mt chu
k c tnh ton sn t c mc ch s dng. Ty theo mc ch v nhu cu m
b DC/DC c la chn cho thch hp.
MPPT
Pin
mt tri
B bin i
DC/DC
c quy
B bin i
DC/AC
Ti
xoay chiu
Ti 1 chiu
15
Kha in t trong mch DC/DC c iu khin ng ct tng chu k. Mch
iu khin kha in t ny c kt hp vi thut ton xc nh im lm vic ti u
(MPPT maximum power point tracking) m bo cho h quang in c lm vic
hiu qu nht. Mch vng iu khin v thut ton MPPT s c trnh by chi tit
chng 3.
B DC/AC c nhim v chuyn i ngun 1 chiu sang xoay chiu (110 hoc 220
VAC, tn s 50Hz hoc 60 Hz) phc v cho cc thit b xoay chiu. C nhiu kiu b
bin i DC/AC, chng c th lm vic c hai ch l t mt chiu sang xoay chiu v
c ch t xoay chiu sang mt chiu. Nhn chung, b bin i DC/ AC trong h PV
c lp c th lm vic mc in p mt chiu l 12, 24, 48, 96, 120, 240 VDC tu
tng h.
B bin i dng trong h PV c lp c nhng c im sau:
- in p ra hnh Sin.
- in p v tn s nm trong gii hn cho php.
- Bm st c s thay i ca in p vo.
- iu chnh in p ra.
- Hiu qu cao i vi ti nh.
- t to ra sng hi trnh lm h hi n cc thit b in khc nh tivi, trnh gy
tn hao cng sut, lm nng thit b.
- C th chu qu ti trong mt thi gian ngn trong trng hp dng khi ng ln
nh ca my bm
- C bo v qu p, bo v tn s, bo v ngn mch.
- Dung lng c tnh.
- Tn hao khng ti thp
Cc linh kin bn dn c s dng trong b bin i ny l cc MOSFET, IGBT.
MOSFET c s dng vi trng hp cng sut ln ti 5kVA v in p l 96 VDC.
Chng c u im l tn hao cng sut t tn s cao. Do c in p ri l 2 VDC. Cn
IGBT thng ch c s dng trong nhng h c in p trn 96 VDC.
H PV c lp thng s dng b bin i ngun in p 1 pha hoc 3 pha.
B bin i DC/AC c nhiu loi v cch phn bit chng bng dng sng ca
in p u ra. C 3 dng sng chnh l: dng sng Sin, gi sin, v sng vung, sng bc
thang
Dng sng vung, sng bc thang ngy nay khng cn thng dng na, khng cn
ph hp vi cc thit b hin i trong khi gi thnh b bin tn loi sng gi sin v sng
sin ngy cng gim.
B bin tn cho dng sng gi Sin thng phc v cho cc thit b trong nh nh
ti vi, radio, l vi sng Cc thit b iu khin phc tp khc nh b sc pin, ph tng
16
trong ng c thay i tc , my in lase v b iu khin nhit vn c lm vic
khng n nh. B bin i DC/AC dng sng gi Sin l s la chn rt kinh t v c
bit ph hp vi h quang in.
B bin i c dng sng ra hnh Sin ging nh dng sng ca in li nn
tng thch v p ng vi hu ht cc loi ti. B bin i dng sng sin c gi thnh
ln hn b bin i dng gn sin, nhng cht lng in p ca b bin i loi ny l
mt u im ln, thm ch b bin i loi ny cn ph hp vi c cc thit b iu khin
phc tp v c lm vic khng n nh nh b sc pin, ph tng trong ng c thay i
tc , my in lase v b iu khin nhit
Phng php iu khin PWM c s dng gip b bin i to c u ra
c dng Sin.
Cc loi b bin i DC/AC trong h pin mt tri c lp ty tng trng hp c
th c s dng na cu v dng cu 1 pha
Chng 2 s trnh by chi tit v cc b bin i DC/AC ny.
2.2. H quang in lm vic vi li.
y l h PV c kt ni vi li in. H thng ny cho php t duy tr hot
ng ca ti bng ngun nng lng d tr v ng thi cng c th bm phn nng
lng d tha vo li in bn. Khi ngun pin mt tri (hay my pht pin mt tri)
sinh ra nhiu nng lng th ngun nng lng d tha ny s c chuyn vo trong
li in, cn trong nhng iu kin thi tit xu, khng c nng hay my ma, my pht
pin mt tri khng sinh ra nng lng p ng cho ph ti th h s ly in t
li. Do h PV ny c th cn hoc khng cn c quy d tr nng lng. B bin
i trong h ny khng ch gip n nh ngun nng lng to bi ngun pin mt tri m
cn phi m bo ngun in nng ra khi h quang in phi ng b vi li.
H quang in mt tri c th tr thnh mt phn ca li in ln. Cu trc ca
h cn ph thuc vo quy m ca h v c tnh ph ti s dng. Khi h quang in c
mc vi li, ngun cng sut c hai chiu hng. Li s hp th ngun in mt tri
v s cung cp cho cc thit b tiu th khi m h PV khng th sinh ra in vo thi gian
yu nh sng hoc ban m. y l hnh thc ang c khuyn khch pht trin nhiu
ni trn th gii.
a. Yu cu v giao din.
H pin mt tri c ni vi li in u ra ca b ngt ng b cui u ra
ca b i in. Dng chy cng sut ph thuc vo c hai hng ca im tip ni vi
b ngt. Cc yu cu c bn i vi in p ti im ni l nh sau:
17
- Bin v pha ca in p phi cn bng vi bin v pha ca dng cng sut.
in p c iu khin bng h s bin i my bin p v/hoc gc m b
DC/AC trong h iu khin mch vng kn.
- Phi m bo ng b vi tn s ca li bng cch s dng tn s h lm tn s
chun cho tn s ng m ca b DC/AC.
H PV phi c bo v ngn mch, qu dng, qu p, ni t, chng st v bo
v tch bit
H PV ph thuc vo thi gian chiu sng trong ngy, ph thuc vo c im kh
hu, c bit l thi gian cao im, c tnh ph ti im cao nht.
b. Cc b bin i trong h PV
B bin i gip lin kt nhng tm pin mt tri vi cc phn cn li trong h PV.
N gip bin i ngun in mt chiu sinh ra t pin mt tri thnh ngun xoay chiu
ho vi li. H PV lm vic vi li i hi phc tp trong hot ng, phi c s
ng b vi li v in p, tn s, gc pha. B bin i DC/AC phi to c in p ra
dng sin, phi ng b c v in p, tn s ca li, phi xc nh c im lm
vic c cng sut ln nht ca dy pin mt tri. u vo ca b bin i ny ph thuc
vo in p vo cho n khi xc nh c im MPP trn ng c tnh I V. B bin
i phi iu khin c cc gc pha ca li, v u ra ca b DC/AC ny phi c
iu khin c v in p v tn s. Cc loi b DC/AC thng thng c th c iu
khin bng phng php PWM iu chnh rng xung v hot ng trong tn s t
2kHz n 20 kHz.
B bin i lm vic vi li c phn loi rng ri thnh b bin i ngun p
(VSI) v b bin i ngun dng (CSI). Tu thuc vo s iu khin m b bin i
DC/AC c phn thnh loi b bin i iu khin dng (CCI) hay b bin i iu
khin p (VCI).
Nu b bin i ngun p c mt t in mc song song vi u vo, th b bin
i ngun dng s c mt cun cm mc ni tip vi u vo mt chiu. Trong b bin
i ngun dng CSI, ngun 1 chiu xut hin nh dng mt chiu ca b bin i. Pin
mt tri c th c coi nh mt ngun dng. Hu ht cc b bin i trong h PV l
ngun p, mc d pin mt tri c coi nh mt ngun dng. Cc b bin i ngun
dng thng c dng cho cc ng c ln. B bin i ngun p c dng ph bin
v kt hp vi b bin i ngun p PWM to thnh b bin i dng Sin.
Hnh 1.10 m t b bin i ngun p xoay chiu c mch hnh cu mt pha VSI
c iu khin p v gc pha. Vic chuyn i nng lng t pin mt tri c kt hp
vi vic iu khin gc pha o gia in p bin i v in p li. in p bin i
thng chm pha hn in p li.
18

Hnh 1.10. B bin i ngun dng CSI

Hnh 1.11. B bin i VSI ngun p

Trong hnh 1.11, b bin i ngun p hot ng nh mt b bin i iu khin
dng CSI. Loi ny s dng phng php PWM iu khin dng qua cc phn t tch
cc, linh ng trong mch cp cho li.
C nhiu loi b bin i c s dng cho h PV lm vic vi li, bao gm
nhng loi sau:
B bin i c o dng. (line commutated inverter) Mch gm nhng tiristo
c mc vi li t tr khng v cch ly h vi li v in.
B bin i c t o. (Self commutated inverter) gm cc kho ng ct vi
phng php iu khin PWM
B bin i s dng my bin p tn s cao. dng my bin p tn s cao ~20kHz
- Nhn xt
Nhn chung, c hai loi h quang in: lm vic vi li v lm vic c lp u
c nhng c im ring. H quang in lm vic vi li c cu trc n gin, c nhng
u im v li ch v kinh t ng khuyn khch c p dng rng ri nhng h thng
ny i hi nhiu yu cu phc tp v cn phi l thuc vo trng thi v c im ca
li in v phi ng b vi li v in p, pha v tn s. H PV lm vic c lp c
19
cu trc phc tp v c gi thnh lp t cao hn so vi h lm vic vi li nhng li
c bit thch hp vi nhng vng su vng xa, ni m li in khng ko n c
hoc chi ph a li in v nhng vng ny thm ch cn cao hn c chi ph lp t h
pin mt tri.
V yu cu ca ti l nghin cu v thit k h thng pin mt tri lm vic c
lp nn quyn n ny ch i su vo tm hiu h PV lm vic c lp. Cc thnh phn
trong h thng PV lm vic c lp s ln lt c trnh by chi tit trong nhng
chng tip sau y.
2.3. Phng php iu khin MPPT.
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) l phng php d tm im lm vic c
cng sut ti u ca h thng ngun in pin mt tri qua vic iu khin chu k ng
m kho in t dng trong b DC/DC. Phng php MPPT c s dng rt ph bin
trong h thng pin mt tri lm vic c lp v ang dn c p dng trong h quang
in lm vic vi li.
MPPT bn cht l thit b in t cng sut ghp ni ngun in PV vi ti
khuych i ngun cng sut ra khi ngun pin mt tri khi iu kin lm vic thay i,
v t c th nng cao c hiu sut lm vic ca h. MPPT c ghp ni vi b
bin i DC/DC v mt b iu khin.

Hnh 1.12. B iu khin MPPT trong h thng pin mt tri
B iu khin MPPT c th l b iu khin tng t truyn thng. Tuy nhin,
vic s dng b iu khin s ang ngy cng thnh hnh v n c nhiu u im hn b
iu khin tng t. Th nht l, b iu khin s c th lp trnh c v vy kh nng
thc hin cc thut ton cao cp s d dng hn. N d dng m ho biu thc, v d x =
y x z, hn l thit k mt mch in tng t thc hin cng mt biu thc . Nh l
do ny m vic hiu chnh b iu khin s c thc hin d dng hn nhiu so vi b
iu khin tng t. Mt khc b iu khin s khng b nh hng bi s thay i v
nhit v thi gian v b ny hot ng ri rc, bn ngoi cc thnh phn tuyn tnh. V
vy, b iu khin s c trng thi n nh lu hn. Khng ch c vy, b iu khin
MPPT s khng ph thuc vo dung sai ca cc b phn khc v n thc hin thut ton
20
phn mm, ni m cc thng s c th c gi n nh hoc thay i c. B iu
khin loi ny cho php gim s lng thnh phn v n ch dng mt chp n lm
nhiu nhim v khc nhau. Nhiu b iu khin s c trang b thm b bin i A/D
nhiu ln v ngun to xung PWM, v vy n c th iu khin c nhiu thit b ch
vi mt b iu khin n l.
V nhng u im ca b iu khin s m n s chn phng php iu khin
s cho MPPT. Vic thit k v m phng MPPT s c thc hin chng 3 vi b vi
x l hoc DSP v cc thut ton thc hin.

21

Chng 2. Cc b bin i bn dn trong h thng pin mt tri l m vic c lp
22
Chng 2
CC B BIN I BN DN
TRONG H THNG PIN MT TRI LM VIC C LP

1. B bin i DC/DC.
B bin i DC/DC c s dng rng ri trong ngun in 1 chiu vi mc ch
chuyn i ngun mt chiu khng n nh thnh ngun in mt chiu c th iu khin
c. Trong h thng pin mt tri, b bin i DC/DC c kt hp cht ch vi MPPT.
MPPT s dng b bin i DC/DC iu chnh ngun in p vo ly t ngun pin mt
tri, chuyn i v cung cp in p ln nht ph hp vi ti. Nhn chung b bin i
DC/DC thng bao gm cc phn t c bn l mt kho in t, mt cun cm gi
nng lng, v mt it dn dng.
Cc b bin i DC/DC thng c chia lm 2 loi c cch ly v loi khng
cch ly. Loi cch ly s dng my bin p cch ly v in tn s cao kch thc nh
cch ly ngun in mt chiu u vo vi ngun mt chiu ra v tng hay gim p bng
cch iu chnh h s bin p. Loi ny thng c s dng cho cc ngun cp mt
chiu s dng kho in t. Ph bin nht vn l mch dng cu, na cu v flyback.
Trong nhiu thit b quang in, h thng lm vic vi li thng dng loi c cch ly
v in v nhiu l do an ton. Loi DC/DC khng cch ly khng s dng my bin p
cch ly. Chng lun c dng trong cc b iu khin ng c mt chiu. Cc loi b
bin i DC/DC thng dng trong h PV gm:
- B gim p (buck)
- B tng p (boost)
- B o du in p (buck boost).
- B bin i tng gim p Ck
Vic chn la loi DC/DC no s dng trong h PV cn tu thuc vo yu cu
ca c quy v ti i vi in p ra ca dy panel mt tri.
B gim p buck c th nh c im lm vic c cng sut ti u mi khi in
p vo vt qu in p ra ca b bin i, trng hp ny t thc hin c khi cng
bc x ca nh sng xung thp.
B tng p boost c th nh im lm vic ti u ngay c vi cng nh sng
yu. H thng lm vic vi li dng b Boost tng in p ra cp cho ti trc khi
a vo b bin i DC/AC.
B Buck boost va c th tng, va c th gim p.
23
1.1. Cc loi b bin i DC/DC
a. Mch Buck.
Kha K trong mch l nhng kha in t BJT, MOSFET, hay IGBT. Mch Buck c
chc nng gim in p u vo xung thnh in p np c quy. Kha transitor c
ng m vi tn s cao. H s lm vic D ca kha c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t c dng on
on
f . T
T
T
D = = (2-1)

Hnh 2.1. S nguyn l b gim p Buck
Trong thi gian m, kha K thng cho dng i qua, in p mt chiu c np
vo t C2 v cp nng lng cho ti qua cun khng L. Trong thi gian ng, kha K
ng li khng cho dng qua na, nng lng 1 chiu t u vo bng 0. Tuy nhin ti
vn c cung cp y in nh nng lng lu trn cun khng v t in do iot
khp kn mch. Nh vy cun khng v t in c tc dng lu gi nng lng trong thi
gian ngn duy tr mch khi kha K ng.
K
C1
C2
L

V1
V2
24

Hnh 2.2. Dng sng in p v dng in ca mch Buck
Phn tch mch da trn s cn bng nng lng qua chu k ng ct ca kha:
Nng lng cp cho ti trong ton b chu k = nng lng thu t ngun trong thi gian
kha m, v nng lng cp cho ti trong sut thi gian K kha = nng lng ly t cun
khng v t in trong thi gian K kha.
Hay cng c th phn tch da trn phng php sau:
iu kin xc lp, s cn bng nng lng trn cun khng trong thi gian kha
ng m c duy tr.
Do:
dt
dI
. L v
L
L
= (2-2)

nn khi K m (ton):
on out in L
T ). V V ( L . I = A (2-3)
khi K kha (toff):
off out L
T . V L . I = A (2-4)
ton
toff
T
-Vo
Vin-Vo
V1
IL
A IL
IK
ID
t
t
t
t
t
25
Nu cun khng ln, th dng in cm ng bin thin t, gi tr cc i ca
dng in c tnh nh sau:
L 2
1
o max L
I I I A + = (2-5)
Trong : Io l dng ti = Vout/Rti = gi tr trung bnh ca dng in cm ng.
T cc cng thc trn suy ra:
Vout = Vin.D (2-6)
Cng thc (2 6) cho thy in p ra c th iu khin c bng cch iu khin
h s lm vic D thng qua mt mch vng hi tip ly gi tr dng in np c quy lm
chun. H s lm vic c iu khin bng cch phng php iu chnh rng xung
thi gian m ton. Do , b bin i ny cn c bit n nh l b iu ch xung
PWM.
Trong 3 loi b bin i DC/DC trn, b Buck c s dng nhiu trong h thng
pin mt tri nht v nhiu u im ph hp vi cc c im ca h pin mt tri.
B Buck c cu trc n gin nht, d hiu v d thit k nht, b Buck cn
thng c dng np c quy nhng n c nhc im l dng in vo khng lin
tc v kho in t c b tr v tr u vo, v vy cn phi c b lc tt.
Mch Buck thch hp s dng khi in p pin cao hn in p c quy. Dng cng
sut c iu khin bng cch iu chnh chu k ng m ca kha in t. B Buck c
th lm vic lm vic ti im MPP trong hu ht iu kin nhit , cng bc x.
Nhng b ny s khng lm vic chnh xc khi im MPP xung thp hn ngng in
p np c quy di iu kin nhit cao v cng bc x xung thp. V vy
nng cao hiu qu lm vic, c th kt hp b Buck vi thnh phn tng p.
a. Mch Boost

Hnh 2.3. S nguyn l mch Boost
Ging nh b Buck, hot ng ca b Boost c thc hin qua cun khng L.
Chuyn mch K ng m theo chu k. Khi K m cho dng qua (ton) cun khng tch
nng lng, khi K ng (toff) cun khng gii phng nng lng qua it ti ti.
dt
dI
. L V V
L
0 1
= (2-7)
K
C1
C2
L

V1 V0
26
Mch ny tng in p vng khi phng ca c quy ln p ng in p ra. Khi
kha K m, cun cm c ni vi ngun 1 chiu. Kha K ng, dng in cm ng
chy vo ti qua it. Vi h s lm vic D ca kha K, in p ra c tnh theo:
D 1
V
V
in
out
= (2-8)
Vi phng php ny cng c th iu chnh Ton trong ch dn lin tc iu
chnh in p vo V1 im cng sut cc i theo th ca ti Vo.

Hnh 2.4. Dng sng dng in ca mch Boost

b. Mch Buck Boost: B iu khin phng c quy

Hnh 2.5. S nguyn l mch Buck Boost
T cng thc (2-8): Do D < 1 nn in p ra lun ln hn in p vo. V vy
mch Boost ch c th tng p trong khi mch Buck trnh by trn th ch c th
gim in p vo. Kt hp c hai mch ny vi nhau to thnh mch Buck Boost va
c th tng v gim in p vo.
L
C

V0
K
V1
27
Khi kha ng, in p vo t ln in cm, lm dng in trong in cm tng
dn theo thi gian. Khi kha ngt, in cm c khuynh hng duy tr dng in qua n s
to in p cm ng iot phn cc thun. Ty vo t l gia thi gian ng kha
v m kha m gi tr in p ra c th nh hn, bng hay ln hn gi tr in p vo.
Trong mi trng hp th du ca in p ra l ngc vi du ca in p vo, do
dng in i qua in cm s gim dn theo thi gian.
Ta c cng thc:
D 1
D V
V
in
out
= (2-9)
Cng thc (2-9) cho thy in p ra c th ln hn hay nh hn in p vo ty
thuc vo h s lm vic D.
Khi D = 0.5 th Vin = Vout
Khi D < 0.5 th Vin > Vout
Khi D > 0.5 th Vin < Vout
Nh vy nguyn tc iu khin in p ra ca c ba b bin i trn u bng cch
iu chnh tn s ng m kha K. Vic s dng b bin i no trong h l ty thuc
vo nhu cu v mc ch s dng.
b. Mch Ck

Hnh 2.6. S nguyn l b bin i Ck
B Ck va c th tng, va c th gim p. Ck dng mt t in lu gi
nng lng v vy dng in vo s lin tc. Mch Ck t gy tn hao trn kho in t
hn v cho hiu qu cao. Nhc im ca Ck l in p ra c cc tnh ngc vi in
p vo nhng b Ck cho c tnh dng ra tt hn do c cun cm t tng ra. Chnh t
u im chnh ny ca Ck (tc l c c tnh dng vo v dng ra tt.
Nguyn l hot ng ca Ck l ch dn lin tc. trng thi n nh, in p
trung bnh ri trn cun cm bng 0, theo nh lut in p Kichp vng mch ngoi
cng hnh v 2.6 ta c:
VC1 = VS + Vo (2-10)
Gi s t C1 c dung lng ln v in p trn t khng gn sng mc d n
lu gi v chuyn mt lng nng lng ln t u vo n u ra.
28
iu kin ban u l khi in p vo c cp v kho SW kho khng cho dng
chy qua. it D phn cc thun, t C1 c np. Hot ng ca mch c chia thnh 2
ch .
Ch 1: Khi kho SW m thng dng, mch nh hnh v 2.7

Hnh 2.7. S mch b Ck khi kho SW m thng dng.
in p trn t C1 lm it D phn cc ngc v it kho. T C1 phng sang ti
qua ng SW, C2, Rti, v L2. Cun cm ln nn gi thit rng dng in trn cun
cm khng gn sng. V vy ta c mi quan h sau:
- IC1 = IL2 (2-11)
Ch 2: Khi SW kho ngn khng cho dng chy qua, mch c dng nh hnh
v sau:

Hnh 2.8. S mch Ck khi kho SW ng
T C1 c np t ngun vo VS qua cun cm L1. Nng lng lu trn cun cm
L2 c chuyn sang ti qua ng D, C2, v Rti. V vy ta c:
IC1 = IL2 (2-12)
hot ng theo chu k, dng in trung bnh ca t l 0. Nn ta c:
0 T ) D 1 .( I DT . I
off SW
1 C
on SW
1 C
= +
(2-13)
-IL2.DT + IL1.(1 D)T = 0 (2-14)
D 1
D
I
I
2 L
1 L
=
(2-15)
Trong : D l t l lm vic ca kho SW (0 < D < 1) v T l chu k ng ct.
Gi s rng y l b bin i l tng, cng sut trung bnh do ngun cung cp
phi bng vi cng sut trung bnh ti hp th c.
Pin = Pout (2-16)
VS.IL1 = Vo.IL2 (2-17)
29
S
o
2 L
1 L
V
V
I
I
= (2-18)
Kt hp cng thc (2 - 15) v (2 18) vo ta c:
D 1
D
V
V
s
o
=
(2-19)
T cng thc (2 19):
- Nu 0 < D < 0,5: u ra nh hn u vo.
- Nu D = 0,5: u ra bng u vo.
- Nu 0,5 < D < 1: u ra ln hn u vo.
T cng thc (2 19) ta thy rng c th iu khin in p ra khi b bin i
DC/DC bng cch iu chnh t l lm vic D ca kho SW.
- Nhn xt:
Nh vy nguyn tc iu khin in p ra ca cc b bin i trn u bng cch
iu chnh tn s ng m kha K. Vic s dng b bin i no trong h l ty thuc
vo nhu cu v mc ch s dng.
iu khin tn s ng m ca kha K h t c im lm vic ti u
nht, ta phi dng n thut ton xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ln nht (MPPT)
s c trnh by chi tit chng tip sau.
1.2. iu khin b bin i DC/DC
Cc cch thng dng iu khin b DC/DC l:
a. Mch vng in p phn hi.
B iu khin Rv l b PI . in p ra u cc ca pin c s dng nh mt
bin iu khin cho h. N duy tr im lm vic ca c h st vi im lm vic c cng
sut ln nht bng cch iu chnh in p ca pin ph hp vi in p theo yu cu.
Phng php ny cng c nhng nhc im sau:
- B qua hiu sut ca bc x v nhit ca dy pin mt tri.
- Khng c p dng rng ri cho h thng lu gi in nng.
V vy, phng php iu khin ny ch thch hp di iu kin bc x n
nh, chng hn nh h thng v tinh, v n khng th t ng xc nh im lm vic ti
u khi iu kin nh sng v nhit thay i.
30

Hnh 2.9. Mch vng iu khin in p
b. Phng php iu khin phn hi cng sut.
C th iu khin cng sut ti u bng cch cho o hm dP/dV = 0 trong iu
khin phn hi cng sut. Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng php ny l o v khuch
i cng sut ca ti.
u im ca phng php ny l khng cn quan tm n c tnh lm vic ca
pin. Tuy nhin, phng php ny khuch i cng sut ca ti ch khng phi l cng
sut ra khi ngun pin mt tri.
Mc d mt b bin i c kt hp phng php MPPT c th s cho hiu qu cao
trn di rng cc im lm vic, nhng i vi mt b bin i khng tt, ton b cng
sut c th s khng n c ti do s tn tht nng lng. V vy, phng php ny
i hi mt b bin i tht hon ho.
PV DC/DC
Rv
Vin
Vref
MPPT
PWM
-
31
b. Phng php mch vng dng in phn hi

Hnh 2.10. Mch vng dng in phn hi
Ri trong mch iu khin l b PI.
Phng php ny ch p dng vi nhng thut ton MPPT cho i lng iu
khin l dng in.
2. B bin i DC/AC.
H PV c lp thng s dng cc b bin i loi ngun p 1 pha.

Hnh 2.11. B bin i DC/AC1 pha dng na cu (bn tri) v hnh cu (bn phi)
Kha in t S1 v S2 c iu khin chu k ng ct theo mt lut nht nh
to ra in p xoay chiu. in p ri trn mi t l Vdc/2. Lf v Cf c nhim v lc b
cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao ti u ra ca b bin i v to in p xoay chiu c
tn s mong mun. My bin p c nhim v to ra in p xoay chiu ph hp vi yu
cu ca ti, ng thi m nhim vai tr cch ly gia ngun 1 chiu vi ti.
Cc loi b bin i ny c th ngn chn thnh phn dng in sng hi v iu
chnh h s cng sut nng cao cht lng in
u im:. B bin i DC/AC 1 pha dng na cu c s kha in t t hn 1 na
so vi b bin i DC/AC 1 pha hnh cu nn c cu trc n gin v r hn.
PV DC/DC
Ri
I
Iref
MPPT
PWM
-
32
Cu trc b bin i DC-AC dng bin p thng thng c nhc im, do s
dng bin p thng thng nn kch thc thng ln, tn hao trn bin p kh ln,
v hin ti gi thnh bin p cng khng nh.

Hnh 2.12. S cu trc b nghch lu kiu Full-bridge

Hnh 2.13. a) S cu trc b nghch lu kiu Half-bridge
Chng 3. Phng php d tm im l m vic ti u MPPT
33
Chng 3
PHNG PHP D TM IM LM VIC TI U MPPT

1. Gii thiu chung
Khi mt tm PV c mc trc tip vo mt ti, im lm vic ca tm PV s
l giao im gia ng c tnh lm vic I V v ng c tnh I V ca ti. Gi s
nu ti l thun tr th ng c tnh ti l mt ng thng tp vi dc l 1/Rti.

Hnh 3.1. V d tm pin mt tri c mc trc tip vi mt
ti thun tr c th thay i gi tr in tr c.

Hnh 3.2. ng c tnh lm vic ca pin v ca ti thun tr
c gi tr in tr thay i c
Ni cch khc, tr khng ca ti bm theo iu kin lm vic ca pin. Ni chung,
im lm vic him khi ng ti v tr c cng sut ln nht, v vy n s khng sinh ra
cng sut ln nht. Mng ngun pin mt tri thng b qu ti khi phi b cho mt lng
cng sut thp vo thi gian nh sng yu ko di nh trong ma ng. S khng thch
ng gia ti v cc tm pin mt tri thng lm cho ngun pin mt tri b qu ti v gy
ra tn hao trong ton h thng. gii quyt vn ny, phng php MPPT c s
34
dng duy tr im lm vic ca ngun in pin ti ng im c cng sut ln nht
MPP. Phng php MPPT c th xc nh chnh xc n 97% im MPP.
Chng ny cp n c tnh lm vic I V ca moun pin mt tri v ti, s
tng thch ca c ti v pin, phng php iu khin MPPT; vic p dng thut ton
MPPT iu khin b bin i DC/DC trong h thng v gii hn ca phng php
MPPT.
2. Nguyn l dung hp ti
Nh ni trn, khi PV c mc trc tip vi mt ti, im lm vic ca PV s
do c tnh ti xc nh. in tr ti c xc nh nh sau:
o
o
tai
I
V
R =
(3 1)
Trong : Vo l in p ra, Io l dng in ra.
Ti ln nht ca PV c xc nh nh sau:
MPP
MPP
opt
I
V
R =
(3 2)
Trong : VMPP v IMPP l in p v dng in cc i. Khi gi tr ca ti ln nht
khp vi gi tr Ropt th cng sut truyn t PV n ti s l cng sut ln nht. Tuy
nhin, iu ny thng c lp v him khi khp vi thc t. Mc ch ca MPPT l
phi hp tr khng ca ti vi tr khng ln nht ca PV.
Di y l v d ca vic dung hp ti s dng mch Boost. T cng thc (2
8):
o in
V ). D 1 ( V = (3-3)
Ta gi s rng y l b bin i l tng, cng sut trung bnh do ngun cung
cp phi bng vi cng sut trung bnh ti hp th c.
Pin = Pout (3 4)
Khi :
in
o
o
in
V
V
I
I
=
(3 5)
T 2 cng thc (3 3) v (3 5) ta c:
o in
I .
D 1
1
I
= (3 6)
Suy ra:
tai
2
o
o 2
in
in
in
R . ) D 1 (
I
V
. ) D 1 (
I
V
R = = =
(3 7)
35

Hnh 3.3. Tng tr vo Rin c iu chnh bng D
T hnh v 3.3 tr khng do PV to ra l tr khng vo Rin cho b bin i. Bng
cch iu chnh t l lm vic D, gi tr ca Rin c iu chnh gi tr ph hp vi Ropt.
V vy, tr khng ca ti khng cn phi quan tm nhiu min l t l lm vic ca kho
in t trong b bin i c iu chnh ng quy tc hp l.
3. Thut ton xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ln nht MPPT
Nh ni trn, im lm vic c cng sut ln nht MPP nh trn ng c
tnh I V lun thay i di iu kin nhit v cng bc x thay i. Chng hn,
hnh v 3.4 th hin ng c tnh lm vic I V nhng mc cng bc x khc
nhau tng dn cng mt gi tr nhit (25
o
C) v hnh 3.5. th hin cc ng c tnh
lm vic cng mt mc cng bc x nhng vi nhit tng dn.

Hnh 3.4. ng c tnh lm vic ca pin khi cng
bc x thay i cng mt mc nhit
36

Hnh 3.5. c tnh lm vic I V ca pin khi nhit
thay i cng mt mc cng bc x
T hai hnh v ny, ta nhn thy c s dch chuyn in p quan st c v tr
ca im MPP. V vy im MPP cn phi dng thut ton xc nh. Thut ton ny
l trung tm ca b iu khin MPPT.
Thut ton MPPT c coi l mt phn khng th thiu trong h PV, c p
dng vi mong mun nng cao hiu qu s dng ca dy pin mt tri. N c t trong
b iu khin b bin i DC/DC.
Cc thut ton MPPT iu khin ca b bin i DC/DC s dng nhiu tham s,
thng l cc tham s nh dng PV, in p PV, dng ra, in p ra ca b DC/DC. Cc
thut ton ny c so snh da theo cc tiu ch nh hiu qu nh im lm vic c
cng sut ln nht, s lng cm bin s dng, phc tp ca h thng, tc bin
i
Nhn chung c rt nhiu thut ton MPPT c nghin cu v ng dng trn
nhiu h thng. Mt phng php o in p h mch Voc ca cc pin mt tri c 30 giy
mt ln bng cch tch pin mt tri ra khi mch trong mt khong thi gian ngn. Sau
khi ni mch tr li, in p pin c iu chnh ln 76% ca Voc. T l % ny ph thuc
vo loi pin mt tri s dng. Vic thc hin phng php iu khin mch h ny n
gin v t chi ph mc d hiu qu MPPT l thp (t 73% n 91%). Phng php tnh
ton cng c th d on v tr ca im MPP, tuy nhin trong thc t, phng php ny
lm vic khng hiu qu v n khng theo c nhng thay i vt l, tui th ca tm
pin v cc nh hng bn ngoi khc nh bng ca cc vt cn Hn na, mt hc nht
x k o cng bc x c gi thnh rt t.
Cc thut ton s dng phng php iu khin kn mch c th cho hiu qu cao
hn, nn cc thut ton ny c s dng ph bin hn cho MPPT. Trong khun kh ca
37
n ny, em ch phn tch 2 phng php MPPT c ng dng rng ri v tr nn
ph bin, quen thuc v cho c mt s hiu qu lm vic sau y:
Phng php nhiu lon v quan st P&O
Phng php in dn gia tng INC
3.1. Phng php nhiu lon v quan st P&O
y l mt phng php n gin v c s dng thng dng nht nh s n
gin trong thut ton v vic thc hin d dng. Thut ton ny xem xt s tng, gim
in p theo chu k tm c im lm vic c cng sut ln nht. Nu s bin thin
ca in p lm cng sut tng ln th s bin thin tip theo s gi nguyn chiu hng
tng hoc gim. Ngc li, nu s bin thin lm cng sut gim xung th s bin thin
tip theo s c chiu hng thay i ngc li. Khi im lm vic c cng sut ln nht
c xc nh trn ng cong c tnh th s bin thin in p s dao ng xung quanh
(im MPP) im lm vic c cng sut ln nht .

Hnh 3.6. Phng php tm im lm vic cng sut ln nht P&O.
Lu thut ton:
38

Hnh 3.7. Lu thut ton Phng php P&O

S dao ng in p lm tn hao cng sut trong h quang in, c bit nhng
khi iu kin thi tit thay i chm hay n nh. Vn ny c th gii quyt bng cch
iu chnh logic trong thut ton P&O l s so snh cc tham s trong hai chu k trc.
Mt cch khc gii quyt vic hao ht cng sut quanh im MPP l gim bc tnh
bin thin xung, nhng khi iu kin thi tit thay i, thut ton ny s tr nn chm
chp hn trong vic bm theo im MPP v cng sut s b hao ht nhiu hn.
Nh vy, nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l khng tm c chnh xc
im lm vic c cng sut ln nht khi iu kin thi tit thay i.
c im ca phng php ny l phng php c cu trc n gin nht nht v
d thc hin nht, trong trng thi n nh im lm vic s dao ng xung quanh im
MPP, gy hao ht mt phn nng lng. Phng php ny khng ph hp vi iu kin
thi tit thay i thng xuyn v t ngt.
39
3.2. Phng php in dn gia tng INC
y l phng php khc phc nhng nhc im ca phng php P&O trong
trng hp iu kin thi tit thay i t ngt. Phng php ny s dng tng in dn
gia tng ca dy pin mt tri d tm im cng sut ti u. Minh ho trn hnh v 3.8:

Hnh 3.8. Phng php in dn gia tng

Phng php ny c bn da trn c im l: dc ca ng c tnh pin bng
0 ti im MPP, dc ny l dng khi bn tri im MPP, l m khi bn phi im
MPP. Th hin nh sau:
<
>
=
MPP i ph n b , 0 dV / dP
MPP i tr n b , 0 dV / dP
MPP i t , 0 dV / dP

V dP/dV = d(IV)/dV = I + V dI/dV ~ I + V I A / V A nn ta cng c th vit li l:

< A A
> A A
= A A
MPP i ph n b , V / I V / I
MPP i tr n b , V / I V / I
MPP i t , V / I V / I

Bng cch so snh gi tr in dn tc thi (I/V) vi gi tr in dn gia tng
( V / I A A ), Thut ton ny s tm c im lm vic c cng sut ln nht. Ti im
MPP, in p chun Vref = VMPP. Mi khi im MPP c tm ra, hot ng ca pin li
c duy tr im lm vic ny tr khi c s thay i v dng in I A , s thay i ca
dng in I A th hin s thay i ca iu kin thi tit v ca im MPP.
ln ca in dn gia tng s quyt nh nhanh chm trong vic tm ra im
MPP. Tuy nhin khi in dn gia tng ln qu s lm cho h thng hot ng khng
chnh xc ti im MPP v s b dao ng.
u im chnh ca phng php ny l cho kt qu tt nht khi thi tit thay i
nhanh. Phng php ny cng cho dao ng nh nht quanh im MPP hn phng
php P&O. Nhc im ca phng php ny l mch iu khin phc tp. N s dng
40
2 cm bin o gi tr dng in v in p, nn chi ph lp t cao. Tuy nhin ngy
nay vi s xut hin ca nhiu phn mm hay cc b x l lm gi thnh ca h ny
gim i rt nhiu.

Hnh 3.9. Lu thut ton ca phng php in dn gia tng INC

3.1.1. Bng tng kt so snh cc phng php MPPT
Bng 3.1. Bng so snh thut ton MPPT
Thut
ton
MPPT
Chi
ph
Thng
s o
S cm
bin s
dng
Tc
tnh
ton
Mc
phc tp
im
lm vic
tm c
Lu
P&O
Trung
bnh
VPV,
IPV
2 Chm Tng
Dao
ng
quanh
im
MPP
S dng nhiu php
lp; im lm vic dao
ng quanh MPP. Khc
phc bng phng php
iu khin
INC Cao
VPV,
IPV
2 Chm Tng
Ti im
MPP
Cho kt qu tt khi k
thi tit thay i, trnh
41
c dao ng quanh
MPP
3. Phng php iu khin MPPT.
Nh trnh by trn, thut ton MPPT s ra lnh cho b iu khin MPPT phi
lm g iu chnh in p lm vic. Sau nhim v ca b iu khin MPPT l iu
chnh tng gim in p lm vic v duy tr n nh mc in p lm vic ca h ngun
pin mt tri. C 3 phng php ph bin iu khin MPPT.
3.1. Phng php iu khin PI
MPPT s o gi tr in p PV v dng PV, sau da vo thut ton MPPT
(P&O, INC hay cc thut ton MPPT khc) tnh ton gi tr in p quy chiu Vref
nng iu chnh in p lm vic PV ln theo Vref. Nhim v ca thut ton MPPT
ch l nh gi tr in p Vref v vic tnh ton ny s c lp li theo chu k (thng
khong t 1 n 10 ln ly mu trn 1 giy).

Hnh 3.10. S khi phng php iu khin MPPT s dng b b PI
B iu khin t l tch phn PI quy nh in p a vo b bin i DC/DC.
B PI c nhim v b sai lch gia Vref v in p o c bng cch iu chnh h s
ng ct D. PI c tc lm vic nhanh, cho p ng nhanh v n nh. Bn thn b iu
khin PI c cu to t nhng thnh phn tng t Analog, nhng n c lm vic vi
nguyn tc iu khin x l tn hiu s DSP (Processing Signal Digital) v b x l tn
hiu s c th thc hin c nhiu nhim v khc nh xc nh im lm vic c cng
sut ti u v vy s gim c mt s lng thnh phn trong h.
3.1.2. Phng php iu khin trc tip.
42
Phng php iu khin ny n gin hn v ch s dng mt mch vng iu
khin, v n thc hin nhim v iu chnh h s lm vic trong thut ton MPPT. Vic
iu chnh h s lm vic hon ton da trn nguyn l dung hp ti trnh by mc
3.2

Hnh 3.11. S khi ca phng php iu khin trc tip MPPT.
Tng tr ca PV c coi l tng tr vo b bin i. Nhc li cng thc (3 6)
tai
2
o
o 2
in
in
in
R . ) D 1 (
I
V
. ) D 1 (
I
V
R = = =
(3 8)
Trong : D l h s lm vic ca b bin i Boost.
Hnh v 3.12. cho thy vic tng D s lm gim tng tr vo Rin, t in p lm
vic PV s dch sang bn tri (gim i). Tng t khi gim D s lm tng Rin khi in
p lm vic s dch sang phi (tng ln). Thut ton MPPT (P&O, INC, v cc thut ton
khc ) s quyt nh vic dch chuyn in p nh th no.
43

Hnh 3.12. Mi quan h gia tng tr vo ca mch Boost v h s lm vic D
Thi gian p ng ca cc tng cng sut v ngun PV tng i chm (10 50
mili giy tu thuc tng loi ti). Thut ton MPPT thay i h s lm vic D, sau ln
ly mu in p v dng PV tip theo nn c thc hin sau khi h t n trng thi
n nh trnh o phi gi tr ang trng thi chuyn tip. T l ly mu ca phng
php ny thng t 1 n 100 ln trn 1 giy trong khi t l ly mu ca b iu khin PI
thng nhanh hn, v vy phng php iu khin trc tip ny cho bn vng i vi
s thay i t ngt ca ti. Tuy nhin nhn chung p ng ca h thng li chm hn.
Phng php iu khin trc tip c th lm vic n nh i vi cc thit b nh h
thng c trang b c quy v h thng bm nc. V t l ly mu chm nn c th s
dng b vi iu khin gi thnh thp.
3.2. Phng php iu khin o trc tip tn hiu ra.
Phng php ny l phng php c ci tin t phng php iu khin trc
tip trn v c u im l ch cn hai cm bin o in p v dng in ra khi b bin
i. Phng php iu khin bng PI v phng php iu khin trc tip o tn hiu vo
b bin i, c u im l cho php iu khin chnh xc im lm vic ca pin mt tri.
Nhng nhng cm bin vo thng cn phi c nhng cm bin khc o tn hiu ra
trnh trng hp qu in p hay qu dng in ca ti. Nh vy hai phng php trn s
fi cn n 4 cm bin hot ng c tt nht nn chi ph lp t s cao.
44
Phng php iu khin o trc tip ny o s thay i cng sut ca PV u ra
ca b bin i v coi h s lm vic D nh mt bin iu khin. Phng php ny dng
thut ton P&O xc nh im MPP.

Hnh 3.13. Lu thut ton P&O dng trong
phng php iu khin o trc tip tn hiu ra
c th coi D l mt bin iu khin th thut ton P&O phi c ci tin mt
cht nhng v c bn vn l khng i. Thut ton P&O mi ny iu chnh D v o
cng sut ra ca b bin i. Nu cng sut ra ca b bin i DC/DC tng ln, h s lm
vic D cng s tng ln theo, v ngc li nu cng sut ra gim i th D cng s gim
theo. Khi cng sut ra ca b bin i t n gi tr cc i th lc ny PV ang lm vic
im MPP.
Phng php ny ch d dng thc hin m phng vi mt b bin i l tng
cn trong thc t vi b bin i khng phi l tng th khng th m bo rng liu gi
tr cc i ca cng sut ra khi b bin i c tng ng vi im MPP hay khng. Mt
nhc im khc l phng php ny ch c th thc hin vi cc tham s ca thut ton
P&O v hon ton khng p dng cho thut ton INC.
45
4. Gii hn ca MPPT.
Gii hn chnh ca MPPT l khng tc ng g n tn hiu ra trong khi xc nh
im lm vic c cng sut ln nht. N khng th cng mt lc tc ng ln tn hiu vo
v tn hiu ra. V vy, nu h thng cn in p ra n nh th phi s dng n c quy
duy tr in p n nh.
Mt nhc im khc ca MPPT na l: vic xc nh im lm vic c cng sut
ti u s dng li nu nh ti khng th tiu th ht lng cng sut sinh ra. i vi h
PV lm vic c lp c ti b gii hn bi dng v p ln nht th phng php MPPT s
dch chuyn im lm vic ra khi im MPP v gy tn hao cng sut. Vi h ny, vic
xc nh chnh xc dung lng ca ti l rt quan trng c th tn dng c ht dung
lng ca cc pin mt tri. Ngc li, h PV lm vic vi li lun xc nh im lm
vic c cng sut ln nht v nu tha cng sut h thng c th bm vo li in
tng li nhun.
Tuy nhin, hiu sut ca b bin i DC/DC thc t dng trong MPPT khng bao
gi t c 100%. Hiu sut tng ln t phng php MPPT l rt ln nhng h thng
pin mt tri cng cn phi tnh n tn hao cng sut do b bin i DC/DC gy ra. Cng
phi cn nhc gia hiu sut v gi thnh. Vic phn tch tnh kinh t gia h thng pin
mt tri vi cc h thng cung cp in khc cng nh vic tm ra cc cch thc khc
nng cao hiu sut cho h thng pin mt tri (chng hn nh dng my theo di mt tri)
cng l vic lm cn thit.

Chng 4. B lu gi nng lng
46
Chng 4
B LU GI NNG LNG

H quang in lm vic c lp cn phi c khu lu gi in nng c th phc
v cho ti trong nhng thi gian thiu nng, nh sng yu hay vo ban m. C nhiu
phng php lu tr nng lng trong h PV. Ph bin nht vn l s dng c quy lu
tr nng lng. c quy l thit b in ho, tn tr di dng ho nng v khi c ph ti
s dng u ni vo, ho nng c gii phng di dng in nng. B c quy gip lu
gi in nng cha s dng v s cung cp cho b bin i DC/AC trong trng hp kh
hu xu, tri nhiu my, ma khng cung cp nh sng. B c quy cng ng thi
trc tip cung cp in mt chiu cho cc thit b s dng in mt chiu.
Cu to ca c quy gm hai in cc khc nhau t trong dung dch in phn, c
mng ngn cch. Do in th ca mi in cc i vi dung dch khc nhau nn gia hai
in cc c hiu in th, nu ni vi mch ngoi c th sinh ra dng in.
C hai loi c quy thng dng l c quy ch - axit v c quy kim.
1. Cc loi c quy.
1.1. c quy ch - axit
c quy ch - axit c cu to in cc dng l ixit ch PbO2, in cc m l ch
xp Pb, dung dch dng l axit sulfuric H2SO4. Khi ni cc c quy vi mch ti dung
dch s bin i thnh sulfat ch PbSO4.
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca c quy, c nhiu phn ng ho hc xy ra. Trong qu
trnh np, sunfat ch cc dng bin i thnh ch ixit. Cn khi c quy phng ht
in, cc cht tch cc trn in cc dng PbO2 v trn in cc m Pb bin thnh
PbSO4, Cn axit sunfuric H2SO4 bin ht thnh nc.. Trong mt c quy c np n
y dung lng, thng thng dung dch cha khong 36% t trng axit, hay l 25% th
tch, cn li l nc.
T l gia mt axit trong dung dch so vi mt nc gi l t trng c
trng, l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca c quy, xc nh im nhit ho rn
ca dung dch khi c quy phng ht. im nhit ho rn ca dung dch li xc nh
kh nng lm vic ca c quy ti cc mi trng nhit khc nhau. mi trng nhit
cng thp cng yu cu t trng c trng ca c quy phi cao. T trng c trng khi
c quy np y thng trong phm vi 1,250 n 1,280 nhit 27
o
C, ngha l mt
dung dch ln hn nc sch 1,25 n 1,28 ln. Khi c quy phng ht in, t trng c
trng s gim dn v 1. in p nh mc ca mt ngn c quy ch l khong 2,1 V.
47
Loi c quy ny c tui th cao, dung lng ln. c quy ch - axit c s dng
ph bin trong h quang in lm vic c lp v n c gi thnh hp l, tnh tin dng
v kh nng lu gi in nng t vi ting ng h n vi ngy.

1.2. c quy kim
V d loi nikel cadmium, s dng dung dch l KOH, in cc dng l
hyroxit nikel v cc m l cadmium Cd. Khi phng in hyroxit nikel chuyn thnh
Ni(OH)2 v cadmium thnh Cd(OH)2. Mt cht in ly khng thay i, v vy im
ho rn rt thp. Tuy nhin loi c quy ny c gi thnh cao hn loi c quy ch - axit.
in p nh mc ca mt ngn c quy kim l 1,2 V. in p trn cc ngn c quy
kim c gi n nh cho n khi ngn phng in gn ht, khi in p trn ngn s
gim t ngt. c quy nikel cadmium c th chp nhn dng np ln c gi tr bng
dung lng ca c quy v c th c np tip tc lu di vi dng np c gi tr n
1/15 gi tr dung lng ca c quy.
2. Cc c tnh ca c quy.
2.1. Dung lng: (k hiu l C)
Thng c o bng Ampe gi (Ah), xc nh nng lng in m c quy
phng ra vi mt gi tr dng in nht nh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Khong thi gian thng dng xc nh dung lng l 5 gi, 10 gi v 20 gi. Tng
ng c k hiu dung lng l C5, C10, C20. Gi tr dng in o c khi xc nh dung
lng thng bng 10% hoc 20%C
V d: c quy c dung lng C = 100Ah s cung cp cho ti 10A trong 10 h hoc
20A trong 5h
2.2. in p ngng thp nht:
L gi tr in p thp nht cho php trong qu trnh vn hnh c quy, xc nh
dung lng bng khng (c quy phng ht in) ti gi tr dng phng no . Nu
dng phng ln hn th in p c quy s gim n mc thp hn. y l gi tr do nh
sn xut cung cp.
2.3. in p h mch:
in p gia hai cc ca c quy khi khng trong qu trnh phng cng nh qu
trnh np. in p h mch ca c quy ch - axit ph thuc vo nhit , t trng c
trng, thng c gi tr khong 2,1 V. Do t trng ca c quy ph thuc vo dung lng
m c quy ang c. Khi c quy phng in, dung lng gim i nn in p khi h mch
c quy cng gim theo.
48
3. Ch lm vic ca c quy (xt c quy ch - axit)
3.1. Np c quy:
C nhiu ch np c quy khc nhau: Ch np bnh thng, ch np hon
thin v ch np cn bng.
Ch np bnh thng c th bt u bt c lc no, vi dng np no, min l
khng lm cho in p c quy vt qu mc in p sinh hi. Ch np bnh thng
em li 80 n 90% dung lng c quy.
Ch np hon thin bt u khi c quy np gn y, phn ln cc cht tch
cc trong c quy tr v dng ban u ca n. Khi s cn phi tng gi tr in p
np v dng in s suy gim dn v n khng.
Ch np cn bng c s dng theo chu k, sau vi tun n 2 thng, vi mc
ch l lm cho cc ngn c quy c ng u. Ch ny yu cu in p np cao hn
so vi np hon thin v dng in np phi c gi n nh, trong vi gi. Thng
thng, sau khi c quy phng kit cng cn n ch np ny.
3.2. c quy phng:
su phng in: th hin bi t l phn trm nng lng in cp cho ti
bn ngoi so vi dung lng c quy. su phng in, vi mt gi tr dng phng no
, b hn ch bi in p ngng thp nht, thng ch cho php n 15 25% dung
lng c quy.
Mc t phng in: Khi c quy ch h mch dung lng c quy b suy
gim chm do dng r pha cc hoc do cu to ca bn thn trong c quy. Mc t
phng ca c quy tng theo nhit , c th t n 10 n 15%.
3.3. Cc ch ca b ngun np c quy
Gm 3 ch sau y: np vi dng khng i, np vi p khng i v np ni.
La chn ch np no cho c quy cn tu thuc vo mc ch s dng ca c quy
(hot ng thng xuyn theo chu k hay ch hot ng theo nhu cu), tnh kinh t, thi
gian np lai, gi gn tui th ca c quy. Mc ch ca cc phng php np c quy ch
yu l iu kin dng in np cui qu trnh np c quy.

49

Hnh 4.1. Cc ch np c quy

3.4. Np vi dng khng i:
y l ch np bnh thng ca c quy, s a dung lng ca c quy ln 80
n 90% dung lng y. Vi c quy ch - axit dng np thng ly l C/10. Ch ny
c duy tr nu in p c quy trong khong 1,8V<Ub<2,1V. (Khong 1 v khong 7
trn hnh v 4.1).
Ch np vi dng khng i ny cng c p dng trong ch np cn
bng, khi in p trn ngn nh hn 1,8 1,9V. Ch np cn bng thc hin vi dng
ln hn, thng l C/5. Sau ch np cn bng thng chuyn sang ch np bnh
thng vi dng C/10 (Khong s 6 trn hnh v 4.1). Khi in p c quy t n 2,1 V
th chuyn sang ch np vi in p khng i.
Ch np vi dng khng i ny ph hp vi nhng trng hp dung lng
phng ca chu k phng trc c th bit c. Thi gian np v dung lng np c
th d dng tnh ton c. Tuy nhin duy tr c dng in np chnh xc v n
nh th cn phi c mt mch np c gi thnh cao. Vic iu khin in p np hay gii
hn thi gian np l cn thit trnh trng hp np qu.
3.5. Np vi p khng i
Khi in p c quy t n gi tr nh mc 2,1 V chuyn sang ch np vi p
khng i, l qu trnh np hon thin nhm a dung lng ca c quy n 100%. in
p np gi n nh mc cao, t 2,4 n 2,45V. Trong qu trnh ny dng np s gim
v n 0 (Khong 2 trn hnh v 4.1). Khi dng np rt gn 0 chuyn sang ch np
ni.
50
Tu thuc vo tng loi c quy s dng m c th p dng ch np ny mt
cch lin tc hay gin on. Ch np ni lin tc c th c p dng i vi trng
hp cn ngun d tr hot ng khi ngun xoay chiu c th b gin on. Ch np
theo chu k khng lin tc c th p dng i vi cc thit b di ng i hi ch np
khng lin tc thch hp.
C hai phng php np trn u to cho in p n nh v gii hn dng np
ban u ca c quy. c im ny l cn thit xc nh gi tr in p np da trn cc
c tnh np v nhit . Vic xc nh in p np khng chnh xc c th gy ra s c
np qu hoc np thiu. Hai phng php ny u c th s dng cho c thit b d
phng v thit b lm vic theo chu k.
3.6. Np ni.
y thc cht l khng np g m gi in p n nh mc 2,25 2,3 V, thp
hn so vi ch np vi in p khng i. Trong ch ny c quy np no v
khng c ti, dng vo c quy bng 0. in p ca b ngun ch c tc dng b li phn
no dng d ca c quy nu ch khng ti ny tn ti lu di.
Khi c quy mang ti, khong 4 trn hnh v 4.1, nu cui giai on ny c quy
phng gn ht, ch cn 5 n 10% dung lng, th hin in p trn ngn xung di
mc 1,8 1,95 V, phi ngt ti ra khi c quy v sau thc hin np cn bng vi dng
ln bng C/5.
i vi c quy kim, qu trnh xy ra cng tng t, nhng vi cc mc in p
v dng in tng ng khc nhau:
- Np vi dng khng i, ch bnh thng, Ib = C/5, khi 0,8V < Ub < 1,2V.
- Np vi p khng i, ch hon thin, Ub = 1,5 1,6V .
- Np ni, khng ti, Ub = 1,4 1,5V.
- Np cn bng, dng khng i, Ib = C/2 C/1,5.
4. Lgic chuyn trng thi qu trnh np c quy t ng.

51
Hnh 4.2. S chuyn trng thi lgic qu trnh np c quy t ng
Thit b np t ng c 4 trng thi lgic, hai trng thi iu chnh dng khng i
v hai trng thi iu chnh in p khng i. Cc tn hiu o dng c quy Ib v in p
c quy Ub s cho php chuyn t trng thi n sang trng thi kia, nh trn hnh v 4.2.
Nu c quy ang trng thi h mch, Ub2 = 2,3V, m mang ti th hin bi dng c quy
Ib < 0, th thit b s nguyn trng thi cho n khi dng gn bng 0, Ib ~ 0A th s
chuyn sang ch np bnh thng vi Ib1 = C/10 ri t mi chuyn sang ch np
p khng i Ub1 = 2,4 2,45V hoc sang ch np cn bng nu Ub < 1,8V.
Hnh v 4.2 cho thy lgic iu khin b np t ng l lgic trng thi, hay gi l
lgic c nh, ch khng n gin ch l lgic t hp. Mch lgic ny c th thit k nh
mt mch lgic lp trnh c n gin (Programmable Logic Device - PLD) hoc bng
cc IC logic thng thng. Lu rng cc ngng in p a ra trn y phi c th
iu chnh c, ph hp vi cc c tnh do nh sn xut cung cp cho tng loi c quy.
5. Cc s c cn bo v ca c quy ch - axit.
- Np qu:
Nu in p np ca c quy qu cao s dn n dng vo c quy tng mnh sau khi
c quy c np y. S c ny lm nc b phn ly thnh cc electron v lm gim tui
th ca pin. Nu c quy thng xuyn trong tnh trng b np qu y, nhit trong c
quy s tng ln. n mt mc no , dng in vo c quy s nhiu hn v lm nhit
trong c quy tip tc tng ln c th ph hng c quy ch sau vi gi ng h.
- Np thiu
Hin tng np thiu thng xuyn xy ra vi c quy lm vic vi h thng pin mt
tri do thi gian nh sng yu thng din ra trong thi gian di. Nu in p np ca c
quy mc qu thp, dng in vo c quy khng t gi tr cn thit trc khi c quy
c np y s lm d li mt s sunfat ch cc cc c quy, lm gim dung lng ca
c quy, lm gim tui th ca c quy.
- Sunfat ho
Do cc tinh th ch sunfat c bin i thnh ch trong thi gian c quy np, nn
nu sau khi phng ht, c quy lu ngy khng c np li, mt s cc tinh th ch s cn
bm li trn cc tm bn cc. Nhng tinh th ny nh nhng lp cch ly gy tr ngi cho
c quy khi np. y gi l hin tng sunfat ho. Hin tng ny lm dung lng ca c
quy gim v c th lm hng c quy. trnh hin tng ny, c th p dng ch np
cn bng c th lm ti li c quy, to s ng u ca dung dch trong cc ngn ca
c quy.
6. Cc tiu ch la chn c quy.
Vic la chn c quy cho h PV c th da vo nhng tiu ch sau y:
52
- Phng su (phng su khong 70 n 80%)
- Dng in np/phng thp.
- Thi gian np v thi gian phng.
- n nh khi np hay phng.
- Thi gian t phng.
- Tui th
- Yu cu bo tr
- Hiu qu lu gi nng lng.
- Gi thnh thp.
Cc nh sn xut c quy thng ch trng vo s chu k phng np hon chnh
cng nh kh nng phng su ca c quy. Mc d iu ny c th gip tnh ton c
tui th ca c quy (c quy ch - axit) trong cc h thng thng thng nh ngun cp
nng lng lin tc hay cc phng tin s dng in, nhng i vi nhng h nng
lng mi vn c th c nhng tnh ton sai st v tui th ca c quy. Trong h PV, hai
vn thng quyt nh tui th ca c quy l vic np cha y v vic np thp trong
thi gian di ca c quy.
7. Cc thng s c trng ca c quy Power Sonic nh sau:
7.1. c tnh phng.

53
Hnh 4.3. c tnh phng ca c quy PowerSonic
Hnh 4.3 th hin c tnh phng ca c quy vi cc mc phng in v iu
kin nhit khc nhau. ng c tnh phng ny ch ra mt c tnh quan trng ca c
quy Power Sonic l in p c xu hng gi nguyn khng i trong mt khong thi
gian di trc khi gim xung mc in p gii hn.
- in p h mch ca c quy PowerSonic = 2,15V khi np no v gim xung cn
1,94V khi phng hon ton.
- bn v kh nng tch tr in: in tr trong thp v cc bn cc c cu to
bng cc hp kim c bit c tc dng m bo tc t phng in thp, do kh
nng lu tr nng lng ca c quy Sonic rt lu. Nu c m bo nhit 20
o
C,
dung lng ca c quy vn t c 60 n 70% dung lng nh mc sau 1 nm.
Mc t phng in thay i theo nhit mi trng xung quanh: nhit
20
o
C, mc t phng in l 3% mi nm, nhit thp c quy gn nh khng t
phng in v nhit cao th mc t phng in tng ln.
- Bo v phng su: m bo bn, c quy cn phi c ngt khi ti khi in
p ca c quy t n mc in p ngng. Mc in p ngng l mc m ti 100%
dung lng hu dng ca c quy c s dng hay ti vic tip tc phng l v ch
bi khi in p gim xung di mc hu dng.
Vic c quy ch - axit phng di mc in p ngng hay vn ni c quy vi
ti khi in p trn cquy nh s lm gim kh nng np no ca cquy.
Vi c quy Power-Sonic nn dng mch ngt da trn tn hiu p trnh hin
tng phng su.
54

Hnh 4.4. Mch chng hin tng phng in su ca c quy
- Yu cu i vi mch np c quy.
Thng thng, np mt c quy PowerSonic cn mt in p mt chiu c gi
tr cao hn gi tr in p h mch 2,15V. Tu vo cc mc np, gi tr ca pin c th
thp hn hay cao hn 2,15V nhng sau 1 thi gian gi tr in p mi pin nn t 2,15V.
B c quy Power-Sonic c th np bng cch s dng bt k phng php np
thng thng no, tuy nhin t c dung lng v thi gian lu gi nng lng ln
nht th phng php np vi p khng i, gii hn dng in cho nhiu u im hn
c.
Trong thi gian np, ch sunpht bn cc dng chuyn thnh ch oxit. Khi c
quy c np no, bn cc dng to thnh ch ixit lm in p tng t ngt. Nh vy,
mt in p np khng i s cho php pht hin ra lng in p tng v nh vy
iu khin ln gi tr np.
Nu in p np qu cao (np qu), dng in s chy vo c quy gy ra hin
tng phn ly nc cht in phn, t lm gim tui th ca c quy. Khi b np qu
ti, c quy s b nng ln. Khi nhit cao, c quy s nhn dng nhiu hon v cng nng
hn. Hin tng ny gi l khng n nh nhit , v c th ph hu cquy trong vng 1
vi gi sau .
Nu in p np qu thp (np non), dng chy c th b dng li trc khi c quy
c np y dn n ch sunphat vn cn dnh trn cc in cc v lm gim dung
lng ca cquy.

55
7.2. Cc phng php np cho c quy.
Cc phng php np c la chn tu thuc vo mc ch s dng, cn nhc v
tnh kinh t, thi im np li, d on tn sut v su phng in, v thi gian lu tr
mong mun.
Vi c quy Power Sonic, nh sn xut a ra cc phng php np sau:
+ Phng php Taper.
y l phng php n gin nht, t tn km nht. C c tnh in p khng i
v dng in khng i c th c xy dng trong b np nh bin p, it v in tr.
Nhng b np Taper thng thng gm c mt bin p nh, b chnh lu. Bin p c
thit k sao cho dng c hn ch ti gi tr dng np ban u ln nht. Gi tr ny c
gi cho ti khi in p v dng tng yu cu t c im m ti dng np bt u
gim. Mc d phng php np ny c th np tng i nhanh nhng dng khng i
v in p np c th b y ln cao v phng php ny cng nhy vi s thay i in
p li nn rt c th dn n hin tng np qu hay np non.

Hnh 4.5. Mch np dng bn thay i

Hnh 4.6. c tnh np vi dng bn thay i
+ Phng php np vi dng khng i
Phng php ny c p dng khi bit chu k phng trc tnh ton thi
gian np v gi tr np. Phng php ny cn mch phc tp hn c c chnh xc
gi tr dng khng i.
56

Hnh 4.7. Mch np ( trn) v c tnh np ( di) vi dng khng i
Cn phi theo di in p np v thi gian np trnh np qu. Phng php ny
rt hiu qu trong vic phc hi dung lng ca c quy, m rng thi gian tch tr nng
lng hay c th np qu ti t c dung lng ca c quy. Tuy nhin phng php
ny lai thiu nhng c trng ring bit c i hi trong mi trng in t ngy nay.
+ Phng php np p khng i

Hnh 4.8. Mch np p/dng khng i
57

Hnh 4.9. c tnh np p/dng khng i
y l phng php tt nht cho c quy PowerSonic. Tu thuc vo ng dng m
c quy c th c np lin tc hay khng lin tc. Trong trng hp ngun cp in d
phng c yu cu hot ng khi ngun AC b ngt, c quy cn c np ni lin tc.
Np vi chu trnh khng lin tc c s dng vi nhng thit b di ng c, khi
vic np gin on l thch hp nht.
Np dng/p khng i thc cht l p mt in p khng i ln cquy v hn
ch dng in ban u. Cn phi t gi tr in p np theo c tnh np v nhit
c xc nh. in p t khng chnh xc s dn n hin tng np qu hay np non.
Phng php ny c th s dng cho c cquy s dng lin tc v cquy dng d
phng.
Mch np trn hnh 4.8 c s dng thm b b nhit trong qu trnh np
m bo iu kin np ti u bt chp s thay i ca nhit xung quanh.
- Np khi cc b cquy u ni tip.
Cc c quy ch axit l nhng chui gm cc tm 2V ghp ni tip vi nhau, thng
thng l cc loi cquy c 2,3,4 hoc 6 pin. H cquy Power-Sonic c in p ln ti
48V hay ln hn c th c np ni tip mt cch an ton v hiu qu. Tuy nhin khi s
lng cquy mc ni tip tng, dung lng cc cquy c th khc nhau. S khc nhau
ny l do tui th, qu trnh tch tr nng lng, s thay i nhit .
Khi mt b np in p khng i n l c ni vi mt h ni tip in p cao,
dng in qua tt c cc cquy trong h bng nhau. Tu thuc vo cc c tnh ring bit
ca mi b cquy, mt vi b s b np qu no trong khi mt s b cn li khc ang
trong trng thi np hi non. Nu np c quy in p cao theo cch ny trong mt thi
gian ko di, ngi ta khuyn co nn s dng mt b nghch lu in p u vo thp
tng tui th ca c quy v n gin ho cc thnh phn b np.
Nu mt pin c dung lng thp hn cc pin khc, n c th b phn cc ngc
trong qu trnh phng cng vi nhng pin khc k c khi in p tng ca c h ln hn
in p ngng.
58
gim tc hi gy ra do s khc bit gia cquy khc nhau, nn s dung cc
cquy c cng tui th, cng thi gian tch tr nng lng v in p np mi cquy.
- Np khi cc b c quy u song song.
Cc cquy c mc song song vi nhau vi cng mt mc in p. Khi dng
t b np c xu hng c chia u cho tt c cc cquy, v vy cc cquy khng cn
phi ging nhau, nu cc cquy c dung lng khc nhau th dng in np cho cc
cquy s t l vi nhau theo t l dung lng gia cc cquy (thc cht l in tr
trong cc cquy ny t l vi nhau theo dung lng).
Khi mc song song cc cquy c dung lng khc nhau, cn phi m bo rng
dng in np cho mi c quy khng thay i qu nhiu .V vy mi cquy u c mc
ni tip vi mt in tr nh to s phn phi u v dng np.

Chng 5. Tnh ton h thng pin mt tri l m vic c lp
59
Chng 5
TNH TON H THNG PIN MT TRI LM VIC C LP

Nhim v ca n l tnh ton h thng pin mt tri lm vic c lp cung cp
in cho ti c cng sut 1kW, in p 220V, tn s 50Hz.
1. Chn pin mt tri
S dng loi pin mt tri KC50T do hng Kyocera sn xut c nhng thng s c
bn o iu kin tiu chun (1000W/m
2
25
o
C) nh sau:
Pmax = 60.5 W
VMPP = 16,5 V
IMPP = 3,6 A
Voc = 21,06 V
Isc = 3,8 A
Gm Ns = 36 pin mc ni tip
Ta dng 20 tm pin KC50T mc ni tip nhau, khi theo cng thc (1 3), (1
4), (1 5), (1 6) ta c:
IMPP h = IiMPP = 3,6 A
UMPP h = n. Ui MPP = 20. 16,5 = 330 V
Pmax h = n. Pimax = 20.60,5 = 1210 W
Voc h = n.Vioc = 20.21,06 = 421,2 V
Isc h = Iisc = 3,8 A
5.1. Xy dng m hnh pin mt tri
Vic xy dng m hnh cc tm pin mt tri khng c g khc vi vic xy dng
m hnh mt t bo quang in. N s dng cng mt m hnh t bo quang in. Cc
thng s xy dng l nh nhau, ch c thng s in p (VD: in p h mch Voc) l
khc v phi c chia cho s t bo quang in NS mc trong mt mun. V vy, ta s
xy dng m hnh tng ng cho mt t bo quang in v t s suy ra m hnh
ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 5.1. S mch in tng ng ca pin quang in
Chng 5. Thit k v m phng h thng pin mt tri l m vic c lp
60
Mch in tng ng n gin ca mt t bo quang in l mt ngun dng
mc song song vi mt it. Tn hiu ra ca ngun dng t l vi cng nh sng
chiu ln t bo quang in (dng quang in Iph). Trong bng ti, t bo quang in
khng lm vic, n ging nh mt it chng hn nh lp chuyn tip p n. N khng
sinh ra dng cng khng sinh ra p. Tuy nhin, nu n c ni vi mt ngun cp bn
ngoi (in p
ln) th n s to ra dng ID cn gi l dng it hay dng ti. it trong mch quyt
nh c tnh I V ca t bo quang in.
c im:
- Dng bo ho it Io ph thuc vo nhit .
- Dng quang in IL ph thuc vo nhit .
- in tr ni tip Rs to chnh xc gia im lm vic MPP vi in p h
mch. N th hin s tn hao bn trong.
- in tr Shunt Rsh c mc song song vi it th hin c dng r qua it. Gi
tri dng r thng rt nh v c th b qua.
- Cng c th coi h s cht lng it n l bin tham s (thay v phi gi c nh
gi tr 1 hoc 2).
T cng thc (1 2), coi Rsh rt ln nn dng in I c tnh theo cng thc sau:
|
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.
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=
+
1 e I I I
nkT
) IRs v .( q
0 L
(5-1)
S ph thuc vo nhit ca dng quang in IL v dng bo ho ca it Io nh sau:
) 1 T T ( 0 K ) 1 T ( I I
L L
+ = (5-2)
) nom ( G
G
) T ( I ) 1 T ( I
nom , 1 SC L
=
(5-3)
) 1 T 2 T (
) 1 T ( I ) 2 T ( I
0 K
SC SC
=
(5-4)
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=
1 T
1
T
1
nk
) 1 T ( V . q
n
3
O O
q
e
1 T
T
). 1 T ( I I
(5-5)
1 e
I
) 1 T ( I
1 nkT
) 1 T ( qV
) 1 T ( SC
o
oc
=
(5-6)
T trong cc cng thc trn c tnh theo nhit K
in tr Rs th hin gi tr in tr ca cc t bo quang in mc trong mt
module pin:
61
v V
s
x
1
dI
dV
R
oc
=
(5-7)
1 nkT
) 1 T ( qV
O V
oc
e
1 nkT
q
) 1 T ( I X

=
(5-8)
in tr Rsh c coi l rt ln nn s b qua.

5.2. M phng c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri
T s mch in tng ng trn, ta dng phn mm Matlab m phng
c tnh lm vic ca pin KC50T khi nhit thay i t 0 n 75
o
C v cng bc x
thay i t 400 n 1000W/m
2
. Script lp trnh m phng c trnh by phn ph lc.
Kt qu m phng nh sau:

Hnh 5.2. c tnh I V ( trn) v P V ( di) ca pin KC50T
khi cng bc x thay i t 400W/m
2
n 1000W/m
2
Nhn xt:
Khi cng bc x thay i t 400 n 1000 W/m
2
, gi tr Isc tng dn t 0,9A
n 3.8 A v Voc tng dn t 19 n 22V. c tnh lm vic ca pin v im lm vic
MPP cng x dch nhiu thay i r rt khi cng bc x thay i.
Ta c th thy r rng rng khi cng nh sng cng ln th cng sut ra ca
pin cng cng ln theo.
62

Hnh 5.3. c tnh I V ( trn) v P V ( di) ca pin KC50T
khi nhit pin thay i t 0 n 75
o
C
Nhn xt:
Khi nhit pin thay i t 25
o
C n 75
o
C, gi tr Isc tng dn t 3.8 A n 3.92 A
(khong 3%) v Voc gim t 21,5V xung 17 V. c tnh lm vic ca pin v im lm
vic MPP cng x dch nhiu thay i r rt khi cng bc x thay i. Khi nhit
pin cng ln th cng sut ra ca pin cng thp.
- Kim chng m phng bng Simulink

63
Hnh 5.4. Xy dng m hnh ngun in pin mt tri trong Simulink
Kt qu:

Hnh 5.5. Kt qu m phng ng vi T = 25, G = 1 v T = 75, G =1

64

Hnh 5.6. Kt qu m phng ng vi T=75, G = 0,75 v T = 75, G = 0,25
Nhn xt: Kt qu m phng bng Matlab v Simulink u cho kt qu nh nhau
2. Tnh chn b bin i DC/DC
Pin mt tri c coi nh l mt ngun dng bm vo b bin i DC/DC. V
mc ch thit k h thng pin mt tri cung cp cho ti 1000W 220V, 50Hz nn
cn in p 1 chiu a vo b bin i DC/AC l t 340 V n 400V. V vy ta chn b
bin i DC/DC loi Boost (tng p). Chn cc thng s yu cu ca Boost:
in p vo Vin = 300 330 VDC
Dng in vo Iin = 0 n 4A
in p ra Vout = 340 400 VDC
Cng sut ra ln nht Pmax = 1210 W
Tn s ng ct f = 100 kHz

Hnh 5.7. S nguyn l mch tng p Boost

Tnh chn cc thit b trong mch
2.1. Tnh chn cun khng L
Gi tr L ca cun khng ph thuc vo s bin thin ca dng in cm ng. Gi
tr bin thin ny khng ln qu 5% dng in cm ng v gi tr ny thng ch xut
hin khi cng sut l ln nht (PMPP). Khi dng in gn sng bng 5% dng in
IMPP.
6 , 3 . 05 , 0 I . 05 , 0 i
L L
= = A = 0,18A
K
C
L

V1
V0
65
H s lm vic ca kho in t K:
=
=
400
330 400
V
V V
D
0
in 0
0,175
L c tnh theo cng thc:
100000 . 18 , 0
175 , 0 . 330
f . i
D . V
L
L
in
=
A
= = 3,2 mH
2.2. Tnh chn t in trong mch
Vic tnh chn t C ph thuc vo thi gian lu gi nng lng t A . Gi s ta
chn t A = 30 ms. Khi C c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=
A
=

2 2
3
2
(min) 0
2
0
0
340 400
10 . 30 . 1210 . 2
V V
t . P . 2
C 1635,1 F
2.3. Chn kho K v it
Dng qua kho K v it t nht bng vi dng in cc i qua cun cm L.
Do : IK = I = IL = 4 A
in p t ln K v it t nht phi bng in p ra. Nn: UK =U = 400V
Chn loi IGBT (c gn sn it) IXSH20N60AUI c cc thng s sau:

Bng 5.1. Cc thng s ca IGBT IXSH20N60AUI
Icmax Ucemax Pemax Ucemax Uce(th) max Ige mA
40 3 150 600 20 0.5

Chn Dit SW04PCN020 vi cc thng s sau:
Bng 5.2. Cc thng s ca it SW04PCN020
Itbmax(A) Id (A) Ungmax(V)
16 230 400

3. La chn thut ton MPPT cho h
Chng 3 gii thiu 2 thut ton MPPT l P&O v INC. Phn ny s lp trnh
m phng v so snh hai thut ton ny mt cch r rng. V mc ch trong phn ny
ch l m phng so snh hai thut ton nn mi phn m phng ch s dng 1 mdun
pin mu v khng ghp ni vi ti.
Nguyn tc m phng thut ton MPPT l da trn lu thut ton ca hai
phng php. Script lp trnh c trnh by phn ph lc.
66
Ta m phng 2 thut ton MPPT ny vi 2 trng hp cng bc x thay i
theo gi (cc thng s c t ra da trn cc thng k thc t lm v d m phng)
- Ngy nng: cng bc x ln, thi tit n nh
- Ngy nhiu my: cng bc x thp, thi tit thay i t ngt do nhng m
my i qua lm che mt tri.
Kt qu m phng 2 thut ton trong trng hp th nht: ngy nng, thi tit n nh
nh sau:

Hnh 5.8. S thay i cng bc x theo thi gian trong ngy nng nng

67

Hnh 5.9. Kt qu m phng thut ton P&O khi cng bc x
thay i t 400 n 1000W.m
2
p dng cho pin KC50T trong ngy nhiu nng

Hnh 5.10. Kt qu m phng thut ton INC khi cng bc x
thay i t 400 n 1000W/m
2
68
Nhn xt:
Nhn trn hai hnh 5.6 v 5.7 ta thy trong nhng ngy nng, cng bc x thay
i u v chm v khng b my che, MPPT lm vic kh d dng. C hai thut ton u
xc nh v duy tr im lm vic gn vi im MPP v khng thy s khc bit r rt
c hai thut ton ny.
Bng 5.3. Cng sut ln nht ng vi tng cng bc x
Cng bc x (W/m
2
) Pmpp
200 10,3751
400 22,5795
600 35,9114
800 48,2253
1000 60.4527

Trong ngy nhiu my:

Hnh 5.11. Cng bc x thay i theo gi trong nhng ngy nhiu my
69

Hnh 5.12. Kt qu m phng thut ton P&O khi cng bc x
2
p dng cho pin KC50T trong ngy nhiu my

Hnh 5.13. Kt qu m phng thut ton INC khi cng bc x
2
Nhn xt:
70
Do nh hng ca my bay qua bay li che nh nng, thi tit thay i t ngt,
phng php INC th hin u im r rt hn, dao ng quanh im MPP hp v t hn
thut ton P&O.
Do cc thng s th hin s thay i ca cng bc x G vo cc gi trong
ngy c t ra lm gi thit m phng v th hin theo tng gi mt, cc s liu ny
khng phi l s liu thc t nn vic m phng ny ch l tng i v c thc hin
vi mc ch th hin cch thc lm vic ca 2 thut ton MPPT.
4. Chn phng php iu khin MPPT.
Chn phng php iu khin o trc tip tn hiu ra v u im ca n l ch s
dng 2 cm bin v th s gim gi thnh lp t c bit ph hp vi nhng h thng
nh l cn lp t vi chi ph thp. Phng php ny c nhng u th ln nh cho php
phn tch trng thi n nh ca b bin i DC/DC, trong khi vic ny c thc hin
kh phc tp nhng phng php khc, v phng php iu khin ny ch thc hin
nhng ln trch mu in p v dng in trng thi n nh ca chu k. Do , ta s p
dng phng php iu khin ny vi thut ton P&O
Mch vng iu khin c chn l mch vng phn hi in p.

Hnh 5.14. Kt qu m phng phng php iu khin o
trc tip tn hiu ra p dng vi thut ton P&O

71

72

5. Tnh chn c quy
5.1. Tnh chn dung lng cquy
c quy cn phi tch tr nng lng v cung cp cho ti c cng sut l 1000 W.
in p cp cho cquy t b Boost c di t 340 400V, do dng in cquy
cn phi phng ra t nht l:
I =
1000
400
= 2,5A
Dng in cquy cn phi phng ra ln nht l:
I =
1000
340
= 2,94A ~ 3A
Nh vy, Chn thi gian phng cp cho ti ca mt cquy l 1 gi, khi dung
lng ti thiu ca mt cquy s phi l:
C = 1h x 3A = 3 Ah
Ta chn loi c quy Power Sonic c dung lng 4,5Ah.
cquy 2 ch lm vic:
- Ch cho dng phng ln nhng thi gian phng s ngn.
- Ch cho dng phng khng ln nhng thi gian phng s di.
Nu cquy cho dng phng ln m mun c thi gian phng di th dung lng
ca cquy phi tng i ln, khi phi xem xt n thi gian np cho cquy cng s
ko di theo gy mt thi gian, bt tin li v gim hiu qu lm vic ca h thng. Nu
dng phng ca cquy khng ln (bng 0,1C 0,2C) khi thi gian phng s di hn
v khng cn phi chn dung lng ca cquy qu ln.
Do , ta s chn ch dng phng bng 0,1C 0,2C thi gian phng cp
cho ti ca cquy c di hn. Khi , cquy cn phi c dung lng l t C = 15Ah
n C = 30Ah. trnh thi gian np cho cquy qu lu nn ta s chn dung lng
cquy l 15Ah.
Gi thit dng c quy 12 V, in p trn 1 ngn cquy l 2,5V, tch tr c
400V th s ngn cquy cn thit l:
400
2, 5
= 160 ngn.
1 bnh cquy 12V c 6 ngn, vy s bnh cquy cn thit l:
160
6
= 26,66 bnh ~ 27 bnh
Vy tng cng s ngn s dng l: 27 x 6 = 162 ngn
Suy ra in p 1 chiu ln nht ca cquy s l Ud = 2,5 x 162 ngn = 405 V
in p np ni mi ngn l 2,35V
73
Do in p ra khi cquy l 2,35x162 = 380,7 V
Nh vy, b bin i DC/DC cn lm vic cho ra in p t 380,7V n 405V

5.2. Mch np cquy
cquy c np qua 3 giai on (Np vi dng khng i, np vi p khng i
v np ni) c trnh by chng 4 (hnh v 4.1).
Nhc li hnh v:

- Qu trnh np vi dng khng i:
in p np ca 1 ngn cquy t 1,8 n 2,1V, do in p np yu cu ca ton b
cquy trong qu trnh np vi dng khng i s t 291,6 V n 340,2V.
- Qu trnh np vi p khng i:
in p np ca 1 ngn cquy l 2,1 n 2,5V, do in p np yu cu ca ton b
cquy trong qu trnh np vi p khng i l: 340.2V n 405V
- Qu trnh np ni:
in p np vi 1 ngn cquy l 2,35V, do in p np yu cu ca ton b cquy
trong qu trnh np ni l: 380,7V
Nh vy in p ln nht np cho cquy l 405V
in p np bnh thng ca cquy l 380,7V
74

Cu trc ca mch np c quy nh sau:

Hnh 5.16. S mch np cquy
in p vo mch np cquy c ly t in p ra ca pin mt tri t 300V n
330V.
Mch np cquy phi cp in p np cho cquy trong di t 380,7 n 405V
Dng in np cquy l C/10 = 1,5A
Vic tnh ton cho mch np cquy tng t nh vic tnh ton b Boost chnh
- Chn cun khng L2:.
5 , 1 . 05 , 0 I . 05 , 0 i
L L
= = A = 0,075A
H s lm vic ca kho K2 l:
=
=
405
7 , 380 405
V
V V
D
0
in 0
0,06
100000 . 075 , 0
06 , 0 . 330
f . i
D . V
L
L
in
=
A
= = 2,64 mH
- Chn kho K2 v 2:
75
Dng qua kho K v it t nht bng vi dng in cc i qua cun cm L2.
Do : IK = I = IL = 1,5 A
in p t ln K v it t nht phi bng in p ra. Nn: UK =U = 405V

Chn loi IGBT IXSH20N60AUI c cc thng s nh trn:

Chn Dit SW04PCN020 vi cc thng s nh trn
- Chn 2:
Dng qua 2 bng dng phng ln nht ca cquy = 3A
in p t ln 2 bng in p ra: U2 = 405V
Ta cng chn 2 l loi SW04PCN020
6. Tnh chn b bin i DC/AC.
S dng b bin i DC/AC mt pha mch cu.

Hnh 5.17. S b bin i DC/AC mt pha mch cu
6.1. Tnh chn van
- in p ngc t ln mt van c gi tr bng:
Umax van = 405 V
Chn in p lm vic ca van tho mn iu kin
UV > kUv.Umaxvan
Trong : kUv l h s d tr v in p cho van.
Thc t in p vo khng n nh m dao ng v c nhiu yu t nh hng
ngu nhin nn h s d tr in p c ly trong khong 1,7 n 2,2V.
Chn kUv = 1,7 ta c UV > 1,7. 405 = 688,5V
- Lm mt cho van bng phng php dng cnh tn nhit v lm mt t nhin.
Chn loi van IGBT (c gn sn it) IXSH20N60AUI
76
6.2. Tnh ton thng s b lc u ra.
B lc u ra c ngha rt quan trng. N gm 2 phn t L v C c tc dng lc
b cc thnh phn iu ho bcs cao, ch cho php thnh phn sng c bn i qua, do
to in p u ra c dng Sin theo yu cu.
B lc LC thng m bo theo yu cu sau:
- Dng in u ra khi khng ti nh hn 10% gi tr dng in khi y ti.
- Tn s c bn ca b lc gp 10 ln tn s in p u ra.
- St p trn cun cm L khi y ti nh hn 5% gi tr in p nh mc.
Cng thc tnh tn s c bn ca b lc l:
LC 2
1
1 f
t
=
Chn cun cm c gi tr L = 0,5mH
Tn s in p ra l 50Hz, do tn s c bn ca b lc
fr = 10.50 = 500 Hz
Gi tr in dung ca t in C l:
F 64 , 202 10 . 64 , 202
L ) 500 . 2 (
1
C
6
2
= =
t
=

7. Tnh chn cc mch iu khin trong h thng.
Cc kho in t trong h thng (trong mch np cquy v trong b bin i
DC/AC) u s dng IGBT. Ta chn Driver cho cc IGBT ny l mt IC chuyn dng
HCPL-316J, y l loi IC c tch hp kh nng bo v chng bo ha cho IGBT.

Hnh 5.18. IC chuyn dng HCPL-316J

77

Hnh 5.19. S s dng IC HCPL-316J
Cc iu khin ca IGBT c cung cp tn hiu iu khin t u ra Vout qua
in tr Rg, vi mc in p do cc ngun cung cp Vcc2 = 18V v Vee = -5V. Tn hiu
DESAT, c ly t colecto qua it DDESAT qua mt mch lc tn thp bng in tr
100O v t 100pF, a vo chn 14 ca IC. Mc in p chn 14 c theo di
pht hin mc bo ho ca IGBT. Nu in p ny ln hn 7V sau khi c tn hiu iu
khin m IGBT chng t c qu dng in, mch x l lgic kho mm Soft Shutdown
s pht tn hiu kho v t ng tng in tr a n cc iu khin n c 500 O, ln
hn mi ln so vi khi kho, m thng thng.
Tn hiu ra Vout v Fault c iu khin nh s phi hp gia Vin, UVLO v tn
hiu Desat. Mi quan h ny c th hin di bng sau y:
Bng 5.4. Mi quan h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo ca IC HCPL-316J
VIN+ VIN
UVLO
(VCC2 VE)
Tn hiu Desat
t chn 14
Tn hiu ra
Output Fault
VOUT
X X Active X X Low
X X X Yes Low Low
Low X X X X Low
X High X X X Low
High Low Not Active No High High
78

Hnh 5.20. Cu trc trong ca IC HCPL-316J
Cc chn ca IC c miu t nh sau:
VIN+ Tn hiu iu khin vo khng o.
VIN- Tn hiu iu khin vo o.
GND Chn ni t.
RESET Tn hiu vo t li Fault l tn hiu lgic mc thp trong t nht
0,1 s . Tn hiu ny t Fault mc cao v kch hot Vin, iu
khin RESETtng ng v ph thuc vo Vin. RESET khng ph
thuc vo UVLO. Khi Vout mc cao th RESET khng c tc
dng.
FAULT Tn hiu li. Khi in p ri trn Desat > mc in p chun 7V th
tn hiu FAULT s chuyn t mc cao xung mc thp trong vng
5 s . Tn hiu ra li ny s c duy tr cho n khi tn hiu
RESET xung mc thp. y l mt tn hiu cho php kt hp trc
tip vi vi x l thng qua mt bus n.
VLED1+ L ant ca Led1. Chn ny ch dng test cch ly gia tn hiu
vo vi tn hiu ra.
VLED1- L cathod ca Led1. Chn ny phi c ni vi t.
79
VE Chn cp in p vo cc emit ca IGBT.
VLED2+ Ant ca LED2. Chn ny ch dng test cch ly gia tn hiu ra
vi tn hiu vo.
DESAT in p chng bo ha cho IGBT. Nu in p ri trn DESAT ln
hn 7V trong khi IGBT ang lm vic th tn hiu FAULT s
chuyn t trng thi cao xung thp trong vng 5 s
Vcc2 Cung cp ngun in p dng.
Vc c ni trc tip vi Vcc2 hoc qua mt in tr gii hn
dng m.
Vout in p ra cp vo cc iu khin.
Vee in p cp ra.
8. Gii php ngun
Ngun iu khin nhn chung bao gm 4 loi ph bin:
- Ngun 5V: ngun nui vi iu khin, y l ngun cn cht lng cao nht.
- Ngun 15V: Ngun vi sai l ngun i xng thng cp cho Opam.
- Ngun 24V: Ngun ng ct Rle.
- Ngun cp cho cc Driver. Trong n ny, IC iu khin cho van IGBT cn
ngun cch ly l 18V, 0V v -5V.
Trong n, ta s dng in p t cquy to thnh ngun cp cho cc Driver
dng b Buck gim in p t 380,7 n 405V xung cn ngun 24VDC. Sau
dng b bm xung to ra cc mc in p ph hp l 18V, 0V v -5V.

Hnh 5.21. S mch ly in p 24V t acquy
80

Hnh 5.22. S mch bm xung to in p 18V, 0V, -5V cp cho 1 driver
Trong s ny s dng IC IR21531 bm xung. IC ny s dng ngun vo n
nh (24VDC) ngun ra t l vi ngun vo v th IC ny cn gi l ngun iu khin
c nh.

Hnh 5.23. Mi quan h gia gi tr in tr RT v tn s ng ct

Cc thng s ca IC IR21531 ny nh sau:
Bng 5.5. Cc thng s nh mc ca IC IR21531
K hiu Miu t Nh nht Ln nht n v
VB in p cp mc cao -0,3 625
V
VS in p lnh mc cao VB 25 VB + 0,3
VHO in p ra mc cao VS 0,3 VB + 0,3
VLO in p ra mc thp -0,3 VCC + 0,3
81
VRT in p chn RT -0,3 VCC + 0,3
VCT in p chn CT -0,3 VCC + 0,3
ICC Dng cp - 5
mA
IRT Dng vo chn RT -5 5
dVs/dt Tc bin thin in p VS -50 50 V/ns
PD Tn tht cng sut ln nht - 1,0 W
RthJA in tr nhit - 125
O
C/W
TJ Nhit lp tip xc -55 150
O
C
TS Nhit bo qun -55 150
O
C

9. S dng Simulink m phng vai tr ca MPPT trong h PV
Ta thc hin m phng h ngun in pin mt tri dng mch Boost trong 2 trng hp:
- Trng hp mch iu khin khng s dng MPPT
- Trng hp mch iu khin dng thut ton MPPT
Trng hp 1: Trng hp mch iu khin khng s dng MPPT: Ch s dng
mt b to xung iu khin ng ct kho in t trong mch Boost. Th nghim vi
T = 25, G = 1

Hnh 5.24. S m phng h pin mt tri khng s dng MPPT
Kt qu l:

82

Hnh 5.25. ng c tnh lm vic ca pin khi khng c MPPT
Ta thy, khi khng c MPPT iu khin im lm vic ca h thng chy trn
ton b ng c tnh ch khng phi l im c cng sut ln nht nh mong mun.
Trng hp 2: S dng thut ton MPPT iu khin. y MPPT s dng l thut
ton P&O
83

Hnh 5.26. M phng h c s dng MPPT
Kt qu thu c:
84

Hnh 5.27. c tnh lm vic ca pin khi c MPPT iu khin
ng vi G=1, T = 0, 25; 50; 75
85

Hnh 5.28. c tnh lm vic ca pin khi c MPPT
iu khin ng vi T=75, G= 1; 0,75; 0,5; 0,25
Nhn xt: Khi c MPPT iu khin, im lm vic ca h pin mt tri lun c
duy tr dao ng xung quanh im lm vic c cng sut ln nht MPP (y l iu mong
mun). Nhng ng ngon ngho trn hnh v th hin im lm vic b dao ng xung
quanh im MPP.

Kt lun
79
Kt lun v xut

Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, lm vic mt cch nghim tc, em hon thnh
quyn n ny t c mt s mc tiu ra. n trnh by chi tit mt h thng
pin mt tri lm vic c lp vi cu trc y t ngun in pin mt tri, thnh phn
lu gi nng lng, thnh phn iu khin v cc b bin i bn dn dng trong h. Ni
dung n th hin chi tit nguyn l hot ng ca h thng, xy dng m hnh
ngun in pin v m phng tng khu ca h bng phn mm Matlab - Simulink. Kt
qu nghin cu cho thy m hnh PV nu dng mch in tng ng c cu trc phc
tp s cho s tng thch vi ti trong thc t tt.
Vic m phng th hin r rng c s ph thuc ca c tnh lm vic ca
pin mt tri vo s thay i ca nhit v cng bc x nh sng. n m
phng c hai thut ton MPPT p dng cho 2 trng hp thi tit thay i thng gp
trong thc t (ngy nhiu nng v ngy nhiu my) thy r cch thc lm vic cng
nh u, nhc im ca tng phng php. Thut ton INC mc d c nhiu u im
khc phc c nhng nhc im ca thut ton P&O nh cho hiu qu lm vic tt
hn khi iu kin thi tit nhiu my ma, thay i t ngt nhng thut ton ny cng
kh c th cn bng v ch tiu kinh t nhng h thng nh i hi gim chi ph lp t
v thut ton ny ch c th iu khin bng phng php iu khin s dng PI hoc
iu khin trc tip phi cn n 4 cm bin c th lm vic c tt nht.
Do y l ti cn rt mi, kh nng nhn thc cn hn ch nn n vn cn
mt s khu cha hon chnh, cn nhiu vn cn cha c cp n nh: phng
php cp ngun cho b iu khin, mch iu khin tn hiu cho b chuyn i A/D,
mch iu khin cho kho in t trong cc b bin i cng sut. c bit n cn
cha nghin cu c nhiu v mch iu khin phng np cho cquy v y cng l
nhng thnh phn quan trng quyt nh n tnh hiu qu v ng dng tin li ca h
thng pin mt tri. n mi ch m phng c ri rc tng thnh phn trong h thng,
cha th m phng c ton b h thng pin mt tri c c ci nhn tng quan hn
v hot ng ca ton h thng.
T nhng vn trn, em xin xut cc mong mun: tip tc nghin cu, thit
k, th nghim mch iu khin MPPT c s dng b vi iu khin hay iu khin lp
trnh tn hiu s DSP hin i, hon chnh khu bo v qu trnh phng np cho cquy,
ngun cp v mch iu khin van h thng pin mt tri c hon thin c th p
dng trong thc t.
Em rt mong cc thy c gio, cc bn ng gp cho em nhng kin, nhn xt
qu bu n ny c hon thin hn na.
Kt lun
80
Qua y, Em xin chn thnh cm on thy Trn Trng Minh v cc thy c trong
b mn T ng ho XNCN to iu kin, gip em hon thnh bn n ny. Em
cng xin gi li cm n cc cn b nghin cu trong phng in t cng sut v Truyn
ng in thuc Trung tm nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh cao Hitech tn tnh
hng dn cho em trong sut thi gian thc hin.

H Ni, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2008
Sinh Vin
L Th Thu Linh

Kt lun
81

Ph lc
1. V c tnh lm vic ca pin mt tri di iu kin nhit T v cng bc x
thay i.

% file khai bao ham solar
function Ia=solar(Va,Suns,TaC)
%Ia = solar (Va,G,T) = vector of voltage
%Ia,Va = vector of corriente y voltage
%G = number of Suns (1 Sun = 1000 W/m^2)
%T = Temperature in Celcius.

%constants
q = 1.60218e-19; %elementary charge
k = 1.3806e-23; %Hang so Boltzmann

n = 1.2; %he so khong ly tuong cua diot; n=1 to 2, typically 1.2
Vg = 1.12; %voltage of band-gap; 1.12eV for xtal Si,
%and 1.75eV for Si amorfo.
Ns = 36; %So te bao pin mac noi tiep trong mot modun pin.

T1 = 273 + 25; %nhiet do chuan @25oC.
Voc_T1 = 21.06/Ns; %Voc@25oC
Isc_T1 = 3.80; %Isc@25oC
T2 = 273 + 75; %T2
Voc_T2 = 17.05/Ns; %Voc@T2
Isc_T2 = 3.92; %Isc@T2

TaK = 273 + TaC; %nhiet do pin, [K]
alpha = (Isc_T2 - Isc_T1)/(T2 - T1);
IL_T1 = Isc_T1 * Suns;
IL = IL_T1 + alpha*(TaK - T1);

I0_T1 = Isc_T1/(exp(q*Voc_T1/(n*k*T1))-1);
I0 = I0_T1*(TaK/T1).^(3/n).*exp(-q*Vg/(n*k).*((1./TaK)-(1/T1)));

Xv = I0_T1*q/(n*k*T1)*exp(q*Voc_T1/(n*k*T1));
dVdI_Voc = -1.15/Ns/2;

Rs = - dVdI_Voc - 1/Xv;
Rsh = 300;

Vt_Ta = n*k*TaK/q;
Vc = Va/Ns;

%Ia = IL - I0.*(exp((Vc+Ia.*Rs)./Vt_Ta)-1) - (Vc+Ia.*Rs)./Rsh;
Ph lc
82
Ia = zeros(size(Vc));
% x[n+1] = x[n]-f(x[n])/f'(x[n])
% where:
% x[n]=Ia;
% f(Ia)=Ia-IL+I0*exp{q*(V+I*Rs)/(n*k*T)-1}+(V+I*Rs)/Rsh
% f'(Ia)=1+I0*(q*Rs/(n*k*T))*exp{q*(V+I*Rs)/(n*k*T)-1}+Rs/Rsh
for j=1:5
Ia = Ia - (-IL + Ia + ((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Rsh) + I0.*(exp((Vc+Ia.*Rs)./Vt_Ta)-1))./...
(1 + (Rs/Rsh) + (I0.*(exp((Vc+Ia.*Rs)./Vt_Ta)-1)).*Rs./Vt_Ta);

end %Het vong lap for

end
==============================================================

kiem tra voi cuong do anh sang thay doi
for G = 0.25:0.25:1
V=0:0.1:25;
I=solar(V,G,25);
P = V.*I;

figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
axis([0,25,0,4]);
plot(V,I,'r');
grid on; hold on;

subplot(2,1,2);
axis([0,25,0,70]);
plot(V,P,'b');
grid on; hold on;

end
'Press any key...'
pause
Kiem tra voi dieu kien nhiet do thay doi
for T = 0:25:75
V=0:0.1:25;
I=solar(V,1,T);
P = V.*I;

figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
axis([0,25,0,4]);
plot(V,I,'r');
grid on; hold on;

subplot(2,1,2);
axis([0,25,0,70]);
plot(V,P,'b');
Ph lc
83
grid on; hold on;

end
==============================================================
2. M phng thut ton MPPT
xay dung ham tim MPP
function [Pa_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC)
% [Pa_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC)
% in: G (irradiance, KW/m^2), TaC (temp, deg C)
% out: Pa_max (maximum power), Imp, Vmp
% Xac dinh bien ban dau
Va = 12;
Pa_max = 0;
% Start process
while Va < 48-TaC/8
Ia = solar(Va,G,TaC);
Pa_new = Ia * Va;
if Pa_new > Pa_max
Pa_max = Pa_new;
Imp = Ia;
Vmp = Va;
end
Va = Va + .005;
end
==============================================================
% Thuat toan P&O
% Kiem tra trong ngay nang nong
%
clear;
% Xac dinh thong so
TaC = 25; % Nhiet do pin (deg C)
C = 0.5; % Buoc tinh dien ap chuan (V)
% Xac dinh cac thong so voi dieu kien ban dau
G = 0.028; % Irradiance (1G = 1000W/m^2)
Va = 26.0; % PV voltage
Ia = solar(Va,G,TaC); % PV current
Pa = Va * Ia; % PV output power
Vref_new = Va + C; % Dien ap chuan moi
% Set up arrays storing data for plots
Va_array = [];
Pa_array = [];
x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.04 0.15 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.92 1 0.9 0.85 0.55 0.3 0.18 0.1];
xi = 0:1:43200; % Set points for interpolation
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic'); % Do cubic interpolation
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
% Ly mu 43200 giy (12 hours)
for Sample = 1:43200;
Ph lc
84
% Doc G
G = yi(Sample);
% Doc gia tri do moi
Va_new = Vref_new;
Ia_new = solar(Vref_new,G,TaC);
% Calculate new Pa
Pa_new = Va_new * Ia_new;
deltaPa = Pa_new - Pa;
% P&O bat dau
if deltaPa > 0
if Va_new > Va
Vref_new = Va_new + C; % Increase Vref
else
Vref_new = Va_new - C; % Decrease Vref
end
elseif deltaPa < 0
if Va_new > Va
else
Vref_new = Va_new + C; %Increase Vref
end
else
Vref_new = Va_new; % No change
end
% Update history
Va = Va_new;
Pa = Pa_new;
% luu giu so lieu de ve
Va_array = [Va_array Va];
Pa_array = [Pa_array Pa];
end
% Plot result
figure
plot (Va_array, Pa_array, 'g')
% Overlay with P-I curves and MPP
Va = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
Ia = solar(Va, G, TaC);
Pa = Ia.*Va;
plot(Va, Pa)
[Pa_max, Imp, Vmp] = find_mpp(G, TaC);
plot(Vmp, Pa_max, 'r*')
end
title('P&O Algorithm')
xlabel('Module Voltage (V)')
ylabel('Module Output Power (W)')
axis([0 25 0 70])
%gtext('1000W/m^2')
%gtext('800W/m^2')
Ph lc
85
%gtext('600W/m^2')
%gtext('400W/m^2')
%gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off
==============================================================
% Kiem tra P&O
% Kiem tra trong ngay nhieu may
%
clear;
% Xac dinh hang so
TaC = 25; % Cell temperature (deg C)
C = 0.5; % Step size for ref voltage change (V)
% Xac dinh thong so ban dau
G = 0.028; % Irradiance (1G = 1000W/m^2)
Vref_new = Va + C; % New reference voltage
%Luu giu so lieu de ve
Va_array = [];
Pa_array = [];

x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.05 0.2 0.41 0.35 0.38 0.3 0.2 0.29 0.75 0.62 0.28 0.18 0.1];
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic'); % Do cubic interpolation
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
% Take 43200 samples (12 hours)
% Read irradiance value
G = yi(Sample);
% Take new measurements
Va_new = Vref_new;
% Calculate new Pa
Pa_new = Va_new * Ia_new;
deltaPa = Pa_new - Pa;
% P&O Algorithm starts here
if deltaPa > 0
if Va_new > Va
else
end
elseif deltaPa < 0
if Va_new > Va
else
Ph lc
86
Vref_new = Va_new + C; %Increase Vref
end
else
end
% Update history
Va = Va_new;
Pa = Pa_new;
% Store data in arrays for plot
end
% Plot result
figure
% Overlay with P-I curves and MPP
Va = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
Pa = Ia.*Va;
plot(Va, Pa)
end
title('P&O Algorithm')
axis([0 25 0 70])
%gtext('1000W/m^2')
%gtext('800W/m^2')
%gtext('600W/m^2')
%gtext('400W/m^2')
%gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off
==============================================================
% Kiem tra thuat toan INC
% Kiem tra voi thoi tiet nhieu nang
clear;
% Define constants
E = 0.002; % Maximum dI/dV error
% Define variables with initial conditions
G = 0.045; % Irradiance (1G = 1000W/m^2)
Ph lc
87
Va_array = [];
Pa_array = [];
Pmax_array =[];
x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.05 0.15 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.92 1 0.9 0.85 0.55 0.3 0.18 0.1];
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic');
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
G = yi(Sample);
Va_new = Vref_new;
% Calculate incremental voltage and current
deltaVa = Va_new - Va;
deltaIa = Ia_new - Ia;
% incCond Algorithm starts here
if deltaVa == 0
if deltaIa == 0
elseif deltaIa > 0
else
end
else
if abs(deltaIa/deltaVa + Ia_new/Va_new) <= E
else
if deltaIa/deltaVa > -Ia_new/Va_new + E
else
end
end
end
% Calculate theoretical max
% Update history
Va = Va_new;
Ia = Ia_new;
Pa = Va_new * Ia_new;
Pmax_array = [Pmax_array Pa_max];
end
Ph lc
88
% Total electric energy: theoretical and actual
Pth = sum(Pmax_array)/3600;
Pact = sum(Pa_array)/3600;
% Plot result
figure
% Overlay with P-V curves and MPP
Va = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
Pa = Ia.*Va;
plot(Va, Pa)
end
title('incCond Method')
axis([0 25 0 70])
%gtext('1000W/m^2')
%gtext('800W/m^2')
%gtext('600W/m^2')
%gtext('400W/m^2')
%gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off

==========================================================
% Kiem tra thuat toan INC
% Kiem tra voi thoi tiet nhieu may
%
clear;
% Define constants
E = 0.002; % Maximum dI/dV error
G = 0.045; % Irradiance (1G = 1000W/m^2)
Va_array = [];
Pa_array = [];
Pmax_array =[];
% Load irradiance data
x = [0:3600:43200];
y = [0.05 0.2 0.41 0.35 0.38 0.3 0.2 0.29 0.75 0.62 0.28 0.18 0.1];
Ph lc
89
yi = interp1(x,y,xi,'cubic');
plot(x,y,'o');
hold on;
plot(xi,yi);
G = yi(Sample);
%for Sample = 1:43.2e+3
% Read irrad value
%G = yi(Sample);
Va_new = Vref_new;
% Calculate incremental voltage and current
deltaVa = Va_new - Va;
deltaIa = Ia_new - Ia;
% incCond Algorithm starts here
if deltaVa == 0
if deltaIa == 0
elseif deltaIa > 0
else
end
else
if abs(deltaIa/deltaVa + Ia_new/Va_new) <= E
else
if deltaIa/deltaVa > -Ia_new/Va_new + E
else
end
end
end
% Calculate theoretical max
% Update history
Va = Va_new;
Ia = Ia_new;
Pa = Va_new * Ia_new;
Pmax_array = [Pmax_array Pa_max];
end
% Total electric energy: theoretical and actual
Pth = sum(Pmax_array)/3600;
Pact = sum(Pa_array)/3600;
Ph lc
90
% Plot result
figure
Va = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
Pa = Ia.*Va;
plot(Va, Pa)
end
title('incCond Method')
axis([0 25 0 70])
%gtext('1000W/m^2')
%gtext('800W/m^2')
%gtext('600W/m^2')
%gtext('400W/m^2')
%gtext('200W/m^2')
hold off
==============================================================
3. Mo phong phng phap dieu khien do truc tiep tin hieu ra.
% po_dutyCycle2Test2:
% Dung thuat toan P&O
%
clear;
% Define constants
Rload = 6; % Resistive Load (Ohms)
deltaD = .0035; % Step size for Duty Cycle change (.35%)
G = .1; % Irradiance (1G = 1000W/m^2)
D = .22; % Duty Cycle, D(k+1), (0.1 Min, O.6 Max)
D_k_1 = .22; % Duty Cycle, D(k-1), (0.1 Min, O.6 Max)
Va_k_1 = 0; % PV voltage, Va(k-1)
Pa_k_1 = 0; % PV output power, Pa(k-1)
Vo_k_1 = 0;
Io_k_1 = 0;
Po_k_1 = 0;
Va_array = [];
Ia_array = [];
Pa_array = [];
Vo_array = [];
Io_array = [];
Po_array = [];
D_array = [];
Ph lc
91
% Take 3600 samples
for Sample = 1:3600
% Read present value of duty cycle
D_k = D;
% Calculate input impedance of ideal Boost converter (Rin)
Rin = (1-D_k)^2* Rload;
% Locate the operating point of PV module and
% calculate its voltage, current, and power
f = @(x) x - Rin*solar(x,G,TaC);
Va_k = fzero (f, [0, 45]);
Ia_k = solar(Va_k,G,TaC);
Pa_k = Va_k * Ia_k;
% Measure the outputs for ideal Boost converter
Vo_k = 1/(1-D_k) * Va_k;
Io_k = (1-D_k)* Ia_k;
% Calculate new Po and deltaPo
Po_k = Vo_k * Io_k;
deltaPo = Po_k - Po_k_1;
% Output voltage and current protection (30V/5A Max)
if (Vo_k > 30.6) | (Io_k > 5.1) % '2%' margin added
if deltaPo >= 0
if D_k > D_k_1
D = D_k - deltaD; % Decrease duty cycle
else
D = D_k + deltaD; % Increase duty cycle
end
else
if D_k > D_k_1
else
D_k = D_k - deltaD; % Decrease duty cycle
end
end
elseif (Vo_k > 30) | (Io_k > 5)
D = D_k; % No change
elseif D_k < .1
D = .1; % Set minimum duty cycle
elseif D_k > .6
D = .6; % Set maximum duty cycle
else
% P&O Algorithm starts here
if deltaPo > 0
if D_k > D_k_1
else
end
elseif deltaPo < 0
if D_k > D_k_1
Ph lc
92
else
end
else
D = D_k; % No change
end
end
% Update history
Va_k_1 = Va_k;
Ia_k_1 = Ia_k;
Pa_k_1 = Pa_k;
Vo_k_1 = Vo_k;
Io_k_1 = Io_k;
Po_k_1 = Po_k;
D_k_1 = D_k;
% Store data in arrays for plots
Va_array = [Va_array Va_k];
Ia_array = [Ia_array Ia_k];
Pa_array = [Pa_array Pa_k];
Vo_array = [Vo_array Vo_k];
Io_array = [Io_array Io_k];
Po_array = [Po_array Po_k];
D_array = [D_array D_k];
% Increase insolation until G=1
if (Sample > 20) & (G < 1)
G = G + .0003;
end
% Goto next sample
end
% Functions to plot
figure(1)
Va = linspace (0, 45, 200);
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
Pa = Ia.*Va;
plot(Va, Pa)
end
title('(a) PV Power vs. Voltage')
axis([0 25 0 70])
hold off
figure(2)
plot (Va_array, Ia_array, 'g')
% Overlay with I-V curves and MPP
Ph lc
93
hold on
for G=.2:.2:1
plot(Va, Ia)
plot(Vmp, Imp, 'r*')
end
title('(b) PV Current vs. Voltage')
ylabel('Module Current(A)')
axis([0 25 0 4])
hold off
figure(3)
plot (D_array, Po_array, 'b')
title('(c) Output Power vs. Duty Cycle')
xlabel('Duty Cycle')
ylabel('Output Power (W)')
axis([0 0.6 0 70])
figure(4)
plot (Vo_array, Io_array, 'g.')
hold on
Vo = linspace (0, 35, 200);
Io = Vo ./ Rload;
plot (Vo, Io)
title('(d) Output Current vs. Voltage')
xlabel('Output Voltage (V)')
ylabel('Output Current (A)')
axis([0 25 0 4])
hold off

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Mukund R.Patel, Ph.D., P.E - Wind and Solar Power Systems
2. Ryan C. Campbell, IEEE - A Circuit based Photovoltaic Array Model for Power
System Studies
3.Francisco M.Gonzalez Longatt - Model of Photovoltaic Module in Matlab
TM

4. Chihchiang Hua and Chihming Shen Department of Electrical Engineering National
Yunlin University of Science & Technology - Comparative Study of Peak Power
Tracking Techniques for Solar Storage System
5. K.H.Hussein, I.Muta, T. Hoshino, M. Osakada - Maximum photovoltaic power
tracking: an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions
6. Ti liu v c quy ca hng Power PS Sonic
7. Bangyin Liu, Shanxu Duan, 93Fei Liu, and Pengwei Xu Analysis and
Improvement of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm Based on Incremental
Ti liu tham kho

Conductance Method for Photovoltaic Array - College of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R China
8. Hardik P.Desai*, and H.K Patel **- Maximum Power Point Algorithm in PV
Generation: An Overview
9. Thy Nguyn Phng Quang - Matlab Simulink
10. PGS.TS. ng nh Thng Pin mt tri v ng dng Nh xut bn khoa hc v
k thut.
11. Phm Quc Hi Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut Trng i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni
12. Hart, Daniel W. Introduction to Power Electronics Prentice Hall Inc. 1996
13. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2002 Modelling Photovoltaic Systems, Using Pspice
14. Enslin, John H., Mario S.Wolf, Daniel B.Snyman, & Wernher Swiegers, Integrated
Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, Vol.44, No6 December 1997
15. Hohm, D.P. & M.E. Ropp Comparative Study of Maximum Power Point
Tracking Algorithms Progressing in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
November 2002
16. Kyocera Solar Inc. Solar Water Pump Applications Guide 2001
17. Walker, Geoff R. Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a MATLAB PV
model Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 00,
Brisbane, 2000

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