1

MC LC
LI M U......................................................................................................... 2
DANH MC CC T VIT TT........................................................................ 3
PHN A NGHIN CU V IU CH M XUNG PCM ........................... 4
I - Nguyn tc iu ch.................................................................................. 4
II. Lc hn bng............................................................................................. 5
III. Ly mu.................................................................................................... 6
IV. Lng t ha............................................................................................ 6
V. M ha..................................................................................................... 10
VI. c im ca tn hiu PCM.................................................................. 13
1. Bng thng ca tn hiu PCM ............................................................... 13
2. nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu PCM................................................. 14
PHN B CHNG TRNH M PHNG BNG MATLAB CC BC
CA QU TRNH PCM......................................................................................15
I. M phng qu trnh ly mu................................................................... 15
II. M phng qu trnh lng t ha......................................................... 16
III. M phng qu trnh m ha................................................................. 17
IV. Tng kt.................................................................................................. 18
KT LUN............................................................................................................19
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................20

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

LI M U
Hu ht cc tn hiu truyn qua h thng thng tin s u l tn hiu tng t. V
th vic u tin ca h thng thng tin s l phi s ha tn hiu tng t. Lnh
vc s ha tn hiu lin tc nghin cu mnh trong cc vi nm tr li y. S
nghin cu to ra rt nhiu kiu bin i khc nhau v trong mi kiu li c
cc bin th. Vic la chn phng php no cn ph thuc vo lnh vc p dng
v cht lng truyn dn m ta mong mun t c.
Mt trong cc phng php bin i tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu s ph bin
hn cc l iu ch m xung PCM. PCM cho cht lng m bo vi gi thnh
tng i. T PCM cn c nhng phng php c th p dng nh PCM delta, iu
ch xung m vi sai DPCM, iu ch delta DM v.v.. Trong phm vi bi tp ln ny,
ta ch i su phn tch iu ch PCM v m phng iu ch PCM thng qua s
dng MATLAB.

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

DANH MC CC T VIT TT
Vit tt
PCM
CCITT

PAM
NRZ
RZ

Phin m ting Anh

Pulse Code Modulation
Consultative Committee for

Ngha ting Vit

iu ch m xung
y ban t vn quc t v

International Telelphone and

in thoi v in bo

Telegraph
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Non- Return Zero
Return Zero

iu ch bin xung
Tn hiu khng tr v khng
Tn hiu tr v khng

PHN A NGHIN CU V IU CH M XUNG PCM

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

Dng tiu biu ca m ha dng sng l iu ch m xung PCM thng gp

nht trong cc h thng truyn dn tn hiu s, p dng cho c tn hiu thoi, nhm
knh thoi ghp knh theo tn s, tn hiu video
I. Nguyn tc iu ch:
iu ch xung m PCM c thc hin theo mt quy trnh bn bc c tnh
nguyn tc nh sau:
a) Lc nhm hn ch ph tn ca tn hiu lin tc cn truyn: Bin i Fourier
ca cc tn hiu lin tc thc t l v hn theo bin tn s, ch t cng do thi gian
tn ti ca chng hu hn. Chnh v vy, cc tn hiu lin tc cn truyn nht thit
phi c lc nhm hn ph ti tn s cc i W no nhm tha mn tin v
bng tn hn ch ca nh l ly mu.
b) Ly mu: Tn hiu lin tc sau lc c ri rc ha nh ly mu tn hiu lin
tc bng chui xung nhp c tn s f s theo nh l ly mu c c cc tn hiu
iu bin xung. PAM
c) Lng t ha: S cc gi tr c th c ca tn hiu PAM sau ly mu l v
hn, do vy s bit cn thit m cc gi tr ca cc xung PAM l v hn v iu
ny l khng th thc hin c. hn ch bt m cn s dng, gi tr ca tng
xung PAM cn c lm trn thnh mt trong cc gi tr mu xc nh gi l mc
lng t (c s lng hu hn) v qu trnh ny c gi l lng t ha.
d) M ha: Cc gi tr mc lng t ng vi cc xung PAM c m ha bng
cc t hp m nh phn truyn i trn h thng truyn dn s.
S m t cc cng on iu ch m xung c th hin nh sau:
Tin hiu
lin tc

Tin hiu c
bng hn ch

Lc

Cc xung PAM
lng t ha

Cc xung
PAM

Ly mu

Lng t

fS
Hnh A-1: S thc hin PCM

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

M ha

Tn hiu
PCM

Qu trnh khi phc phn thu c thc hin nh sau: Gii m c chui
xung PAM lng t ha ri cho qua lc thng thp c tn s ct bng mt na tn
s ly mu.
Nh ni trn, thc t cc tn hiu li vo iu ch m xung l cc tn hiu
c ph tri rng v hn. Sau lc hn ch ph tn, tn hiu c ph hn ch v do vy
c thi gian tn ti tri rng ti v hn, ngha l v l thuyt vic ly mu phi thc
vi v hn mu theo s trn. T chng ta c th thy rng tn hiu lin tc
khi phc li c phn thu, ngay c trong trng hp khng tnh n mo v tp
nhiu trn ng truyn, cng ch l mt phin bn gn ng ca tn hiu lin tc
cn truyn i phn pht m thi. Sai s gia cc tn hiu phin bn v nguyn bn
gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
-

Vic ly mu khng th tin hnh trong thi gian di v hn c;

Sai s do lm trn (lng t ha), gi l sai s lng t;

Cc c tnh khng hon ton l tng;

Phin bn l mt tn hiu c ph hn ch, khng nh tn hiu nguyn bn.

Ngoi ra, cc sai lch qu ng v ng b cng c th dn n sp xp sai cc

t hp m thu c v iu ny dn n cc sai lc v cng trm trng. Cc chi tit
v cc cng on trong quy trnh PCM v cc bin php khc phc sai s s c
trnh by di y.
II. Lc hn bng
Ph ca tn hiu in thoi tp trung trong gii t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. Vic ct b
cc thnh phn tn s ngoi gii ni trn khng gy ra nhng mo th cm c qu
ln, tc l khng gy nn nhng tr ngi c bit i vi qu trnh thng thoi.
hn ch ph tn hiu c th tin hnh loi b cc thnh phn tn s ln hn 3,4kHz
trong tn hiu in thoi bng lc thng thp, tc l c th chn tn s cc i W
ca tn hiu thoi l 3,4kHz. Trong trng hp ny, sai s do lc hn bng gy ra
ch yu l bi khng th ch to c mch lc thng thp l tng m ch c th
to c cc mch lc vi c tnh lc khng ng ti tn s ct. khng gy nn
nhng mo c th th cm r rt c, tn s ct ca mch lc hn bng phi chn

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

cao hn 3,4kHz. Cc mch lc tiu chun trong thc t (c c tnh tha m cc

khuyn ngh ca CCITT cho cc mch thoi) c tn s ct rt st vi 4kHz.
III. Ly mu.
Qu trnh ly mu c thc hin bng cch nhn tn hiu thoi lin tc vi
chui xung nhp c tn s f S 2W . Vic chn tn s nhp ln hn hai ln W s lm
m rng bng tn chim ca tn hiu s, do vy tn s nhp phi chn nh nht m
khng gy mo tn hiu. Sai s ly mu gy bi vic khng th ly mu trong mt
thi gian di v hn thng khng ng k v c th b p c bng vic chn
f S ln hn 2W mt cht. Kt hp vi thc t pht sinh do lc hn bng nh ni

trn y, tn s ly mu tiu chun cho tn hiu thoi c chn l 8 kHz.

IV. Lng t ha.
Lng t ha c thc hin n gin nht bng cch chia gii ng tn hiu

[ a, + a ]

thnh Q mc cch u nhau, c gi l lng t ha u. Khong cch

gia cc mc lng t = 2a / Q . Cc gi tr ca cc mu tn hiu (cc xung PAM)

c lm trn thnh gi tr mc lng t gn nht. Sai s lng t ca cc gi tr
mu l mt bin ngu nhin eq nhn cc gi tr trong khong [ a / Q, + a / Q ] , c th
xem nh mt lng tp m gi l tp m lng t v c th nh gi c thng
qua cng sut tp m lng t:
a /Q

Peq = eq2 =

eq2 . pdf (eq )deq

(A-1)

a /Q

trong pdf (.) l hm mt xc sut (probability density function).

Do khng bit c phn b thc s ca bin tn hiu in thoi trong
khong gia hai mc lng t st nhau, ngi ta buc phi gi thit rng tn hiu
in thoi nhn cc gi tr bin trong khong gia hai mc lng t st nhau vi
xc sut nh nhau. Do tp m lng t c xem l bin ngu nhin phn b
u, tc l pdf (eq ) = Q / 2a .
Thay vo cng thc (A-1), chng ta c

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

Peq = a 2 / 3Q 2 = 2 /12

(A-2)

T (A-2) chng ta c th thy khi tng s mc lng t Q th cng sut tp m

lng t gim. Chng hn, khi tng s mc lng t ln hai ln, cng sut tp m
lng t gim 4 ln, tc l vo khong 6dB. Tuy nhin, vic tng qu mc s mc
lng t dn n 2 h qu:
a) S mc lng t ln dn n s bit dng m cc mc lng t tng (c
tng s mc lng t ln hai ln th phi thm mt bt trong t hp m) lm tng tc
bt v do vy tng ph chim ca tn hiu.
b) Vi cng mt gii ng tn hiu, vic tng qu mc s mc lng t c th
dn n mc lng t khng phc li phn thu b nhn nhm di tc ng ca
tp m nhit trong cc mch in t.
Thm vo , nu lng t ha u th vic chia cc mc vi s mc ti thiu
(nhm gim s bt m cn dng) xc nh theo chnh xc cho i vi cc mc
cao ca tn hiu li dn n sai s phm phi li ln i vi cc mc thp. iu ny
dn ti sai s tng cng ln hn do trong thc t cc mc tn hiu thp ca tn hiu
thoi thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi cc mc cao. Cc mu thun ni trn trong
thc t c khc phc bi lng t ha khng u, trong khong cch gia cc
mc lng t c chn ln vi cc mc ln cn vi cc mc tn hiu nh th
khong cch gia cc mc lng t nh. Gii php ny kh t nhin do i vi tn
hiu ln th t s tn hiu trn sai s (tn/tp m lng t) vn kh nh d sai s
lng t tuyt i c ln. Vic chia cc mc lng t khng u nh th, tuy vy
li kh kh thc hin trong thc t v mt gii php tng ng thng c p
dng l thc hin lng t ha u cc tn hiu c nn. Lut nn c p dng
trong iu ch m xung tn hiu l lut logarit, trong tn hiu li ra y ca mch
nn bin thin theo lut logarit ca tn hiu li vo x. phn thu, tn hiu c gin
tr li. Vic duy tr nn-gin chnh xc l mt yu cu rt ngt ngho nhm trnh
cc mo tn hiu mang vo do qu trnh nn-gin.
Cc lut nn logarit c p dng trong h Chu u v h M kh khc
nhau, iu ny do lch s qu trnh pht trin vin thng trc y khc nhau li.

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

Lut nn c p dng l lut i vi h M, trong khi h Chu u s dng

lut nn A. Biu thc gii tch xc nh cc lut nn v A l:
Lut nn (H M):
y = sign( x)

ln(1 + x )
, 1 x 1
ln(1 + )

(A-3)

Lut nn A (H Chu u):

Ax
, 0 x 1/ A
sign( x)
1
+
ln
A
y=
sign( x) 1 + A x ,1/ A x 1

1 + ln A

(A-4)

Trong cc biu thc (A-3) v (A-4), x v y ln lt l cc gi tr ca tn hiu li

vo v li ra b nn c chun ha theo gi tr cc i ca chng. Theo khuyn
ngh G.711 ca CCITT, cc gi tr ca tham s c chn l:A=87,6 v =255. i
vi h M, =100 cng c s dng trong h thng, tuy nhin khng phi l
gi tr m CCITT chn lm gi tr tiu chun.
phi hp cht ch nn v gin, cc b nn-gin s c p dng c trong h
M ln h chu u c trn vic xp x cc ng cong hnh A.2 bng 15 on
thng (7 on dng, 7 on m, mt on qua gc) v hnh A.3 bng 13 on
thng (6 on dng, 6 on m v mt on qua gc c chia thnh bn phn
on). Cc hnh A.2 v A.3 m t vic tuyn tnh ha (ch v vi phn tn hiu
vo dng). Phn tn hiu m i xng vi phn dng qua gc ta do cc biu
thc (A-3) v (A-4) l cc hm l. Trc honh ca cc th l gi tr chun ha
ca bin li vo x.

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

Hnh A.2:Tuyn tnh bng 15 on thng

Hnh A.3: Tuyn tnh bng 13 on thng

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

10

V. M ha
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, tuyn truyn PCM l mt b phn ca mt kt
ni quc t. Yu cu t ra l vic xen mt tuyn truyn dn s nh vy vo kt ni
quc t di nht khng c dn n suy gim cht lng so vi tuyn truyn dn
thun ty analog. Cc yu cu v tp m i vi mt kt ni ng di quc t c
xc nh theo cc quan h p dng i vi mng tham chiu qui nh trong khuyn
ngh G.103 ca CCITT. tha mn cc yu cu , t s tn hiu trn tp m
lng t ca mt chng m n c m v gii m PCM cn phi khng nh hn
22dB, tnh ti gii mc ting ni trung bnh ti u vo b m ha (-5 n -25 dBm)
[A14]. cc mc ting ni thp hn, yu cu v t s tn hiu trn tp m lng t
s nh hn nhiu. i vi mng tham chiu trong khuyn ngh G.103, s on
m v gii m PCM mc ni tip khng vt qu 14. Ngha l i hi v t s tn
hiu trn tp m lng t ca mi on thnh phn cn cao hn, thm 10lg14 dB
na, tc l vi mi on t s tn hiu trn tp m lng t phi 33.46 dB. Yu
cu ny va ng t c bng vic s dng b m ha vi cc t m 7 bit. Khi
tnh n c cc tham s suy gim cht lng khc ca PCM, b m ha 8 bit thng
c p dng nht.
Bin tn hiu li ra b nn c lng t ha u thnh 16 mc vi mi mt
on hay phn on. Vic m ha cc mc lng t u (sau nn) to thnh tn
hiu PCM c thc hin bng t hp 8 bit i vi c h M ln Chu u v cng
c dng PXYZABCD . Bit P ch th cc tnh gi tr lng t ca mu tn hiu: P=1
vi tn hiu dng v P=0 vi tn hiu m. Ba bt XYZ dng m cc on thng
(hoc phn on) lm gn ng vi cc lut nn( hay A), bn bit ABCD dng
m 16 mc lng t u trong tng on.
Do c tuyn tnh ha theo cc s on khc nhau, cch nhn c cc m 8
bit PCM i vi h M v h Chu u cng khc nhau. i vi h Chu u, trc
tin vic m 12 bit c thc hin, chia gii bin tn hiu vo mt cch tuyn
tnh thnh 4096 bc. Cc mch logic sau c s dng to ra cc t m 8 bit
theo quy tc c m t trong bng A-1. Trong khi , trc tin vic m 13 bit

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

11

c thc hin vi h M, chia tuyn tnh gii bin tn hiu vo thnh 8192
bc, sau m ha thnh cc t m 8 bit theo tuy tc m t trong bng A-2.
T bng A-1 v bng A-2 chng ta c th thy, rng mi on c chia thnh
16 mc lng t u. Gi tr ln ca mi mt mc lng t u tnh theo s
bc ca mc bin li vo (ghi ct cui cng cc bng)- thay i theo gi tr
li vo.
Bng A-1. Thut ton xp x c tnh nn lut A bng 13 on thng v m
on

Gii hn di

Gii hn trn

T m

ln ca mi

th

ca on (tnh

ca on (tnh

PXYZABCD

bc lng t u

theo bc vo

theo bc bin

(tnh theo s bc

bin vo)
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
0
-32
-64
-128
-256
-512
-1024
-2048
-4096

vo)
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
0
-32
-64
-128
-256
-512
-1024
-2048

bin li vo)
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
2
2
2
4
8
16
32
64
128

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

1111ABCD
1110ABCD
1101ABCD
1100ABCD
1011ABCD
1010ABCD
1001ABCD
1000ABCD
0000ABCD
0001ABCD
0010ABCD
0011ABCD
0100ABCD
0101ABCD
0110ABCD
0111ABCD

Bng A-2: Thut ton xp x v c tnh nn lut bng 15 on thng v m

on

Gii hn di

Gii hn trn

th

ca on (tnh

ca on (tnh PXYZABCD bc lng t u

T m

ln ca mi

theo bc vo

theo bc

(tnh theo s bc

bin vo)
4063

bin vo)
8159

bin li vo)
256

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

1000ABCD

12

2
2015
4063
1001ABCD
128
3
991
2015
1010ABCD
64
4
479
991
1011ABCD
32
5
233
479
1100ABCD
16
6
95
233
1101ABCD
8
7
31
95
1110ABCD
4
8
-31
31
1111ABCD
2
9
-95
-31
0110ABCD
4
10
-233
-95
0101ABCD
8
11
-479
-233
0100ABCD
16
12
-991
-479
0011ABCD
32
13
-2015
-991
0010ABCD
64
14
-4063
-2015
0001ABCD
128
15
-8159
-4063
0000ABCD
256
13
-4096
-2048
0111ABCD
128
Gi tr lng t ca cc mu tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc [A14]:
M = (32 + 2 L + 1) S i vi h Chu u,

(A-5a)

V
M = [2 S +1 L + 33(2 S 1)] i vi h M,

(A-5b)

Trong :
S = 4 X + 2Y ; L = 8 A + 4 B + 2C + D; = 1 nu P = 1; = 1 nu P = 0; (A-5c)

= 0 nu S = 0, = 1 nu S 0

Li ch ca nn-gin c th thy c thng qua xt lm v d i vi h Chu

u. Chng ta thy rng b lng t u s dng nn gin(cng cn gi l b lng
t phi tuyn) c phn gii tng ng phn gii ca b lng t u (lng
t tuyn tnh) vi 4096 mc s dng cc t m 12 bit. Nh vy so vi nu s dng
b lng t tuyn tnh 8 bit (256 mc) cng sut tp m lng t gim 4x6=24 dB.
VI. c im ca tn hiu PCM
1. Bng thng ca tn hiu PCM:
Gi R l s bit truyn i trong 1 giy ca tn hiu PCM, R c gi l tc bit
(bps). Gi n l s bit ca mt t m PCM, f S l tn s ly mu. Khi , tc bit R
c tnh nh sau:
R = n. f S

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

(A-6)

13

Gia rng bng thng v tc bit c quan h c chia ra 2 trng hp

thng dng nh sau. l trng hp s dng trn 1 bit Tb biu din 1 bt v
trng hp s dng mt na bit biu din 1 bit, na cn li tr v gi tr tham
chiu.
Ta nhn thy trng hp 1, mt bit tng ng vi 1 ln tn hiu thay i
mc trong khi trng hp 2 th mt bit tng ng vi 2 ln thay i mc. Ta
biu din s thay i mc ny bng tn hiu hnh sin. T nhn thy rng,
trng hp 1 ta c th truyn i tc bit l 2 bps trn Hz, trng hp 2 th tc
ny ch l 1bps trn Hz. Ta gi tn hiu c dng trng hp 1 l tn hiu dng
NRZ, cn tn hiu c dng trng hp 2 tn hiu dng RZ. Ta gi s bt truyn i
trong mt giy trong 1 Hz l hiu qu s dng bng thng.
Qua phn tch trn ta rt ra bng thng ti thiu ca tn hiu PCM phi l:
BPCM

1
1
R = n. f (trng hp 1)
2
2

BPCM R = n. f S (trng hp 2)

Mt khc, trnh chng ph th tn s ly mu phi l f S 2 B vi B l bng

thng ca tn hiu tng t tng ng (gi thit tn hiu c bng thng hu hn).
Vy bng thng ca tn hiu PCM l:
BPCM nB (trng hp 1)
BPCM 2nB (trng hp 2)

Vy bng thng ca tn hiu PCM ln hn bng thng tn hiu tng t tng

ng. y l khim khuyt chnh ca h thng truyn tin s dng PCM.
2. nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu PCM
Tn hiu tng t khi phc ti u thu ca h thng PCM chu nh hng ca
nhiu nn b mo. C hai loi nhiu chnh nh hng ln tn hiu PCM l:
-

Nhiu lng t ha gy ra bi b lng t ha M mc bn m ha PCM.

Li bit tn hiu PCM khi phc gy ra bi nhiu knh truyn.

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

14

PHN B CHNG TRNH M PHNG BNG MATLAB CC BC

CA QU TRNH PCM
1. M phng qu trnh ly mu:
Nh trnh by phn A qu trnh ly mu l qu trnh c thc hin nhm c
c tn hiu iu bin xung. Bng cch s dng chng trnh MATLAB, ta c th
m phng nh sau:
Tn hiu u vo vi bin cho gi tr bng 10, tn s 50Hz, pha ban u 0 c
biu din nh hnh sau:

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

15

Tn hiu xung ly mu theo yu cu bi c tn s l 8kHz, ta v c dng xung

ly mu nh sau:

Tn hiu u vo sau khi c ly mu vi tn hiu xung ly mu cho ra kt qu nh

sau:

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

16

2. M phng qu trnh lng t ha:

Qu trnh lng t ha nhm hn ch lm trn cc gi tr bin ca tn hiu
c ly mu. S dng m phng bng MATLAB ta c:
Tn hiu sau khi ly mu c lng t ha tuyn tnh vi s mc lng t tng
ng vi 8bit m ha u l 28 = 256 mc lng t. Ta v c tn hiu sau khi
lng t ha nh sau:

3. M phng qu trnh m ha:

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

17

Qu trnh m ha l chuyn cc tn hiu xung PAM thu c thnh cc t hp m

truyn i. S dng phn mm MATLAB ta m phng c nh sau:
p dng lut nn A, kt hp vi bng m A-1 ta m ha c tn hiu c
lng t nh sau:
Do gi tr ca cc mc lng t l nh nhau nn trong 5 chu k s c 200 tn hiu
m ha c thc hin, do tnh cht lp li nn ta ch s dng phn m ha ca 1
chu k tn hiu. Cc chu k tip theo c lp li.
bt s 0

bt s 1 bt s 2 bt s 3 bt s 4 bt s 5 bt s 6 bt s 7
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sinh vin: V Duy Bnh TV50 - H

18

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4. Tng kt:
Vi cc gi tr ca mc u vo nhp l:
nhap so luong xung lay mau 200
nhap so muc luong tu N=256
nhap bien do cua tin hieu dau vao A=10
nhap so chu ky cua tin hieu dau vao 5
nhap tan so cua tin hieu dau vao 50
Ta thu c tn hiu nh hnh v trn v bng m ha phn trn.

KT LUN

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Qua qu trnh phn tch trn, cng vi nhng iu c hc v c

thm qua cc ti liu cho em hiu hn v cu trc ca qu trnh iu ch m
xung PCM, cng nh qu trnh m phng ca iu ch m xung PCM s dng
MATLAB. C th bi vit ca chng em cn nhiu sai st v cha i su ht c
tt c nhng vn ch yu, nhng qua y cng gip chng em c 1 cch nhiu
tng qut hn v qu trnh s ha tin hiu lin tc. Mc d rt c gng, tuy nhin
do kin thc cn hn ch, nht nh bn bo co bi tp ln ny s c nhng im
thiu st. Em mong thy c nhng nhn xt v gp bi vit ln sau s t kt
qu tt hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n.

TI LIU THAM KHO:

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1. Bi ging K THUT THNG TIN S -ThS Phm Vit Hng, trng i

Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam,2010
2. K thut truyn dn s - TS Nguyn Quc Bnh, Nh xut bn Qun i
nhn dn,2001
3. Bi ging chi tit Tin hc ng dng , KS Nguyn Mnh Cng, trng i
Hc Hng Hi

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