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Ceng 306.
Wheatstone Bridge
Supplement
Prepared by Joe Enekes Sept 1999 (Rev by Mike Crompton 29 May 2002)
consider the special case when the voltmeter reading is zero. This condition is called the balanced bridge condition. Fig. 1.1 Basic Wheatstone bridge. 1.1 Analysis of the balanced bridge. By using the voltage divider formula, the voltage across resistor R3 can be expressed as: VR3 = (VT/RT) * R3 or VR3 = VT * (R3 / R1+R3)
Similarly, the voltage across resistor R4 can be determined as: VR4 = (VT/RT) * R4 or VR4 = VT * (R4 / R2+R4)
At balance, by definition, the voltmeter reading must be 0. This is only possible if voltages VR3 and VR4 are equal. Thus by equating the expression for VR3 and VR4 above we get: VT * (R3 / R1+R3) = VT * (R4 / R2+R4) After eliminating E and cross-multiplying terms over the equal sign we get: R3(R2+R4) = R4(R1+R3) R3 * R2 + R 3 * R4 = R 4 * R1 + R 4 * R3 Subtracting R3 * R4 from both sides gives: R3 * R2 = R4 * R1 Equation (1-1)
Equation (1-1) tells us that at balance the products of the resistance values of the diagonally opposite arms of the Wheatstone bridge are equal. Equation (1-1) also tells us that if one of the four resistors is unknown, its value can be calculated in terms of the other three. However, before embarking on how the Wheatstone bridge is used for measuring unknown resistance values, we look at the unbalanced bridge. 1.2 Analysis of the unbalanced bridge. The Wheatstone is said to be unbalanced when the voltmeter reading in Fig. 1.1 is not zero. Whether the voltmeter reading is positive or negative depends on the relative magnitudes of the voltages at the two voltage divider points in the circuit where the meter terminals are connected. The following example illustrates the calculations involved in an unbalanced bridge. Example 1.2.1
Given the resistance values of the unbalanced Wheatstone bridge shown in Fig. 1.2, calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading, (b) currents flowing in both series branches, (c) the power dissipated in each resistor.
Fig. 1.2 Unbalanced Wheatstone bridge for Example 1.2.1 Solution: (a)
VR3 = 30V * [10k / (10k + 10k)] = 15V VR4 = 30V * [20k / (10k + 20k)] = 20V
Thus the voltmeter reading is 20V - 15V = 5V. (b) The current flowing through resistor R3 is IR3 = VR3/R3 = 15V/10k = 1.5 mA Because R3 is in series with R1 and no current flows through the voltmeter, the current through R1 is also 1.5 mA. The current flowing through resistor R4 is IR4 = VR4/R4 = 20V/20K = 1.0 mA Because R4 is in series with R2 and no current flows through the voltmeter, the current through R2 is also 1.0 mA. (c) The power dissipated in each resistor can be calculated by using the power formula: P = I2R Thus: PR1 = (1.5x10-3)2 * (10x103) = 22.5x10-3 W = 22.5 mW PR3 = (1.5x10-3)2 * (10x103) = 22.5x10-3 W = 22.5 mW
PR2 = (1.0x10-3)2 * (10x103) = 10.0x10-3 W = 10.0 mW PR4 = (1.0x10-3)2 * (20x103) = 20.0x10-3 W = 20.0 mW 1.3 Determining unknown resistance. In order to make it easier to understand how a Wheatstone bridge can be used for measuring resistance, consider the following example: Example 1.3.1 Let us assume that in the bridge circuit of Fig. 1.2 R4 is unknown and R2 is a resistor decade box. A resistor decade box is a variable resistor equipped with calibrated dials such that for each resistance setting the value of its resistance can be read off the dials. The connection diagram of the revised Wheatstone bridge is shown in Fig. 1.3 At this point we use our knowledge that at balance the products of the opposite arm resistances of the Wheatstone bridge are equal. Thus by substituting into equation (1-1) we obtain the following result: (R3) * (R2) = (R4) * (R1) (10 x 103) * RBOX = Rx * (10 x 103) which, after dropping the 10k values, becomes RBOX = Rx Fig. 1.3 Bridge circuit for Example 1.3.1.
i.e. The unknown resistance value is the same as the value of the decade box at balance. How do we know that the bridge is at balance? We balance the bridge by adjusting the decade box variable resistance dials until the voltmeter reads 0 volt. At that point the bridge is balanced, and all the dial readings of the decade box will be equal to the unknown resistance. To allow for a wide range of resistance value measurements, one arm of the Wheatstone bridge is usually arranged such that it serves as the ratio arm while the other consists of the adjustable decade box and the unknown resistor. To see the function of the ratio arm, we rearrange equation (1-1) as follows: R3 * R2 = R 4 * R1 to R4 = R2 * (R3/R1)
where R3/R1 is a constant multiplier and R2 is the decade box. If R4 is the unknown resistor, its value in terms of the multiplier and decade box resistor can be rewritten as: