Internetworking With TCP/IP

Application Layer
Telnet FTP SMTP REXEC DNS Gopher X Win TFTP SNMP RPC NFS

Transport Layer
TCP UDP

Network Layer
ICMP IP IGMP ARP RARP

Link Interface
Ethernet, IEEE 802.3, Token Ring, X.25, SNA, FDDI, .

Parviz Kermani

IPv4 Addressing in

Legends
Back to previous foil

Page contains animation

End of animation

IP Addressing

Acknowledgement
Part of the following pages were taken from materials provided by other authors and companies
Cisco Lecture slides of Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross CCENT/CCNA ICND1 & 2- Official Exam Certification Guide, Wendell Odom, Cisco Press

IP Addressing

Internet in a Nutshell
Application Layer
Telnet FTP SMTP REXEC DNS Gopher X Win TFTP SNMP RPC NFS

Transport Layer
TCP UDP

Network Layer
ICMP IP IGMP ARP RARP

Link Interface
Ethernet, IEEE 802.3, Token Ring, X.25, SNA, FDDI, .

IP Addressing

Addresses & Names

Hardware (Layer 2)
Lowest level Ethernet (MAC), Serial point-to-point, ..

Network (Layer 3)
IP IPX, SNA, others

Application (layer 5?)

Names (URL), alias, ..

All are important and needed Ultimately, all deliveries move over the physical layer Note: Port address not under discussion (Transport)

IP Addressing

Layer 2 Addressing

Uses MAC address Assigned to end devices

IP Addressing

Layer 3 Addressing

Each Network Architecture has its own Layer 3 address format. OSI uses NSAP. TCP/IP uses IP

IP Addressing

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (1 of 10)

IP Addressing

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (2 of 10)

IP Addressing

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (3 of 10)

IP Addressing

10

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (4 of 10)

IP Addressing

11

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (5 of 10)

IP Addressing

12

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (6 of 10)

IP Addressing

13

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (7 of 10)

IP Addressing

14

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (8 of 10)

IP Addressing

15

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (9 of 10)

IP Addressing

16

Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (10 of 10)

IP Addressing

17

(Classical) IP Addressing (Layer 3)

IP address is 32 bit An An IP address is broken in two parts
Network address Host address
Network host

The division between network and host is determined by the size of network and determined by the class of the address
IP Addressing 18

IP Addresses
classful addressing
class A 0 network B C D
10 110 1110 network network multicast address

host host host

1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

32 bits
IP Addressing 19

IP Addresses
IP Classful Addresses:
Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239
Multicast

Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254

Experimental

IP Addressing

20

Classful Addressing
Number of elements in each class
Class A B C 0xxx 10xx 110x Number of classes 128 16,384 2,097,152 Number of local addresses 16,777,216 65,534 254

IP Addressing

21

Private IP Addresses Space

Private IP Networks 10.0.0.0 to 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0

Class of Network A B C

Number of Networks 1 16 256

Note: The third column is the Number of Networks (and not IP Addresses)

IP Addressing

22

Problems with Classful Addressing

Inefficient use of address space, address space exhaustion
e.g., class B net allocated enough addresses for 65K hosts, even if only 2K hosts in that network

Network manageability (discussed below) No longer formally part of IP addressing architecture Note:
A classful address identifies the Network and Host field
No need for Network Mask!
IP Addressing 23

Manageability: Flat Topology

Problems
All devices share the same bandwidth. All devices share the same broadcast domain. It is difficult to apply a security policy.

IP Addressing

24

Manageability: Subnetworks
The Smaller networks are easier to manage. Overall traffic is reduced. You can more easily apply network security policies.

IP Addressing

1-25

IP addressing: CIDR
CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing Adopted by IETF in 1993 Network (subnet) portion of address of arbitrary length address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in network (subnet) portion of address
To support 2000 hosts, a block of 2048 addresses of the form a.b.c.d/21 assigned
11 bits needed to store 2048 (211=2048)

In practice the 11 bit rightmost addressing could be further divided (subnetting, more on this later)
network part host part

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 152.23.16.0/21

IP Addressing 26

Network Mask
With CIDR, address no longer specifies the network portion Mask is used to extract network portion from an IP Address
A string of 32 bits Bits corresponding to network (and subnet) part set to 1 Bits corresponding to host part set to 0 Ex (classful address):
Addr = 9.2.225.65/8 = 00001001.00000010.11100001.01000001 Mask = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0

IP Addressing

27

Mask examples (classful addresses)

Ex-1:
Addr = 9 . 2 . 225 . 65/8 = 00001001.00000010.11100001.01000001 Mask = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0 N-Adr= 10001001.00000000.00000000.00000000 9.0.0.0

Ex-2
Addr = 156 . 204 . 135 . 160/19 = 10011100.11001100.10000111.10100000 Mask = 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 = 255 . 255 . 224 . 0 N-Adr= 10011100.11001100.10000000.00000000 156 . 204 . 128 . 0
IP Addressing 28

Two-Level and Three-Level Addresses

Inefficiency of two-level addresses A third level of addressing, consisting of subnets, was developed Subnet address: The original classful network portion plus a subnet field
Also known as extended network field Subnet and host field created from the original classful host portion

Subnet Mask helps identify the host/network part of an address

IP Addressing 29

What a Subnet Mask Does

Tells the router the number of bits to look at when routing Defines the number of bits that are significant Used as a measuring tool, not to hide anything

IP Addressing

30

Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class C Network

IP Addressing

31

Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class B Network

IP Addressing

32

Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class A Network

IP Addressing

33

End System Subnet Mask Operation

IP Addressing

34

Topology Example
A network topology using one IP network with six subnets

IP Addressing

35

How Routers Use Subnet Masks

IP Addressing

36

Working with subnets and masks: Analysis

Analysis of a given IP address/mask
Binary/decimal mask Subnet number (network prefix) Next/previous subnet Range of addresses Broadcast address The first IP address The last IP address Important: are networks specified by 2 addresses overlapping?

IP Addressing

37

Working with subnets and masks: Design

Choosing a subnet mask to meet design requirements
Finding the only possible mask Finding multiple possible masks Choosing the mask that maximizes the number of subnets or hosts

IP Addressing

38

Subnet addresses
Reserved addresses:
The smallest address (all 0s) signifies the subnet number
128.12.17.144/28: x.y.z.10010000 10.12.16.128/26: x.y.z.10000000

The last address (all 1s) signifies the broadcast address

128.12.15.159/28: x.y.z.10011111 10.12.16.191/26: x.y.z.10111111

IP Addressing

39

Subnetting: A useful reference chart

IP Addressing

40

Example: 199.214.17.132/28 (Class C)

IP@:x.y.z.10000100 Borrowed bits: 4; Net bits: 28; Host bits: 4
Block size 16

Mask(last byte only): 11110000; 240 Subnet number: 199.214.17.128 (10000000) Next/previous subnets:
Next: 128 + 16= 144 (10010000) Previous: 128 16 = 112 (01110000)

Range of addresses: x.y.z.129 to x.y.z.143 Broadcast address: 199.214.17.143 First IP address: 199.214.17.129 Last IP address: 199.214.17.142

IP Addressing

41

Example: 148.214.17.132/22 (Class B)

IP@:x.y.00010001.10000100 Borrowed bits: 6; Net bits: 22; Host bits: 10
Block size: 4 (in the 3rd byte)

Mask: 1. 1.11111100.00000000; 255.255.252.0 Subnet number: 148.214.16.0 (0001000.00000000) Next/previous subnets:

Next: 16+4=20 (192.214.20.0) Previous: 16-4=12 (192.214.12.0)

Range of addresses: 192.214.16.1 to 192.214.19.255) Broadcast address: 199.214.19.255 First IP address: 199.214.16.1 Last IP address: 199.214.19.254

IP Addressing

42

Example: 9.214.17.132/12 (Class A)

IP@: Borrowed bits: __; Net bits: __; Host bits: __
Block size: __ (in the __ byte)

Mask: Subnet number: Next/previous subnets:

Next: Previous:

Range of addresses: Broadcast address: First IP address: Last IP address:

IP Addressing

43

The Dread of Overlapping Subnets

In designing networks, care should be taken to prevent overlapping subnets Step 1: calculate the subnet number and subnet broadcast address of each subnet.
Determines range of addresses within each subnet

Step 2: Compare the range of addresses in each subnet and look for any overlap

IP Addressing

44

The Dread of Overlapping Subnets

Is there any flaw in the following network?

IP Addressing

45

Problem Network

2
172.16.4.2/23

172.16.2.1/23

3
172.16.5.2/24

IP Addressing

46

The Dread of Overlapping Subnets

172.16.2.1/23
Mask: 255.255.254.0 Subnet number: 172.16.2.0 Broadcast @: 172.16.3.255

172.16.4.1/23
Mask: 255.255.254.0 Subnet number: 172.16.4.0 Broadcast @: 172.16.5.255

172.16.5.1/24
Mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet number: 172.16.5.0 Broadcast @: 172.16.5.255

Overlap!

IP Addressing

47