TCVN9385 - 2012 Chống sét cho CTXD - Hướng dẫn thiết kế, kiểm tra và bảo trì hệ thống

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TCXDVN 9385 : 2012 BS 6651:1999

Xut bn ln 1
CHNG ST CHO CNG TRNH XY DNG - HNG DN THIT K, KIM TRA V BO TR H THNG Protection of structures against lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance
H ni - 2012
Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012
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Li ni u TCVN 9385:2012 c chuyn i t TCXDVN 46:2007 thnh Tiu chun Quc gia theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v im b khon 2 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 1/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut. TCVN 9385:2012 do Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng - B Xy dng bin son, B Xy dng ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.
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Mc Lc: 1 Phm vi p dng 2 Ti liu vin dn 3 Thut ng v nh ngha 4 Quy nh chung 5 Chc nng ca h thng chng st 6 Vt liu v kch thc 7 S cn thit ca vic phng chng st 8 Vng bo v 9 Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st 10 Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st 11 B phn thu st 12 Dy xung 13 Mng ni t 14 Cc ni t 15 Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh 16 Kt cu cao trn 20 m 17 Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy 18 Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy 19 Nh 20 Hng ro 21 Cy v cc kt cu gn cy 22 Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh 23 Cc cng trnh khc 24 S n mn 25 Lp dng kt cu 26 Dy in trn cao 27 Kim tra 28 o c 29 Lu tr h s 30 Bo tr Ph lc A (tham kho): Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st Ph lc B (tham kho): Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun Ph lc C (tham kho): Hng dn chung chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh Ph lc D (tham kho): Mt s v d tnh ton Ph lc E (tham kho): Hng dn s dng Bn mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam
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Chng st cho cng trnh xy dng - Hng dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng Protection of structures against lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance 1. Phm vi p dng 1.1. Tiu chun ny a ra nhng ch dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Tiu chun ny cng a ra nhng ch dn cho vic chng st i vi cc trng hp c bit nh kho cha cht n, nhng cng trnh tm nh cn cu, khn i bng kt cu khung thp, v cc ch dn chng st cho cc h thng lu tr d liu in t. 1.2. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho cc cng trnh khai thc du, kh trn bin, cc cng trnh c bit hay p dng cc cng ngh chng st khc. 2. Ti liu vin dn Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm cng b th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i, b sung (nu c). BS 7430:1998, Code of practice for earthing. BS 923-2:1980, Guide on high-voltage testing techniques. BS 5698-1, Guide to pulse techniques and apparatus - Part 1: Pulse terms and definitions. UL 1449:1985, Standard for safety for transient voltage surge suppressors. ITU-T K.12 (2000), Characteristics of gas discharge tubes for the protection of telecommunications installations. 3. Thut ng v nh ngha 3.1. H thng chng st (Lightning protection system) Ton b h thng dy dn c s dng bo v mt cng trnh khi tc ng ca st nh. 3.2. B phn thu st (Air termination network) Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch thu ht st nh vo n. 3.3. Mng ni t (Earth termination network) Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch tiu tn dng in st xung t. 3.4. Dy xung (Down conductor) Dy dn ni b phn thu st v mng ni t. 3.5. Cc ni t (Earth electrode) B phn hoc nhm cc b phn dn in c tip xc vi t v c th truyn dng in st xung t. 3.6. Cc ni t mch vng (Ring earth electrode) Cc ni t to ra mt vng khp kn xung quanh cng trnh di hoc trn b mt t, hoc pha di hoc ngay trong mng ca cng trnh. 3.7. Cc ni t tham chiu (Reference earth electrode) Cc ni t c th tch hon ton khi mng ni t dng vo mc ch o c kim tra. 3.8. in cm t cm (Self-inductance) c trng ca dy dn hoc mch to ra trng in t ngc khi c dng in thay i truyn qua chng. in cm t cm ca mt dy dn hoc mch to ra th in ng c tnh t cng thc:
V =L di dt
(1)
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trong : V L
di dt
l trng in t ngc tnh bng vn (V); l in cm t cm tnh bng Henri (H); l tc thay i dng tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
3.9. in cm tng h (Mutual-inductance) c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi mt dng in thay i trong mt dy dn c lp. in cm tng h ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
V =M di dt
(2)
trong : V M
di dt
l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V); l in cm tng h tnh bng Henri (H); l tc thay i dng trong mt dy dn c lp tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
3.10. in cm truyn dn (Transfer-inductance) c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi mt dng in thay i trong mt mch khc m mt phn ca n nm trong vng kn. in cm truyn dn ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
V = Mt di dt
(3)
trong : V Mt
di dt
l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V); l in cm truyn dn tnh bng Henri (H); l tc thay i dng trong mt mch khc tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
3.11. Vng bo v (Zone of protection) Th tch m trong mt dy dn st to ra kh nng chng st nh thng bng cch thu st nh vo n. 4. Quy nh chung 4.1. Cc hng dn trong tiu chun ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng vo mt h thng chng st c th cn xem xt ti cc iu kin thc t lin quan n h thng . Trong nhng trng hp c bit kh khn th cn tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia. 4.2. Trc khi tin hnh thit k chi tit mt h thng chng st, cn phi quyt nh xem cng trnh c cn chng st hay khng, nu cn th phi xem xt iu g c bit c lin quan n cng trnh (xem iu 7 v iu 8). 4.3. Cn kim tra cng trnh hoc nu cng trnh cha xy dng th kim tra h s bn v v thuyt minh k thut theo cc yu cu v phng chng st c quy nh tiu chun ny. 4.4. i vi nhng cng trnh khng c cc chi tit bng kim loi ph hp th cn phi c bit quan tm ti vic b tr tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st sao cho va p ng yu cu chng st va khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. 4.5. i vi cc cng trnh xy dng c a phn kt cu bng kim loi th nn s dng cc b phn bng kim loi trong h thng chng st lm tng s lng cc b phn dn st. Nh
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th va tit kim kinh ph cho h thng chng st li khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin, khi st nh vo phn kim loi, c bit i vi kim loi c sn m, c th ph hy cc lp sn m ngoi kim loi; i vi khi xy c ct thp c th gy khi xy. C th gim thiu ri ro trn bng gii php s dng h thng chng st c c nh trn b mt cng trnh. 4.6. Nhng kt cu kim loi thng c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st gm c khung thp, ct thp trong b tng, cc chi tit kim loi ca mi, ray v sinh ca s trong nh cao tng. 4.7. Ton b cng trnh phi c bo v bng mt h thng chng st kt ni hon chnh vi nhau, khng c b phn no ca cng trnh c tch ra bo v ring. 5. Chc nng ca h thng chng st Chc nng ca h thng thu v dn st l thu ht st nh vo n ri chuyn dng in do st to ra xung t mt cch an ton, trnh st nh vo cc phn kt cu khc cn c bo v ca cng trnh. Phm vi thu st ca mt h thng thu v dn st khng c nh nhng c th coi l mt hm ca mc tiu tn dng in st. Bi vy phm vi thu st l mt i lng thng k. Mt khc, phm vi thu st t b nh hng bi cch cu to h thng thu v dn st, cho nn s sp t theo chiu ngang v chiu thng ng l tng ng nhau. Do khng nht thit phi s dng cc u thu nhn hoc chp nhn, ngoi tr vic l cn thit v mt thc tin. 6. Vt liu v kch thc 6.1. Vt liu Khi la chn vt liu, cn xem xt nguy c b n mn bao gm n mn in ha. i vi vic bo v dy dn, cn ch lp bo v chng li s n mn trong mi trng khc nghit, v d: a) Ph dy dn bng ch dy t nht 2 mm trn nh ng khi. Bc ch c hai u v ti cc im u ni; b) Nu c th th b phn thu st nn trn, nu khng c th dng lp PVC mng 1 mm bc trong trng hp cn chng g (c bit i vi vt liu nhm). Tit din ca cc mi ni trong c th bng khong mt na mi ni ngoi (xem 12.10.2). 6.2. Kch thc Kch thc ca cc b phn hp thnh trong mt h thng chng st cn m bo cc yu cu nu trong Bng 1 v Bng 2. dy ca cc tm kim loi s dng trn mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca h thng chng st cn m bo yu cu trong Bng 3. Bng 1 - Vt liu, cu to v tit din ti thiu ca kim thu st, dy dn st, dy xung v thanh chn di t. Vt liu Cu to Tit din ti thiua (mm2) 50 50 50 200 50 50 Ghi ch
ng
Dy dt c Dy trn ce Cp Dy trn cf,g
Chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm ng knh 8 mm
ng ph thicb
Dy dt c Dy trn ce
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Cp Dy trn cf,g Nhm Dy dt c Dy trn c Cp Hp kim nhm Dy dt c Dy trn c Cp Dy trn cf Thp m kmc Dy dt c Dy trn c Cp Dy trn cf,g Thp khng gd Dy dt ch Dy trn ch Cp Dy trn cf,g CH THCH: a Sai s cho php: - 3 %.
50 200 70 50 50 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 200 50 50 70 200
ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm ng knh 8 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 16 mm
b Nhng nng hoc ph in, chiu dy lp ph ti thiu l 1 micron. c Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns. d Chromium 16 %, Nickel 8 %; Carbon 0,07 %. e 50 mm2 (ng knh 8 mm) c th gim xung 28 mm2 (ng knh 6 mm) trong mt s trng hp khng yu cu sc bn c hc cao. Trong trng hp cn lu gim khong cch gia cc im c nh. f Ch p dng cho kim thu st. Trng hp ng sut pht sinh do ti trng nh gi gy ra khng ln th c th s dng kim thu st di ti a ti 1m ng knh 10 mm g Ch p dng cho thanh cm xung t. h Nu phi quan tm c bit ti vn c v nhit th cc gi tr trn cn tng ln 78 mm2 (ng knh 10 mm) i vi dy trn c v 75 mm2 (dy ti thiu 3 mm) i vi thanh dt c. Bng 2 - Vt liu, cu to v kch thc ti thiu ca cc ni t
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Vt liu ng
Kch thc ti thiua Cu to Cpb Dy trn cb Dy dt c

b
Cc ni t
Dy ni Tm t t 50 mm2 50 mm2 50 mm
2
ni Ghi ch ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 8 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2mm
Dy trn c ng Tm c Tm mt co Thp Dy trn m kmc
ng knh 15 mm ng knh 20 mm Chiu dy thnh ng ti thiu 2 mm 500 mm x Chiu dy ti thiu 2 500 mm mm 600 mm x Tit din 25 mm x 2 600 mm mm
c ng knh ng 16 mmd knh 10 mm ng knh 25 mmd 90 mm2 Chiu dy thnh ng ti thiu 2 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm 500 mm x Chiu dy ti thiu 3 500 mm mm 600 mm x Tit din 30 mm x 3 600 mm mm M ng 99,9% ng, dy ti thiu 250 microns ng knh 10 mm 75 mm2 Chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm
ng m kmc Dy dt c m kmc Tm c kmc m
Tm mt co m kmc Dy trn c ng knh m ngc,e 14 mm Dy trn khng mf c
Dy dt c trn hoc m kmf,g Cp m kmf,g Thp ng m 50 mm x 50 kmc mm x 3 mm Thp khng g Dy trn c
70 mm2
ng knh ng 16 mm knh 10 mm 100 mm2 Chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm

Dy dt c CH THCH:
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Sai s cho php: -3 %. C th ph bng thic.
Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns i vi vt liu trn v 70 microns i vi vt liu dt.
d e f g
Chn ng cn c tin trc khi m km. ng cn c lin kt vi li thp. Ch cho php khi hon ton chn trong B tng.
Ch cho php khi c lin kt tt ti cc im cch nhau khng qu 5m vi ct thp nhng b phn mng c tip xc vi t. Bng 3 - dy ti thiu ca tm kim loi s dng lp mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca h thng chng st Vt liu Thp m Thp khng g ng Nhm v km Ch dy ti thiu (mm) 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,7 2,0
CH THCH: Cc s liu trong bng ny l hp l khi mi nh l mt phn ca h thng chng st. Tuy nhin vn c nguy c tm kim loi b nh thng i vi cc c st nh thng. 7. S cn thit ca vic phng chng st 7.1. Nguyn tc chung Cc cng trnh c nguy c chy n cao nh nh my sn xut thuc n, kho cha nhin liu hoc tng ng cn s bo v cao nht khi cc nguy c b st nh. Chi tit cho vic bo v cc cng trnh ny xem trong iu 18. i vi cc cng trnh khc, cc yu cu v phng chng st c cp n trong tiu chun ny l p ng v cu hi duy nht c t ra l c cn chng st hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp, yu cu cn thit phi chng st l r rng, v d: a) Ni t hp ng ngi; b) Ni cn phi bo v cc dch v cng cng thit yu; c) Ni m quanh khu vc thng xuyn xy ra st nh; d) Ni c cc kt cu rt cao hoc ng n c mt mnh; e) Ni c cc cng trnh c gi tr vn ha hoc lch s; f) Ni c cha cc vt liu d chy, n. Tuy nhin, trong rt nhiu trng hp khc th khng d quyt nh. Trong cc trng hp cn tham kho 7.2; 7.3; 7.4; 7.5; v 7.6 v nhiu yu t nh hng n xc sut st nh v cc phn tch v hu qu ca n. Cng c mt s yu t khng th nh gi c v chng c th bao trm ln tt c cc yu t khc. V d nh yu cu khng xy ra cc nguy c c th trnh c i vi cuc sng ca con ngi hoc l vic tt c mi ngi sng trong ta nh lun cm thy c an ton c th quyt nh cn c h thng chng st, mc d thng thng th iu ny l khng cn thit.
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Khng c bt c hng dn c th no cho nhng vn nh vy nhng c th tin hnh nh gi cn c vo xc sut st nh vo cng trnh vi nhng yu t sau: 1) Cng nng ca ta nh. 2) Tnh cht ca vic xy dng ta nh . 3) Gi tr ca vt th trong ta nh hoc nhng hu qu do st nh gy ra. 4) V tr ta nh. 5) Chiu cao cng trnh. 7.2. Xc nh xc sut st nh vo cng trnh Xc sut ca mt cng trnh hoc mt kt cu b st nh trong bt k mt nm no l tch ca "mt st phng xung t" v "din tch thu st hu dng" ca kt cu. Mt st phng xung t - Ng l s ln st phng xung mt t trn 1 km2 trong mt nm. Gi tr Ng thay i rt ln. c tnh gi tr Ng trung bnh nm c tnh ton bng quan st trong rt nhiu nm cho cc vng trn th gii c cho trong Bng 4 v Hnh 1. Bn mt st nh trung bnh trong nm trn lnh th Vit Nam c cho Hnh 2 (Do vin Vt l a cu ban hnh nm 2006). S liu v mt st nh trung bnh trong nm ti cc trm kh tng Vit Nam c cho Ph lc E. Cc mc ng mc c s dng trn bn Hnh 2 dao ng t 1,4 n 13,7. Khi p dng gi tr mt st phng xung t cho mt v tr khng nm trn ng ng mc tnh ton nn ly gi tr ln hn gia cc gi tr ng ng mc ln cn n. V d v tr nm gia hai ng ng mc c gi tr l 5,7 v 8,2 th c th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 8,2 ln/km2/nm; v tr nm gia hai ng ng mc c gi tr l 8,2 v 10,9 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 10,9 ln/km2/nm; v tr nm vng c gi tr ln hn 13,7 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t 16,7 ln/km2/nm. C th tham kho Ph lc E v mt st phng xung t cho cc a danh c lp trn c s bn mt st (xem Hnh 2) v khuyn co mc ny. Din tch thu st hu dng ca mt kt cu l din tch mt bng ca cc cng trnh ko di trn tt c cc hng c tnh n chiu cao ca n. Cnh ca din tch thu st hu dng c m rng ra t cnh ca kt cu mt khong bng chiu cao ca kt cu ti im tnh chiu cao. Bi vy, i vi mt ta nh hnh ch nht n gin c chiu di L, chiu rng W, chiu cao H (n v tnh l m), th din tch thu st hu dng c di (L + 2H) m v chiu rng (W + 2H) m vi 4 gc trn to bi 14 ng trn c bn knh l H. Nh vy din tch thu st hu dng Ac (m2) s l (xem Hnh 3 v v d Ph lc D: Ac = LW + 2 LH + 2WP + H2 P = Ac x Ng x 10-6 (4) (5) Xc sut st nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm, p c tnh nh sau: Bng 4 - Mi quan h gia s ngy c st nh trong 1 nm v s ln st nh trn 1 km2/nm S ngy c st nh S ln st nh trn 1 km2 trong nm trong nm Trung bnh Khong gii hn 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 0,2 0,5 1,1 1,9 2,8 3,7 4,7 T 0,1 n 0,5 T 0,15 n 1,0 T 0,3 n 3,0 T 0,6 n 5,0 T 0,8 n 8,0 T 1,2 n 10,0 T 1,8 n 12,0
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80 100 7.3. Xc sut st nh cho php
6,9 9,2
T 3,0 n 17,0 T 4,0 n 20,0
Xc sut st nh cho php c ly bng 10-5 trong mt nm. 7.4. Xc sut st nh tng hp Sau khi thit lp c gi tr ca p, l s ln st c kh nng nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm, tnh xc sut st nh tng hp bng cch nhn p vi cc "h s iu chnh" c cho cc bng t Bng 5 n Bng 9. Nu xc sut st nh tng hp ny ln hn xc sut st nh cho php p0 = 10-5 trong mt nm th cn phi b tr h thng chng st. 7.5. Cc h s iu chnh Bng 5 n Bng 9 lit k cc h s iu chnh t A n E biu th mc quan trng hoc mc ri ro tng i trong mi trng hp. Bng 7 lit k cc h s iu chnh k n thit hi v gi tr ca cc i tng bn trong cng trnh hoc hu qu dy chuyn. Thit hi v gi tr cc i tng bn trong cng trnh l kh r rng; cn thut ng "hu qu dy chuyn" c ng khng nhng k n thit hi vt cht i vi hng ha v ca ci m c nhng kha cnh v s ngt qung ca cc dch v thit yu, c bit l trong cc bnh vin. Ri ro i vi cuc sng thng thng c th l rt nh nhng nu mt ta nh b st nh trng, ha hon hay s hong lon c th xy ra mt cch t pht. Bi vy nn thc hin tt c cc bin php c th c gim thiu cc tc ng ny, c bit cc tc ng i vi ngi gi, tr em v ngi m yu. i vi cc ta nh s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nn p dng h s A cho trng hp nghim trng nht.
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Hnh 1 - Bn mt st nh trong nm trn ton th gii
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Hnh 2 - Bn mt st nh trong nm trn lnh th Vit Nam
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Bng 5 - Bng tra gi tr h s A (theo dng cng trnh) Dng cng trnh Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng v c b phn nh cao hn xung quanh Nh my, xng sn xut, phng th nghim Cng s, khch sn, nh chung c Ni tp trung ng ngi nh hi trng, nh ht, bo tng, siu th ln, bu in, nh ga, bn xe, sn bay, sn vn ng Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio Gi tr h s A 0,3 0,7 1,0 1,2 1,3 1,7
Bng 6 - Bng tra gi tr h s B (theo dng kt cu cng trnh) Dng kt cu cng trnh Khung thp hoc B tng ct thp c mi kim loi Khung thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi (x) B tng ct thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi Th xy c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l Khung g c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l Th xy, khung g c mi bng kim loi Cc cng trnh c mi bng tranh tre na l Gi tr h s B 0,1 0,2 0,4 1,0 1,4 1,7 2,0
CH THCH: x) Cc kt cu c b phn kim loi trn nc mi v c tnh dn in lin tc xung t th khng cn theo bng ny Bng 7 - Bng tra gi tr h s C (theo cng nng s dng) Dng cng nng s dng Nh , cng s, nh my, xng sn xut khng cha cc vt qu him hoc c bit d b hy hoi (x) Khu cng nghip, nng nghip c cha cc th c bit d b hy hoi (x) Trm in, trm kh t, in thoi, i pht thanh Gi tr h s C 0,3 0,8 1,0
Khu cng nghip then cht, cng trnh di tch lch s, bo tng, ta nh 1,3 trng by tc phm ngh thut hoc cng trnh c cha cc th c bit d b hy hoi (x) Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio, ni tp trung ng ngi CH THCH: x) D b hy hoi do chy hoc hu qu ca ha hon Bng 8 - Bng tra gi tr h s D (theo mc cch ly) Mc cch ly Gi tr h s D
1,7
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Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c nhiu cng trnh khc hoc c nhiu cy xanh vi chiu cao tng ng hoc t hn Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng Cng trnh xy dng hon ton cch ly hoc cch xa t nht hai ln chiu cao ca cc cng trnh hay cy xanh hin hu trong khu vc Bng 9 - Bng tra gi tr h s E (theo dng a hnh) Dng a hnh xy dng Vng ng bng, trung du Vng i Vng ni cao t 300 m n 900 m Vng ni cao trn 900 m 7.6. Din gii xc sut st nh tng hp
0,4 1,0 2,0
Gi tr h s E 0,3 1,0 1,3 1,7
Phng php xc sut trong tiu chun ny nhm mc ch hng dn cho cc trng hp kh quyt nh. Nu kt qu tnh c nh hn 10-5 (1 trong 100 000) kh nhiu th nhiu kh nng khng cn n h thng chng st; nu nh kt qu ln hn 10-5, v d 10-4 (1 trong 10 000) th cn c cc l do xc ng lm c s cho vic quyt nh khng lm h thng chng st. Khi c cho l cc hu qu dy chuyn s l nh v nh hng ca mt c st nh s ch gy h hi rt nh i vi kt cu ca cng trnh, c th s l tit kim nu khng u t lm h thng chng st v chp nhn ri ro . Tuy nhin ngay c vic quyt nh nh vy cng cn phi tnh ton bit c mc ri ro . Cc kt cu cng rt a dng v d c s dng phng php nh gi no i na cng c th cho cc kt qu khng bnh thng v nhng ngi s phi quyt nh liu s bo v l cn thit hay khng c th s phi s dng kinh nghim v s phn quyt ca mnh. V d nh mt ngi nh kt cu khung thp c th c nhn nh l c xc sut st nh thp, tuy nhin vic thm h thng chng st v ni t s nng cao kh nng chng st rt nhiu nn chi ph lp t thm h thng ny c th c xem l hp l. i vi cc ng khi bng gch hoc b tng, kt qu tnh xc sut st nh tng hp c th thp. Tuy nhin nu chng ng mt mnh hoc vn cao hn cc kt cu xung quanh hn 4,5 m th cn phi chng st cho d xc sut st nh c gi tr no i na. Nhng ng khi nh vy s khng p dng c phng php xc sut st nh tng hp. Tng t nh vy, cc kt cu cha cht n hay d chy cn c xem xt thm cc yu t khc na (xem iu 18 v 8.3). V d v vic tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp quyt nh c cn b tr h thng chng st hay khng c minh ha Ph lc D. 8. Vng bo v 8.1. Khi nim Khi nim "vng bo v" c hiu mt cch n gin l th tch m trong gii hn cc b phn chng st to ra mt s bo v chng li cc c phng in trc tip bng vic thu cc tia st vo cc b phn chng st . Kch thc v hnh dng ca vng bo v thay i theo chiu cao ca ngi nh hoc chiu cao ca cc thit b thu st thng ng. Ni chung i vi cc cng trnh khng cao qu 20 m, vng bo v ca cc b phn thu dn st thng ng t di mt t ln c xc nh l th tch to bi mt hnh nn vi nh ca n nm nh b phn thu st v y nm di mt t. Vng bo v ca cc b phn thu st ngang c xc nh bi khng gian to bi hnh nn c nh nm trn dy thu st ngang chy t im u n im cui. i vi nhng kt cu cao hn 20 m, vic
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xc nh vng bo v nh trn c th khng p dng c, v cn phi c thm cc thit b chng st lp t theo cch thc nh trong Hnh 4 (xem thm iu 16) chng li cc c st nh vo pha bn cnh cng trnh. 8.2. Gc bo v i vi cc kt cu khng vt qu 20 m v chiu cao, gc gia cnh ca hnh nn vi phng thng ng ti nh ca hnh nn gi l gc bo v (xem Hnh 5). ln ca gc bo v khng th xc nh c mt cch chnh xc v n ph thuc vo ln ca c st nh v s hin din trong vng bo v cc vt th c kh nng dn in v chng c th to nn cc ng ni t c lp vi h thng chng st. Tt c nhng g c th khng nh l kh nng bo v ca h thng chng st s tng ln khi ly gc bo v gim i. i vi cc kt cu cao hn 20 m, gc bo v ca bt k mt b phn dn st no cao ti 20 m cng s tng t nh i vi cc b phn thu dn st ca cc kt cu thp hn 20 m. Tuy nhin cng trnh cao hn 20 m c kh nng b st nh vo pha bn cnh, bi vy cn xc nh th tch c bo v theo phng php hnh cu ln (xem Ph lc B.5). i vi cc mc ch thc hnh nhm cung cp mt mc chng st chp nhn c cho mt kt cu thng thng cao ti 20 m hoc cho phn kt cu di 20 m i vi kt cu cao hn, gc bo v ca bt c mt b phn ring no ca li thu st, thu st ng hay nm ngang, c quy nh l 45o (xem Hnh 5-a v Hnh 5-b). Gia cc b phn thu st thng ng t cch nhau khng qu 2 ln chiu cao ca chng th gc bo v tng ng c th t ti 60o so vi phng thng ng (xem Hnh 5-c). i vi mi bng, din tch gia cc dy dn song song c coi l c chng st nu b phn thu st c b tr theo 11.1 v 11.2. i vi cc kt cu c yu cu chng st cao hn th khuyn co p dng cc gc bo v khc (xem iu 18). 8.3. Cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh i vi cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh, v d c cha cht chy n, th cn p dng tt c cc gii php chng st c th c, mc d ch l phng chng cc v st nh rt him khi xy ra trong vng bo v c nh ngha nh 8.1 v 8.2. Xem chi tit iu 18 v vic gim din tch bo v v cc bin php c bit khc cho cc dng cng trnh ny. 9. Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st Trc v trong c qu trnh thit k, n v thit k cn trao i v thng nht v phng n vi cc b phn lin quan. Nhng s liu sau y cn c xc nh mt cch c th: a) Cc tuyn i ca ton b dy dn st; b) Khu vc i dy v cc cc ni t; c) Chng loi vt t dn st; d) Bin php c nh cc chi tit ca h thng chng st vo cng trnh, c bit nu c nh hng ti vn chng thm cho cng trnh; e) Chng loi vt liu chnh ca cng trnh, c bit l phn kt cu kim loi lin tc nh cc ct, ct thp; f) a cht cng trnh ni xy dng v gii php x l nn mng cng trnh; g) Cc chi tit ca ton b cc ng ng kim loi, h thng thot nc ma, h thng cu thang trong v ngoi cng trnh c th cn hn u ni vi h thng chng st; h) Cc h thng ngm khc c th lm mt n nh cho h thng ni t; i) Cc chi tit ca ton b h thng trang thit b k thut lp t trong cng trnh c th cn hn u ni vi h thng chng st.
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Mu B tr chung (a)
Din tch thu st v phng php tnh Ac = 14 x 50 + 2(15 x 50) + 2(15 x 14) + x 152 Ac = 3 327 m2
(b)
Ac = 15 x 50 + 2(21 x 40) + 2(21 x 15) + x 212 Ac = 4 296 m2
(c)
Ac = 3 x 142 + 2(14 x 30) Ac = 1 456 m2
(d)
Ac = 7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) + x 92 + 10 (xp x) cho vng t en. Ac = 405 m2
(e)
Ac = x 402 Ac =5 027 m2
(f)
Ac = 12 x 55 + 2(18 x 55) + 2(18 x 12) + x 182 Ac = 4 090 m2
(g)
Ac = 25 x 60 + 25 x 30 + 6 x 60 + 6 x 50 + 6 x 25 + 6 x 25 + 6 x 30 + 6 x 24 + 5/4 x x 62 Ac = 3 675 m2
(h)
Ac = 20 x 30 + 2(4 x 30) + 2 (4 x 20) + x 42 + 20 (xp x) cho vng t en Ac = 1 070 m2
CH THCH: Tt c cc kch thc u tnh theo n v l mt (m) Hnh 3 - Mt s dng cng trnh v din tch thu st
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CH THCH: Hnh ny khng p dng cho ng khi BTCT s dng ct thp lm dy xung. Hnh 4 - H thng chng st cho ng khi xy gch
a) Ct n thu st
b) Dy thu st
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(a) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
(b) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
c) Bn ct thu st vi cc gc bo v v vng bo v kt hp CH DN: VC: Ct thu st HC: Dy thu st ZP: Vng bo v GL: Ct nn
Hnh 5 - Xc nh gc v phm vi bo v hiu qu ca kim thu st 10. Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st bao gm: a) B phn thu st b) B phn dy xung c) Cc loi mi ni d) im kim tra o c e)B phn dy dn ni t f) B phn cc ni t Cc chi tit c nh v chi tit im o kim tra in hnh ca h thng dy dn c th hin trn Hnh 6, Hnh 7 v Hnh 8. 11. B phn thu st
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11.1. Cc nguyn tc c bn B phn thu st c th l cc kim thu st hoc li thu st hoc kt hp c hai (xem minh ha ti t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14). Khong cch t bt k b phn no ca mi n b phn thu st nm ngang khng nn ln hn 5m (xem CH THCH 1 V CH THCH 2 trong Hnh 10). i vi nhng dng mi bng c din tch ln thng s dng li thu st khu 10 m x 20 m. i vi nhng mi nh c nhiu nc, nu khong cch S gia hai nc ln hn 10 + 2H, trong H l cao ca nc (tt c c tnh bng n v m) th phi b sung thm cc dy thu st (xem Hnh 11). i vi nhng cng trnh B tng ct thp, b phn thu st c th c u ni vo h ct thp ca cng trnh ti nhng v tr thch ng vi s lng dy xung cn thit theo tnh ton. Tt c cc b phn bng kim loi nm ngay trn mi hoc cao hn b mt ca mi u c ni t nh mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem minh ha ti Hnh 4 v Hnh 6 v tham kho Hnh 15). Lp ph nh tng, nh mi v lan can bng kim loi (xem iu 9), li bng kim loi sn thng nn c tn dng lm mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v Hnh 16). 11.2. Cc dng cu to b phn thu st 11.2.1. Nguyn tc chung Cc dng cu to b phn thu st thng dng nht c minh ha t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14. Phm vi ng dng ca tng dng thu st c ch dn ti 11.2.2; 11.2.3; 11.2.4; 11.2.5 v 11.2.6. Vic s dng b phn thu st dng no l ty thuc vo kin trc v kt cu cng nh v tr xy dng ca tng cng trnh. 11.2.2. Kim thu st n Hnh 5(a) minh ha kim thu st n v phm vi bo v. Hnh 5(c) minh ha dng thu st kt hp 4 kim thu st gia tng phm vi bo v nh th hin ti hnh v mt bng bo v. 11.2.3. Dy thu st, li thu st cho nh mi bng Hnh 5(b) minh ha b tr dy thu st vin theo chu vi mi ca cng trnh dng khi ch nht v mt bng, mt ct phm vi bo v. Hnh 9 minh ha cch b tr b phn chng st in hnh i vi cc cng trnh mi bng din tch ln (xem 11.1). Thng thng s dng li thu st cho cc cng trnh dng ny nhm gim tc ng ca hiu ng lan truyn st. 11.2.4. Cng trnh c mt bng rng v hnh khi phc tp i vi cc cng trnh bao gm nhiu khi trong c c phn cao tng v thp tng, nh minh ha ti Hnh 13, h thng chng st s bao gm y cc b phn: thu st, dy xung v tip a. Khi thit k h thng chng st cho phn thp tng cn b qua s hin din ca phn cao tng. Li tip a v cc mi u ni c s dng theo dng thng dng (xem Hnh 6, 12.9, 12.10, 13, v cc Ph lc B; B.2; v B.5). Hnh 10 minh ha cng trnh gm nhiu khi c mi bng vi cc cao khc nhau. Bo v cc khi bng h thng li thu st vin xung quanh chu vi mi v xung quanh phn mi bn trong ti v tr c cc khi nh cao ln (xem CH THCH 1 ti Hnh 10). Tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st phi c u ni vi nhau theo quy nh 4.7 (xem Hnh 14 v Hnh 30). CH THCH: Trn Hnh 14 b phn dy thu st xung quanh chn phn cao tng c s dng u ni li thu st vi dy xung ca phn cao tng. Trn thc t th khu vc ny nm trong phm vi bo v, ni cch khc l bnh thng th khng cn b tr dy thu st. Hnh 11 minh ha cc dng mi c din tch ln. Dy thu st c b tr trn mi v c u ni vi nhau c hai u mp mi. Nu mi rng hn 20 m th cn b sung thm dy thu st ngang bo m khong cch gia hai dy thu st khng ln hn 20 m. i vi cc cng trnh c cao trn 20 m th c th cn phi p dng phng php hnh cu ln (xem Ph lc B v Hnh B.1) xc nh v tr lp t b phn thu st (tr trng hp cng trnh c kt cu khung thp). 11.2.5. i vi cc cng trnh mi ngi
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i vi cc cng trnh c mi khng dn in, dy dn st c th b tr di hoc tt nht l b tr trn mi ngi. Mc d vic lp t dy dn st di mi ngi c li l n gin v gim c nguy c n mn, nhng tt hn l lp t dc theo b nc ca mi ngi. Trng hp ny c u im l gim thiu nhiu hn nguy hi i vi mi ngi do dy thu st trc tip v cng tc kim tra cng d dng, thun tin hn. Dy dn st b tr di mi ngi ch c s dng ch yu trong trng hp mi c dy nh hoc c t ngay di lp ph bn trn mi, v khong cch gia cc dy dn khng ln hn 10m. i vi cng trnh dng nh th hoc dng kin trc, kt cu tng t th x l nh cng trnh c bit. Phn thp cao hon ton khng tnh n trong qu trnh thit k h thng chng st cho cc hng mc thp hn ca cng trnh. 11.2.6. i vi cc cng trnh n gin c cha cc cht d gy chy n Hnh 17 minh ha gii php b tr h thng chng st ch yu c s dng i vi cc cng trnh n gin, c cha cc cht d gy chy n. H thng bo v chnh bao gm hai kim thu st ni vi nhau bng mt dy thu st. Phm vi bo v c th hin trn mt bng, mt ct trong hnh v, ng thi th hin nh hng ca vng ca dy thu st ngang (xem 18.2.1).
Hnh 6 - Lan can, lp ph nh tng bng kim loi v ct thp c s dng lm kim thu st v dy xung
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CH THCH: Ph lp chng g cho tt c cc nt v lin kt Hnh 7 - im o kim tra
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Hnh 8 - Cc kiu kim thu st in hnh
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Hnh 9 - Thu st cho mi bng
Hnh chiu B
*Ni dy xung v dy thu st phn mi thp

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Chu vi = 24 +24 +12 +12 = 72 m S dy xung cn thit = 72/20 = 4
CH THCH 1: Cn b tr li thu st dc chu vi bao ngoi mi v khng c im no mi cch n qu 5 m tr b phn thp cho php cch xa thm 1 m trn mi chiu cao chnh mi
CH THCH 2: Khng cn li thu st ngang tng mi quanh ging tri; vng bo v c gc 60o to ra bi 2 dy thu st i vi kt cu di 20 m. Khng p dng cho kt cu cao hn 20 m
Hnh 10 - Thu st cho mi bng c nhiu cao khc nhau
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CH THCH 1: Nu S > 10+2H cn b sung dy thu st dc nh khong cch gia cc dy thu st < 10 m CH THCH 2: Nu chiu di mi vt qu 20 m cn b sung cc dy dn ngang CH THCH 3: Cc hnh v trn khng th hin cc dy xung Hnh 11 - Thu st cho mi c din tch ln v nhiu nh nc
1. Cc mi c gc dc ln t 45o tr ln ch yu cu dy thu st nc
2. Cc mi c dim mi cch b nc cha n 5 m
3) 4)
CH THCH: Cc v d trn minh ha cho nhiu loi mi c kch thc khc nhau. Khi thit k li thu st mi cn tun th nguyn tc: - Khng b phn no ca mi cch dy thu st qu 5 m - Cn m bo kch thc li ti a l 20 m x 10 m a) B phn thu st v dy xung
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b) Cc dy dn st nm di tm lp CH DN ---- Dy dn i chm Kim thu st (kim trn khng sn bc, cao 0,3 m) hoc tm kim loi Hnh 12 - Thu st v dy xung t trong mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 m
CH THCH: Cc dy dn ngang cn c lin kt ti cc v tr giao nhau nh quy nh ti 12.10.4 Hnh 13 - Thu st v dy xung cho cng trnh mi bng
CH THCH: Thu st cho kt cu BTCT hay kt cu thp cao cn m bo: a) Li thu nm ngang b tr theo 10 m x 20 m b) Lin kt vi kt cu thp ti cc gc vi khong cch 20 m dc chu vi v chn phn nh cao trn mi thp mt on 0,5 m. Hnh 14 - Thu st cho cng trnh c thp cao dn in
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* Th hin lin kt vo kt cu thp mi CH THCH 1: Li thu st 5 m x 10 m hoc nh hn, ty thuc vo nguy c ri ro CH THCH 2: Khng th hin dy xung trong hnh v ny Hnh 15 - Thu st cho cng trnh c cha cc cht d gy chy n 12. Dy xung 12.1. Khi nim chung Chc nng ca dy xung l to ra mt nhnh c in tr thp t b phn thu st xung cc ni t sao cho dng in st c dn xung t mt cch an ton. Tiu chun ny bao hm c vic s dng dy xung theo nhiu kiu bao gm cch s dng thp dt, thp trn, ct thp v tr kt cu thp Bt c b phn kt cu cng trnh no dn in tt u c th lm dy xung v c kt ni mt cch thch hp vi b phn thu st v ni t. Ni chung, cng s dng nhiu dy xung cng gim c ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st v cc hin tng khng mong mun khc. Tng t, cc dy dn ln lm gim ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st, c bit nu c bc cch in. S dng cc dy dn c lp bc khng lm gim i s lng ca cc dy xung c kin ngh tiu chun ny. Trong thc t, ty thuc vo dng ca cng trnh, thng thng cn c cc dy xung t song song, mt s hoc ton b nhng dy xung c th l mt phn ca kt cu cng trnh . V d, mt khung thp hoc kt cu B tng ct thp c th khng cn cc dy xung v bn thn ci khung to ra mt mng li gm nhiu nhnh xung t mt cch hiu qu, ngc li mt kt cu c lm hon ton t cc vt liu khng dn in s cn cc dy xung b tr theo kch thc v dng ca kt cu . Tm li, h thng dy xung khi c th thc hin c th nn dn thng t b phn thu st n mng li ni t v t i xng xung quanh cc tng bao ca cng trnh bt u t cc gc. Trong mi trng hp, cn phi lu n hin tng lan truyn st (xem 12.5).
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CH THCH: Chiu dy nh nht khi s dng tm lp kim loi lm mt b phn ca h thng chng st l: - Thp m km - ng - Nhm, km - Ch 0,5 mm 0,3 mm 0,7 mm 2,0 mm Hnh 16 - Kp u ni b phn thu st cho mi bng trong trng hp mi kim loi c s dng lm mt b phn ca h thng chng st 12.2. B tr dy xung B tr dy xung cho nhiu dng cng trnh, c hoc khng c khung thp xem Hnh 18. Trong cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, khung thp hoc ct thp trong b tng phi c lin kt vi nhau v tham gia vo s tiu tn dng in st cng vi cc ct thng ng v cc chi tit tng t, chng nn c lin kt phn trn cng v phn di cng. Thit k ca h thng chng st do s bao gm cc ct lin tc hoc cc tr thng ng c b tr ph hp vi 12.3. Vi cc cng trnh c khung thp hoc cc cng trnh b tng ct thp khng cn thit phi b tr, cc dy xung ring r. Hnh 18a minh ha mt cng trnh c khung thp. Theo khng cn b tr thm cc dy xung nhng cn ni t ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Hnh 18b th hin cch b tr dy xung trong trng hp mi ua 3 cnh. Hnh 18c th hin cch b tr trong trng hp phng khiu v hoc b bi c khu ph tr. Hnh 18d, Hnh 18e, Hnh 18f v Hnh 18g th hin cc cng trnh c hnh dng m c th b tr tt c cc dy xung c nh cc bc tng bao. Cn phi thn trng khi la chn khong cch cc dy xung ph hp trnh khu vc ra vo, lu n yu cu trnh in p bc nguy him trn b mt t (tham kho thm Hnh 19). 12.3. S lng khuyn co V tr v khong cch cc dy xung trong cng trnh ln thng ph thuc vo kin trc. Tuy nhin, nn b tr mt dy xung vi khong cch gia cc dy l 20 m hoc nh hn theo chu vi cao mi hoc cao nn. Cng trnh c chiu cao trn 20 m phi b tr cc dy cch nhau khng qu 10 m. 12.4. Nhng cng trnh cao kh thc hin vic o kim tra
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Vi cng trnh c chiu cao ln, iu kin kim tra v o c l kh, cn phi c bin php o kim tra tnh lin tc ca h thng. Cn t nht hai dy xung cho cng tc o c (xem Hnh 4). 12.5. B tr ng dn xung Dy xung cn phi i theo li thng nht c th c gia li thu st v mng ni t. Khi s dng nhiu hn mt dy xung th cc dy xung cn c sp xp cng u cng tt xung quanh tng bao ca cng trnh, bt u t cc gc (xem Hnh 18), ty thuc vo kin trc v kh nng thi cng. Trong vic quyt nh tuyn xung, cn phi cn nhc n vic lin kt dy xung vi cc chi tit thp trong cng trnh, v d nh cc tr, ct thp v bt c chi tit kim loi lin tc v c nh ca cng trnh c kh nng lin kt c. Cc bc tng bao quanh sn thng v ging tri c th c s dng gn cc dy xung nhng khng c s dng vch lng thang my (xem 15.3.11). Cc sn thng c tng bao c 20 m phi c trang b mt dy xung. Tuy nhin, cn c ti thiu hai dy xung v b tr i xng. 12.6. S dng ct thp trong kt cu b tng 12.6.1. Nguyn tc chung Cc chi tit c th cn c quyt nh giai on thit k thi cng cng trnh (xem 9.5). 12.6.2. Tnh dn in lin tc Cc thanh ct thp ca kt cu b tng ct thp c ti ch i khi c hn, trng hp hin nhin l n to ra kh nng truyn in lin tc. Thng thng chng c ni buc vi nhau bi cc dy ni kim loi cc im giao nhau. Mc d vy, khng k n nhng mi lin kt tnh c t nhin ca kim loi, th mt s lng rt ln ca cc thanh v cc mi giao nhau thi cng nh vy cng l m bo tch nh cng ca dng in st ra thnh nhiu nhnh tiu tn song song. Kinh nghim ch ra rng kt cu r rng c th tn dng nh l mt b phn trong h thng chng st. Tuy nhin, cn lu cc vn sau: a) Phi m bo tip xc gia cc ct thp, v d bng cch c nh chng bng dy buc; b) Cn phi ni ct thp ng vi nhau v ct thp ng vi ct thp ngang. 12.6.3. B tng ng lc trc Cc dy dn st khng c kt ni vi cc ct, dm hay ging b tng ct thp ng lc trc v thp ng lc trc khng c lin kt v do khng c tnh dn in lin tc. 12.6.4. B tng c sn Trong trng hp cc ct, dm hay tr bng b tng ct thp c sn th ct thp c th c s dng nh l dy dn nu cc on ct thp cc cu kin ring bit c gn kt vi nhau v m bo tnh dn in lin tc. 12.7. Tuyn i bn trong Khi kh nng b tr tuyn dy xung pha bn ngoi l khng kh thi hoc l khng thch hp (xem 12.8.3), cc dy xung c th c b tr vo trong mt ng rng bng vt liu phi kim loi, khng chy v c ko thng xung t (xem Hnh 20). Bt c rnh c che kn, mng thit b, ng hoc mng cp chy sut chiu cao cng trnh khng cha si dy cp no u c th c s dng cho mc ch ny. 12.8. Un gc nhn v nhnh vng 12.8.1. iu kin thc t khng phi lc no cng cho php cc tuyn i theo con ng thng nht. Tuy c th chp nhn un gc nhn ti mt s v tr, v d nh ti cc g mi, nhng cn lu cc nhnh vng trong dy dn c th lm in cm cao gim xung nhanh lm cho vic tiu tn
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dng in st c th xy ra pha h ca nhnh vng. V c bn, ri ro c th xut hin khi chiu di ca dy dn to ra nhnh vng vt qu 8 ln chiu rng phn h ca mch (Xem Hnh 21). 12.8.2. Khi khng th trnh c nhnh vng di, v d nh trong trng hp tng lan can, tng mi, cc dy dn phi c sp t sao cho khong cch ca phn h nhnh vng p ng c nguyn tc a ra 12.8.1. Cch lm khc l to l qua cc tng lan can cc dy dn c th xuyn qua d dng. 12.8.3. Ti cc cng trnh c cc sn trn ua ra, cn xt ti nguy c lan truyn st t dy xung bn ngoi n ngi ng di phn nh ra. Cc dy xung phi theo mt tuyn bn trong, ph hp vi 12.7, nu kch thc ca phn nh ra c th gy nguy c v lan truyn st cho ngi hoc nu khong cch cc dy xung ln hn 20 m. Ri ro vi ngi l khng th chp nhn nu chiu cao (h) ca phn nh ra nh hn 3 m. Vi phn nh ra c chiu cao ln hn hoc bng 3 m th chiu rng (w) ca phn nh ra phi nh hn hoc bng (tnh theo m) gi tr tnh theo biu thc: W 15(0,9xh-2,5) (6) Nu cc dy xung i theo tuyn bn ngoi, cch xc nh h v w ca phn nh ra c minh ha Hnh 21d.
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
c) Vng c bo v CH THCH: trnh hin tng lan truyn st, khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v dy dn/ct treo dy l 2 m hoc theo 15.2 (ly khong cch ln nht) Hnh 17 - B phn thu st v vng bo v cng trnh n gin c cha cht d chy n
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K hiu Ct chu lc Ct chu lc dn in s dng lm dy xung v ni t Dy xung v ni t bn ngoi CH THCH 1: Dy xung c th l mt b phn ca kt cu hoc thanh trn, thanh dt t mt ngoi cng trnh CH THCH 2: i vi kt cu cao hn 20 m, cc dy xung t cch nhau khng qu 10 m mt chic Hnh 18 - Cc cch b tr dy xung cho cc dng cng trnh cao (dy b tr thm bn ngoi hay s dng b phn dn in ca cng trnh)
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Hnh 19 - Chnh lch in p mt t gn ct , thp, tr c cc ni t nhiu cc n 12.9. Lin kt trnh hin tng lan truyn st Bt c chi tit kim loi trong hoc l mt phn ca kt cu hoc bt c thit b cng trnh c cc thnh phn kim loi c thit k hoc ngu nhin tip xc vi t nn phi c cch ly hoc lin kt vi dy xung (Xem iu 17). Tuy nhin, tr phi cc tnh ton 15.2 v cc yu cu B.2 ch ra rng cn phi lin kt th nhng th c tip xc vi h thng chng st, trc tip hoc khng trc tip, thng qua cc lin kt kim loi vi kim loi chc chn v tin cy th khng cn cc dy dn lin kt thm. Ch dn chung cng p dng cho ton b cc chi tit kim loi ln h ni hoc khng ni vi t. C th b qua cc chi tit nh nh cc bn l ca, gi mng bng kim loi hay ct thp ca cc dm nh n c. CH THCH: Trong phm vi vn ny, chi tit c coi l ln khi c kch thc mt cnh bt k ln hn 2 m. 12.10. Lin kt 12.10.1. Quy nh chung Hu ht cc phn ca h thng chng st c thit k sao cho c th lp va vo trong mt bng chung. Tuy nhin cc lin kt c s dng kt ni cc b phn lm t kim loi c cc hnh dng v thnh phn khc nhau do khng th c mt dng chun. Do tnh a dng trong s dng ca chng v cc nguy c n mn nn cn phi ch ti cc b phn kim loi ca chng, v d nh phn kt ni v cc b phn c kt ni. 12.10.2. Cc yu cu v c v in
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Mt lin kt phi hiu qu c v c v in v c bo v trnh n mn v xm thc trong mi trng lm vic. Cc chi tit kim loi bn ngoi trn kt cu hoc l mt phn ca kt cu c th phi tiu tn ton b dng in do st nh vo n v do lin kt ca cc chi tit vi h thng chng st phi c tit din khng nh hn tit din ca dy dn chnh. Ngc li, cc chi tit kim loi bn trong khng d b h hi v lin kt ca n ngoi chc nng cn bng in p th nhiu lm cng ch ti mt phn cng dng in st. Do cc lin kt bn trong c th c tit din nh hn tit din dy dn chnh. 12.10.3. D tr cho vic lin kt cc thit b tng lai i vi mi cng trnh, ti mi ct sn cn phi d tr cho vic lin kt my mc thit b trong tng lai vi h thng chng st, v d nh lin kt vi thit b kim loi cp gas, nc, h thng thot nc hoc cc thit b khc tng t. Cc kt cu li in, in thoi hoc ng dy khc trn cao khng nn lin kt vi h thng chng st m khng c s cho php ca nh chc trch c thm quyn.
Hnh 20 - Dy xung trong ng dn b tr bn trong 12.10.4. Cc mi ni Bt k mi ni khc vi mi ni hn u th hin s gin on trong h thng dn in v nhy cm vi s thay i v h hng. Cho nn, h thng chng st cng t mi ni cng tt. Cc mi ni phi hiu qu c v mt c v in, v d nh kp, vt, bu lng, cht, inh tn hoc hn. Vi mi ni chng, khong chng ln ca mi kiu dy dn phi khng nh hn 20 m. B mt tip xc trc ht phi c lm sch v sau ngn chn hin tng xy ha bng ha cht chng r thch hp. Mi ni gia hai kim loi khc nhau phi c lm sch bng cc cht khc nhau vi mi kiu vt liu. Tt c cc mi ni phi c bo v n mn v xm thc do mi trng v phi c din tip xc thch hp. Kim tra nh k s thun tin nu s dng cc lp ph bo v bng: a) Ph bng cht c gc ha du; hoc b) Ph cao su bng phng php phun, hoc c) Ph bng cht hn nhit. Vt liu s dng lm ai c v bulng phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun hin hnh v bu lng v ai c. bt bulng thanh dt, cn t nht l 2 bulng M8 hoc mt bulng M10. Vi cc mi ni inh tn, cn phi s dng t nht 4 inh tn c ng knh 5 mm. Bulng lin kt cc thanh dt vi tm kim loi c chiu dy nh hn 2 mm cn phi c ming m vi din tch khng nh hn 10 cm2 v phi s dng khng t hn 2 bulng M8. 12.10.5. Cc im o kim tra Mi dy xung phi b tr mt im o kim tra v tr thun tin cho vic o c nhng khng qu l liu, d b tc ng khng mong mun. Cn t cc bng ch v tr, s lng v kiu ca cc cc ni t trn mi im kim tra. 13. Mng ni t CH THCH: Thng tin thm v mng ni t c trnh by Ph lc B. 13.1. in tr ni t
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Cc ni t phi c kt ni vi mi dy xung. Mi cc phi c in tr (o bng ) khng vt qu 10 nhn vi s cc ni t c b tr (xem 12.3). Tt c mng ni t nn c in tr ni t tng hp khng vt qu 10 v khng k n bt k mt lin kt no vi cc thit b khc. in tr ni t trc v sau khi hon thnh cc lin kt cn c o v ghi chp li v s dng trong mi t o kim tra sau (xem 13.4 v iu 28). Nu in tr ca ton b h thng chng st vt qu 10 , c th gim gi tr bng cch ko di hoc thm vo cc in cc hoc bng cch lin kt cc cc ni t ring r ca cc dy xung vi mt dy dn c t su t nht 0,6 m di mt t, i khi gi l cc ni t mch vng (xem Hnh 22). Cc cc ni t mch vng nn c b tr bn di cc thit b u vo cng trnh. Vic chn cc cc ni t mch vng nh trn c xem nh mt phn khng tch ri ca mng ni t v phi c xt n khi nh gi gi tr in tr ni t tng th ca h thng c lp t. Trong kt cu khung thp, cc cu kin ca khung thp thng c lin kt chc chn m bo c th s dng nh cc dy xung. Phn thp nht ca kt cu nn c ni t mt cch tha ng, vi cc dy xung c b tr tun theo cc yu cu 12.3. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc mng ca cng trnh s c in tr ni t thp ph hp m khng cn cc cc ni t khc, c bit nu mng ca cng trnh bao gm c cc cc c ct thp. Vic o in tr ni t ca cc mng va mi hon thnh s quyt nh liu bn thn mng m bo cha hay c cn thm cc cc ni t (xem B.1.5). Trong cc cng trnh hin c, vic o in tr ni t ca mng i khi bt kh thi v do phi tm kim gii php ni t khc nh trnh by iu 14. Nu ch s dng mng ni t, cn c cc bin php ni tng cu kin thng ng ca kt cu thp vi nn t to bi ct thp trong mng b tng. 13.2. Tm quan trng ca vic lm gim in tr ni t Vic lm gim gi tr in tr ni t xung di 10 to thun li cho vic gim chnh lch in th xung quanh cc cc ni t khi tiu tn dng in st. N c th lm gim nguy c lan truyn st vo kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh (xem 12.9). 13.3. Mng ni t chung cho mi thit b Nn s dng mng ni t chung cho h thng chng st v mi thit b khc. Mng ni t cn ph hp vi nhng xut trong tiu chun ny v cng cn tun theo cc quy nh p dng cho cc thit b c lin quan. in tr ni t trong trng hp ny cn c gi tr thp nht p ng bt c thit b no. 13.4. Cch ly h thng cc ni t o kim tra Cc cc ni t cn p ng yu cu cch ly v nn b tr mt cc ni t tham chiu (xem 3.7) phc v cho mc ch o kim tra. Khi kt cu thp trong cng trnh c s dng lm dy xung, cn b tr cc im o c kim tra tnh lin tc v in tr thp ca kt cu thp. iu ny c bit quan trng vi cc thnh phn khng l ra ca kt cu. Cc ni t tham chiu l cn thit cho vic o kim tra . 13.5. Cng trnh trn nn Cc kt cu ng trn nn nn c trang b cc ni t mch vng chy theo ng ng mc ca nn. Nn ph t ln trn nu c th. Cc ni t ny nn c lp t bn di phn mng ca cng trnh mi. Nu khng p dng c cc iu trn th nn s dng t nht 2 thanh in cc dt hoc cc ni t to ra bng cch khoan v lp h bng vt liu dn in nh bentonite hay b tng dn in hoc xi mng ch to vi ct liu cacbonat ha dng ht cp phi thay cho ct hay ct liu thng thng. ng knh ca h khng nn nh hn 75 mm. Bi than cc hay tro bay khng nn s dng lm vt liu lp bi tnh ph hy dn ca chng.
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a) B tr c chp nhn
b) B tr khng c chp nhn
c) Phng php lun dy xung qua tng mi c chp nhn d) ng i ca dy xung i vi nh c tng trn ua ra Hnh 21 - Cc nhnh vng 14. Cc ni t CH THCH: Thng tin thm v cc ni t c cho ph lc B. 14.1. Quy nh chung Trc khi bt u qu trnh thit k, cn quyt nh v kiu ca cc ni t thch hp nht vi tnh cht t nhin ca t thu c theo th nghim l khoan. Cc cc ni t gm c cc thanh kim loi trn, dt, cc ng hoc kt hp cc loi trn hoc l cc b phn ni t t nhin nh cc hay mng ca cng trnh (xem B.1.3 v B.1.5). 14.2. iu kin t 14.2.1. Quy nh chung Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, tr nn , chng nn c ng vo lp t khng phi t p, t lp hoc l loi t d b kh (theo ma hay do nhit ta ra t cc thit b, nh my). 14.2.2. Cc ni t c lp bc s dng bn trong cc kt cu dng b cha Khi cc ni t i qua mt kt cu dng b cha nn p dng bin php bc kn nh minh ha Hnh 25.
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14.3. Thanh ni t 14.3.1. V tr Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, chng nn c ng vo t ngay bn di cng trnh v cng gn dy xung cng tt. Thi cng cc thanh ni t xa cng trnh thng l khng cn thit v khng kinh t (xem Hnh 25). Khi cc iu kin v t l thun li cho vic s dng cc thanh ng song song vi nhau, s gim bt in tr ni t l nh khi khong cch gia cc thanh nh hn chiu di ng vo t. 14.3.2. o in tr ni t trong qu trnh lp t Trong qu trnh ng cc thanh vo t, nn tin hnh o in tr ni t. Lm nh vy s bit c trng thi khng cn phi gim tip in tr na, c bit l khi ng cc thanh di. 14.3.3. Kt ni vi mng ni t im kt ni vi mng ni t phi c kh nng di di v d dng tip cn c t trn mt t thun tin cho vic kim tra, o c v bo dng h thng chng st. Nu nm di mt t, im kt ni nn c t trong mt ci h hoc cng c xy dng cho mc ch kim tra. Tuy nhin, c th chp nhn cc b tr n gin trong mt s trng hp v d nh lp h thng nh, mng ni t su hn bnh thng hoc cc trng hp khc ph thuc vo iu kin hin trng (xem B.1.2). 14.4. Cch thanh dt 14.4.1. V tr v hnh dng Khi s dng cc thanh dt, li hay bn, c th chn chng bn di cng trnh hoc trong cc rnh su khng chu nh hng ca ma kh hn hoc cc hot ng cng nghip. Cc thanh dt nn c b tr hng tm t im kt ni vi dy xung, s lng v chiu di ca chng c xc nh sao cho c c in tr ni t cn thit. Nu cc hn ch v khng gian i hi s dng cch b tr song song hoc dng li, nn b tr nh Hnh 24 vi khong cch gia cc thanh song song khng nn nh hn 3 m. 14.4.2. n mn Khng cho php bi than cc tip xc vi cc in cc bc ng do tnh cht n mn nguy him ca chng. Khng nn nhi mui vo t xung quanh cc cc ni t. 15. Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh. CH THCH: Cc thng tin thm v kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh c cho B.2. 15.1. Khi nim chung Khi st nh vo mng thu st, in th ca mng thu st vi t tng ln v, tr khi c bin php phng nga thch hp, s phng in c th xy ra theo cc ng khc nhau xung t thng qua hiu ng lan truyn st vo cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh. C 2 bin php phng nga hiu ng lan truyn st, l: a) Cch ly b) Lin kt Bin php cch ly yu cu khong cch ly ln gia h thng chng st v cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh. im hn ch chnh ca bin php cch ly nm ch rt kh to ra v duy tr khong cch ly an ton cn thit v bo m rng cc chi tit kim loi c cch ly khng kt ni vi t, v d nh thng qua nc hoc cc hnh thc khc. Nhn chung, lin kt l bin php thng c s dng hn. 15.2. c lng khong cch ly chng lan truyn st 15.2.1. Khi nim chung
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Khong cch ly cn thit chng lan truyn st ph thuc vo in p duy tr bi h thng chng st so vi t, in p ny li ph thuc vo cng dng in st. Trnh t nh gi khong cch ly cn thit c trnh by ti 15.2.2, 15.2.3 v 15.2.4 di y. CH THCH: L thuyt v th nghim ch ra rng cc trng in t l nh nhau i vi mt dy xung c che chn v mt h thng thng c kch thc tng t. Dy dn c che chn c bt li l in th gia dy dn bn trong v dy dn bn ngoi c che chn c th ln ti hng trm kilv n mc gy ra lan truyn st. im bt li khc na l dy dn bn trong khng tip cn c kim tra. 15.2.2. Xc nh dng in pht sinh xc nh dng in do st nh xung cn tin hnh theo cc bc sau: - c lng xc sut st nh vo cng trnh p (xem 7.2). - Chia xc sut c lng, p cho xc sut st nh cho php p0 (xem Hnh 25). - S dng Hnh 25 xc nh c dng in c cng ln nht c kh nng pht sinh. 15.2.3. in p duy tr bi h thng chng st in p ny c 2 thnh phn: mt l tch ca dng in v in tr ni t v thnh phn khc l tch ca bin thin dng in vi in cm t cm ca dy dn st. Trng hp nguy him nht, tng ca hai tch ny s cho gi tr in p cn s dng trong tnh ton.
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Hnh 22 - H thng chng st cho nh cao tng (trn 20m), th hin b phn thu st, dy xung lin kt vi b phn nh ln trn mi
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Hnh 23 - V d v cc ni t c lp bc c s dng trong kt cu b cha
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Mt bng b tr cho cc dy song song (nt lin m) hoc dng li (nt t) (a) Cc ni t dng dy dt (b) Cc ni t n hoc a cc CH THCH 1: Khi phn mng ni t cn thit phi chy gn hoc di ng i, phn nn c chn su khng di 0,6 m tnh t mt t. CH THCH 2: in th mt t c th gim bng cch chn thanh hoc dy thp su hn. Hnh 24 - Mng ni t: b tr cc cc ni t
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Hnh 25 - ng cong xc nh xc sut ln nht dng in trong tia st theo t s p/p0
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Hnh 26 - in cm ng truyn trong mch n gin 15.2.4. Quan h gia in p phng in v khong cch. Hnh 27 minh ha quan h gia in p phng in trong khng kh, qua b mt th xy v qua vt nt trong khi xy gch vi khong cch. in p phng in i vi mt khong cch cho trc c xc nh t Hnh 27 so snh vi kt qu tnh ton in cm. V d tnh ton quyt nh c cn lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vo h thng chng st hay khng c th hin Ph lc D. 15.2.5. Tnh ton in cm pht sinh gia mt dy dn st v cc chi tit kim loi d b nh hng bi hiu ng lan truyn st. Mc d cho n nay thut ng in cm t cm c s dng cho vic tnh ton in p cm ng, trn thc t in p cm ng c sinh ra trong mt mch kn to bi chnh dy xung v cc chi tit kim loi khc. Do ni chnh xc hn in p cm ng s t l vi hiu ca in cm t cm (L) tr i in cm tng h (m) gia dy dn st vi cc chi tit kim loi. Hiu s ny c gi l in cm truyn dn (mt) v c dng thay th cho in cm t cm trong vic tnh ton in p cm ng. in cm truyn dn c th c tnh theo phng trnh (6). Cho mt dy dn st ng c tit din trn bn knh r (m), cch cc b phn kim loi thng ng khc mt on l S (m), trong S l khong cch gia tm ca 2 dy dn nh Hnh 26 a) v l l chiu cao ca mch, in cm ng truyn mt (o bng micro henry) c tnh theo phng trnh: Mt = 0,46 x l x log10 S
r
(7)
Vi nhng dy xung khng c tit din trn th phi dng bn knh hiu dng re (Xem Hnh 26-b). V d vi dy c tit din ngang l 25 mm x 3 mm, re (m) c tnh theo phng trnh di y:
Re = w +t 3,5 0,025 + 0,003 = 3,5 = 0,008
(8)
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Tuy nhin cch tnh mt khng b nh hng bi hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng kim loi hay cc chi tit kim loi khc. Khi tnh c mt th in cm VL (kV) pht sinh trong mch minh ha Hnh 26-a c tnh theo phng trnh (9):
M di VL = T dt n max
(9)
Trong
di l bin thin ln nht ca dng in (kA/s) ngha l 200 kA/s dt max
(xem Ph lc A.1) N l s lng dy xung cng chu dng in do st truyn vo. Khi c nhiu dy xung th khong cch S t dy c st n dy xung gn nht cn phi c s dng tnh ton. V D: Khi s dng phng trnh (6) nu S = 1 m, l = 5 m v n = 4; VL = 200 x VL = 240 V T Hnh 27, khong cch t im cao nht ca mch (c th l mt nhnh ca kt cu kim loi) n dy xung s phi nh n 0,4 m ti mt v tr nht nh to ra kh nng phng in. Nhnh ca kt cu kim loi, nu trong khong cch th c hn lin kt vi dy dn xung cho an ton. Vi cng trnh c mt bng dng ch nht hoc hnh vung c hn 4 dy xung, dy xung gc s chu mt in p ln hn mc trung bnh ca tng dng in (i) (ngha l > i/n), do h s 30 % phi c tnh thm vo in p pht sinh gn dy dn . Ngc li, vng gia ca cng trnh c rt nhiu dy xung (cch xa dy xung nm gc) gi tr di/dt l thp hn gi tr c a ra bi s lng dy xung khong 30 % v nguy c lan truyn st l tng i t, vi gi thit rng cc thit b c lin kt sao cho in tr ca t khng to ra s chnh lch in th. 15.3. Tnh hung cn thit phi lin kt (Xem thm Ph lc B.2) 15.3.1. Khi lin kt cc chi tit kim loi lin k vi h thng chng st, cn phi cn nhc k v cc tc ng c th xy ra ca cc lin kt i vi cc chi tit kim loi c bo v ca-tt. Cn lu ti cc khuyn co t 15.3.2 n 15.3.11. 15.3.2. Vi cc cng trnh c kim loi dn in lin tc (v d nh mi, tng, sn, v bc hoc tng bao kim loi) nhng chi tit kim loi ny c th c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st vi iu kin s lng v cch b tr ca chi tit kim loi to ra n ph hp vi vic s dng, nh trong khuyn co iu 11, 12, 13 v 14. 15.3.3. Vi cng trnh n gin ch l mt khung kim loi lin tc, th khng cn phi c b phn thu st hay dy xung. Khung iu kin m bo tnh lin tc v mt c hc v dn in. 15.3.4. Mt kt cu b tng ct thp (BTCT) hoc mt kt cu khung BTCT c th c in tr ni t ca bn thn chng kh nh c th lm phng tin bo v st nh. Nu cc mi ni c a ra bn ngoi im cao nht ca ct thp trong lc xy dng th vic kim tra c th c tin hnh xc minh iu ny khi hon thnh cng trnh (xem Hnh 6). Nu in tr ni t ca khung thp ca cng trnh hoc ct thp trong kt cu BTCT m bo th cn lp t mt b phn thu st ngang trn im cao nht v lin kt vi khung thp hoc ct thp.
0,46 5 log10 (1/ 0,008 ) 3,5
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CH THCH: Trong trng hp c bit ca thp lm lnh nc thng khng lp b phn thu st. Khi khng th kim tra theo cch thng thng th nn s dng vt liu chng r lin kt vi thp hoc ct thp v nn a ra ngoi kt ni vi b phn thu st. Cn trang b b sung dy xung v b phn thu st nu khi kim tra in tr ni t ca bn thn cng trnh khng tha mn (xem 13.1) 15.3.5. Khi cng trnh c cc chi tit kim loi khng th lin kt vo mng c tnh dn in lin tc v n khng hoc khng th c trang b h thng ni t bn ngoi, th s tn ti ca n c th c b qua. Mi nguy him do cc chi tit kim loi c th gim thiu bng cch cch ly hon ton cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st, phng n x l cn tham kho cc khuyn co 15.2. 15.3.6. Khi b phn mi cng trnh c kim loi che ph hon ton hoc mt phn th cn phi thn trng khi lin kt n vi h thng chng st. 15.3.7. Trong bt c kt cu no, kim loi gn vi mt ngoi hoc nh ra khi tng hay mi m c khong cch ly n h thng chng st l khng v khng thch hp s dng nh mt phn ca h thng th cn gn cng trc tip cng tt vi h thng chng st. Nu c chi tit kim loi no chy gn vi b phn thu st, v d nh ng ng nc chy n b cha nc trn mi, dy cp, cc ng ng, mng xi, ng dn nc ma v cu thang, v nu cc chi tit ny chy gn nh song song vi dy xung hoc lin kt vi n, n phi c lin kt cc im cui nhng khng thp hn im kim tra. Nu cc chi tit ny khng lin tc th mi phn ca n phi c lin kt vi h thng chng st, khi c cc khong khng cho php th s tn ti ca cc chi tit kim loi c th b qua. 15.3.8. Khi kim loi trong cng trnh nh khung chung trong nh th, tng bao, cc thit b my mc m n c kt ni hoc tip xc vi ng ng nc hoc cc thit b c cp in m bn thn n ni t phi c lin kt n dy xung gn nht bng ng i cng trc tip cng tt. 15.3.9. Kim loi i vo hoc i ra cng trnh dng c v bc hoc ng dn in, gas, nc, nc ma, hi nc, kh nn hoc cc thit b khc phi c lin kt cng trc tip cng tt n cc ni t. im kt ni phi c lm ti v tr m cc thit b i ra hoc vo cng trnh. Khi cc chi tit kim loi dng l mt phn ca thit b cha ra khong cch ly (xem 15.2), n phi c lin kt vi phn gn nht ca h thng chng st im cao nht ca thit b v vi cc khong cch khng vt qu 20 m. Do cc thit k h thng chng st rt a dng nn khng c khuyn co chnh xc no c a ra. Tuy nhin, cn phi lu rng c th c vn khi cc ng ng hoc cp c bc cch nhit hoc cch in. Vi trng hp nh vy, mi lin kt phi c thc hin im gn nht ni m phn kim loi ca ng hoc cp c l ra. Mi lin kt sau phi c ni vi h thng ni t bn ngoi cng trnh cng thng cng tt. 15.3.10. iu ny rt c th c p dng trong cng trnh bit lp m cc thit b c kt ni vi nhau. Tuy nhin, khi cng trnh bao quanh bi cc chi tit bng thp gm mt lot cc chi tit dng ng ni vi nhau th bn thn n rt c th tr thnh mt im thch hp ni t. i vi h thng cp in, vic ng dng dy "khng" chung (va l dy bo v, va l dy lm vic, PEN) l c vn v vic ngt dy trung tnh c th gy dng ti ngc t in cc ni t. iu c th gy nguy him cho bt c ai ngt mch in cc ni t o th nghim. H thng kt ni in hnh c th hin trong Hnh 28. Quy tc chung l mi h thng cn c nh gi v u im ca n v c tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan quyt nh phng n ph hp.
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Hnh 27 - ng quan h in p phng in theo khong cch 15.3.11. Khi lp t thang my, kt cu kim loi lin tc bao gm c ray dn hng phi c kt ni vi h thng chng st im cao nht v im thp nht ca b phn lp. Khi ct thp hoc cc chi tit kt cu kim loi to thnh mt b phn ca h thng chng st, th vic kt ni cc chi tit kim loi ny l cn thit. Khi kh c th tn dng c ct thp hoc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh th h thng thang my cn c lin kt vi h thng an ton in ni t c im cao nht v thp nht. Trong mi trng hp, cn lin kt im ni t ca bng in gn nht. 16. Kt cu cao trn 20 m CH THCH: C th xem thm thng tin v cc kt cu cao trong B.2 v B.5. 16.1 Cc kt cu khng dn in Trn cc kt cu khng dn in, nn c t nht 2 dy xung t cch u nhau v m bo rng, khi s dng phng php hnh cu ln (xem B.5), b phn thu st s to ra vng bo v mong mun. Trn cc ng khi, dy xung nn ni vi chp kim loi ca ng khi hoc vi dy dn quanh nh ng khi. 16.2. Cc kt cu dn in C th p dng cc quy nh 15.3.4 cho nhng kt cu cao dn in, nhng ti nhng v tr cn cc dy xung nn ni t nht 2 dy dn v t cch nhau khng qu 10 m quanh chu vi.
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Hnh 28 - S lin kt cc thit b (gas, nc v in) 16.3. Thp v chp nh th Thc t chng minh st c th nh vo pha di im cao nht ca cc kt cu cao, do nn s dng t nht hai dy dn cho tt c cc ta thp v ngn thp nh th. i vi cc kt cu khng dn in, nn thit k mt li thu st (xem iu 14) xung quanh tng bao ca mt ta thp; v cng nn bao gm trong h thng c ct c v bt k nhng im nh ra no khc trn tng mi. Mi v tr cn li ca nh th nn c bo v theo tiu chun ny v ph hp vi nh, mi hin v cc dy xung, cc mng ni t v b phn ng p bo v st. Cc dy xung khng nn gn bn trong (xem Hnh 29). Ci mi nh bng kim loi c th c s dng nh cc li thu st (xem Bng 4 v Hnh 16). 17. Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy 17.1. Cc b phn thu st Vi cng trnh c mi che bng rm, tranh, cy, c hoc cc vt liu c kh nng d chy cao, c th treo b phn thu st tch khi mi mt on t nht 0,3 m trn b phn khng dn in v khng chy hoc cc b phn thu st c th t trn mt thanh g cng dt c rng ti thiu l 75 mm. Vi mng dy c to ra bo v mi che bng rm r v cc mi nh c lp theo cch tng t chng li cc cn gi v by chim, mng khng nn kt ni vi h thng chng st. 17.2. Dy dn v cc ghp ni Vi cc dy dn hoc cc ghp ni buc phi xuyn qua vt liu lm mi, nn b tr vo trong cc ng khng dn in v khng chy. 18. Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy 18.1. Quy nh chung Nhng vn pht sinh trong quy nh v cc h thng chng st cho cc kt cu c cha vt gy n hoc rt d chy tt nht nn gii quyt bng cch hi kin cc chuyn gia thng tho v lut hoc cc quy nh ca chnh ph v cc quy phm thc hnh. C th chp nhn mt ri ro nht nh nu cc vt liu nguy him c bo qun mt cch nghim ngt, nh trong phng th nghim hoc kho cha nh, hoc ti ni kt cu c t v tr tch
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bit hoc c thit k c bit hn ch nhng nh hng ca thm ha c th xy ra. Trng hp cc vt liu nguy him khng b h ra m c che kn hon ton trong thng bng kim loi c dy thch hp th ngoi tr phi m bo ni t thch hp, c th khng cn b tr h thng chng st. Trong cc trng hp khc, mi nguy him ti sinh mng v ti sn c th i hi phi p dng tt c cc bin php c th c bo v trc tc ng ca st nh. xut cho cc trng hp ny c trnh by trong 18.2 v c th p dng cho cc kt cu cc cht rn, cht lng, gas, hi nc hoc bi d n hoc rt d chy c ch to, cha ng, hoc cc cht kh, hi hoc bi d chy n c th tch t li.
CH DN: 1. Dy thu st 2. Dy xung 5. Dy ng 6. Dy nc mi 9. Cc ni t 10. Ni t ca h thng in 11. Lin kt vi khung chung 12. Dy dn quanh chu vi
3. Lin kt gi thanh 7. Dy vin mi ng 8. im o kim tra 4. Dy thu st ngang
CH THCH 1: li thu st nn c kch thc 10 x 20 (m). Khong cch cc dy xung xung quanh chu vi nn l 20 m i vi kt cu thp hn 20 m, l 10 m i vi kt cu cao 20 m tr ln. Dy dn ngang t mi tr xung nn cch nhau 20 m. CH THCH 2: Mi kim loi c th s dng lm b phn thu st. Hnh 29 - Thp v chp nh th
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18.2. Cc phng php bo v chng st nh 18.2.1. B phn thu st dng treo Li thu st nn c treo cao thch hp trn vng cn bo v. Nu ch dng mt dy dn t nm ngang, gc bo v chp nhn c khng nn qu 30o (xem Hnh 17). Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy dn nm ngang song song nhau, gc bo v thch hp c th ln ti 45o trong khng gian c bao quanh bi cc dy dn, nhng khng vt qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian (xem Hnh 30). cao ca dy dn nm ngang nn la chn theo cc gi trong 15.2 (xem Hnh 30); trong trng hp cn cha chc chn, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia. B phn ca li thu st nn c ni t mt cch ph hp. C th dng cch khc i vi nhng ni chi ph cho phng php trn l khng hp l v khng c cc ri ro lin quan ti dng st nh vo b mt ca kt cu cn c bo v, c th chn la mt trong hai cch lp t sau y: a) B phn thu st dng treo nh th hin trn Hnh 30 nhng cc gc bo v l 45o thay v 30o, v 60o thay v 45o; b) Mt li dy dn nm ngang vi mi mt li 10 m x 5 m hoc nh hn ty theo mc ri ro, c c nh trn mi ca kt cu (xem Hnh 15). CH THCH: Mi kt cu ring bit c bo v theo cc cch ny nn c ni vi s dy xung v cc b phn ni t gp i so vi xut 12.3. 18.2.2. Cc dy dn ng Mt kt cu hoc nhm cc kt cu c kch thc ngang nh c th c bo v bng mt hoc nhiu dy dn st ng. Nu s dng mt dy xung, gc bo v tnh ton khng nn qu 30o. Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy xung, gc bo v c th l 45o trong khng gian b gii hn bi cc dy dn, nhng khng nn qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian . Minh ha v phng php bo v ny c th hin trn Hnh 31. 18.2.3. Cc kt cu b chn mt phn hay ton b di t 18.2.3.1. Kt cu b chn mt phn di t nn c bo v theo cch tng t nh i vi kt cu trn mt t. 18.2.3.2. Nu kt cu hon ton nm di mt t v khng c kt ni vi bt k thit b no trn mt t c th c bo v nh mt li thu st nh trong 18.2.1a, cng vi mng ni t ca n l hon chnh. Kh nng chn xung in ca t c th c tnh n khi xc nh mc ri ro ca vic pht tia la in t h thng bo v ti kt cu c bo v, bao gm cc b phn ph tr ca n. Ti ni su chn lp l thch hp, li thu st c th c thay th bng mng cc thanh ni t dt c sp xp trn b mt theo li khuyn ca chuyn gia. nhng ni chp nhn phng php ny, nn b qua cc xut ghp ni cho kim loi, hoc cc dy dn kim loi a vo kt cu (xem 18.2.4, 18.2.5 v 18.2.6). 18.2.4. Cc cc ni t mch vng Cc cc ni t ca mi h thng chng st nn c ni vi nhau bng mt cc ni t mch vng. Cc ni t mch vng ny nn c chn su t nht 0,6 m tr khi c nhng l do khc, nh cn lin kt ca cc vt th khc ti n, hoc l ra trong trng hp cn o kim tra. Cc cc ni t mch vng ca cc kt cu k nhau nn c ni vi nhau. 18.2.5. Kim loi trn hoc trong kt cu (xem B.2) 18.2.5.1. Tt c kim loi chnh to ra cc b phn ca kt cu, bao gm ct thp bng kim loi v cc b phn ph tr bng kim loi c tnh lin tc, nn c ghp cng nhau v ni vi h thng chng st. Cc kt cu ni nh vy nn c lm t nht ti hai ni (xem Hnh 15) v bt c ni no c th, nn t cch u nhau khng qu 10 m quanh chu vi ca kt cu. 18.2.5.2. Cc chi tit kim loi bn trong kt cu nn c gn vi h thng chng st (xem 12.9).
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18.2.5.3. Vic s dng kho bng thp chuyn dng ni hn cha cc cht n tr nn kh ph bin. i vi cc kho nh th, vic bo v st thch hp c thc hin bng cch ni t kt cu t nht hai im. 18.2.6. Dy dn in vo cng trnh 18.2.6.1. Cc dy dn in vo cng trnh d chy n nn a vo trong ng kim loi. V bc kim loi ny cn c lin tc v in trong ton kt cu; nn c ni t ti im u vo trong kt cu bn pha h thng dch v ca ngi dng v c gn trc tip ti h thng chng st (xem Hnh 28). Nn c s tha thun gia cc bn lin quan khi u ni. 18.2.6.2. Ti ni cc dy dn in ni vi mt ng dy cung cp in trn cao, nn chn mt on cp kim loi hoc bc kim loi c chiu di 15 m c chn su vo gia ng dy trn cao v im ni vo kt cu (xem Hnh 32). Nn ch ti cc quy nh c lin quan (xem iu 24). Vic thc hin iu ny mt cch chun xc l quan trng, cn c s thng nht ca cc bn c lin quan. CH THCH: St nh c th gy xung in ln trn cc ng dy cp in bn trn. Do , nn c b phn hm xung in ti nhng ni cc ng dy cp in bn trn ni vi cp chn di t. iu ny s cho php phn ln dng in do st gy ra c truyn vo t ti mt khong cch an ton so vi kt cu.
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
c) Mt ng u hi th hin vng bo v
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CH THCH 1: Khi dng hai dy thu ngang tr ln, c th dng gc bo v 45o cho khng gian bao bi dy. Ch khc gii hn gc bo v l 30o. CH THCH 2: trnh hin tng phng in gia dy thu v cng trnh, khong cch ly ti thiu phi l 2 m hoc theo 15.2 ty theo gi tr no ln hn. Khong cch ly ti thiu phi c m bo v tr vng nht trong mi iu kin. Hnh 30 - B phn thu st c hai dy thu st treo ngang v vng bo v cho kt cu c cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng Hnh 31 - Cc kim thu st ng ca nh kho cha cht n 18.2.7. Cc ng ng, lan can hoc tng t ni vo cng trnh Cc ng dn bng kim loi, dy thp, lan can, ng ray tu ha hoc cc bin hng dn khng lin kt thng in vi t m ni vi cng trnh cha vt d chy, n, cn c gn vi h thng chng st. Cc vt ny nn c ni t ti im u vo bn ngoi kt cu v ti 2 im xa hn, mt im cch xa 75 m v im kia cch 75 m tip theo. Vic ni t cc lan can nn c thc hin ti cc im sau: - im i vo hoc i ra kt cu; - Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 75 m; ngha l hng vo trong nu l kt cu ngm hoc hng ra ngoi nu trn mt t; - Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 150 m hoc bn ngoi kt cu trong trng hp nm pha trn mt t; - Cc im cch nhau 75 m khi lp t di mt t. Cc yu cu ny cng p dng cho cc tuyn b mt trn c s dng cn trc hoc cu trc lu ng (xem 15.3.9).
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Hnh 32 - Bo v c bit chng qu dng do st gy ra trong ngun in cp vo nh c cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy 18.2.8. ng hoc hm vo cng trnh i vi cng trnh ngm hoc cc h o di mt t c tip cn bng ng hoc hm vo cn tun theo cc gi 18.2.7 v vic ni t b sung ti cc khong cch khng qu 75 m, cng nh bn ngoi kt cu. 18.2.9. Cc hng ro, tng chn Cc chi tit thng ng bng kim loi, cc b phn v dy kim loi ca tt c cc hng ro v tng chn trong phm vi 2 m ca kt cu nn c ni theo cch to ra mt kt ni kim loi lin tc gia chng v h thng chng st (xem iu 20). 18.2.10. Cc l thng hi gim thiu nguy c st nh thng, cc l thng hi ca bt k cc thng cha c nh no bao gm bnh gas hoc cht lng d chy, v cc l thng kh hoc ng khi t cc nh my ch bin sinh ra hi hoc bi d chy, nu c th, nn c t trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st. Do iu ny khng hon ton ngn chn s pht chy, cc l thng hi cn c bo v trnh s lan chy bng vic s dng cc vt chn la, cc thit b lc kh tr hoc cc phng tin thch hp khc. 18.2.11. Mi nguy him t cc b phn cao trn hoc gn cc kt cu d b st nh Khng nn trang b cc b phn cao nh chp thp, ct c hoc cc dy ng ten v tuyn cho cc kt cu d b st nh hoc b tr chng trong phm vi 50 m quanh kt cu. Khong cch ly cng p dng i vi vic trng cy mi, nhng cc kt cu gn cy c nn c x l ph hp vi cc khuyn co iu 21. 18.2.12. o kim tra an ton
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Vic o kim tra nn c thc hin ph hp vi khuyn co iu 28 v thit b o c phi thuc loi an ton i vi tng trng hp nguy him c th. 19. Nh Cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny c th p dng cho nh . Vic chng st cho cc ta nh c cc ng ten v tuyn truyn hnh v truyn thanh c nu chi tit hn iu 22. Ti ni c h thng chng st, gi cch x l i vi cc ng ng thng hi bng kim loi c minh ha trn Hnh 33. 20. Hng ro 20.1. Bn cht ca mi nguy him Nu st nh vo mt hng ro kim loi ko di, on gia im b st nh v im ni t gn nht s tng ngay lp tc n mt in th cao tng i so vi in th ca t. Con ngi hoc vt nui gn, hoc tip xc vi hng ro ti thi im st nh vo hng ro c th b nguy him. Do , cn ni hng ro ti t thng qua cc cc ni t ti cc on, sao cho c th tiu st mt cch hiu qu nht. V tng, nn ngt s lin tc ca hng ro bng cch to khe h c m cht cch ly dc chiu di ca hng ro bi iu ny gip hn ch nh hng ca st nh ti cc on ring bit. Tuy nhin, cc hng ro ch yu dng cho cc l do an ninh, vic a ra cc khe cch ly s lm ny sinh cc vn khc. Khuyn co i vi hng ro dng cho cc mc ch c th c nu trong 20.2 v 20.3.
a) Nh bng vt liu khng dn in c ngten TV trn mi v b phn k thut lin kt vi dy xung
ng thng hi c ni t
b) Cc ni t vng cho nh bng vt liu khng dn in xy trn nn
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c) Nh xy bng c ct ngten TV c lin kt ni t v h thng mng lin kt vi dy xung
Mt bng th hin h thng chng st in hnh CH THCH: Cn tham kho thm cc iu sau: - u ni vi ng cp nc (15.3.9) - u ni vi ng cp in (15.3.9) - u ni vi cc b phn nh cao (16.) - Thu st, Dy xung v Cc ni t (11.; 12.; v 13.) d) Cng trnh ln bit lp
Hnh 33 - Bo v st nh cho cc thit b trong nh 20.2. Bo v vt nui trn cnh ng 20.2.1. Thng tin chung Thit hi v vt nui khi c st nh trong cc cn ma dng ch yu l do cc by n t hp di gc cy trn cc cnh ng trng hoc quanh cc hng ro bng kim loi khng c ni t nn b dng in st phng vo ln git cht chng. Do bn cht ca vic nui th vt nui trn cnh ng khng th loi tr hon ton mi nguy him, nhng nu mun gim mi nguy him ny th nn thc hin cc bin php phng nga trong 20.2.2 v 20.2.3. 20.2.2. Ni t Vi cc hng ro c xy dng bng cc cc kim loi thng ng v cc dy kim loi dn in lin tc, v d dy thp gai, cc dy c ko cng hoc dy xch, mi on dy lin tc cn c ni vi cc ct ng bng kim loi t ti cc khong u nhau. Trong trng hp s dng cc ct bng g hoc b tng, nn ni cc on dy vi cc cc ni t, v d cc cc ng xung t. nhng ni t thng xuyn b t, khong cch gia cc ch ni khng nn qu 150 m v nn gim xung 75 m ni t kh. 20.2.3. Cc khe h cch in Hng ro kim loi khng nn di lin tc m chia thnh cc on khng qu 300 m bng cch chn cc cng bng g hoc cc khe h c rng t 600 mm tr ln, c khp kn nh cc on vt liu khng dn in. CH THCH: Khng nn s dng dy xch bc bng vt liu do ni kn cc khe h trn. Ni t cho hng ro ti khe h trn nn b tr cch cc cnh ca khe h t nht l 8 m v mi pha. 20.3. Hng ro bao quanh cc kt cu c cha cht lng hoc kh d chy 20.3.1. Nt t cc hng ro hon ton bng kim loi
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i vi hng ro bao quanh cc v tr nguy him lm hon ton bng kim loi thng khng c vn g xy ra v cc hng ro c th c ni t nh miu t trong 20.2.2 nhng ti cc khong cch nhau khng qu 75 m. 20.3.2. Ni t cc hng ro c bc bng vt liu do Cc lp ph bng vt liu c tc dng bo v tc ng ca thi tit v vic ngt lp bc ni t cho phn kim loi s tng nguy c n mn, do khng c khuyn khch p dng. Tuy nhin, loi hng ro ny thng thng c mt li dy thp gai trn cao. Do nn ni t li thp gai ny ti cc khong khng qu 75 m to thnh b phn thu st bo v hng ro. 20.3.3. Cc khe cch in Cc hng ro ch yu dng cho mc ch an ninh nn cc khe cch in c kh nng vi phm cc yu cu an ninh, do khng c khuyn khch p dng. 21. Cy v cc kt cu gn cy CH THCH: Cc thng tin thm v cy v kt cu gn cy c th xem trong B.3. Ch cn bo v cy trnh tc ng ca st nh trong trng hp c bit cn gi gn ci cy v l do lch s, thc vt hc v mi trng hoc cc ngha tng t khc. Trong cc trng hp ny, nn thc hin nh sau: a) Dy xung chnh chy t phn cao nht ca nhnh chnh ca cy ti cc ni t v dy cn c bo v khi cc ph hng c hc mt t. b) Nn cp thm cc dy dn nhnh ni ti dy dn chnh cho cc nhnh cy ln. c) Cc dy dn nn c bn v bc li. Tng din tch mt ct ngang khng nn nh hn 50mm2 i vi ng v nhm. Cc kch thc khng c cho c th v iu s gy phin toi cho vic la chn gii php dy, nhng quan trng l cc dy dn phi c tnh mm do. d) Khi gn cc dy dn nn tnh n s pht trin t nhin ca cy v s ung a ca cy do cc cn gi gy ra. e) Ni t nn bao gm 2 cc c ng vo t hai pha i din v gn vi thn ca cy. Nn chn mt cc ni t mch vng bao quanh cc r cy v ni vi cc cc bng hai dy dn hng tm. Ni t v in tr ni t nn p ng cc iu iu 13. f) Khi hai hay nhiu cy gn nhau v c kh nng cc cc ni t mch vng bao quanh-ca chng giao nhau, nn s dng mt cc ni t mch vng chung c ni thch hp vi cc cc chn di t bao quanh tt c cc gc cy. g) Khi mt cy bit lp gn mt kt cu, c cao khng vt qu cao ca kt cu th khng cn chng st cho cy ny. Nu cy cao hn kt cu, khong cch ly sau y gia kt cu v phn cao nht ca cy c th c xem l m bo an ton: - i vi cc kt cu thng, khong cch ly bng mt na chiu cao ca kt cu; - i vi cc kt cu cha cc vt d n hoc kh nng chy cao, khong cch ly bng chiu cao ca kt cu; Nu cc khong cch ly ny khng c m bo, cn xem xt ti cc mc ri ro lin quan. gim ri ro ti mc ti thiu m vn gi li cy, kt cu cn c bo v ph hp vi cc khuyn co ca tiu chun ny v b phn thu st hoc dy xung nn c sp xp sao cho c th i gn ti b phn gn nht ca cy. CH THCH: Khi mt cy khng c chng st, lung in do st nh vo cy c th truyn qua khong cch hng chc mt, dc hoc di b mt t, tm mt vt dn in tt, v d ng nc hoc gas, cp in hoc b mt t bo v st ca mt ta nh. 22. Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh 22.1. Cc ng ten bn trong cng trnh c chng st
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Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp thm cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh trong nh m khng cn c thm bin php phng chng khc, min l khong trng gia h thng ng ten, bao gm dy thu v dy dn xung, v h thng chng st bn ngoi ph hp vi cc gi tr c cho trong iu 15. 22.2. Cc ng ten bn ngoi cng trnh c chng st Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh bn ngoi m khng cn c bin php chng st b sung nu mi phn ca h thng ng ten, bao gm cc b phn chu lc bng kim loi, trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st. cc v tr khng p ng iu kin ny, cn c bin php chng st m bo rng st c th truyn xung mt t m khng gy nguy him cho kt cu v ngi s dng nh sau: a) i vi h thng ng ten c lp trc tip ln kt cu c chng st, lung in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng cch ni kt cu gi ang ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten. b) i vi h thng ng ten lp trn kt cu chng bng kim loi nh ra khi h thng chng st, dng in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng vic kt ni kt cu chng ng ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten. 22.3. Cc ng ten trn kt cu khng c bo v Trc khi lp t ng ten trn mt kt cu khng c bo v, cn xem xt nhu cu i vi h thng chng st nh miu t trong iu 7. 22.4. S dng cc in cc t ca h thng chng st C th s dng in cc t ca h thng chng st cho mc ch ni t h thng ng ten. 23. Cc cng trnh khc 23.1. Lu bt v rp bng vi 23.1.1. Cc lu ln nhng ni cc kt cu tm ln thuc loi ny c s dng cho cc mc ch trin lm v gii tr lin quan ti s lng ngi tp trung ln cn c bin php chng st. Ni chung, cc kt cu nh vy c ch to t cc vt liu khng phi l kim loi v dng bo v n gin nht thng bao gm mt hoc nhiu b phn thu st nm ngang treo pha trn kt cu v c ni chc chn xung t. Phn m rng phi kt cu ca cc b phn chng thng ng cho cc kt cu nh vy, nu thun tin v kh thi, c th dng h thng thu st nm ngang. Nn duy tr mt khong trng t 1,5 m tr ln gia dy dn v v bt. Cc dy xung nn c gn bn ngoi kt cu v c ni vi cc cc trn mt t, cc cc ny li c ni vi mt cc ni t mch vng sao cho khng tip xc vi ngi s dng. i vi cc kt cu c khung bng kim loi nn ni nhng phn kim loi xung t mt cch c hiu qu ti cc im c khong cch ngn hn 20 m dc theo chu vi kt cu. 23.1.2. Cc lu nh i vi cc lu nh khng c hng dn c th no c, tuy nhin c th tham kho mt s dng b tr chng st minh ha trn Hnh 34. 23.2. Khung bng kim loi v cc kt cu tng t i vi cc kt cu nh trn c kch thc ln cn phi c chng st nu ngi c th tip cn v s dng chng, c bit vi cc kt cu c dng pha trn v trm qua mt phn ng i chung hoc c dng trong vic xy dng khu gh ngi cng cng th chng cn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. Mt phng php n gin trong vic lp ghp cc kt cu nh vy l lun mt thanh dt kim loi, khng phi nhm, c kch thc mt ct ngang l 20 mm x 2,5 mm, bn
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di v tip xc vi cc tm cc b phn thng ng ca khung v ni xung t ti cc khong cch khng vt qu 20 m. Vi cc khu gh ngi cng cng, ch c cc thnh phn thuc chu vi ca kt cu cn c ni t. Cc kt cu bng thp khc, nh kt cu c dng cho cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b qua cc con ng chnh, thng c b tr ti cc v tr trng tri d b st nh nn cn phi c ni t, c bit ti cc im chn cu. 23.3. Cc ct ng ten bng kim loi, cc cn trc thp cao v cc kt cu quay trn v di ng Cc ct ng ten v cc dy thp ca chng, cc thp treo n pha v cc kt cu xy dng bng kim loi tng t khc nn c ni t ph hp vi cc iu a ra ca tiu chun ny. Cc kt cu cao nh cn trc v cc thit b nng khc c dng trong vic xy dng cc ta nh, trong cc xng ng tu v trong vic xy lp cng cng nn c b tr ni t. i vi cc cn trc hoc cc kt cu quay lp trn ray, cn ni t cho ray mt cch hiu qu, tt nht l ti hai v tr tr nn. Trong cc trng hp c bit, khi c th xy ra ph hy cc tr do st nh, c th p dng cc bin php b sung v nn tham kho kin chuyn gia.
CH THCH: VC l ct thu st; HC l dy thu st
a) Lu tri khng c khung thp
b) Lu tri c khung thp
Hnh 34 - H thng chng st cho lu tri
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Hnh 35 - Chng st dng cho nng tri bit lp xy gch lp ngi 23.4. Cng trnh c gi tr thp trong vng chu nh hng ln ca st nh Trong mt s vng c mt st nh cao, nhng ti khng s dng ng v nhm v l do kinh t hoc l do khc th c th s dng thp m km bo v cc trang tri nh hoc cc kt cu tng t. Thp m km nn bao gm mt si dy n, c ng knh t 6 mm tr ln, c lp dng ko ngang qua mi nh ni hai u ca kt cu ri i xung t su 0,6 m thm mt on 3 m (xem Hnh 35). Cc vt chng c th l cc thanh g, c sp xp to mt khong cch ly ln hn 0,9 m t mi nh. Cc mi ni o kim tra l khng cn thit, do c th khng thc hin c vic kim tra sau khi lp t v kim tra nh k. Tuy nhin, cc h hng c kh nng xy ra u tin l cc on c chn, do nn nht vo trong lng t bn cnh mi cc ni t mt thanh di c vt liu tng t nh vt liu ca dy xung cho php nh k li ra, kim tra bng mt ri nht li nhm kim sot trng thi ca dy dn ngm. Cn c bin php ngn khng cho tip xc vi dy dn b l ra v nn t trong khu vc ln cn chn dy kim loi. 23.5. Sn vn ng Cc sn vn ng ln thng cha y khn gi trong ch mt t l phn trm nh thi gian. Tuy vy, do s lng ln ngi c mt nn c th cn ti mt vi bin php chng st. Vi cc khn i c nhiu bc cao, cc b phn thu st dng dy dn, nm ngang c th c cng ngang qua sn vn ng t bn ny sang bn kia. Vic ghp tt c cc phn kim loi cn c thc hin ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Bin php khc l tn dng cc thp treo n pha, va nh cc thnh phn thit yu ca h thng chng st, va l cc gi ta cho cc dy dn nm ngang. Trong trng hp , cn c bin php bo v ngi khi b nguy him do tip xc trc tip vi thp hoc vi in p t quanh cc chn thp. C th ngn cn vic tip xc trc tip vi thp bng cch bc bn ngoi t mt t ln ti cao 3 m bng mt vt liu cch in c kh nng bo v hoc bng vic ro chn thp v hn ch vic chm ti thp. Vic gim in tr sut ca t xung mt cp khng gy hi ti con ngi ph thuc vo in tr sut trung bnh ca t v vic lp h thng ni t. Ph lc B.4.2 a ra mt vi nhn xt chung, nhng thng thng, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia (xem Hnh 19 v Hnh 36). 23.6. Cng trnh cu Cc nguyn l tng t cng p dng cho cng trnh cu nh i vi bt k cng trnh xy dng tng t khc (xem 9.5; iu 13 v Hnh 37).
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Kt cu B tng ct thp v kt cu thp cn c ni t ph hp vi iu 13. Khe gin v cc khe h khc c tnh lin tc v in nn c lin kt; cc ng dn nc, lan can, tay vn, bin bo, ct n bng kim loi v cc b phn bng kim loi lin tc khc nn c ni vi ct thp (xem 12.10.4). i vi cu nhiu nhp cn m bo tnh lin tc v in gia cc kt cu bn trn. St nh vo nh cu s gy ra dng in do st nh truyn xung t thng qua cc kt cu thp hn (xem iu 15). Vi cc b phn ch to sn, nn c thm cc bn hoc cc n ngang ti mi u dng cho mc ch lin kt. Ti chn cu thang trn cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b, nn thc hin vic bao ph cch in chng tip xc v nguy him do in p bc gy ra. Cc tnh ton n gin ch ra rng hiu ng lan truyn st nhiu kh nng xy ra khi ng di cnh ca cy cu hn l ng gia cc tr . Trong trng hp ny, nn p dng cc iu sau y: a) Kt cu chiu sng, cc lan can nn c gn vi ct thp. Trong trng hp , khng cn ni mt dy xung tch bit bn ngoi, nhng nu c dy xung nh vy th nn ni vi ct thp ti cao cao nht c th c. b) Trong cc vng c nguy him tim tng ni con ngi c kh nng t tp, nn t cc bin cnh bo ch ra cc nguy him ca vic ng gn ra cu v cm che ging ln.
CH DN: 1. Mi kim loi s dng lm b phn thu st 2. Lin kt vi mi thp v ct thp ca mi ct b tng 3. Ct thp trong ct, s dng lm dy xung 4. Lin kt vi ct thp ni t
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5. Cc ni t c bc b tng 6. Cc ni t mch vng lin kt cc cc ni t CH THCH: Cc kim loi lin tc hoc ni t cn ni vi cc ni t mch vng 7. Ct thu st (xem Hnh 19) Hnh 36 - H thng chng st cho sn vn ng (sn bng )
Hnh 37 - Cng trnh cu 24. S n mn 24.1. Quy nh chung Ti ni n mn do kh quyn, ha hc, in phn hoc cc nguyn nhn khc c kh nng tc ng ti bt k phn no ca h thng chng st, nn thc hin cc bin php ph hp ngn cn kh nng xy ra n mn. 24.2. n mn in phn gia cc kim loi khc nhau Vic tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c kh nng gy ra v lm tng nhanh s n mn, tr khi cc b mt tip xc c gi hon ton kh v c bo v trnh khng cho hi m i vo. S tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c th tn ti nhng ni dy dn c c nh, hoc ta vo cc b mt kim loi bn ngoi. S n mn cng c th tng ti ni nc chy qua mt kim loi ri i vo trong tip xc vi kim loi khc. Nc chy ra t ng, hp kim ng v ch c th n mn cc hp kim nhm v km. Kim loi ca h thng chng st nn tng thch vi cc kim loi c dng bn ngoi trn bt k kt cu no m h thng i qua hoc c tip xc. 24.3. n mn ha hc khi nhm gn xi mng Porland, hn hp va
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V nhiu l do, nhm d b n mn khi tip xc vi xi mng Portland v hn hp va. Nhng gi v cc k thut lp t nh sau: a) Cc dy dn nhm nn b tr tch ra khi bt k b mt no, c bit l cc b mt nm ngang. iu ny s trnh cho cc dy dn khng nm trong nc hoc tip xc vi cc vt liu n mn, nh va c Cc cch lp t ph hp c minh ha trn Hnh A.1. b) Khng nn b tr cc dy dn ti nhng ni c th b cc mnh vn, l cy bao ph, hoc b chn di t. iu ny s trnh cho cc cht in phn tip xc lin tc vi dy dn. c) Thit k ca h thng cc u dy nn b tr cc g mc nc. iu ny s gip ngn cn cht in phn chy ra khi b mt c th chm ti v chy xung dy dn. d) Ti nhng ni khng th thc hin cc iu kin t a ti c, dy dn nn c bo v nh gi trong iu 6 v cn xem xt vic tng din tch mt ct ngang. 24.4. n mn ha hc ca ng Mc d ng c kh nng chu c nhiu loi tc ng ha hc, nhng nn c lp ph bng ch, ti nhng ni d b n mn mnh do cc hp cht lu hunh. c bit ti cc v tr khng th ti c; v d ti nh ca ng khi. Lp ph nn bao trm ton b vng c kh nng b n mn v trm ln cc mi ni. Khng nn dng cc lp ph khng bn vng hoc d chy. Cc chi tit lin kt nn chu c tc ng n mn hoc phi c bo v ph hp. Cc mi ni v lin kt c th c bo v bng bi tum hoc c t trong hp cht do ty iu kin ti ch (xem thm iu 6 v 12.10.4). Mi dy dn gia cc im o kim tra v cc in cc t nn c bo v chng n mn ti nhng ni dy dn i vo lng t mt khong 0,3 m trn v di mt t, vic lp ng bc ngoi PVC l bin php thch hp bo v chng n mn. 25. Lp dng kt cu Trong qu trnh lp dng kt cu, tt c cc mng thp ln v nh ln nh cc khung thp, gin gio v cn trc thp nn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. T khi bt u tin hnh lp t h thng chng st, cn duy tr vic ni t lin tc. 26. Dy in trn cao Trong sut qu trnh xy dng ng dy in trn cao, thit b trn cao ca h thng cp in cho phng tin chy trn ray c th gim thiu nguy him ti con ngi bng cch lp t v kt ni mt h thng ni t hon chnh trc khi bt k dy dn no ngoi dy dn ni t c ko ra. Mt khi cc dy dn c ko ra v c cch in, khng nn th ni cc dy dn ny trong qu trnh lp t, m nn ni t theo cch ging nh khi thc hin vic bo dng sau khi a ng dy vo hot ng. 27. Kim tra Ton b h thng chng st nn c mt ngi c trnh chuyn mn thch hp kim tra k bng mt thng trong sut qu trnh lp t, sau khi hon thnh v sau khi thay i hoc m rng, xc nhn rng chng c lm tun th theo tiu chun ny. Vic kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht l khng qu 12 thng. i vi cc khu vc c iu kin kh hu khc nghit nn tng tn sut kim tra. Thm na, trng thi c hc ca tt c cc dy dn, lin kt, mi ni v cc in cc t (bao gm cc in cc tham chiu) nn c kim tra v ghi chp li. Nu vi bt k l do no, nh do cc cng vic khc ti cng trng tm thi khng th xem xt cc phn lp t c th th cng nn ghi chp li iu . Trong sut qu trnh xem xt nh k h thng chng st, vic ghp ni bt k b phn b sung no mi nn c kim tra m bo rng n ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca tiu chun ny. 28. o c
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Khi hon thnh qu trnh lp t hoc bt c chnh sa no, nn thc hin cc php o cch ly v kt hp v/hoc cc kim tra sau y. Cc kt qu c ghi trong s theo di h thng chng st. e) in tr ni t ca mi in cc t cc b vi t v b sung in tr ni t ca h thng ni t hon chnh. f) Mi in cc t cc b nn c o tch bit vi im kim tra gia dy xung v in cc t trong v tr tch ri (php o cch ly). g) Tin hnh o ti im o v tr ni (php o kt hp). Nu c bt k s khc bit ng k trong cc php o lin quan ti cc v tr khc, nu iu tra nguyn nhn ca s khc nhau ny. h) Cc kt qu ca vic kim tra tt c cc dy dn, lp ghp v mi ni hoc tnh lin tc v in o c. Vic o c chi tit c th tham kho tiu chun BS 7430 hoc cc tiu chun quc t c lin quan. Nu in tr ni t ca mt h thng chng st vt qu 10 th nn gim gi tr ny, ngoi tr cc kt cu trn nh miu t trong 13.5. Nu in tr nh hn 10 nhng cao hn ng k so vi ln kim tra trc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn v thc hin cc bin php khc phc cn thit. Vic o kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht khng qu 12 thng. CH THCH 1: Vic chn mt chu k ngn hn 12 thng mt cht c th thun li thay i ma m php th c thc hin. CH THCH 2: Trc khi ngt vic ni t bo v st nh, nn o kim tra m bo rng kt ni b ngt, s dng mt thit b kim tra in p nhy. 29. Lu tr h s Cc h s sau y nn c lu tr ti cng trnh hoc do ngi c trch nhim bo qun vic lp t: a) Cc bn v c t l m t bn cht, kch thc, vt liu, v v tr ca tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng chng st; b) Trng thi t nhin ca t v bt k lp rp ni t c bit no; c) Loi v v tr ca cc in cc t, bao gm cc in cc tham chiu; d) Cc iu kin kim tra v cc kt qu t c (xem iu 28); e) Cc thay i, b sung hoc sa cha h thng; f) Tn ca ngi chu trch nhim lp t hoc bo dng. Nn dn nhn ti im gc ca ngun lp in trong ghi ni dung nh sau: "Cng trnh ny c lp t mt h thng chng st, ph hp vi TCVN 9385:2012. Cc lin kt vi cc b phn khc ca cng trnh v cc lin kt ng th chnh cn c bo tr mt cch ph hp." 30. Bo tr Cc kim tra nh k v o c khuyn co trong iu 27 v iu 28 ch ra rng vic bo tr l cn thit. Lu c th n cc vn sau: - Ni t; - Bng chng ca s n mn hoc cc iu kin c kh nng dn ti n mn; - Cc thay i v cc b sung ti kt cu c th nh hng ti h thng chng st (v d nhng thay i trong vic s dng ngi nh, vic lp t cc rnh cn trc hoc vic dng cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh).
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Ph lc A (Tham kho)
Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st A.1. Cng dng in ca mt tia st Cng dng in ca mt tia st thng nm trong khong t 2 000 A n 200 000 A. Thng k cc gi tr ny trong thin nhin theo phn b chun logarit nh sau: -1 % cc tia st nh vt qu 200 000 A - 10 % cc tia st nh vt qu 80 000 A - 50 % cc tia st nh vt qu 28 000 A - 90 % cc tia st nh vt qu 8 000 A - 99 % cc tia st nh vt qu 3 000 A Dng in trong hu ht cc tia st nh xung mt t l t cc phn t mang in tch m trong cc m my dng v nh vy tia st l dng cc ht tch in m t my xung mt t. Cng c cc tia st t cc phn t mang in tch dng, nhng t thng xuyn hn. V chiu dng in l dng in mt chiu tng vt trong qung thi gian khng n 10 s i vi tia st mang in tch m (i vi tia st mang in tch dng thi gian ny di hn kh nhiu), sau gim dn ti mt gi tr nh, i vi mt tia st n, trong khong thi gian 100 s hoc nh hn. tnh ton thit k h thng chng st, ngi ta s dng gi tr dng in st (i max) c cho l c hi nht sau y: I max = 200 kA
di = 200 kA/s dt
(A.1) (A.2)
A.2. in th Trc khi hin tng phng in xy ra, in th ca khi cu tch in c th c tnh s b bng cch gi thit in tch Q l 100 C v bn knh ca hnh cu tng ng vo khong 1 km. Do in dung ca c khi vo khong 10-7 F. T cng thc Q = CV, in th tnh c s vo khong 109 V. iu ny c ngha in p ban u m my l trn 100 MV. A.3. Cc hiu ng v in Khi cng dng in b tiu hao qua in tr ca phn cc ni t ca h thng chng st, n s to ra s tt in p khng v c th lm tng tc thi hiu in th vi t ca h thng chng st. N cng c th to nn xung quanh cc ni t mt vng c chnh lch in th cao c th gy nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Tng t nh vy cng cn phi lu n in cm t cm ca h thng chng st do on dc ng ca xung in do st gy ra. tt in p do hin tng trn gy ra trong h thng chng st do s l tng s hc ca hai thnh phn l in p cm ng v in p khng. A.4. Hiu ng lan truyn st im m st nh vo h thng chng st c th c in th b tng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc vt th kim loi xung quanh. Bi vy s c nguy c lan truyn st sang cc vt kim loi trn hoc pha bn trong cng trnh. Nu s lan truyn ny xy ra, mt phn ca dng in do st gy ra s c tiu hao qua cc thit b lp t bn trong nh ng ng hoc dy dn, v nh vy s dn n ri ro cho ngi sng trong nh cng nh kt cu cng trnh. A.5. Hiu ng nhit
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Vic quan tm n hiu ng nhit ch gi gn trong vic tng nhit trong h thng dn st. Mc d cng dng in cao nhng thi gian xy ra l rt ngn nn nh hng v nhit trong h thng bo v l rt nh. Ni chung, din tch ct ngang ca dy dn st c chn ch yu sao cho tha mn v bn c kh, c ngha l n ln gi cho tng nhit trong khong 1 oC. V d nh, vi dy dn ng c tit din 50 mm2, mt c st nh 100 kA vi thi gian l 100 s s phng t hn 400 J trn 1 m dy dn, dn n tng nhit khong 1 oC. Nu dy dn l thp th tng ny cng t hn 10 oC. A.6. Hiu ng c Khi mt dng in c cng cao c tiu tn qua cc dy dn t song song gn nhau hoc dc theo mt dy dn duy nht nhng c nhiu gp khc, n s gy ra cc lc c hc c ln ng k. Do cc im gi h thng dy dn l rt cn thit (Xem Hnh A.1 v Bng A.1). Bng A.1 - Khong cch cc tr h thng dn st. Cch b tr Khong cch (mm) Dy dn nm ngang trn cc mt phng 1 000 ngang Dy dn nm ngang trn mt phng ng 500 Dy dn thng ng t t ln cao 20 1 000 m Dy dn thng ng t 20 m tr ln 500 CH THCH 1: Bng ny khng p dng cho cc tr l cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc tr kiu c th c cc yu cu c bit. CH THCH 2: Cn kho st cc iu kin mi trng v khong cch thc t gia cc tr c th khc so vi nhng kch thc nu trn. Mt tc ng c hc khc t st l do s tng cao t ngt nhit khng kh n khong 30 000 o C (30 000 K) v s gin n t ngt khng kh xung quanh ng dn st xung t. y l do, khi dn in ca kim loi c thay th bi dn ca mt ng vng cung, nng lng s tng ln 100 ln. Mt nng lng ln nht khong 100 MW/m c th c to ra trong c phng in xung mt t v sng xung kch gn c phng in ny c th lm trc ngi lp mi nh. Tng t nh vy, vi hiu ng lan truyn st ca st trong cc cng trnh, sng xung kch c th gy ra cc h hi cho kt cu.
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CH THCH 1: Kp cho dy dn st cn ch to ring cho ph hp vi dy dn; kch thc a Hnh e) phi bng chiu dy dy v kch thc b phi bng chiu rng dy cng thm 1,3 mm ( gin n). Dy c tit din trn cn c x l tng t. CH THCH 2: Tt c cc kp cn c gn chc chn vo kt cu; khng nn dng va gn. Hnh A.1 - Thit k in hnh kp c nh dy dn st
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Ph lc B (Tham kho)
Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun B.1. Mng ni t v cc ni t (Xem iu 13 v iu 14) B.1.1. Hiu ng lan truyn st v vng tim n in p bc ln cn v tr ni t Nguy c lan truyn st trong cng trnh c h thng chng st v chnh lch in p trong vng t xung quanh khu vc ni t ph thuc vo in tr ca t. Nguy c lan truyn st cn ph thuc vo mt s yu t khc c cp A.4. Chnh lch in p khu vc ni t l hm ca in tr sut ca t. Trong Hnh 19, c st c m phng xy ra trn mt h thng chng st. Dng st c truyn xung t qua cc cc ni t, in p khu vc ni t tng ln v s chnh in p tc dng ln cc lp t. C th lm gim s chnh lch in p ny bng cch ni vng cc cc ni t vi nhau. Chnh lch in p c th gy nguy him ti tnh mng ca con ngi nu nh n vt qua vi ngn vn, ti ng vt nu nh vt qua vi trm vn. Do s chnh lch in p ny l hm ca tch dng in st v in tr ni t ca cc ni t nn hin nhin l vic gim in tr ni t xung cng thp cng tt tr nn ht sc quan trng. Thc t nn gii hn gi tr in tr ni t ln nht l 10 bo v cho ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin gi tr ny cng nh th cng tt. Mt bin php khc khc phc chnh lch in p trn b mt t l chn su cc cc ni t vi mi cc su t nht l 1 m, v bc lin kt gia dy xung v b phn ni t bng vt liu cch in chu in p nh thng ti thiu 500 kV nh polyethylene dy 5 mm. Mi nguy c i vi con ngi trong cng trnh gim i ng k nu nh c sn thay v nn bng t hay . B.1.2. S dng cc ng ng k thut lm mng ni t Khng c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu vo cng trnh lm mng ni t. Cc ng ng k thut khc c th c s dng cho h thng chng st bn trong cng trnh vi iu kin cc im ni phi kim sot d dng. CH THCH: ng ng cp gas khng c s dng lm cc ni t (xem Hnh 28). B.1.3. Mng ni t V d v kch thc cc ni t trong t c in tr sut 100 m nhit 10 oC thng thng to ra in tr ni t ca mng ni t khong 10 nh sau: - Cc ni t dng vng khp kn c chiu di khng nh hn 20 m chn su t nht l 0,6 m di mt t; hoc - ng ng hoc thanh ng c chiu di mi thanh khng di 1,5 m, tng cng chiu di cc thanh khng di 9 m; - Cc thanh b tr hng tm c chiu di khng nh hn 20 m chn su t nht 0,6 m di mt t, hoc - B tng ct thp (xem B.1.5). Cc cc ni t cn c chn su trong mt s trng hp nh c lp st nm di lp cui si. Khng nn tin cy vo su mc nc ngm. Nc ngm, c bit trong lp si, c th b rt sch v s khng c tc dng m bo cho in tr ni t thp cho h thng ni t. in tr ni t gim khng ng k khi gim tit din ca cc m kch thc ln ca cc ni t cn lm tng gi thnh h thng v gy kh cho thi cng. V d v quan h gia ng knh cc ni t vi trng lng ca cc di 1,2 m c k Bng B.1.
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Bng B.1 - Quan h ng knh v trng lng ca cc ni t ng knh d mm 13 16 19 25 Trng lng m kg 1,4 2,3 3,2 5,4
Bng B.1 ch ra rng trng lng ca cc 1,2 m, ng knh 25 mm th nng hn cc 1,2 m ng knh 13 mm ti 4 ln. i vi cng loi vt liu trong cng mt loi t th mt thanh cc 4,8 m d = 13 mm hoc 4 cc 1,2 m d = 13 mm cho mt gi tr in tr vo khong 1/3 ca thanh 1,2 m; d = 25 mm. B.1.4. Trng hp c bit Cn c s cn nhc c bit i vi cc trng hp sau: - Hng ro c s dng kim loi (xem 20.3.1); - Cy ci (xem iu 23); - Nh nng thn (xem 24.4) - Cng trnh trn (xem 13.5) Nu cng trnh trn c chng st theo phng n c cp trong 13.5 v kim loi trong v trn cng trnh c ni vi h thng chng st nh gii thiu 15.3 th s c c mc bo v st thch hp cho ngi trong cng trnh. Tuy nhin c th nguy him cho con ngi ra vo cng trnh khi c st v s chnh lch in p bn ngoi khi st truyn xung h thng chng st ca cng trnh. Nu b mt ca t hoc c tnh cht dn in cao trong phm vi khong 30 m n 50 m ti cng trnh th ni t c m t iu 14 c th c s dng v n c th c ni vi mng ni t mch vng. Nguy c i vi ngi ra vo gim i mc d khng hon ton b loi b. B.1.5. S dng mng b tng ct thp lm b phn ni t Khi mng b tng ct thp c s dng lm b phn ni t th c th p dng cng thc tnh gn ng nh sau:
R=
.1,57. V
(B.1)
trong : R l in tr ni t tnh bng m (); l in tr sut ca t tnh bng m nhn mt (m); V l khi tch b tng tnh bng mt khi (m3). V D: ng dng ca cng thc: 5 m3 b tng ct thp trong t 100 m th in tr ni t xp x 10 . Cc chn mng trong t 100 m c gi tr in tr sau: 0,2 m3 (quy i bng bn cu ng knh 0,9 m) c gi tr in tr R = 30 . Ngha l cn 3 ci th s t c gi tr yu cu 10 . 0,6 m3 (tng ng 1,4 m bn cu) c R = 20 . Ngha l cn 2 ci th t gi tr 10 .
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B.2. Kim loi trong v trn cng trnh cao hn 20 m (Xem iu 15, iu 16). B.2.1. Mng dn nc kim loi c hoc khng ni t Bt c b phn kim loi no trong hoc trn cng trnh khng ni vi h thng chng st nhng li ni vi t nh cc ng ng cp nc, cp gas, tm kim loi, h thng in u c nguy c nhim st. Thm ch nhng b phn khng tip xc vi t cng c chnh lch in th gia chng vi h thng chng st mc d s chnh lch in th ny nh hn so vi trng hp b phn kim loi c ni t. Nu s chnh lch in th gy ra trong mt thi gian ngn nh vy gia bt k b phn no ca h thng chng st v cc b phn kim loi gn k vt qu kh nng chng in p nh thng ca vt liu nm gia chng (c th l khng kh, tng gch, hoc bt c vt liu no khc) th c th xy ra hin tng lan truyn st. iu ny c th gy h hng trong thit b, gy chy hoc sc in i vi ngi v vt. B.2.2. Lin kt ti hai u mng nc kim loi Lin kt ny phi c thc hin c hai u ca bt c chi tit kim loi no cha ra. Khi kim loi c th tham gia vo vic tiu tn dng in st nhng phi trnh cc nguy c h hi vt l hoc thng tn con ngi. B.2.3. La chn b phn kim loi lin kt Rt kh la chn b phn kim loi no th lin kt, b phn no th b qua. i vi cc b phn kim loi di nh ng ng nc, thang my, thang st di th c th d dng quyt nh chng cn c ni vi h thng bo v chng st ca cng trnh m khng phi tn km nhiu. Tuy nhin cc b phn kim loi ngn cch ly nh khung ca s ch c th tip t ngu nhin qua mn nc ma trn b mt kt cu th c th b qua. Cc cng trnh c ct thp hoc vch bao che kim loi to thnh li kim loi khp kn lin tc to ra mt trng thi m cc kim loi bn trong khng c lin kt c th c gi thit rng chng c cng in th vi bn thn kt cu. i vi cc cng trnh nguy c lan truyn st c gim nhiu v yu cu i vi vic lin kt cng gim i. B.2.4. Nguy c ca lp ph kim loi mng Nu bt c mt phn b mt ngoi ca cng trnh no c bao ph bi mt lp kim loi mng, lp kim loi ny c th c thit k hay ngu nhin to thnh mt b phn dn dng in st xung t. Dng st c th tch ra khi lp kim loi do cc nguyn nhn nh lp kim loi khng lin tc hoc tit din lp kim loi qu nh nn n s b chy ra khi dng in st i qua. C hai trng hp u dn ti hin tng h quang in v d gy chy nu c vt liu d chy gn. Khuyn ngh l nn trnh cc nguy c nh tia la in ghi trong 15.2. B.2.5. Dng t cm trong dy xung trong mi lin quan vi chiu cao cng trnh Khi chiu cao cng trnh tng ln th in p cm khng ti cc ni t c cho l tng bc km quan trng hn so vi in p t cm ri trn ng dn st. B.3. Cy v cng trnh gn cy (Xem iu 21) iu 21 cp ti gii php chng st cho cy. H thng chng st c thit k bo v an ton cho cy v gim in p bc nm trong vng chn ng dy dn st, cc ni t. ng di tn cy khi c ging st l rt nguy him. Khi b st nh, dng st lan truyn theo nhnh, cnh ti thn cy v c th gy hiu ng lan truyn st sang cc hng mc cng trnh lin k. Cng phng in ca cy c th ly bng 250 kV/m so vi kh nng khng dng ca khng kh l 500 V/m. Cc s liu ny l c s ca iu 21 quy nh khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v cy.
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Khi cng trnh qu gn cy, c nguy c lan truyn st t cy sang cng trnh khi c st th h thng chng st ca cng trnh cn phi ph vng bo v ln c cy . Nu cy nm trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st ca cng trnh th cng trnh c coi l an ton. B.4. Cc cng trnh khc (Xem iu 23) B.4.1. Lu tri nh i vi lu tri nh tun th theo 23.1.1 c th s tn km. Mc d vy, trong vng nhiu st th nn c bin php chng st. C th l: a) chng st cho lu tri nh c th s dng mt hoc hai cn kim loi (dng ng lng ng ten) pha bn ngoi lu, b tr sao cho lu nm trong phm vi c bo v nh 9.2. Chn ca cc cn kim loi cn c ni vi cc chng ni t t xa lu v cm vo t m. Thm na c th s dng mt dy kim loi trn t trn mt t xung quanh lu v ni ti chn ca mi cn kim loi. b) Trong trng hp lu trong khung kim loi th khung lm vic nh l mt dy dn st. Khung phi c ni xung t nh hng dn phn a) hai u ca lu. c) Khi c ging st, i vi lu khng c chng st, th cn phi tm cch loi b in p bc tc dng ln c th ngi. C th thc hin iu bng cch nm ln trn mt vt kim loi t trc tip trn t. Nu khng c iu kin nh vy th c th ngi b gi trn mt t v trnh tip xc vi lu v vi ngi khc. B.4.2. Sn vn ng Khi ct n cao b st nh, dng in st truyn xung nn qua chn ct v c th c lng chnh in p ca t nn t gi thit rng cc lp ng th di nn phn b dng cc bn cu. Do vi dng trung bnh khong 30 kA v in tr sut ca t 103 m, chnh in p ca t nn s vo khong 50 kV/m trong khong 10 m t chn ct v n thay i t l nghch vi khong cch v din tch (Hnh 19, Hnh 36). Vi gi thit , i vi ngi gradient in p khng c vt qu 10 kV/m tng ng vi khong cch 22 m t chn ct. S dng mt cc ni t thch hp di hnh thc mt li trn bn knh 10 m c th lm gim ng sut in p xung quanh ct. Thm na c th chng li in p bc bng cch bc tm cch in bng PVC di lp asphan. trnh tip xc trc tip vi chn ct c th sn ph keo epoxy dy 5 mm t chn ct ti cao 3 m. Lu trnh vic tng nhit qu mc gii hn di tc dng ca bc x mt tri s lm gim gi tr ca lp bo v. B.5. Cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp (Xem 11.2.4) Phng php "hnh cu ln" c m t mc ny c th c s dng nhn bit cc phn khng c bo v st nh ca cng trnh cao nhiu m un phc tp. Phng php ny da trn nguyn l qu trnh tip xc ca u tch in st ti cng trnh. Trc khi xy ra st, u tch in st hng xung t (hnh thnh trn cc m my dng) v cch nhnh tch in ca n h thp dn. Khi u tch in st h xung th xy ra qu trnh in ngc du trn mt t (cng hnh thnh u tch in st hng ln trn) v to ra trng in gia hai mng tch in tri du. Cng ca trng in ny tng dn ti khi ln th u tch in hng ln pha di phng ln trn gp u tch in st hng xung phng xung di v to thnh tia st. Do tia st s nh trn mt t hoc trn cng trnh ti ni m u tch in hng ln c phng i v do cc u tch in hng ln c phng ln ti cc im c cng in trng cao nht v c th phng thng ln tri m khng b cn nn chng c th phng theo bt c hng no gp u tch in st t my phng xung. Mt v d cho hnh nh ny l st vn nh vo mt bn ca cng trnh cao mc d thng thng n khng nh vo phn cng trnh nm di gc 45o ca hnh cn t im bo v cao nht ca cng trnh.
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Cc im c cng in trng mnh nht trn t hoc cng trnh thng l khu vc gn nht vi u tch in hng ln trc khi n phng ln. Cc im c khong cch bng nhau t im cui ca cc u tch in u c cng nguy c b st nh cn cc im xa hn s t b nguy c st nh hn. Do cc im trn b mt ca hnh cu tng tng c tm nm u tch in hng ln trc khi xy ra st l cc v tr m u tch in hng ln c th phng in ln (xem Hnh B.1). Do u tch in ca my dng c th phng xung bt c hng no nn tt c cc v tr m u tch in ca my dng c th tip cn c c th m phng bng cch ln mt hnh cu tng tng c bn knh bng chiu di ca bc cui (last step length), xung quanh cng trnh v thng xung mt t. Khi n tip xc vi cng trnh c th to ra c st nh v nhng v tr hay b mt nh vy cn phi c b phn thu st nh m t iu 11. Tuy nhin nu cc b phn ca cng trnh khng c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th b phn thu st hin hu c th chp nhn c. Nu c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th cn xem xt b sung thm b phn thu st. Cng trnh cao c hnh dng n gin c th c chng st nh m t Hnh 22 nhng i vi cng trnh phc tp cn p dng phng php hnh cu ln ny. Phng php ny cng c th p dng cho cc cng trnh c b phn thu st t trn cng trnh hoc c cc b phn thu st treo pha trn. Phng php ny cng c th s dng xc nh vng c bo v st ca bt c mt thit k h thng chng st no. Nhn chung kch thc cu cng nh th kh nng bo v chng st cng tt hn nhng s tn km khi xy lp h thng. C cu c khuyn ngh c bn knh t 20 m n 60 m. Thng thng nn s dng cu c bn knh 60 m. Cn cu c bn knh 20 m ch nn dng cho cc cng trnh c nguy c chy cao.
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Cc vng gch cho v ct nh cao cn c nh gi xem c cn b phn thu st hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp dy xung m bo thu st trn cc cnh cng trnh.
Hnh B.1 - V d s dng phng php "hnh cu ln" nh gi s cn thit phi b tr b phn thu st cho mt cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp.
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Ph lc C (Tham kho)
Hng dn chung chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh C.1. Thng tin chung Mc ny a ra nhng hng dn nh gi cc nguy c lm h hi hoc vn hnh sai h thng thit b in trong hoc trn cng trnh khi b st v hng dn thit k h thng chng st cho thit b. Vic thc hin cc hng dn trong tiu chun cng c th cung cp mc no chng li cc e da c ngun gc khc (nh vic ng ngt mch). H thng chng st thng thng ch c thit k v lp t cho cng trnh. Mc d vy, h thng thit b cn c tin cy cao hn v n cng i hi mt h thng chng st ring bo v cho thit b in cng nh cc h thng thng tin d liu. S phc tp ca st nh vo cng trnh, dng st tng cao trong thi gian ngn km theo cc hin tng khc l nguyn nhn gy ph hoi thit b, xa d liu. Nguy c ca st c cp C.4, song cn c nhiu yu t tc ng n vic cn n h thng chng st nh nhu cu: - Gim thiu cc nguy c chy v sc in; - Trnh ngng tr hot ng sn xut v thng mi c nh hng n vn kinh t; - Ngn nga cc tc hi v an ton, sc khe; - Bo v cc dch v thit yu v an ton, bo chy, thng tin, qun tr cng trnh; - Trnh phi sa cha tn km cc trang thit b vi tnh. Cc hng dn ph lc ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng cho h thng chng st cn tnh n cc iu kin thc t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit th cn phi tm kim nhng li khuyn ca chuyn gia. Tuy nhin, ngay c khi c h thng chng st th cng khng bao gi hon ton c th chc chn l an ton cho h thng thit b hay an ton v d liu. Hnh C.1 minh ha dng st nh vo nh my cng nghip, truyn qua cc b phn ca nh v i xung t. CH THCH: Ph lc ny ch dng tham kho, vic tun th ph lc ny khng c ngha l tun th ni dung tiu chun ny. C.2. ng dng ca ph lc ny Khi p dng nhng hng dn ca ph lc ny cn tun theo quy trnh sau: - Quyt nh xem c cn h thng chng st khng (xem iu 7) - Nu cu tr li l c th xem xt thit k chng st ri chuyn sang c), nu cu tr li l khng th chuyn ngay sang c). - Quyt nh liu c cn phi chng st cho cc thit b in, in t trong hay trn cng trnh khng (xem C.4, C.5) - Nu cu tr li cho cu hi c) l c th xem cc ni dung C.3, C.7, C.13; nu cu tr li l khng th khng xem xt thm. CH THCH 1: Thng tin c bn lin quan ti cc kha cnh chng st c cho C.8, C.9 CH THCH 2: Cc v d tnh ton c cho C.6, C.10, C.11, C.12.
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Hnh C.1 - Cc im st nh vo cng trnh cng nghip c th nh hng n h thng in t C.3. Cc yu t c bn v chng st cho h thng in C.3.1. Mc ri ro Trc khi thit k h thng chng st cho thit b, cn lu ti h thng chng st c bn cho cng trnh. Thng tin C.4, C.5 gip cho vic quyt nh c cn phi bo v thit b in hay khng. C.3.2. Chng st ca bn thn cng trnh Khi cn nhc cc phng n phng chng st cho thit b in ca cng trnh th cn xem liu cng trnh c chng st hoc s c chng st theo tiu chun ny cha. Loi cng trnh c kh nng chng st l tng l cng trnh c vch bao che bng kim loi cho tt c cc bc tng v mi, n to ra mi trng dng "phng c cch ly" cho cc thit b in. Nu nh tt c cc vch bao che v lp ph mi lin kt vi nhau mt cch tha ng th dng st nh t bt c ch no ca cng trnh s c truyn xung t dng "tm truyn in" trn b mt cng trnh v xung b phn ni t. Cc cng trnh kt cu thp hoc B tng ct thp c vch bao che kim loi l cc cng trnh thuc dng ny v nh vy ch cn ch n vic bo v cc ng cp ngun cp vo cng trnh (Hnh C.2). Cn lu t c khng tr thp t lin kt gia b phn ni t ca h thng chng st vi cc h thng ng ng khc. Nn p dng phng php i ng cp in vo nh minh ha Hnh 28 c km theo cc b phn chn xung nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy cn phi c cc b phn ny. Cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hoc bng khung thp khng c vch bao che kim loi th dng st c th truyn bn trong cc ct. Hng dn i vi ni lp t my tnh v h thng dy dn c cho C.7.2. Nu nh vt liu xy dng cng trnh ch yu l kim loi th c th xp cng trnh c nguy c cao (xem iu 18) v b tr h thng chng st tng cng (xem C.7.1). Nhn chung cn lp t cc thit b chng qu p cng gn ti cc im kt ni ra/vo cng trnh cng tt.
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Hnh C.2 - Cc dng chng st c lin quan ti thit b in t
Hnh C.3 - Phn b dng in do st nh vo cng trnh c 15 ct chng xung t
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CH THCH 1. ng ng mc in cm truyn dn (MT) nh sau: 1) H/m 0,015 2) H/m 6) H/m 0,02 3) H/m 0,07 7) H/m 0,03 4) 0,04 H/m 0,08
5) 0,05 H/m
CH THCH 2. Cc ct bn trong (A, B v C) ch mang ti tng ng 3,1 %, 2,3 % v 3,1 % tng cng st. CH THCH 3. in cm tng h i vi mch trn mt phng ng c c bng cch tr gi tr in cm truyn dn ti v tr ca mt ct t gi tr ti v tr khc (b cc gi tr m trong kt qu). in cm truyn ti dy trong ct tnh bng 0. V d: i vi vng cao 2 m nh trn hnh v v tng dng st nh in cm tng h (M) = (0,03 - 0,015) = 0,015 H/m Do in p = M. (gi tr vng mc cao). 500 V Hnh C.4 - Mt bng nh c 15 ct chng xung t th hin trng phn b in cm truyn dn C.3.3. Hnh trnh dng in st truyn trong cng trnh Dng in st truyn trong cng trnh dng "phng c cch ly" nh c cp trong C.3.2 theo kiu "mnh dng in" trn b mt ca mi, tng ri xung t. S thay i in tr nh trong cc phn khc nhau ca b mt nh hng rt t ti qu trnh truyn in ny bi v ng dn dng c xc nh bng cm ng ch khng bng in tr do bn cht hin tng st nh xy ra rt nhanh. Xu hng tng t cng din ra i vi dy xung ngoi nh i vi cng trnh c kt cu khung thp hoc B tng ct thp c dng nh Hnh C.3 v C.4, ni dng in c phn ra bi 15 ng ring r. Cn lu l cc ng xung bn trong mang k hiu A, B v C Hnh C.4 mang mt lng phn trm rt nh ca dng v do c trng in t nh. H thng chng st cho h thng thit b in trong nh c pht trin bi cc ng dn st c b tr ngoi bin ca nh. Mt s ng dn gii quyt trong trng hp c dng gia thit b
di l 50 kA/s: dt
di = (0,015 x 10-6) x (2,0) x (5 x 1010) = 1 dt
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vi nhau. l cc dy n l c lp t trong nh v c chp nhn cho vic truyn st cng nh chng li pht sinh tia la in. C.3.4. nh hng ca quy m st ti nh dng h thng khc nhau Cch b tr l tng cho cng trnh v h thng in bn trong c th lm gim cc nguy c dng in st lm h hi hoc tc ng khng tt ti chng c th hin Hnh C.2a. Trong cc trng hp nh vy, c cc bin php bo v tc ng ca st gy ra trong h thng in chnh ca nh. y l s sp t c m t C.3.2 i vi mt cng trnh c chng st tt. H thng in trong cc cng trnh phi kim loi khng c h thng chng st c nguy c b st tc ng nhiu nht. Cn phi xem xt cn thn phng php chng st cho cng trnh v cc b phn ca n. Mt s nguy c c gii thch di y v cc hng dn chng st c th c trnh by C.7.1 v C.7.2. Mt trong cc v d v tnh hung ni m c cc nguy c c th xem xt l cng trnh cha cc thit b in v c th c cc thit b lin hp nh i, raa hoc cc thit b d bo thi tit, trong dy chuyn, cc sensor c t pha ngoi. Cc thit b lin hp ny c th c treo bn cnh hoc nh mi hoc trn cc ct thu, thp truyn thanh hoc cng trnh thng thng nh minh ha Hnh C.2b. Mi hoc ct thu nm ngoi phm vi bo v ca h thng chng st cho cng trnh, nhng cp dn t ct thu vo cng trnh c th a st vo trong cng trnh trong khi h thng chng st ca cng trnh khng pht huy tc dng. Hn th cc b phn thit b treo trn mi hoc ct c th d b nh hng khi b st trc tip, hoc b h hi v di in p cao lan vo. V d tip theo ch ra kh nng dnh st ti thit b in ph thuc khng ch vo h thng chng st m cn ph thuc vo cc chi tit lp t nh dy, cc u c, thu trn thp cng nh ph thuc vo mch dn vo cng trnh. Hng dn o c bo v khi cc nguy c ny cho C.7. V d tip theo v vn thng gp c th gy ra s tng in p mi trng ln cao c ch ra Hnh C.2c. C xu hng in st tiu tn theo cc ng dn in c hnh thnh bng cc ng cp ni cc cng trnh, do dng in st c th truyn t cng trnh b st nh sang cng trnh khc khng b st nh trc tip. Dng ln ti hng chc kilampe (kA) c th truyn qua cc ng cp ny nn vic chng li hin tng ny l rt cn thit. Phng php bo v c m t C.7. y l mt trong nhng nguy c m st truyn i gia cc cng trnh. C.4. nh gi mc ri ro C.4.1. Quyt nh lp t h thng chng st Quyt nh lp t mt h thng chng st cho h thng in v in t chng li st th cp ph thuc vo: Lng st nh d kin trn khu vc (xem C.4.2); S d b tn thng h hi ca h thng. C.4.2. S v st nh d kin C.4.2.1. Din tch thu st hu dng S v st nh d kin c th nh vo mt din tch thu st hu dng trong mt nm c cho bi tch ca mt st v din tch thu st hu dng. Din tch thu st hu dng, Ae tnh theo m vung c xc nh bi: Ae = din tch cng trnh + din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh + din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k + din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp + din tch thu st hu dng ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan. C.4.2.2. Din tch cng trnh L din tch mt bng ca cng trnh. C.4.2.3. Din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh
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St nh xung t hoc cng trnh gy ra ti khu vc t cng trnh mt in p cao. Bt c ng trc hay ng d liu i vo khu vc in p cao u l i tng ca hin tng qu in p. nh hng ca mt c st nh xung t b tt dn khi khong cch gia chu vi ca cng trnh v im nh tng ln. Vt qu mt khong cch nht nh th nh hng ca c st nh ti cng trnh c coi l khng ng k. y l khong cch la chn D, m. Vi loi t c in tr sut 100 m khong cch D c th ly bng 100 m. Vi loi t c gi tr in tr sut khc th gi tr D c th ly ng bng gi tr in tr sut cho ti gi tr maximum l 500 m cho t c gi tr 500 m hoc hn na. Din tch thu st ca t xung quanh l din tch c ng c s l vin chu vi cng trnh v khong cch D. Khi m chiu cao cng trnh vt qu gi tr D th ly chiu cao cng trnh lm gi tr tnh. C.4.2.4. Din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k Din tch thu st ca cng trnh lin hp lin k l ni c s kt ni in trc tip hoc khng trc tip ti thit b in hoc in t t cng trnh chnh th c tnh vo. Ly v d cy ct chiu sng t ngoi nh c cp in t nh chnh. Nh khc c trm my tnh u cui, thit b iu khin v thp truyn. Ti cng trng c mt vi ngi nh c h thng dy ni v khong cch khng ln hn 2D, din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k l din tch gia chu vi ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k v ng nh dng bng khong cch D t chng. Bt c vng no nm trong din tch thu st ca cng trnh chnh th u khng tnh (xem v d 1 trong C.6). C.4.2.5. Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng dy cp in ngun Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti cc ng dy cp in ngun c k trong Bng C.1. Tt c cc ng cp vo ra (ti cc cng trnh khc, cc thp chiu sng, thit b xa ) c xem xt mt cch ring bit v din tch thu st c cng t cc phn ring . Bng C.1 - Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp Loi ngun cp ng dy h p trn khng Din tch thu st hu dng (m2) 10 x D x L
ng dy cao p trn khng (ti bin p ca cng 4 x D x L trnh) ng dy h p i ngm 2xDxL ng dy cao p i ngm (ti bin p ca cng 0,1 x D x L trnh) CH THCH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3 khng p dng. CH THCH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1 000 m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th ly gi tr 1 000 m tnh ton. C.4.2.6. Din tch thu st ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan Din tch thu st lin quan vi cc loi cp d liu c k trong Bng C.2. Nu c nhiu hn 1 ng cp th c th coi l tnh n l ri cng li. Trong trng hp cp a li th tng cp c th c coi l n v khng ging nh l tng vng. Bng C.2 - Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng d liu Loi ng d liu Din tch thu st hu dng (m2)
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ng tn hiu i trn khng ng tn hiu i ngm
10 x D x L 2xDxL
ng cp quang khng c ng dn hoc li kim 0 loi CH THCH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3 khng p dng. CH THCH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1 000 m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th ly gi tr 1 000 m tnh ton. C.4.2.7. nh gi kh nng st nh S lng st c th nh trn mt din tch thu st c nh ngha mi nm, , theo cng thc sau: p = Ae * Ng * 10-6 Trong Ae l tng s din tch thu st hu dng tnh bng mt vung (m2); Ng l mt st trn mt kilmet vung mi nm. C.4.3. S d h hi ca cc dng h thng Nguy c tng th ca mt c st xung thit b in hoc in t s ph thuc vo xc sut st nh v cc tiu ch di y: - Loi cng trnh; - Mc bao bc; - Loi a hnh Trong Bng C.3, Bng C.4 v C.5 cc h s hiu chnh F ti H c phn chia cho tng tiu ch ch mi lin quan ca cc nguy c trong tng trng hp. Bng C.3 - H s hiu chnh F (h s cng trnh) Loi cng trnh Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th n gin Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th phc hp Cng trnh c h thng ni ng th kh khn (nh di hn 100 m) Bng C.4 - H s hiu chnh G (h s mc cch ly) Loi bao bc Gi tr G Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c cy v nh ca cao gn 0,4 nh nhau, v d nh trong th trn hoc rng Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c t cy v nh ca cao 1,0 gn tng ng. Cng trnh cao hn hn cc cng trnh v cy ci xung quanh t nht 2 2 ln. CH THCH: Bng C.4 c h s ging Bng 9, lp li y tin s dng Bng C.5 - H s hiu chnh H (h s a hnh) Loi a hnh ng bng Gi tr H 0,3
(C.1)
Gi tr F 1 1,2 2
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i Ni t 300 m n 900 m Ni trn 900 m C.4.4. Nguy c st nh vo mt h thng c th
1,0 1,3 1,7
CH THCH: Bng C.5 c h s ging Bng 8, lp li y tin s dng Nguy c st nh v kh nng d b h hng ca mt h thng (cc h s hiu chnh) c th c kt hp li nh gi cc nguy c st nh nh hng ti cc h thng in v in t thng qua cc b phn dn in ra/ vo hoc cc h thng d liu ra/ vo. Nguy c xy ra (R) ca vic tng th tc th do st c tnh theo cng thc: R=FxGxHxp (C.2) CH THCH: Gi tr 1/R th hin, theo n v nm, chu k trung bnh gia cc ln xy ra th tc th do st. N nhn mnh rng gi tr trung bnh c da trn d liu thu thp qua nhiu nm. C.5. Quyt nh lm h thng chng st Quyt nh lm h thng chng st cn tnh n cc tc ng mang tnh hu qu h hi ca cc thit b in v in t quan trng. Cn xem xt ti cc mi nguy him ti sc khe v an ton do mt kh nng iu khin nh my hoc cc dch v thit yu. Cn so snh chi ph ngng hot ng ca h thng my tnh hoc ca nh my vi chi ph lm h thng chng st. S phn loi cng trnh v cc ni dung c th c cho Bng C.6. Bng C.6 - Phn loi cng trnh v vt cha S dng cng trnh v hu qu ca cc h hi ti cc i tng Ch s bn trong qu Nh dn dng v cng trnh c trang thit b gi thp v c gi tr 1 khu hao thp Ta nh thng mi v cng nghip c cc h thng my tnh, ni m 2 cc h hi h thng c th ph hoi sn xut Cc ng dng thng mi v cng nghip, ni m khi mt d liu 3 my tnh c th gy tn hi ti chnh ln Cc cng trnh m khi mt iu khin my tnh hoc h thng c th 4 dn ti hy hoi mi trng v sc khe con ngi i vi vic lp t thit b in t gi tr R c xc nh (xem C.4.4) v ch s tiu hao c thnh lp theo bng C.6. Bng vic s dng cc gi tr trong Bng C.7, c th xc nh mc thit k (xem C.13). Ni m mc phi trn khng ng k th s bo v l s cn thit khng bnh thng. Bng C.7 - Phn loi mc phi trn Mc hao 1 2 3 4 h Mc phi trn R < 0,005 Khng ng k Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh R = 0,005 0,0499 Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh Cao R = 0,499 Thp Trung bnh Cao Cao 0,05 R > 0,5 Trung bnh Cao Cao Cao hu
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CH THCH: Tiu ch mc phi trn trong bng C.7 ch c da trn nh gi nguy c st. C.6. V d tnh ton V D 1: Mt tr s my tnh ca cng ty thng mi vng Thanh Tr H Ni cao 15 m, di 100 m, rng 60 m. Ta lc vng ng bng, xung quanh bao bc bi cc cng trnh v cy ci c cao tng t. ng cp chnh di 250 m i di t v tt c cc ng cp vi tnh l bng cp quang khng bc kim. Mt ng cp cp in t ta nh chnh ra ct n cao 7 m, cch cng trnh 100 m. xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau: A) Lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm: Trn c s bn mt st cho Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co ti 7.2, i vi vng Thanh Tr H Ni mt st trn 1 km2 mi nm c ly bng 10,9 (Ng = 10,9). B) Din tch thu st - Din tch cng trnh: S= 100 x 60 = 6 000 m2 - Din tch thu st ca t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1)) S= 2(100 x 100)+1(100 x 60)+( x 1002) = 63 416 m2 CH THCH: Gi thit khong cch D ca din tch thu st bng 100 m. - Din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5) = ( + 1002)/2 = 15 708 m2 CH THCH: n gin ha din tch ny c ly bng hnh bn nguyt - Din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp (Bng C.1) + Cc ngun cp vo cng trnh= 2 x 100 x 250 = 50 000 m2 + Cc ngun cp ti cc ct n = 2 x 100 x 100 = 20 000 m2 + Tng din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp = 50 000 + 20 000 = 70 000 m2 - Din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu i ra = 0 CH THCH: din tch thu st bng khng c p dng i vi ng truyn d liu bng cp quang. Tng din tch thu st hiu dng l: Ae = 6 000 + 63 416 + 15 708 + 70 000 + 0 = 155 000 m2 C) Xc sut xy ra st nh - Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh: P = Ae x Ng x 10-6 = 155 000 x 10,9 x 10-6 = 1,69 D) Ri ro Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau: i vi ton b din tch R = F x G x H x p = 1 x 1 x 0,3 x 1,69 = 0,507 Gi tr R = 0,507 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra hai nm mt ln.
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i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp vo cng trnh Ng = 10,9 Din tch thu st = 6 000 + 63 416 + 15 708 + 50 000 = 135 000 m2 Xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc = 135 000 x 10,9 x 10-6 = 1,47 Ri ro = 1 x 1 x 0,3 x 1,47 = 0,44 Theo bng C.6 cng trnh c ch s hu qu bng 2. Cn c theo bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh. i vi din tch lin quan ti cc ng cp ti ct n chiu sng Ng = 10,9 Din tch thu st = 6 000 + 63 416 + 15 708 + 20 000 = 105 000 m2 Xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc = 135 000 x 10,9 x 10-6 = 1,47 Ri ro = 1 x 1 x 0,3 x 1,47 = 0,44 Theo Bng C.6 v Bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh. V D 2: Mt nh iu khin h thng x l nc thi ti vng Khnh Ha gn b bin c cc thng s hnh hc cao di rng ln lt l 6 m x 10 m x 10 m. Ta lc trn vng i, cng trnh c bo v theo tiu chun ny. ng cp in chnh di 250 m i pha trn cao, ng dy in thoi i trn cao, khng r chiu di. xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau: A) Lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm: i vi vng Khnh Ha gn b bin mt st trn km2 mi nm c ly trn bn Hnh 2 v khuyn co 7.2 l 3.4 (Ng = 3,4). B) Din tch thu st - Din tch cng trnh = 10 x 10 = 100 m2 - Din tch thu st t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1)) = 2(100 x 10) + 2(100 x 10) + ( x 1002) = 35 416 m2 CH THCH: tng khong cch D c gi thit l 100 m. - Din tch trm ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5) =0 CH THCH: n gin ha din tch c ly bng hnh bn nguyt - Din tch thu st cc ngun cp (Bng C.1) = 2 x 100 x 250 = 250 000 m2 - Din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu (Bng C.2) = 10 x 100 x 100 = 1 000 000 m2
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CH THCH: chiu di ng in thoi c gi thit l 1000 m do chiu di khng xc nh. Tng din tch thu st hu dng l: Ae = 100 + 35 416 + 0 + 250 000 + 1 000 000 = 1,285 5 x 106 m2 Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng cp chnh: Aem = 100 + 35 416 + 0 + 250 000 = 285,5 x 103 m2 Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng in thoi: Aet = 100 + 35 416 + 0 + 1 000 000 = 1,035 5 x 106 m2 C) Xc sut xy ra st nh Xc sut xy ra st nh trn tng din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh: Ps = Ae x Ng x 10-6 = 1,285 5 x 106 x 3,4 x 10-6 = 4,37 Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hiu qu lin quan ng cp chnh c cho bi phng trnh: Pm = Aem x Ng x 10-6 = 0,285 5 x 106 x 3,4 x 10-6 = 0,97 Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ng in thoi c cho bi phng trnh: P = Aet x Ng x 10-6 = 1,035 5 x 106 x 3,4 x 10-6 = 3,52 D) Ri ro Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau: i vi ton b din tch R=FxGxHxp = 1 x 2 x 1 x 4,37 = 8,74 Gi tr R = 8,74 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra chu k trung bnh c mi 1,4 thng mt ln. i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp chnh i vo R = F x G x H x pm = 1 x 2 x 1 x 0,97 = 1,94 Theo Bng C.6 cng trnh c th c cn nhc p dng ch s tn hi bng 3 khi m xy ra s ph hy h thng cp nc ca th trn.
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Theo Bng C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao. i vi din tch lin quan ti ng in thoi: R = F x G x H x pt = 1 x 2 x 1 x 3,52 = 7,04 Theo Bng C.6 v C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao.
Hnh C.5 - Din tch thu st cho cng trnh v cc hng mc lin k C.7. Phng php bo v khi lp t chng st C.7.1. Ni t, lin kt v bnh th Cc yu cu ni t c cp iu 13 v 14. Cc ni dung di y b sung cc yu cu nhm mc ch san bng chnh lch in th cho cc thit b. H thng k thut cung cp cho cc cng trnh c cc h thng thng tin m rng, v d nh my cng nghip, cn lin kt vi mt thanh lin kt ng th thng cc dng tm kim loi, dy dn mch vng bn trong, hay dy dn mch vng ring phn pha trong ca bc tng ngoi hoc theo chu vi khu vc bo v gn mt t. Thanh lin kt ng th ny c ni vi cc ni t mch vng ca h thng ni t, v d c minh ha Hnh C.6. Tt c cc ng ng kim loi bn ngoi, ng cp in, d liu ra v vo cng trnh ti mt im c bc bo v c th c ni ti mng ni t ti im lin kt n ny (xem Hnh 28).
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iu ny lm gim thiu dng st xuyn vo trong cng trnh (xem Hnh C.7). Ni cc ng cp thng tin v cp in i qua cc cng trnh nm cnh nhau, h thng ni t cn c ni vi nhau v s c li nu c nhiu ng dn song song lm gim dng in trong tng cp. H ni t dng li p ng c mc ch ny. nh hng ca dng in st c th c gim thiu hn na bng cch i cc dy dn vo trong cc ng ng k thut v kt hp cc ng ng vo h ni t dng li v lin kt vi im ra vo chung ca h thng ni t to mi u. Hnh C.6 minh ha mt v d v h thng ni t dng li dnh cho mt ct thp v cng trnh c thit b gn k. Nguyn tc tng t nh p dng cho thp minh ha Hnh C.6 cng p dng cho cc u cm ng hoc iu khin cc thit b ging khoan (du, nc). Ni kt ni c th bao gm c cc ng thp ca ging lm gim khc bit in p gia ging v dy dn in. S kt ni nn c thc hin a phng vi bt c t nn ca cng trnh khc c cp thng tin d liu chy qua. Cng trnh lin quan ti cc ct thu c th c s bo v c bit bi n lin quan ti c ngun cp in.
Hnh C.6 - Cc dy cp i vo cng trnh tch bit vi ng ten pht song
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a) u ni t im u vo cng trnh cho cp ngun v my tnh
b) Ni t im ra vo cc ng ng v cp tng Btng ct thp, ni cn bo v nht. CH THCH: Gii php tng t nh trn c p dng cho ng ng v cp vch kim loi. Hnh C.7 - Lin kt cc ng ng v cp ti im ra vo cng trnh C.7.2. V tr thit b in t v cp C.7.2.1. V tr thit b in t trong cng trnh La chn v tr thit b in t trong cng trnh ph thuc vo xy dng cng trnh. i vi cng trnh ging nh phng mn chn, ngha l ni mi ph kim loi vi tng, v tr khng quan trng.
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Trong cng trnh khung kim loi thng thng cc thit b in t c th lp gia cng trnh, khng nn tng nc, nhng cng c th lp st tng ngoi v gc nh. i vi cng trnh bng vt liu khng dn in vi mt h thng chng st th cng l tng t. Trong cng trnh xy bng cc vt liu khng dn in nh trong nh c lp t h thng in t th cng cn lu v nh trnh lp t nhng v tr cc kt cu cao nh ng khi, hoc ni st vi ng truyn st xung. C.7.2.2. V tr cp gia cc hng mc ca h thng in t trong nh Hnh C.8 v Hnh C.9 (minh ha xut nguyn tc i dy bn trong. Trong trng hp khu vc t my tnh, h thng i dy nm trong cng trnh c kim sot chng st th khng phi l vn nghim trng nhng d sao th vn tt hn nu tun theo cc yu cu cho nh c khung kim loi. Nn trnh cc vng kn rng gia cc ngun cp chnh v dy lp t in t. Nn i dy cp ngun v cp ca thit b in t cnh nhau gim thiu cc khu vc to ra vng kn. N c th thc hin d dng bng cch s dng cc ng bao dy cho mi loi. Hnh C.9 ni t li c s dng cc b trn cc sn v im ni t chung cho ton b. y l h thng ni t hn hp. H thng i dy cho thit b in t khng c lp cng h vi ng ni chng st. i dy c th trn sn v nn trnh cc vng trn tng ng. i dy trc ng nn theo nh Hnh C.9. B tr nh Hnh C.9 c th s dng cho thit b t theo chiu ngang trong nh di. i vi cng trnh xy dng bng vt liu khng dn in, b tr dy c m t mc ph ny l cn thit gim thiu cc nguy c lm h hi thit b, hng cc d liu. Ni no m vic i dy khng th p dng nguyn tc nh iu ny th nn c phng n thay th. C.7.3. Bo v ng cp i t ngi nh ny sang ngi nh khc Ni m ng cp i gia cc ngi nh tch bit hoc gia cc n nguyn ca chng m khng c cc hnh lang ni th cn c bit ch bo v. Nu c th, ng cp quang c th c s dng cch ly hon ton cc mch in t t nh my ti nh khc. y l gii php hu hiu nht cho ng truyn a knh hon ton c lp khi cc vn nhim t, khng ch c st. Mc du vy khng nn s dng ng cp quang vi lp bc kim loi hoc dy dn bn trong. Ni m khng chn dy cp quang truyn m s dng cc loi dy khc nh l dy ng trc, dy i li th cn ch pht hin nhng h hi dc theo tuyn. H thng ni t ca cng trnh c th ni s dng ng bc cp, ng i dy i cng nhiu loi cp. Ni m c nhiu ng dy i song song th tt nht l in p gia chng cng chnh t cng tt. Thm na ng ni t c th ni gia cng trnh vi cng trnh. Ni cp ng trc c lp t gia cc cng trnh th lp v ca n c th c ni vi h thng ni t ca cng trnh ti v tr vo/ra ca ngi nh. Trong mt s loi cp ng trc hoc h thng chn, c th ch cn ni cp xung t ti mt im. Nu cn thit cn b tr cc thit b bo v qu p thch hp. Ni ch c mt hoc mt s lng nh cp i t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc, nh trng hp ng d liu, ng in thoi, v ni khng dng ng cp quang, cn lp thit b chn qu p tiu dng in st xung t, v d dng thit b dng ng kh hoc kp bn dn ch cho dng c in p thch hp tng ng vi in p lm vic ca thit b i qua. Mt h thng c trng cho vic ni t thit b chng qu p c minh ha trn Hnh C.10. C th kt hp gia cc phng php trnh by mc ny, v d dng thit b bo v i vi cc ng tn hiu v thit b kt hp vi vic bc ni cc ng cp gi mi trng ngng in p cho php. Tr trng hp ng cp quang qu di, bn thn thit b khng tr cao khng m bo tr phi chng c th chu c in p trn 100 kV do s chnh lch in th ln gia cc cng trnh khng c bo v do dng st truyn di t t mt trong cc cng trnh .
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CH THCH: Cc v bc bo v cn hn ni hai u v m bo dn in trn ton tuyn Hnh C.8 - Cc phng php gim thiu in p cm ng
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CH THCH 1: C th p dng nguyn tc gim din tch mch vng i vi thit b nm bn ngoi. Tt c cc lin kt nm trong mt mng cp gim din tch mch vng nh c) Hnh C.8 CH THCH 2: XXXX minh ha ct thp hoc cc b phn xy dng bng kim loi trong sn Hnh C.9 - H thng ni t phc hp c p dng cho thit b trong nh nhiu tng
a) Lp t chn qu dng khng chun gy ra xung ln CH THCH: Cc xung ny c th tng t t cm ca ng ni t n im ni t B'

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b) Khuyn ngh cho vic lp chn qu dng CH THCH: Gim thiu Xung bng cch ni trung tnh xung im ni t B' bng ng thng nht Hnh C.10 - Ni t t im ni khng thit b ti im ni t ca thit b chng qu dng C.7.4. Bo v thit b c phn bn ngoi cng trnh ni vo thp, ct thu Cm thit b treo ngoi cng trnh hoc ni vo thp, ct thu st th hin hu cc nguy c sau: a) Dng vo trc tip t cc c st. b) Dng cm ng v khng. C.8. c tnh v hiu ng ca st C.8.1. c tnh b sung ca st lin quan ti thit b in t Bng C.8 - Ch s cc i ca tc tng di/dt Ch s cc i ca di/dt kA/s 200 30 10 Mc vt % 1 50 99
Cc thng s khc ca xung st l rt quan trng trong vic nh gi cc kha cnh gy nguy hi ca st song gi tr cc tr ca dng st di/dt l mt trong cc nguyn tc nh gi in p khng v trong khong thi gian xung l du hiu ch s nng lng sm. Minh ha dng st m nh xung t xem Hnh C.15. Cm ng st c th gy ra hai hiu ng ln thit b in t. Ph bin l thit b b ph hoi bi 1 c st n. Hiu ng th hai l cc phn mm b ph hy bi cc xung ng ca st. T hp ca cc c st t c u ti cc c nh lp li xy ra trong vng 1 s n 2 s l vn ng phi cn nhc i vi s hot ng ca my tnh tr phi cc php kim sot c s dng loi b cc kt qu ca my tnh trong thi gian vi giy . C.8.2. im st nh im b st nh trn cng trnh l rt ngu nhin, mc d cng trnh, cy ci cao to th nguy c b st c th nhiu hn cc cng trnh hay cy ci nh thp. Tuy vy st nh xung mt t phng nm gia hai ngi nh cao cch nhau hn hai ln chiu cao ca chng l bnh thng. Trong cc nh my sn xut theo dy chuyn, v tr d b st c xu hng l cc ct cao ng thi t khi nh vo xng thp. Tuy vy cc b phn nm ngoi gc 45o k t im cao th d b st (xem Hnh C.16).
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Hnh C.11 - Lp trc tip ln h thng in trn ngoi nh
Hnh C.12 - Bo v cho h thng trn trc tip
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Hnh C.13 - Bo v cp i dc theo cc bnh cha cao v lin kt trn mi
Hnh C.14 - V tr cc dng st cao, trung bnh, thp c th truyn xung qua cc ng cp ca l phn ng
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CH THCH: Sau c st nh ban u c th c nhiu xung in cng thp hn v thi gian ngn hn gi l cc xung th cp hoc xung lp Hnh C.15 - ng c tnh dng st m
Hnh C.16 - im st nh trn cng trnh Trong cc cng trnh cao th cc thit b in t thng c nguy c ri ro cao c bit, khng hn n l im ri ro trc tip bt st m cn c cc l do khc nh l chng thng c ni vi cc h thng dy ti cc thit b khc. V th m chng cn phi c bo v cn thn. Cc phn, i tng d b st nh trn cng trnh c minh ha Hnh C.16. i vi nh cao hn 20 m gc cn 45o ca h thng chng st c cho l quy tc bo v chng st tt. Tuy nhin i vi nh, cng trnh cao trn 20 m phng php hnh cu ln l tt hn i vi cc khu vc tng t, c bit l n hn ch vic st nh vo cnh bn ca cng trnh. Bn knh hnh cu ln c khuyn ngh l 20 m. Trong Hnh C.16 gi thit l cc thit b hai nh A v B c ni vi nhau qua cc ng cp. Tuy nhin c th thy st nh vo nh A v mt s phn ca nh B
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cng nh phn mt t gia chng. Do trong tng trng hp dng in trong t gn vi im b st nh c th c ni t hoc khng u phi c tnh n v m rng phm vi bo v. C.9. St cm ng v nguyn tc chng CH THCH: mc ny cp ti c ch sinh dng in cm ng, cng ca n v cung cp hng dn vic thit lp an ton bng cc mc khng ch xung v gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (TCL/ETDL). C.9.1. in p cm khng Khi cng trnh b st nh th dng in i xung t pht trin di in p rng gia cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc cu kin kim loi v h thng chng st v phn t pha ln cn cng trnh. Di in p ny chnh l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in chy trong cc ng cp dn bn ngoi cng trnh ti vng t lin k. in p c sinh ra l in p cm khng s cp nhng phn tng ln nhanh chng dng sng st hiu ng truyn dn xy ra mt phm vi hp hn. Bt c dng in no chy trong ng cp v phn bc u l kt qu ca in p cm khng c xng qua dy ni ti thit b in t vi in p chung v lin mch. C.9.2. in p cm ng Dng st chy trong dy dn st hoc trong cc knh dn vng cung sinh ra mt t trng thay i theo thi gian vi khong cch n 100 m ty thuc vo cng dng st. Trng in t ny sinh ra hai hiu ng: a) Mt dng t cm in t L trong ng dy (v d dy loi ng knh 2 mm L=1 h/m); b) Mt vng tng h ngc chiu trong dy dn (cm dn = mt) hoc vng kn ring bit (cm tng h); Trong trng hp in p sinh ra t l thun vi di/dt ring phn bi L, mt, m (Hnh C.17). i vi dy dn n th mnh ca trng l t l nghch vi khong cch ca vt dn. i vi trng hp phc tp th tnh cc gi tr L, mt hay m. V d dng st i qua dy dn xung cc chn ni t nh minh ha hnh C.4. iu ny rt quan trng i vi vic tnh n dng t cm ca t ti thit b v cc thit b ngn nga qu in p v mch li ni t.
Hnh C.17 - in cm C.9.3. Xng dng t st nh trc tip Cc c st nh trc tip ti ng dy in hoc h thng in cng nh cc u sensor hoc tip khng (xem Hnh C.11) c th xng dng gy ph hy. y l nguy c cn phi c tnh n vi vic dy dn i bn ngoi c chiu di ln. Vic i dy trong cc ng bo h s lm hn ch ng k tc hi. in p rt cao ca s xng in gy ph hoi cc b phn khc ca h thng, nh tia la in. l mt phn lin quan ti cc b phn nh ra ngoi cng trnh. B tr chng hp l th trnh c tc hi (xem C.7.4).
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C.9.4. Ni trng in mnh ca trng phi c tnh n trn ton b din tch st nh trc khi hnh thnh c nh khi m gi tr ca chng t ti ngng ngn c ca khng kh (xp x 500 kV/m). S hnh thnh gii thot im thay i trng xp x 500 kV/m.s c th xy ra. Hiu ng ca mi s thay i thng l khng n gin khi bo v chng chng li hiu ng dn v cm st. C.9.5. in p do xung in t t st (lemp) gy ra Xung in t t st (lemp) c sinh ra lin quan ti hin tng in t khc gi l xung in t nguyn t (nemp). C hai im khc nhau quan trng trong di v cng ca hai hiu ng sinh ra, t nemp sinh ra xung tng nhanh hn nhiu (thi gian tng khong 10 ns) vi bin t qung v nemp ch nh hng ti vi h thng xung phng x. So vi st th xung ny v cng nh. St nh xung cng trnh hay t gn thc ra khng sinh ra xung in t t st nhng to ra v nguyn tc mt cp t trng t gn nhau v sinh ra in p t cm (v in p cm khng) nh m t C.9.1 v C.9.2. Cc xung trng in cm ng st trong cng trnh c cha thit b in t thng l khng ng k. Trong trng hp hn hu cc ng dy bn ngoi c th b h hi tr phi chng c ni lin mch hoc c che chn st. Ni chung tc dng xu nht ca xung in t t st c phng nga bng cch p dng cc bin php chng st nh trc tip. St nh trc tip sinh ra xung sc mnh hn l xung in t t st v bo v chng st nh trc tip vn l quan trng nht, bo v chng xung in t t st ch l th yu. C.9.6. Mc khng ch xung (TCL) nguyn tc gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (ETDL) i vi s hot ng ca thit b in t th mi trng xung quanh lu di hay tm thi u c thit k h thng bo v va an ton v kinh t, ng thi c ni t. Tiu ch ngn xung dng hay xung in p c a vo khi th h thng. y l mc xung ln nht cho php h thng vn hot ng, khng b h hi (gi l gii hn xung thit k ca thit b ETDL). Trng hp st gi tr ny l N vn ca xung m khng gy ph hy thit b. Gii hn xung thit k ca thit b bng N vn. Khi lp t thit b th cn chc chn rng xung trong h thng ti thit b l P vn khng cao hn gi tr N vn ca thit b. (cho php s dng h s iu chnh trong tnh ton). P vn gi l mc khng ch xung, cn hiu N-P vn gi l bin an ton. xc nh mt thit b bo v chng xung qu in p cn kim sot in p xung trong vng mc khng ch n l in p cho i qua vi mc xp x mc thit lp. Khi lp thit b th phi m bo mc khng ch xung ca thit b phi ph hp, thit b c an ton trong h thng, ng thi lu ni t cho thit b. Mt khc cn lu ngn nga in p cm khng, t cm ng k trong bn thn thit b. C.9.7. Cc nguyn tc bo v Cc ni dung C.9.1, C.9.2, C.9.3, C.9.4 v C.9.5 cp c ch pht sinh dng in t st. Ngoi tr trng hp ng ten, thit b c bo v chng li in p cm khng, t cm ca st hoc tc dng ti cng trnh s c bo v khi trng in v xung st. Vic dng st xng vo thit b phi c ngn nga bi n l nguyn nhn s ph hoi nghim trng (C.7.4). Yu t chnh trong tm quan trng ca in p cm khng, t cm l c hai u c xng vi in tr khng ngun thp t nng lng xng cao hn nhiu ln so vi xung in t ca st. V th cng hay in p cm khng, cm ng cung cp cc thng s c bn cho vic nh gi v ch dn cho thit b bo v. H thng chng st c th bo v chng li in p cao t st nh. thit b chng st t c thnh cng th cc iu kin sau phi c tha mn:
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a) S tn ti. Thit b bo v c th cu c ton b h thng khi xung in p cao thuc phm vi ca n. b) Mc khng ch xung. S bo v phi c tc dng mc khng ch xung, thp hn mc xung thit k ca thit b. Thit b bo v chng qu in p ni ti ng dn ni t c th tng ng k mc khng ch xung tc dng. c) Tng thch h thng. Bt c dng bo v no c thm vo phi khng ph v s hot ng chung ca h thng ang c bo v. S quan tm quan tm bo v phi c lu i vi h thng truyn d liu tc cao. C.10. V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong thit b V d tnh ton in p cm ng bao gm c vic s dng lp bc nh l b phn ni t ca ng cp nhiu si ri ti cng trnh. Ly v d c tuyn 100 ng cp bc nhm, mi ng cp gm 65 si ng knh 1 mm vi in tr sut 3 x 10-8 m, cp di 100 m. in tr ca mi ng cp s l:
R= xL (3,0 10 8 100) = = 59 m A 65 0,0012 0,25
trong : l in tr sut L l chiu di cp A l din tch tit din ca lp bc i vi 100 cp chy song song mi cp chu 1 phn trm dng tng l 100 kA t phng my tnh ti thit b, dng trong mi cp l 1 kA. Bi th in p chung c tnh: V =RxI = 59 x 10-3 x 1 x 103 = 59 V Trong thc t, dng phn b trong cc cp l khng u nhng vi s c mt ca cp tip a chy song song, cng nh l cp ngun cng c bc th dng trong cp ca thit b s khng vt qu 1 kA vi bin ln. C.11. V d tnh ton vic bo v li trong ca cp ng trc V D: Vi 20 m cp bc c ni hai u, 10 % cng dng st i qua cp v bc cp c in tr l 5 /km. i vi c st 200 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V=RxI = 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1= 2 000 V i vi c st 20 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R x I = 0,1 x 20 x 103 x 0,1 = 200 V in p cm khng ny c dn hon ton ti dy bn trong. Nu nh cp c t trong mng cp th dng in s chy trong mng cp. Trong trng hp ring ch c 10 % cng chy trong cp m thi.
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i vi c st 200 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R x I= 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1 x 0,1= 200 V i vi c st 20 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh: V = R x I= 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1 x 0,1= 20 V S ph hy ng cp c th xy ra hoc khng theo cc v d sau: - Nu nh ng cp l ng dn ca radio n ng ten th in p ln hn 2 000 V cng kh c th gy ph hy; - Nu nh ng cp l mt phn ca ng truyn mng my tnh, in p 2 000 V c th gy h hi, in p 200 V hoc 20 V c th khng; - Nu ng cp l ng ni RS232 th ch chu c 20 V, in p 200 V hay 2 000 V u c th gy h hi. C.12. V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong dy dn V D: Hnh 13 cho thy cc gi tr tng i ca dng trong cc cp ring l dc theo hoc bn trong ng (bnh) hoc cc ng dn thng thng. Nh thy, dng l hm ca v tr tng i ti thp hoc cc b phn kim loi khc. Gi tr ca in p cm ng xp x cc v tr thay i c th c tnh bng cng thc sau: i vi cp c bo v bi mng, tng dng l 400 A, thp cao 30 m v in tr sut ca cp l 10 /m: Tng in tr = 30 x 10 x 10-3 = 0,3 in p cm ng chung: V = R x I = 0,3 x 400 = 120 V i vi cp c bo v trong mng cp v trong ng v tng dng bng 100 A in p cm ng chung: V = R x I= 0,3 x 100= 30 V i vi cp i trong bnh hoc trong xi lanh kim loi th in p cm ng l khng ng k C.13. Thit b bo v chng xung, v tr lp t v th C.13.1. V tr lp t C.13.1.1. Gii thiu chung Nh xung chnh c m t l dao ng in p 1,2/50 s sinh ra trong cng trnh, cng dng in c th c gim bt. N c m t bi ba loi v tr C, B, v A. Loi C l t bng in cp vo, loi B l t mng phn phi chnh, loi A l t pha ph ti tiu th. Trong cc v tr a ra trn, mc nghim trng ca xung c tnh n l s tng dn theo nguy c ri ro tng cao. iu ny c m t l bi i lng mc ph hy h thng xut pht t vic nh gi ri ro. C.13.1.2. Cp truyn tn hiu d liu Tt c cc thit b chng xung ng truyn d liu u thuc loi v tr C nh l mt ci lm gim thp xung in p 10/700 s c dng tng ng vi xung ca ng d liu khng c lm gim nh bi ng cp vng tng t nh xung chnh. C.13.1.3. Ngun chnh C.13.1.3.1. Loi v tr C Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi C:
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- Trn u cp ca ngun vo bng phn phi; - Trn u ti i ra; - Pha ngoi cng trnh. C.13.1.3.2. Loi v tr B Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi B: - Trn h thng phn phi, gia bn ph ti t bng phn phi chnh ti v pha cp ti cc u ni, cm; - Trong thit b; - Pha ph ti ca cm, cu ch khng qu 20 m so vi loi v tr C. C.13.1.3.3. Loi v tr A Thit b bo v c lp pha ph ti t cu ch, cm vi khong cch ni trn 20 m so vi loi C. C.13.2. mnh xoay chiu i din cho thit b qu in p th nghim Mc xp x ca php th c cho trong cc bng C.8, C.9, C.10 cho cc loi v tr khc nhau v mc th ca thit b bo v chng qu p trong php th. Bng C.8 - Loi v tr (trc) Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao Mc th Thp Trung bnh Cao in p (kV) 2 4 6 Bng C.9 - Loi v tr B (trc) in p (kV) 2 4 6 Bng C.10 - Loi v tr C (trc) in p (kV) 6 10 20 Dng (A) 3 5 10 Dng (kA) 1 2 3 Dng (A) 166,7 333,3 500
C.13.3. Th thit b bo v qu in p My pht th cho loi v tr B v C l my pht xoay chiu lin hp, c th pht c in p 1,2/50 s v dng xoay chiu 8/20 s. i vi loi v tr A, mt b ngn khng cm ng u ra c lp gii hn dng gi tr hp l. Dng ngn s khng nh hn 8/20 s. Phng php th i vi thit b chng qu p c cp iu 23 ca UL 1449:1985. C.13.4. Cng xoay chiu i din cho ngng th ng d liu Mc th hp l c la chn theo Bng C.11 cho th v thit b c chn. Bng C.11 - Loi v tr C (ng d liu) Mc th Dng th xung Th xng qua in p
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cao kA Thp Trung bnh Cao 2,5 5 10
in p (kV) 1,5 3 5
Dng (A) 37,5 75 125
C.13.5. Th nghim thit b chng qu in p ng truyn d liu C.13.5.1. Php th sng xung dng cao My pht sng hn hp m t C.13.3 l ph hp cho cc php th ny. Phng php th cho trong 5.6 ca tiu chun ITU-T K.12 (2000). C.13.5.2. Th xng qua in p Phng php th tham kho trong 23.3 ca UL 1449:1985. C.13.6. Thng tin c cung cp bi nh sn xut cho sn phm thit b chng qu in p C.13.6.1. Thng tin v dng xung Nh sn xut thit b c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v dng xung nh sau: - in p xng, nh l 850 V, tt c cc ch , th 6 kV, 1,2/50 s, 3 kA 8/20 s; - Ch bo v, v d nh ng ni t, ng ni trung tnh, trung tnh ti t i vi trc hay ng ti ng hay ng ti t i vi cp d liu; - Dng xung cc i, v d nh 20 000 A , 8/20 s; CH THCH: Gi tr th i vi thit b l thc ch khng dng gi tr l thuyt. Lm yu h thng. Nu nh thit b ny lm yu s hot ng ca h thng sau khi b xung i qua th tt c cc hiu ng ca n phi c ghi r. ng ng ng cp gas c s dng nh thit b chng qu in p c ni tt vi ngun chnh th n b ngn mch khi hot ng. Dng in cng ln i qua c th ph hy ng cp in cng nh ng ng cp gas. C.13.6.2. Thng tin trng thi tnh Nh sn xut thit b chng qu in p c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin dng tnh nh sau: - in p lm vic; - in p lm vic ti a; - Dng h; - Ch s dng; - Cc yu t lm yu h thng. - Bt c yu t no c th gy nh hng, v d nh: - Tr khng trn mch; - in dung phn nhnh; - rng di tn; - T s sng in p; - H s phn x. C.13.7. My pht sng hn hp C.13.7.1. Gii thiu chung
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S n gin ca my pht minh ha Hnh C.18 Gi tr cc thnh phn vi phn Rs1, Rs2, Rm, Lr v Cc c xc nh khi my pht mang mt xung in p 1,2/50 s, v mt xung dng 8/20 s ti mch ngn, ngha l my c tr khng hiu qu l 2 . thun tin th mt tr khng u ra hiu qu c nh ngha cho my pht xung da trn vic tnh ton t s ca in p cc tr mch h v dng cc tr ngn mch. Mt my pht nh th c in p m l 1,2/50 s v dng ngn mch l 8/20 s c coi l my pht xoay chiu lin hp. Bng C.12 - nh ngha thng s xoay chiu 1,2/50 s Theo BS 923-2 nh ngha Theo BS 5698-1 Thi gian ca Thi gian tng Khong thi Thi gian gi tr bn t 10 % ln 90 gian 50 % n trc s 50 % s % s phn s 50 20 1 6,4 50 16
in p mch 12 h Dng mch ngn 8
CH THCH: Cc dng sng 1,2/50 s v 8/20 s c nh ngha trong BS 923-2 v minh ha Hnh C.19 v C.20. Nhiu khuyn co gn y li da trn nh ngha v dng sng theo BS 5698-1 nh th hin trn Bng C.12. C hai nh ngha trn u p dng c i vi tiu chun ny v u tham chiu n my pht sng n. C.13.7.2. c tnh v nh dng ca my pht sng hn hp in p ra mch h: t 0,5 kV n 6 kV th cho loi B, 20 kV th cho loi C Biu : xem hnh C.19, Bng C.12 Dng ngn: t 0,25 n 3,0 kA th cho loi B, 10 kA th cho loi C Biu dng: xem Hnh C.20 v Bng C.12 Cc: dng/m Pha chuyn: trong di t 0o n 360o Ch s lp: t nht 1 ln mi pht
CH THCH: U l ngun cao p CC l t in tch in nng
RC l in tr thay i Rs l in tr nh dng di xung Lr l cun cm nh dng thi gian
Rm l in tr phi hp tr khng
Hnh C.18 - S mch in n gin ca my pht in trn sng in t
TCXDVN NAM
Hnh C.19 - Dng sng ca in p mch h
Hnh C.20 - Dng sng ca dng ngn mch
TCXDVN NAM
Ph lc D (Tham kho)
Mt s v d tnh ton D.1. V d tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp V D 1: Mt bnh vin thuc tnh Nam nh cao 10 m v chim mt din tch l 10 x 12 (m). Bnh vin xy dng vng ng bng, khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng. Kt cu cng trnh bng B tng ct thp vi mi khng phi bng kim loi. xc nh rng liu c cn n h thng chng st hay khng, tnh h s ri ro tng hp nh sau: a) S v st nh trn 1 km2 trong 1 nm: Trn c s bn mt st nh cho Hnh 2 v hng dn 7.2 xc nh c gi tr Ng l 8,2 ln st nh xung t trn 1 km2 trong mt nm. b) Din tch thu st: S dng cng thc (1) 7.2, din tch thu st Ac (m2) c tnh nh sau: Ac = LW + 2LH + 2WH + H2 = (70 x 12) + 2(10 x 10) + 2(12 x 10) + ( x 100) = 840 + 1 400 + 240 + 314 = 2 794 m2 c) Xc sut st nh: S dng cng thc (2) trong 7.2 xc sut st nh trong mt nm, p l: P = Ac x Ng x 10-6 = 2 794 x 8,2 x 10-6 = 22,9 x 10-3 d) S dng cc h s iu chnh: Cc h s sau ln lt c p dng: - H s A = 1,7 - H s B = 0,4 - H s C = 1,7 - H s D = 1,0 - H s E = 0,3 Tch cc h s = A x B x C x D x E = 1,7 x 1,0 x 1,7 x 2,0 x 0,3 = 0,35 Xc sut st nh tng hp l: 22,9 x 0,35 x 10-3 = 8,0 x 10-3 Kt lun: Cn lp t h thng chng st. D.2. V d tnh ton v lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st Di y l v d tnh ton quyt nh c hay khng lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st. V D 2: Tnh hung: mt ng thp c thng ng c b tr cch dy xung ca h thng chng st 2 m c lp t chung c cao 15 m ti th x Bc Ninh, trong 1 nm c 8,2 ln st nh xung/km2. Din tch ca ta nh l 40 x 20 (m) (xem Hnh D.1).
TCXDVN NAM
Hnh D.1 - Mt bng vng thu st Gi thit: gi thit rng mc ri ro chp nhn p0 = 10-5, in tr ca cc ni t l 10 , v s lng dy xung l 6. Vn t ra: Hy quyt nh c hay khng nn lin kt ci ng thp c chiu cao ln nht l 12 m vi h thng chng st. Trnh t: mt bng vng c chn cho l: L = 40 m, W = 20 m, H = 15 m. Din tch thu st: Xc nh theo phng trnh (1): Ae = LW + 2LH + 2WH + H2 = (40 x 20) + 2(40 x 15) + 2(20 x 15) + ( x 225) = 800 + 1 200 + 600 + 707 Ae = 3 307 m2 (lm trn 3 300 m2) Xc sut b st nh. Xc nh theo phng trnh (2): P = Ae x Ng x 10-6 = 3 300 x 8,2 x 10-6 P = 27,06 x 10-3 ln b st nh trong 1 nm (lm trn 27 x 10-3 hoc 1 ln trong 37 nm) Xc nh dng in trong tia st
4 10 3 p = p0 10 5
= 27 x 102 = 2 700 V p ln hn 100p0 nn gi thit dng in st ln nht l 200 kA (xem Hnh 25). CH THCH: Vi gi tr trong Hnh 25. in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t chiu cao 12 m. C 2 trng hp xy ra, vi ng kim loi c lin kt v vi ng kim loi khng lin kt vi cc ni t, nh sau: A) ng lin kt vi cc ni t. in p khng c th c b qua v in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t bng in p t cm (V = VL).
p p nh hn 100, cng dng in s l 100 log10 nh th hin p0 p0
TCXDVN NAM
Gi thit c 6 dy xung (n = 6), mi dy xung c kch thc 25 x 3 (mm), bn knh hiu dng re = 0,008 m, chiu di mch l = 12 m v S = 2 m, nu cc gi tr ny c a vo phng trnh (4) v (6) th VL c tnh nh sau: VL = 200 x 103 x 12 x
0,46 log10 (2 / 0.008 ) = 440 kV 6
Theo Hnh 27, khong cch 0,85 m l cn thit, cng vi 30 % khi tnh n v tr gc s ra tng l 1,1 m. Khong cch thc t l 2 m, do vic lin kt l khng cn thit im cao nht ca ng. B) ng ni t nhng khng lin kt ng v cc ni t. Tng in p duy tr bi h thng chng st (V) c tnh nh sau: V = VR + VL Trong VR l in p khng pht sinh trong h thng mng ni t. VL c ly gi tr nh trong trng hp a) m VR c tnh thm vo nh sau: VR =
200 10 3 x 10 x 6 (do mi cc ni t c th c mt in tr () l n x 10) 6
VR = 2 MV V = 2+0,44 = 2,44 MV T Hnh 27, khong cch 6 m l cn thit vi in p nh trn v do ng cn c lin kt vi h thng chng st im cao nht hoc thp nht kh in p khng. Phn tnh ton trn chng t in p to ra bi hiu ng lan truyn st ph thuc ch yu vo s lng dy xung v ln in tr t. Khi khong cch 2 m (bng khong cch ly S) c s dng nh gi in p phng in t Hnh 27, n c ngha l c ly gn nht ca chi tit kim loi kt ni vi ng n cc chi tit kim loi kt ni vi dy xung l 2 m. Nu ng c khong cch ly 2 m vi dy xung nh trong trng hp ny nhng thm vo n c nhnh i gn vi im cao nht ca dy xung trong phm vi 1 m, th khong cch 1 m phi c kim tra theo Hnh 27 vi in p do st to ra bo m rng c khong cch ly thch hp.
TCXDVN NAM
Ph lc E (Tham kho)
Hng dn s dng bn mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam (Ch gii ca Vin Vt l a cu - C quan ban hnh Bn mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam) ly gi tr mt st ti mt im trc tin phi xc nh ta , tn gi ca im trn bn . Sau tm hiu v tr tng i ca im cn xc nh vi v tr cc trm kh tng. Gi tr mt st tra theo Bng E.1. Cc a danh y l tn tnh thnh ph v tn trm kh tng. Khi ly mt st cng xa cc im t trm kh tng th chnh xc cng gim. Trong trng hp im cn ly mt st khng c trong bng th xem trn bn (Hnh 2). Cc mc ng mc c s dng trn bn ny l: ng ng mc CH THCH: - Khu vc ng ng mc > 8,2 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 8,2 n 10,9. - Khu vc ng ng mc < 8,2 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 5,7 n 8,2. - Khu vc ng ng mc > 13,7 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 13,7 n 16,7. cc hi o khng c tn bng di, mt st c th ly dao ng t 2,5 n 7. Bng E.1 - Mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Tnh, Thnh ph An Giang Bnh nh Bnh Dng Bnh Phc Bnh Thun B Ra Vng Tu Bc Cn Bc Giang Bc Ninh Bc Liu Bn Tre C Mau Cao Bng Cn Th Nng k Lk c Nng ng Nai ng Thp a im (Tn trm kh tng) Chu c Quy Nhn Khng c s liu trm ng Ph Phan Thit Vng Tu Bc Cn Bc Giang Khng c s liu trm Bc Liu Ba Tri C Mau Cao Bng Cn Th Nng Bun M Thut c Nng Xun Lc Cao Lnh Mt st (S ln/km2/nm) 4,5 4,7 Xc nh theo bn 14,9 7,9 7,1 8,6 7,5 Xc nh theo bn 11 11,4 11,9 9,2 9,2 7,3 13 12,2 10,6 12,4
1,4
3,4
5,7
8,2
10,9
13,7
TCXDVN NAM
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Gia Lai H Giang H Giang H Nam H Ni H Ty H Tnh H Tnh Hi Dng Hi Phng Hng Yn Ha Bnh Khnh Ha Khnh Ha Kin Giang Kin Giang Kon Tum Lm ng Lo Cai Lo Cai Lng Sn Lai Chu Lai Chu Long An Nam nh Ngh An Ngh An Ninh Bnh Ninh Thun Ph Th Ph Yn Qung Bnh Qung Nam Qung Ngi Qung Ninh Qung Ninh
P-ly Cu Bc Quang H Giang H Nam H Ni Sn Ty H Tnh K Anh Hi Dng Ph Lin Hng Yn Ha Bnh Cam Ranh Nha Trang Ph Quc Rch Gi Kon Tum Lt Sa Pa Lo Cai Lng Sn Lai Chu Tun Gio Mc Ha Nam nh Qu Chu Qu Hp Ninh Bnh Phan Rang Vit Tr Tuy Ha Tuyn Ha Tam K Qung Ngi C T Mng Ci
9,4 10,2 10,5 8,9 8,9 9,1 8,2 6,1 8,2 9,0 7,6 10,1 3,7 3,2 7,3 12,2 6,8 8,3 7,3 8,4 8,4 8,8 6,5 16,2 7,4 12,4 10,2 6,5 1 9,1 3,4 9 7,9 7,4 6,4 10,1
TCXDVN NAM
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Qung Ninh Qung Tr Sn La Sn La Sc Trng Ty Ninh Thi Bnh Thi Nguyn Thanh Ha Tha Thin Hu Tha Thin Hu Tha Thin Hu Tin Giang Tp. H Ch Minh Tr Vinh Tuyn Quang Vnh Long Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Yn Bi
Ung B ng H Qunh Nhai Sn La Sc Trng Ty Ninh Thi Bnh Thi Nguyn Thanh Ha Hu Nam ng A Li M Tho Tp. H Ch Minh Cng Long Tuyn Quang Khng c s liu trm Tam o Vnh Yn Yn Bi
9,2 7,2 8,4 10,3 9,3 13 5,1 8,7 8 9,8 13,6 10 11,4 12 13,1 9,3 Xc nh theo bn 7,9 8,3 9,7
CH THCH: S liu trong Bng E.1 v bn c th khng khp nhau do s liu trn bn c trung bnh ha v lm trn.

TCVN9385 - 2012 Chống sét cho CTXD - Hướng dẫn thiết kế, kiểm tra và bảo trì hệ thống

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TCVN9385 - 2012 Chống sét cho CTXD - Hướng dẫn thiết kế, kiểm tra và bảo trì hệ thống

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TCXDVN

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCXDVN 9385 : 2012 BS 6651:1999

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Dy dt c Dy trn ce Cp Dy trn cf,g

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50 200 70 50 50 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 200 50 50 70 200

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Kch thc ti thiua Cu to Cpb Dy trn cb Dy dt c

ni Ghi ch ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm ng knh 8 mm Chiu dy ti thiu 2mm

Dy trn c ng Tm c Tm mt co Thp Dy trn m kmc

ng m kmc Dy dt c m kmc Tm c kmc m

Tm mt co m kmc Dy trn c ng knh m ngc,e 14 mm Dy trn khng mf c

Dy dt c trn hoc m kmf,g Cp m kmf,g Thp ng m 50 mm x 50 kmc mm x 3 mm Thp khng g Dy trn c

ng knh ng 16 mm knh 10 mm 100 mm2 Chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm

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Sai s cho php: -3 %. C th ph bng thic.

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

80 100 7.3. Xc sut st nh cho php

T 3,0 n 17,0 T 4,0 n 20,0

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Hnh 1 - Bn mt st nh trong nm trn ton th gii

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Hnh 2 - Bn mt st nh trong nm trn lnh th Vit Nam

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

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0,4 1,0 2,0

Gi tr h s E 0,3 1,0 1,3 1,7

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Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Ac = 15 x 50 + 2(21 x 40) + 2(21 x 15) + x 212 Ac = 4 296 m2

Ac = 3 x 142 + 2(14 x 30) Ac = 1 456 m2

Ac = 7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) + x 92 + 10 (xp x) cho vng t en. Ac = 405 m2

Ac = 12 x 55 + 2(18 x 55) + 2(18 x 12) + x 182 Ac = 4 090 m2

Ac = 20 x 30 + 2(4 x 30) + 2 (4 x 20) + x 42 + 20 (xp x) cho vng t en Ac = 1 070 m2

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Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

(a) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn

(b) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

CH THCH: Ph lp chng g cho tt c cc nt v lin kt Hnh 7 - im o kim tra

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Hnh 8 - Cc kiu kim thu st in hnh

Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 9385 : 2012

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

Hnh 9 - Thu st cho mi bng

*Ni dy xung v dy thu st phn mi thp

TIU CHUN QUC GIA