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Mc lc

Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Phn1 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC
L XO 15
Ch 1. Lin h gia lc tc dng, gin v cng ca l xo . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.Cho bit lc ko F, cng k: tm gin l
0
, tm l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau ( hoc hai phn khng bng nhau): tm
cng ca mi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ch 2. Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ch 3. Chng minh mt h c hc dao ng iu ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.Phng php ng lc hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.Phng php nh lut bo ton nng lng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Ch 4. Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng tm vn tc . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Ch 5. Tm biu thc ng nng v th nng theo thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ch 6. Tm lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi . . 17
1.Trng hp l xo nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.Trng hp l xo treo thng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ch 7. H hai l xo ghp ni tip: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T . . . . 18
Ch 8. H hai l xo ghp song song: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T . . . 18
Ch 9. H hai l xo ghp xung i: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T . . . 18
Ch 10. Con lc lin kt vi rng rc( khng khi lng): chng minh rng h
dao ng iu ha, t suy ra chu k T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.Hn bi ni vi l xo bng dy nh vt qua rng rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.Hn bi ni vi rng rc di ng, hn bi ni vo dy vt qua rng rc . . . . 19
3.L xo ni vo trc rng rc di ng, hn bi ni vo hai l xo nh dy vt qua
rng rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 11.Lc hi phc gy ra dao ng iu ha khng phi l lc n hi nh: lc
y Acximet, lc ma st, p lc thy tnh, p lc ca cht kh...: chng minh
h dao ng iu ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.

F l lc y Acximet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.

F l lc ma st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.p lc thy tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.

F l lc ca cht kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Phn2 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC
N 22
Ch 1. Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc n . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ch 2. Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit bin thin nh gia tc
trng trng g, bin thin chiu di l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ch 3. Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit nhit bin thin nh
t; khi a ln cao h; xung su h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1. Khi bit nhit bin thin nh t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Khi a con lc n ln cao h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. Khi a con lc n xung su h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ch 4. Con lc n chu nhiu yu t nh hng bin thin ca chu k: tm
iu kin chu k khng i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.iu kin chu k khng i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.V d:Con lc n chu nh hng bi yu t nhit v yu t cao . . . 24
Ch 5. Con lc trong ng h g giy c xem nh l con lc n: tm nhanh
hay chm ca ng h trong mt ngy m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ch 6. Con lc n chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc nh
chu k dao ng mi T

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.

F l lc ht ca nam chm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.

F l lc tng tc Coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.

F l lc in trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.

F l lc y Acsimet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.

F l lc nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Ch 7. Con lc n treo vo mt vt ( nh t, thang my...) ang chuyn ng
vi gia tc a: xc nh chu k mi T

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.Con lc n treo vo trn ca thang my ( chuyn ng thng ng ) vi gia
tc a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng ngang vi gia tc a . 27
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 2 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
3.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng trn mt phng
nghing mt gc : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ch 8. Xc nh ng nng E

th nng E
t
, c nng ca con lc n khi v tr
c gc lch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ch 9. Xc nh vn tc di v v lc cng dy T ti v tr hp vi phng thng
ng mt gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.Vn tc di v ti C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.Lc cng dy T ti C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.H qa: vn tc v lc cng dy cc i v cc tiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ch 10. Xc nh bin gc

mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang g

30
Ch 11. Xc nh chu k v bin ca con lc n vng inh (hay vt cn)
khi i qua v tr cn bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.Tm chu k T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.Tm bin mi sau khi vng inh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ch 12. Xc nh thi gian hai con lc n tr li v tr trng phng (cng
qua v tr cn bng, chuyn ng cng chiu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ch 13. Con lc n dao ng th b dy t:kho st chuyn ng ca hn bi
sau khi dy t? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.Trng hp dy t khi i qua v tr cn bng O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.Trng hp dy t khi i qua v tr c li gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Ch 14. Con lc n c hn bi va chm n hi vi mt vt ang ng yn: xc
nh vn tc ca vin bi sau va chm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Phn3 . PHNG PHP GII TONV DAO NG TT DN VCNG HNG
C HC 33
Ch 1. Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn: bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li v
hng, tm cng bi q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ch 2. Con lc l n ng tt dn: bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li
v hng, tm cng bi q. Nng lng cung cp duy tr dao ng . . . . . . . 33
Ch 3. H dao ng cng bc b kch thch bi mt ngoi lc tun hon: tm
iu kin c hin tng cng hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Phn 4 . PHNG PHP GII TON V S TRUYN SNG C HC, GIAO
THOA SNG, SNG DNG, SNG M 35
Ch 1. Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng?
Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc
truyn sng). Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng . . 35
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 3 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn
tc truyn sng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im trn phng truyn sng . . . . . . . . 35
4.Vn tc dao ng ca sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ch 2. V th biu din qu trnh truyn sng theo thi gian v theo khng gian 36
1.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo khng gian ( dng ca mi
trng...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Ch 3. Xc nh tnh cht sng ti mt im M trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . 36
Ch 4. Vit phng trnh sng ti im M trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ch 5. Xc nh s ng dao ng cc i v cc tiu trn min giao thoa . . . 37
Ch 6. Xc nh im dao ng vi bin cc i ( im bng) v s im dao
ng vi bin cc tiu ( im nt) trn on S
1
S
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 7.Tm qy tch nhng im dao ng cng pha (hay ngc pha) vi hai
ngun S
1
, S
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 8.Vit biu thc sng dng trn dy n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 9.iu kin c hin tng sng dng, t suy ra s bng v s nt sng 39
1.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.Mt u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh, u kia t do . . . . 39
3.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ch 10.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im. Xc nh
cng sut ca ngun m? to ca m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im . . . . . . . . 40
2.Xc nh cng sut ca ngun m ti mt im: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. to ca m: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Phn5 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MCH IN XOAY CHIU KHNG
PHN NHNH (RLC) 42
Ch 1. To ra dng in xoay chiu bng cch cho khung dy quay u trong t
trng, xc nh sut in ng cm ng e(t)? Suy ra biu thc cng dng
in i(t) v hiu in th u(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ch 2. on mch RLC: cho bit i(t) = I
0
sin(t), vit biu thc hiu in th
u(t). Tm cng sut P
mch
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ch 3. on mch RLC: cho bit u(t) = U
0
sin(t), vit biu thc cng
dng in i(t). Suy ra biu thc u
R
(t)?u
L
(t)?u
C
(t)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 4 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 4. Xc nh lch pha gia hai ht tc thi u
1
v u
2
ca hai on mch
khc nhau trn cng mt dng in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh? Cch vn
dng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ch 5. .on mch RLC, cho bit U, R: tm h thc L, C, : cng dng
in qua on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha,
cng sut tiu th trn on mch t cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.Cng dng in qua on mch t cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.Hiu in th cng pha vi cng dng in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.Cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ch 6. .on mch RLC, ghp thm mt t C

:tm C

: cng dng in
qua on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng
sut tiu th trn on mch t cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ch 7. .on mch RLC: Cho bit U
R
, U
L
, U
C
: tm U v lch pha
u/i
. . . . 45
Ch 8.Cun dy (RL) mc ni tip vi t C: cho bit hiu in th U
1
( cun
dy) v U
C
. Tm U
mch
v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Ch 9. Cho mchRLC: Bit U, , tm L, hayC, hayR cng sut tiu th trn
on mch cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.Tm L hay C cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.Tm R cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Ch 10. .on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
L
(hay U
C
) t
gi tr cc i? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Ch 11. .on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, L, C: tm f ( hay ) U
R
, U
L
hay
U
C
t gi tr cc i? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u in tr cc i . . . . . . . 49
2.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i . . . . . . 49
3.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i . . . . . . . . 49
Ch 12. Cho bit th i(t) v u(t), hoc bit gin vect hiu in th: xc
nh cc c im ca mch in? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t): tm lch pha
u/i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.Cho bit gin vect hiu in th: v s on mch? Tm U
mch
. . . . 51
Ch 13. Tc dng nhit ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh nhit lng ta ra trn
on mch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 5 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 14. Tc dng ha hc ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh in lng chuyn qua
bnh in phn theo mt chiu? Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc
in cc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.Tnh in lng chuyn qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu ( trong 1 chu k
T, trong t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc trong thi gian t(s) . 52
Ch 15. Tc dng t ca dng in xoay chiu v tc dng ca t trng ln dng
in xoay chiu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.Nam chm in dng dng in xoay chiu ( tn s f) t gn dy thp cng
ngang. Xc nh tn s rung f

ca dy thp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.Dy dn thng cng ngang mang dng in xoay chiu t trong t trng
c cm ng t

B khng i ( vung gc vi dy): xc nh tn s rung
ca dy f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Phn6 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU, BIN
TH, TRUYN TI IN NNG 53
Ch 1. Xc nh tn s f ca dng in xoay chiu to bi my pht in xoay
chiu 1 pha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.Trng hp roto ca mp c p cp cc, tn s vng l n . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.Trng hp bit sut in ng xoay chiu ( E hay E
o
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Ch 2. Nh my thy in: thc nc cao h, lm quay tuabin nc v roto ca
mp. Tm cng sut P ca my pht in? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Ch 3. Mch in xoay chiu ba pha mc theo s hnh : tm cng dng
trung ha khi ti i xng? Tnh hiu in th U
d
( theo U
p
)? Tnh P
t
(cc ti) 53
Ch 4. My bin th: cho U
1
, I
1
: tm U
2
, I
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp h 54
2.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp c ti 54
3.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp khc 0: . . . . . . . . . 55
Ch 5.Truyn ti in nng trn dy dn: xc nh cc i lng trong qu trnh
truyn ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Ch 6.Xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in nng trn dy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Phn7 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IN T DO TRONG
MCH LC 57
Ch 1. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC: vit biu thc q(t)? Suy ra cng
dng in i(t)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ch 2. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit u
C
= U
0
sint, tm q(t)? Suy
ra i(t)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 6 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 3. Cch p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng trong mch dao ng LC . . 58
1.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) tm bin I
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
)v q ( hay u), tm i lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ch 4. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit Q
0
v I
0
:tm chu k dao ng
ring ca mch LC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ch 5. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn in bt sng in t c tn s
f (hay bc sng ).Tm L( hay C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.Bit f( sng) tm L v C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.Bit ( sng) tm L v C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ch 6. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t in c in dung bin
thin C
max
C
min
tng ng gc xoay bin thin 0
0
180
0
: xc nh gc xoay
thu c bc x c bc sng ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ch 7. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t xoay bin thin C
max

C
min
: tm di bc sng hay di tn s m my thu c? . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Phn8 . PHNG PHP GII TON V PHN X NH SNG CA GNG
PHNG V GNG CU 61
Ch 1. Cch v tia phn x trn gng phng ng vi mt tia ti cho ? . . . . 61
Ch 2. Cch nhn bit tnh cht "tht - o" ca vt hay nh( da vo cc chm
sng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ch 3. Gng phng quay mt gc (quanh trc vung gc mt phng ti): tm
gc quay ca tia phn x? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.Cho tia ti c nh, xc nh chiu quay ca tia phn x . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.Cho bit SI = R, xc nh qung ng i ca nh S

. . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.Gng quay u vi vn tc gc : tm vn tc di ca nh . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ch 4. Xc nh nh to bi mt h gng c mt phn x hng vo nhau . . . 62
Ch 5. Cch vn dng cng thc ca gng cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.Cho bit d v AB: tm d

v cao nh A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.Cho bit d

v A

: tm d v cao vt AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.Cho bit v tr vt d v nh d

xc nh tiu c f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ch 6. Tm chiu v di ca mn nh khi bit chiu v di ca vt. H qa? 64
1.Tm chiu v di ca mn nh khi bit chiu v di ca vt . . . . . . 64
2.H qa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ch 7. Cho bit tiu c f v mt iu kin no v nh, vt: xc nh v tr vt
dv v tr nh d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 7 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
1.Cho bit phng i k v f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.Cho bit khong cch l = AA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ch 8. Xc nh th trng ca gng ( gng cu li hay gng phng) . . . . . 65
Ch 9. Gng cu lm dng trong n chiu: tm h thc lin h gia vt sng
trn trn mn ( chn chm tia phn x) v kch thc ca mt gng . . . . . . 65
Ch 10. Xc nh nh ca vt to bi h "gng cu - gng phng" . . . . . . . 65
1.Trng hp gng phng vung gc vi trc chnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.Trng hp gng phng nghing mt gc 45
0
so vi trc chnh . . . . . . . 66
Ch 11. Xc nh nh ca vt to bi h "gng cu - gng cu" . . . . . . . . 66
Ch 12. Xc nh nh ca vt AB xa v cng to bi gng cu lm . . . . . 67
Phn9 . PHNG PHP GII TON V KHC X NH SNG, LNG CHT
PHNG ( LCP), BNG MT SONG SONG (BMSS), LNG KNH (LK) 69
Ch 1. Kho st ng truyn ca tia sng n sc khi i t mi trng chit
quang km sang mi trng chit quang hn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ch 2. Kho st ng truyn ca tia sng n sc khi i t mi trng chit
quang hn sang mi trng chit quang km? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ch 3. Cch v tia khc x ( ng vi tia ti cho) qua mt phng phn cch
gia hai mi trng bng phng php hnh hc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.Cch v tia khc x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.Cch v tia ti gii hn ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Ch 4. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua LCP ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Ch 5. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua BMSS ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1. di nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2. di ngang ca tia sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Ch 6. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h LCP- gng phng ? . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.Vt A - LCP - Gng phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.Vt A nm gia LCP- Gng phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Ch 7. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h LCP- gng cu ? . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Ch 8. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS ghp st nhau? . . . . . . 72
Ch 9. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS - gng phng ghp song
song? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.Vt S - BMSS - Gng phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.Vt S nm gia BMSS - Gng phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ch 10. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS - gng cu? . . . . . . . 73
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 8 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 11. Cho lng knh (A,n) v gc ti i
1
ca chm sng: xc nh gc lch D? . 74
Ch 12. Cho lng knh (A,n) xc nh i
1
D = min? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.Cho A,n: xc nh i
1
D = min,D
min
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.Cho Av D
min
: xc nh n? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.Ch : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Ch 13. Xc nh iu kin c tia l ra khi LK? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.iu kin v gc chic quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.iu kin v gc ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Phn10 . PHNG PHP GII TON V THU KNH V H QUANG HC
NG TRC VI THU KNH 76
Ch 1. Xc nh loi thu knh ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.Cn c vo s lin h v tnh cht, v tr, ln gia vt - nh . . . . . . . . 76
2.Cn c vo ng truyn ca tia sng qua thu knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.Cn c vo cng thc ca thu knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Ch 2. Xc nh t ca thu knh khi bit tiu c, hay chic sut ca mi
trng lm thu knh v bn knh ca cc mt cong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.Khi bit tiu c f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.Khi bit chic sut ca mi trng lm thu knh v bn knh ca cc mt cong 76
Ch 3. Cho bit tiu c f v mt iu kin no v nh, vt: xc nh v tr vt
d v v tr nh d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1.Cho bit phng i k v f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.Cho bit khong cch l = AA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Ch 4. Xc nh nh ca mt vt AB xa v cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Ch 5. Xc nh nh ca mt vt AB xa v cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1.Cho bit khong cch "vt - nh" L, xc nh hai v tr t thu knh . . . . . 78
2.Cho bit khong cch "vt - nh" L, v khong cch gia hai v tr, tm f . . 78
Ch 6. Vt hay thu knh di chuyn, tm chiu di chuyn ca nh . . . . . . . . . 78
1.Thu knh (O) c nh: di vt gn ( hay xa) thu knh, tm chiu chuyn di
ca nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.Vt AB c nh, cho nh A

trn mn, di thu knh hi t, tm chiu


chuyn di ca mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Ch 8. Lin h gia kch thc vt sng trn trn mn( chn chm l) v kch
thc ca mt thu knh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Ch 9. H nhiu thu knh mng ghp ng trc vi nhau, tm tiu c ca h. . . 79
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 9 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 10. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h " thu knh- LCP". . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.Trng hp: AB - TK - LCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.Trng hp: AB - LCP - TK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Ch 11. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h " thu knh- BMSS". . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.Trng hp: AB - TK - BMSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.Trng hp: AB - LCP - TK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ch 12. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h hai thu knh ghp ng trc. . . . . . 81
Ch 13. Hai thu knh ng trc tch ri nhau: xc nh gii hn ca a = O
1
O
2
(
hoc d
1
= O
1
A) nh A
2
B
2
nghim ng mt iu kin no ( nh nh
tht, nh o, cng chu hay ngc chiu vi vt AB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.Trng hp A
2
B
2
l tht ( hay o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.Trng hp A
2
B
2
cng chiu hay ngc chiu vi vt . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ch 14. Hai thu knh ng trc tch ri nhau: xc nh khong cch a = O
1
O
2
nh cui cng khng ph thuc vo v tr vt AB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ch 15. Xc nh nh ca vt cho bi h "thu knh - gng phng". . . . . . . . 83
1.Trng hp gng phng vung gc vi trc chnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.Trng hp gng phng nghing mt gc 45
0
so vi trc chnh . . . . . . . 83
3.Trng hp gng phng ghp xc thu knh ( hay thu knh m bc) . . . . 84
4.Trng hp vt AB t trong khong gia thu knh v gng phng . . . . 84
Ch 16. Xc nh nh ca vt cho bi h "thu knh - gng cu". . . . . . . . . 84
1.Trng hp vt AB t trc h " thu knh- gng cu" . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.Trng hp h "thu knh- gng cu" ghp st nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.Trng hp vt AB t gia thu knh v gng cu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Phn11 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MT V CC DNG C QUANG HC
B TR CHO MT 89
Ch 1. My nh: cho bit gii hn khong t phim, tm gii hn t vt? . . . . 89
Ch 2. My nh chp nh ca mt vt chuyn ng vung gc vi trc chnh.
Tnh khong thi gian ti a m ca sp ca ng knh nh khng b nho. . 89
Ch 3. Mt cn th: xc nh t ca knh cha mt? Tm im cc cn mi
c
khi eo knh cha? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Ch 4. Mt vin th: xc nh t ca knh cha mt? Tm im cc cn mi

c
khi eo knh cha? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Ch 5. Knh lp: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic. Xc nh kch
thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh lp . . . . . . 90
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 10 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.Xc nh kch thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh
lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Ch 6. Knh hin vi: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic. Xc nh kch
thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh hin vi . . . . 92
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh hin vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh hin vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.Xc nh kch thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh
hin vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Ch 7. Knh thin vn: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic? . . . . . . 94
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh thin vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh thin vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Phn12 . PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG 95
Ch 1. S tn sc chm sng trng qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng: kho
st chm khc x? Tnh gc lch bi hai tia khc x n sc? . . . . . . . . . 95
Ch 2. Chm sng trng qua LK: kho st chm tia l? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ch 3. Xc nh gc hp bi hai tia l ( , tm)ca chm cu vng ra khi LK.
Tnh b rng quang ph trn mn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ch 4. Chm tia ti song song c b rng a cha hai bt x truyn qua BMSS:
kho st chm tia l? Tnh b rng cc i a
max
hai chm tia l tch ri nhau? 95
Phn13 . PHNG PHP GII TON V GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG 97
Ch 1. Xc nh bc sng khi bit khong vn i, a,, D . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ch 2. Xc nh tnh cht sng (ti) v tm bc giao thoa ng vi mi im trn
mn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ch 3. Tm s vn sng v vn ti quang st c trn min giao thoa . . . . . . 97
Ch 4. Trng hp ngun pht hai nh sng n sc. Tm v tr trn mn c
s trng nhau ca hai vn sng thuc hai h n sc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Ch 5. Trng hp giao thoa nh sng trng: tm rng quang ph, xc nh
nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
1.Xc nh rng quang ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.Xc nh nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Ch 6. Th nghim giao thoa vi nh sng thc hin trong mi trng c chic
sut n > 1. Tm khong vn mi i

? H vn thay i th no? . . . . . . . . . 98
Ch 7. Th nghim Young: t bn mt song song (e,n) trc khe S
1
( hoc S
2
).
Tm chiu v dch chuyn ca h vn trung tm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 11 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 8. Th nghim Young: Khi ngun sng di chuyn mt on y = SS

. Tm
chiu, chuyn di ca h vn( vn trung tm)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Ch 9.Ngun sng S chuyn ng vi vn tc v theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
:
tm tn s sut hin vn sng ti vn trung tm O? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Ch 10.Tm khong cch a = S
1
S
2
v b rng min giao thoa trn mt s dng
c giao thoa? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
1.Khe Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.Lng lng knh Frexnen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.Hai na thu knh Billet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.Gng Frexnen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Phn14 . PHNG PHP GII TON V TIA RNGHEN 101
Ch 1. Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm U
AK
101
Ch 2. Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot hot U
AK
:
tm tn s cc i F
max
hay bc sng
min
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Ch 3. Tnh lu lng dng nc lm ngui i catot ca ng Rnghen: . . . . . 101
Phn15 . PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG QUANG IN 103
Ch 1. Cho bit gii hn quang in (
0
). Tm cng thot A ( theo n v eV )? . 103
Ch 2. Cho bit hiu in th hm U
h
. Tm ng nng ban u cc i (E
max
)
hay vn tc ban u cc i( v
0max
), hay tm cng thot A? . . . . . . . . . . . 103
1.Cho U
h
: tm E
max
hay v
0max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.Cho U
h
v (kch thch): tm cng thot A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ch 3. Cho bit v
0max
ca electron quang in v ( kch thch): tm gii hn
quang in
0
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ch 4. Cho bit cng thot A (hay gii hn quang in
0
) v ( kch thch): Tm
v
0max
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ch 5. Cho bit U
AK
v v
0max
. Tnh vn tc ca electron khi ti Ant ? . . . . . 104
Ch 6. Cho bit v
0max
v A.Tm iu kin ca hiu in th U
AK
khng c
dng quang in (I = 0) hoc khng c mt electron no ti Ant? . . . . . . 104
Ch 7. Cho bit cng dng quang in bo ho (I
bh
) v cng sut ca ngun
sng. Tnh hiu sut lng t? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Ch 8. Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp
v in. Xc nh in th cc i ca qa cu. Ni qu cu vi mt in tr
R sau ni t. Xc nh cng dng qua R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
1.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v
in. Xc nh in th cc i ca qa cu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 12 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t. Xc nh cng dng qua R: 105
Ch 9. Cho kch thch, in trng cn E
c
v bc sng gii hn
0
: tm on
ng i ti a m electron i c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Ch 10. Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
v U
AK
: Tm bn knh ln nht
ca vng trn trn mt Ant m cc electron t Katt p vo? . . . . . . . . . 105
Ch 11. Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra
theo phng vung gc vi in trng (

E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ?106


Ch 12. Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra
theo phng vung gc vi cm ng t ca tr trng u (

B). Kho st chuyn


ng ca electron ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Phn16 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MU NGUYN T HIR THEO BO 108
Ch 1. Xc nh vn tc v tn s f ca electron trng thi dng th n ca
nguyn t Hir? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Ch 2. Xc nh bc sng ca photon do nguyn t Hir pht ra khi nguyn t
trng thi dng c mc nng lng E
m
sang E
n
( < E
m
)? . . . . . . . . . . 108
Ch 3. Tm bc sng ca cc vch quang ph khi bit cc bc sng ca cc
vch ln cn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Ch 4. Xc nh bc sng cc i (
max
) v cc tiu (
min
) ca cc dy Lyman,
Banme, Pasen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Ch 5. Xc nh qy o dng mi ca electron khi nguyn t nhn nng lng
kch thch = hf? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Ch 6. Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy o
K ( ng vi nng lng E
1
)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Phn17 . PHNG PHP GII TON V PHNG X V PHN NG HT
NHN 110
Ch 1. Cht phng x
A
Z
X c s khi A: tm s nguyn t ( ht) c trong m(g)
ht nhn ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Ch 2. Tm s nguyn t N( hay khi lng m) cn li, mt i ca cht phng
x sau thi gian t? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Ch 3. Tnh khi lng ca cht phng x khi bit phng x H? . . . . . . . 110
Ch 4. Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l thc vt? . . . . . . . . . 110
Ch 5. Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l khong cht? . . . . . . . 111
Ch 6. Xc nh nng lng lin kt ht nhn( nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt
ht nhn)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Ch 7. Xc nh nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn
A
Z
X? . . . . . . . 111
Ch 8. Xc nh nng lng ta ( hay thu vo ) ca phn ng ht nhn? . . . . . 111
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 13 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch 9. Xc nh nng lng ta khi tng hp m(g) ht nhn nh(t cc ht nhn
nh hn)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Ch 10. Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, nng lng? . . . . . . . 112
1.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton nng lng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Ch 11. Xc nh khi lng ring ca mt ht nhn nguyn t. Mt in tch
ca ht nhn nguyn t ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 14 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 1
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC L XO
CH 1.Lin h gia lc tc dng, gin v cng ca l xo:
Phng php:
1.Cho bit lc ko F, cng k: tm gin l
0
, tm l:
+iu kin cn bng:

F +

F
0
= 0 hayF = kl
0
hay l
0
=
F
k
+Nu F = P = mg th l
0
=
mg
k
+Tm l: l = l
0
+ l
0
, l
max
= l
0
+ l
0
+A; l
min
= l
0
+ l
0
A
Ch : Lc n hi ti mi im trn l xo l nh nhau, do l xo gin u.
2.Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau ( hoc hai phn khng bng nhau): tm cng
ca mi phn?
p dng cng thc Young: k = E
S
l
a. Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau (cng k):
k
k
0
=
l
0
l
= n k = nk
0
.
b. Ct l xo thnh hai phn khng bng nhau:
k
1
k
0
=
l
0
l
1
v
k
2
k
0
=
l
0
l
2
CH 2.Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo:
Phng php:
Phng trnh li v vn tc ca dao ng iu ha:
_
x = Asin(t +) (cm)
v = Acos(t +) (cm/s)
Tm :
+ Khi bit k, m: p dng: =
_
k
m
+ Khi bit T hay f: =
2
T
= 2f
Tm A:
+ Khi bit chiu di qy o: d = BB

= 2A A =
d
2
+ Khi bit x
1
, v
1
: A =
_
x
2
1
+
v
2
1

2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 15 Luyn thi i hc
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Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
+ Khi bit chiu di l
max
, l
min
ca l xo: A =
l
max
l
min
2
.
+ Khi bit nng lng ca dao ng iu ha: E =
1
2
kA
2
A =
_
2E
k
Tm : Da vo iu kin ban u: khi t
0
= 0 x = x
0
= Asin sin =
x
0
A
Tm A v cng mt lc:Da vo iu kin ban u:
t
0
= 0
_
x = x
0
v = v
0

_
x
0
= Asin
v
0
= Acos

_
A

Ch :Nu bit s dao ng n trong thi gian t, chu k: T =


t
n
CH 3.Chng minh mt h c hc dao ng iu ha:
Phng php:
Cch 1: Phng php ng lc hc
1.Xc nh lc tc dng vo h v tr cn bng:

F
0k
= 0.
2.Xt vt v tr bt k ( li x), tm h thc lin h gia

F v x, a v dng i s:
F = kx ( k l hng s t l, F l lc hi phc.
3.p dng nh lut II Newton: F = ma kx = mx, a v dng phng trinh:
x +
2
x = 0. Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c dng: x = Asin(t +). T , chng t
rng vt dao ng iu ha theo thi gian.
Cch 2: Phng php nh lut bo ton nng lng
1.Vit biu thc ng nng E

( theo v) v th nng E
t
( theo x), t suy ra biu thc
c nng:
E = E

+E
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
= const ()
2.o hm hai v () theo thi gian: (const)

= 0; (v
2
)

= 2v.v

= 2v.x; (x
2
)

=
2x.x

= 2x.v.
3.T () ta suy ra c phng trnh:x +
2
x = 0. Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
c dng: x = Asin(t +). T , chng t rng vt dao ng iu ha theo thi gian.
CH 4.Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng tm vn tc:
Phng php:
nh lut bo ton c nng:
E = E

+E
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kA
2
= E
max
= E
tmax
()
T () ta c: v =
_
k
m
(A
2
x
2
) hay v
0max
= A
_
k
m
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 16 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 5.Tm biu thc ng nng v th nng theo thi gian:
Phng php:
Th nng: E
t
=
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kA
2
sin
2
(t +)
ng nng: E

=
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
kA
2
cos
2
(t +)
Ch :Ta c: t =
2
T
t
CH 6.Tm lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi :
Phng php:
Lc tc dng ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi chnh l lc n hi.
1.Trng hp l xo nm ngang:
iu kin cn bng:

P +

N = 0, do lc ca l xo tc dng vo gi
chnh l lc n hi.Lc n hi: F = kl = k[x[.
v tr cn bng: l xo khng b bin dng: l = 0 F
min
= 0.
v tr bin: l xo b bin dng cc i: x = A F
max
= kA.
2.Trng hp l xo treo thng ng:
iu kin cn bng:

P +

F
0
= 0,
gin tnh ca l xo: l
0
=
mg
k
.
Lc n hi v tr bt k: F = k(l
0
+x) (*).
Lc n gi cc i( khi qa nng bin di):
x = +A F
max
= k(l
0
+A)
Lc n hi cc tiu:
Trng hp A < l
0
: th F = min khi x = A:
F
min
= k(l
0
A)
Trng hp A > l
0
: th F = min khi x = l
0
(l
xo khng bin dng): F
min
= 0
3.Ch : *Lc n hi ph thuc thi gian: thay x = Asin(t + ) vo (*) ta c:
F = mg +kAsin(t +)
th:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 17 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 7.H hai l xo ghp ni tip: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T:
Phng php:
v tr cn bng:
+ i vi h nm ngang:

P +

N = 0
+ i vi h thng ng:

P +

F
0
= 0
v tr bt k( OM = x):
L xo L
1
gin on x
1
: F = k
1
x
1
x
1
=
F
k
1
L xo L
2
gin on x
2
: F = k
2
x
2
x
2
=
F
k
2
H l xo gin on x: F = k
h
x x =
F
k
h
Ta c :x = x
1
+x
2
, vy:
1
k
h
=
1
k
1
+
1
k
2
, chu k: T = 2
_
m
k
h
CH 8.H hai l xo ghp song song: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T:
Phng php:
v tr cn bng:
+ i vi h nm ngang:

P +

N = 0
+ i vi h thng ng:

P +

F
01
+

F
02
= 0
v tr bt k( OM = x):
L xo L
1
gin on x: F
1
= k
1
x
L xo L
2
gin on x: F
2
= k
2
x
H l xo gin on x: F
h
= k
h
x
Ta c :F = F
1
+F
2
, vy: k
h
= k
1
+k
2
, chu k: T = 2
_
m
k
h
CH 9.H hai l xo ghp xung i: tm cng k
h
, t suy ra chu k T:
Phng php:
v tr cn bng:
+ i vi h nm ngang:

P +

N = 0
+ i vi h thng ng:

P +

F
01
+

F
02
= 0
v tr bt k( OM = x):
L xo L
1
gin on x: F
1
= k
1
x
L xo L
2
nn on x: F
2
= k
2
x
H l xo bin dng x: F
h
= k
h
x
Ta c :F = F
1
+F
2
, vy: k
h
= k
1
+k
2
, chu k: T = 2
_
m
k
h
CH 10.Con lc lin kt vi rng rc( khng khi lng): chng minh rng h
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 18 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
dao ng iu ha, t suy ra chu k T:
Phng php:
Dng 1.Hn bi ni vi l xo bng dy nh vt qua rng rc:
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:E = E

+E
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
= const
o hm hai v theo thi gian:
1
2
m2vv

+
1
2
k2xx

= 0.
t: =
_
k
m
, ta suy ra c phng trnh:x +
2
x = 0.
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c dng: x = Asin(t +
). T , chng t rng vt dao ng iu ha theo thi
gian.Chu k: T =
2

Dng 2.Hn bi ni vi rng rc di ng, hn bi ni vo dy vt qua rng rc:


Khi vt nng dch chuyn mt on x th l xo bin dng mt on
x
2
.
iu kin cn bng: l
0
=
F
0
k
=
2T
0
k
=
2mg
k
.
Cch 1: v tr bt k( li x): ngoi cc lc cn bng, xut hin thm cc lc n hi
[F
x
[ = kx
L
= k
x
2
[T
x
[ =
[F
x
[
2
=
k
4
x
Xt vt nng:mg +

T = ma mg ([T
0
[ + [T
x
[) =
mx x +
k
4m
x = 0.
t:
2
=
k
4m
, phng trnh tr thnh:x +
2
x = 0,
nghim ca phng trnh c dng:x = Asin(t + ), vy
h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

hay T = 2
_
4m
k
Cch 2:C nng:E = E

+E
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
L
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
k(
x
2
)
2
= const
o hm hai v theo thi gian:
1
2
m2vv

+
1
2
k
4
2xx

= 0 x +
k
4m
x = 0.
t:
2
=
k
4m
, phng trnh tr thnh:x +
2
x = 0, nghim ca phng trnh c
dng:x = Asin(t +), vy h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

hay T = 2
_
4m
k
Dng 3.L xo ni vo trc rng rc di ng, hn bi ni vo hai l xo nh dy vt qua
rng rc:
v tr cn bng:

P = 2

T
0
;

F
02
= 2

T vi (

F
01
=

T
0
)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 19 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
v tr bt k( li x) ngoi cc lc cn bng ni trn, h cn chu tc dng thm cc
lc:
L
1
gin thm x
1
, xut hin thm

F
1
, m di x
1
.
L
2
gin thm x
2
, xut hin thm

F
2
, m di 2x
2
.
Vy: x = x
1
+ 2x
2
(1)
Xt rng rc: (F
02
+F
2
) 2(T
0
+F
1
) = m
R
a
R
= 0 nn: F
2
= 2F
1
k
2
x
2
= 2k
1
x
1
,
hay: x
2
=
2k
1
k
2
x
1
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: x
1
=
k
2
k
2
+ 4k
1
x
Lc hi phc gy ra dao ng ca vt m l:
F
x
= F
1
= k
1
x
1
(3)
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c: F
x
=
k
2
k
1
k
2
+ 4k
1
x,
p dng: F
x
= ma
x
= mx.
Cui cng ta c phng trnh: x +
k
2
k
1
m(k
2
+ 4k
1
)
x = 0.
t:
2
=
k
2
k
1
m(k
2
+ 4k
1
)
, phng trnh tr thnh:x +
2
x = 0, nghim ca phng trnh
c dng:x = Asin(t +), vy h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

hay T = 2
_
k
2
k
1
m(k
2
+ 4k
1
)
CH 11.Lc hi phc gy ra dao ng iu ha khng phi l lc n hi nh:
lc y Acximet, lc ma st, p lc thy tnh, p lc ca cht kh...: chng minh h dao
ng iu ha:
Dng 1.

F l lc y Acximet:
V tr cn bng:

P =

F
0A
V tr bt k ( li x): xut hin thm lc y Acximet:

F
A
= V Dg. Vi V = Sx, p dng nh lut II Newton:
F = ma = mx.
Ta c phng trnh:x+
2
x = 0, nghimca phng trnh c dng:x = Asin(t+),
vy h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

, vi =
_
SDg
m
Dng 2.

F l lc ma st:
V tr cn bng:

P = (

N
01
+

N
02
) v

F
ms
01
=

F
ms
02
V tr bt k ( li x):Ta c:

P = (

N
1
+

N
2
) nhng

F
ms
1
,=

F
ms
2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 20 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Hp lc: [F[ = F
1
F
2
= (N
1
N
2
) (*)
M ta c: M

N
1
/G
= M

N
2
/G
N
1
(l x) = N
2
(l + x)
N
1
(l +x)
=
N
2
(l x)
=
N
1
+N
2
2l
=
N
1
N
2
2x
Suy ra: N
1
N
2
= (N
1
+N
2
)
x
l
= P
x
l
= mg
x
l
T (*) suy ra: [F[ = mg
x
l
, p dng nh lut II Newton:
F = ma = mx.
Ta c phng trnh:x+
2
x = 0, nghimca phng trnh c dng:x = Asin(t+),
vy h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

, vi =
_
g
l
Dng 3.p lc thy tnh:
v tr bt k, hai mc cht lng lch nhau mt on
h = 2x.
p lc thu tnh: p = Dgh suy ra lc thu tnh: [F[ =
pS = Dg2xS, gi tr i s:F = pS = Dg2xS, p
dng nh lut II Newton: F = ma = mx.
Ta c phng trnh:x +
2
x = 0, nghim ca phng
trnh c dng:x = Asin(t+), vy h dao ng iu ho.
Chu k: T =
2

, vi =
_
2SDg
m
Dng 4.

F l lc ca cht kh:
V tr cn bng: p
01
= p
02
suy ra F
01
= F
02
; V
0
= Sd
V tr bt k ( li x):Ta c: V
1
= (d +x)S; V
2
= (d x)S
p dng nh lut Bil-Marit: p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2
= p
0
V
0
Suy ra: p
1
p
2
=
2p
0
d
d
2
x
2
x
Hp lc: [F[ = F
2
F
1
= (p
1
p
2
)S =
2p
0
dS
d
2
x
2
x
2p
0
dS
d
2
x
i s: F =
2p
0
dS
d
2
x, p dng nh lut II Newton:
F = ma = mx.
Ta c phng trnh:x+
2
x = 0, nghimca phng trnh c dng:x = Asin(t+),
vy h dao ng iu ho. Chu k: T =
2

, vi =

md
2
2p
0
V
0
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 21 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 2
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC N
GHI NH
1. bin thin i lng X:X = X
sau
X
trc
a. Nu X > 0 th X tng.
b. Nu X < 0 th X gim.
2.Cng thc gn ng:
a. 1 ta c: (1 +)
n
1 +n
H qu:
_
1 +
1
1 +
2
(1
1
2

2
)(1 +
1
2

1
) = 1
1
2
(
2

1
)
b. 10
0
; 1(rad)
Ta c: cos 1

2
2
;sin tg (rad)
CH 1.Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc n:
Phng php:
Phng trnh dao ng c dng: s = s
0
sin(t +) hay =
0
sin(t +) (1)
s
0
= l
0
hay
0
=
s
0
l
: c xc nh bi: =
_
g
l
Tm s
0
v cng mt lc:Da vo iu kin ban u:
t
0
= 0
_
s = s
1
v = v
1

_
s
1
= s
0
sin
v
1
= s
0
cos

_
s
0

Ch :Nu bit s dao ng n trong thi gian t, chu k: T =


t
n
CH 2.Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit bin thin nh gia tc
trng trng g, bin thin chiu di l:
Phng php:
Lc u: T = 2
_
l
g
; Lc sau: T

= 2
_
l

Lp t s:
T

T
=
_
l

l
.
g
g

M
_

_
T = T

T
g = g

g
l = l

_
T

= T + T
g

= g + g
l

= l + l
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 22 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Vy:
T + T
T
=
_
l + l
l
_1
2
_
g
g + g
_1
2
1 +
T
T
=
_
1 +
1
2
l
l
__
1
1
2
g
g
_
Hay:
T
T
=
1
2
_
l
l

g
g
_
Ch :
a. Nu g = const th g = 0
T
T
=
1
2
l
l
b. Nu l = const th l = 0
T
T
=
1
2
g
g
CH 3.Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit nhit bin thin nh
t; khi a ln cao h; xung su h so vi mt bin:
Phng php:
1.Khi bit nhit bin thin nh t:
nhit t
0
1
C: T
1
= 2
_
l
1
g
; nhit t
0
2
C: T
2
= 2
_
l
2
g
Lp t s:
T
2
T
1
=
_
l
2
l
1
=

l
0
(1 +t
2
)
l
0
(1 +t
1
)
=
_
1 +t
2
1 +t
1
=
_
1 +t
2
_1
2
_
1 +t
1
_

1
2
p dng cng thc tnh gn ng:(1 +)
n
1 +n
T
2
T
1
=
_
1 +
1
2
t
2
__
1
1
2
t
1
_
Hay:
T
T
1
=
1
2
(t
2
t
1
) =
1
2
t
2.Khi a con lc n ln cao h so vi mt bin:
mt t : T = 2
_
l
g
; cao h: T
h
= 2
_
l
g
h
; Lp t s:
T
h
T
=
_
g
g
h
(1).
Ta c, theo h qa ca nh lut vn vt hp dn:
_

_
g = G
M
R
2
g
h
= G
M
(R +h)
2
Thay vo (1) ta c:
T
h
T
=
R+h
R
Hay:
T
T
=
h
R
3.Khi a con lc n xung su h so vi mt bin:
mt t : T = 2
_
l
g
; su h: T
h
= 2
_
l
g
h
; Lp t s:
T
h
T
=
_
g
g
h
(2).
Ta c, theo h qa ca nh lut vn vt hp dn:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 23 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
_

_
g = G
M
R
2
g
h
= G
M
h
(R h)
2
Thay vo (2) ta c:
T
h
T
=
_
(R h)
2
R
2
M
M
h
Ta li c:
_

_
M = V.D =
4
3
R
3
.D
M
h
= V
h
.D =
4
3
(Rh)
3
.D
Thay vo ta c:
T
h
T
=
_
R
R h
_1
2
Hay:
T
T
=
1
2
h
R
CH 4.Con lc n chu nhiu yu t nh hng bin thin ca chu k: tm
iu kin chu k khng i:
Phng php:
1.iu kin chu k khng i:
iu kin l:"Cc yu t nh hng ln chu k l phi b tr ln nhau"
Do : T
1
+ T
2
+ T
3
+ = 0
Hay:
T
1
T
+
T
2
T
+
T
3
T
+ = 0 (*)
2.V d: Con lc n chu nh hng bi yu t nhit v yu t cao:
Yu t nhit :
T
1
T
=
1
2
t; Yu t cao:
T
2
T
=
h
R
Thay vo (*):
1
2
t +
h
R
= 0
CH 5.Con lc trong ng h g giy c xem nh l con lc n: tm
nhanh hay chm ca ng h trong mt ngy m:
Phng php:
Thi gian trong mt ngy m: t = 24
h
= 24.3600s = 86400(s)
ng vi chu k T
1
: s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n =
t
T
1
=
86400
T
1
.
ng vi chu k T
2
: s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n

=
t
T
2
=
86400
T
2
.
chnh lch s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n = [n

n[ = 86400

1
T
1

1
T
2

Hay: n = 86400
[T[
T
2
.T
1
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 24 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Vy: nhanh ( hay chm) ca ng h trong mt ngy ml: = n.T
2
= 86400
[T[
T
1
Ch :Nu T > 0 th chu k tng, ng h chy chm; Nu T < 0 th chu k gim,
ng h chy nhanh.
CH 6.Con lc n chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc
nh chu k dao ng mi T

:
Phng php:
Phng php chung: Ngoi trng lc tht

P = mg, con lc n cn chu tc dng thm
mt ngoi lc

F, nn trng lc biu kin l:

P

=

P +

F g

= g +

F
m
(1)
S dng hnh hc suy ra c ln ca g

, chu k mi T

= 2
_
l
g

. Ch : chng
ta thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g

1.

F l lc ht ca nam chm:
Chiu (1) ln xx

: g

= g +
F
x
m
;
Nam chm t pha di: F
x
> 0

F hng xung
g

= g +
F
m
.
Nam chm t pha trn: F
x
< 0

F hng ln
g

= g
F
m
.
Chu k mi T

= 2
_
l
g

. Ch : chng ta thng lp t
s:
T

T
=
_
g
g

.
2.

F l lc tng tc Coulomb:
Lc tng tc Coulomb: F = k
[q
1
q
2
[
r
2
; Tm g

v chu k T

nh trn.
Hai in tch cng du:

Flc y. ;
Hai in tch tri du:

Flc ht.
3.

F l lc in trng

F = q

E:
Trng lc biu kin l:

P

=

P +q

E g

= g +
q

E
m
(2)
Chiu (2) ln xx

: g

= g +
qE
x
m
;
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 25 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Chu k mi: T

= 2

_
l
g +
qE
x
m
= 2

_
l
g
_
1 +
qE
x
mg
_
.
Ch : chng ta thng lp t s:
T

T
=

_
1
1 +
qE
x
mg
=
_
1 +
qE
x
mg
_

1
2
= 1
1
2
qE
x
mg
hay
T
T
=
1
2
qE
x
mg
4.

F l lc y Acsimet

F
A
= V D
kk
g:
Trng lc biu kin l:

=

P +

F
A
g

=g
V D
kk
g
m
=
_
1
V D
kk
m
_
g (3)
Chiu (3) ln xx

:g

=
_
1
V D
kk
m
_
g;
Vi: m = V.D, trong D l khi lng ring ca qa
cu: g

=
_
1
D
kk
D
_
g;
Chu k mi: T

= 2

_
l
_
1
D
kk
D
_
g
.
Ch : chng ta thng lp t s:
T

T
=

_
1
_
1
D
kk
D
_
hay
T
T
=
1
2
D
kk
D
5.

F l lc nm ngang:
Trng lc biu kin:

P

=

P +

F hay mg

= mg +

F hng xin, dy treo mt gc so
vi phng thng ng. Gia tc biu kin: g

=g +

F
m
.
iu kin cn bng:

P +

T +

F = 0

P

T.
Vy =

PO

ng vi v tr cn bng ca con lc n.
Ta c: tg =
F
mg
Tm T

v g

: p dng nh l Pitago: g

=
_
g
2
+ (
F
m
)
2
hoc: g

=
g
cos
.
Chu k mi: T

= 2
_
l
g

. Thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g

cos
CH 7.Con lc n treo vo mt vt ( nh t, thang my...) ang chuyn ng
vi gia tc a: xc nh chu k mi T

:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 26 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
Trong h quy chiu gn lin vi im treo( thang my, t..) con lc n cn chu tc
dng thm mt lc qun tnh

F = ma. Vy trng lc biu kin

P

=

P ma hay gia tc
biu kin:
g

= g a (1)
S dng hnh hc suy ra c ln ca g

, chu k mi T

= 2
_
l
g

. Ch : chng ta
thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g

1.Con lc n treo vo trn ca thang my ( chuyn ng thng ng ) vi gia tc


a:
Chiu (1) ln xx

: g

= g a
x
(2)
a.Trng hp a hng xung: a
x
> 0 a
x
= [a[
(2) : g

= g a chu k mi: T

= 2
_
l
g a
Thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g a
l trng hp thang my chuyn ng ln chm dn u (v, a
cng chiu) hay thang my chuyn ng xung nhanh dn u
(v, a ngc chiu).
b.Trng hp a hng ln: a
x
< 0 a
x
= [a[
(2) : g

= g +a chu k mi: T

= 2
_
l
g +a
Thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g +a
l trng hp thang my chuyn ng ln nhanh dn u (v, a ngc chiu) hay thang
my chuyn ng xung chm dn u (v, a cng chiu).
2.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng ngang vi gia tc a:
Gc: =

PO

ng vi v tr cn bng ca con lc n.
Ta c: tg =
F
mg
=
a
g
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 27 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Tm T

v g

: p dng nh l Pitago: g

=
_
g
2
+a
2
hoc: g

=
g
cos
.
Chu k mi: T

= 2
_
l
g

. Thng lp t s:
T

T
=
_
g
g

cos
3.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing
mt gc :
Ta c iu kin cn bng:

P +

F
qt
+

T = 0 (*)
Chiu (*)/Ox: T sin = ma cos (1)
Chiu (*)/Oy: T cos = mg ma sin (2)
Lp t s:
1
2
: tg =
a cos
g a sin
T (1) suy ra lc cng dy: T =
ma cos
sin
T(*) ta c: P

= T mg

= T hay g

=
a cos
sin
Chu k mi: T

= 2
_
l
g

hay T

= 2
_
l sin
a cos
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 28 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 8.Xc nh ng nng E

th nng E
t
, c nng ca con lc n khi v tr
c gc lch :
Phng php:
Chn mc th nng l mt phng i qua v tr cn bng.
Th nng E
t
:
Ta c: E
t
= mgh
1
, vi h
1
= OI = l(1 cos )
Vy: E
t
= mgl(1 cos ) (1)
C nng E: p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
E = E
C
= E
B
= mgh
2
= mgl(1 cos )
Hay E = mgl(1 cos ) (2)
ng nng E

: Ta c: E = E

+E
t
E

= E E
t
Thay (1) , (2) vo ta c: E

= mgl(cos cos ) (3)


t bit: Nu con lc dao ng b: p dng cng thc tnh gn ng:
cos 1

2
2
; cos 1

2
2
_

_
(1) E
t
=
1
2
mgl
2
(2) E =
1
2
mgl
2
(3) E

=
1
2
mgl(
2

2
)
CH 9.Xc nh vn tc di v v lc cng dy T ti v tr hp vi phng thng
ng mt gc :
Phng php:
1.Vn tc di v ti C:
Ta c cng thc tnh ng nng: E

=
1
2
mv
2
, thay vo biu thc (3) ch 8 ta c:
v =
_
2gl(cos cos ) (1)
2.Lc cng dy T ti C:
p dng nh lut II Newton:

P +

T = ma
ht
(2)
Chn trc ta hng tm, chiu phng trnh (2) ln xx

:
Ta c: mg cos +T = m
v
2
l
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 29 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Thay (1) vo ta c: T = m[3 cos 2 cos ]g (3)
t bit: Nu dao ng ca con lc n l dao ng b
Thay biu thc tnh gn ng vo ta c:
_
_
_
(1) v =
_
gl(
2

2
) (4)
(2) T = m
_
1 +
2

3
2

2
_
g (5)
3.H qa: vn tc v lc cng dy cc i v cc tiu:
_

_
(1), (4)
_

_
v = max = 0(v tr cn bng),
_
v
max
=
_
2gl(1 cos )
v
max
=

gl
v = min = (v tr bin) v
min
= 0,
(3), (5)
_

_
T = max = 0(v tr cn bng),
_
T
max
= m(3 2 cos )g
T
max
= m[1 +
2
]g
T = min = (v tr bin)
_
T
min
= mg cos
T
min
= m[1
1
2

2
]g
CH 10.Xc nh bin gc

mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang


g

:
Phng php:
p dng cng thc s (2) ch (8)
Khi con lc ni c gia tc trng trng g: C nng ca con lc: E =
1
2
mgl
2
.
Khi con lc ni c gia tc trng trng g

: C nng ca con lc: E

=
1
2
mg

l
2
.
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng: E = E

1
2
mgl
2
=
1
2
mg

l
2
Hay:

=
_
g
g

CH 11.Xc nh chu k v bin ca con lc n vng inh (hay vt cn)


khi i qua v tr cn bng:
Phng php:
1.Tm chu k T:
Chu k ca con lc n vng inh T =
1
2
chu k ca con lc n c chiu di l +
1
2
chu k ca con lc n c chiu di l

Th.s Trn AnhTrung 30 Luyn thi i hc


Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ta c: T =
1
2
T
1
+
1
2
T
2
Trong :
_

_
T
1
= 2
_
l
g
T
2
= 2
_
l

g
vi:l

= l QI
2.Tm bin mi sau khi vng inh:
Vn dng ch (10) ta c:
1
2
mgl
2
=
1
2
mgl

2
Hay:

=
_
l
l

CH 12.Xc nh thi gian hai con lc n tr li v tr trng phng (cng


qua v tr cn bng, chuyn ng cng chiu):
Phng php:
Gi s con lc th nht c chu k T
1
, con lc n th hai c chu k T
2
( T
2
> T
1
).
Nu con lc th nht thc hin c n dao ng th con lc th hai thc hin c n 1
dao ng. Gi t l thi gian tr li trng phng, ta c:
t = nT
1
= (n 1)T
2
n =
T
2
T
2
T
1
Vy thi gian tr li trng phng: t =
T
1
.T
2
T
2
T
1
CH 13.Con lc n dao ng th b dy t:kho st chuyn ng ca hn bi
sau khi dy t?
Phng php:
1.Trng hp dy t khi i qua v tr cn bng O: Lc chuyn ng ca vt xem
nh l chuyn ng vt nm ngang. Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
Theo nh lut II Newton:

F =

P = ma
Hay: a =g (*)
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0,
trn Ox, vt chuyn ng thng u vi phng trnh:
x = v
0
t t =
x
v
0
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
x
= g,
trn Oy, vt chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u vi phng trnh:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 31 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
y =
1
2
a
y
t
2
=
1
2
gt
2
(2)
Thay (1) vo (2), phng trnh qu o:
y =
1
2
.
g
v
2
0
x
2
Kt lun: qu o ca qa nng sau khi dy t ti VTCB l mt Parabol.( y = ax
2
)
2.Trng hp dy t khi i qua v tr c li gic : Lc chuyn ng ca vt
xem nh l chuyn ng vt nm xin hng xung, c v
c
hp vi phng ngang mt gc :
v
c
=
_
2gl(cos cos
0
). Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
Theo nh lut II Newton:

F =

P = ma
Hay: a =g (*)
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0,
trn Ox, vt chuyn ng thng u vi phng trnh:
x = v
c
cos t t =
x
v
0
cos
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
x
= g,
trn Oy, vt chuyn ng thng bin i u, vi phng trnh:
y = v
c
sint
1
2
gt
2
(2)
Thay (1) vo (2), phng trnh qu o:
y =
g
2v
c
cos
2

x
2
+tg.x
Kt lun: qu o ca qa nng sau khi dy t ti v tr C l mt Parabol.( y = ax
2
+bx)
CH 14.Con lc n c hn bi va chm n hi vi mt vt ang ng yn: xc
nh vn tc ca vin bi sau va chm?
Phng php:
* Vn tc ca con lc n trc va chm( VTCB): v
0
=
_
2gl(1 cos
0
)
*Gi v, v l vn tc ca vin bi v qa nng sau va chm:
p dng nh lut bo ton ng nng: mv
0
= mv +m
1
v

(1)
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng:
1
2
mv
2
0
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
m
1
v

2
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra c v v v.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 32 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 3
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG TT DN V CNG HNG C HC
CH 1.Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn: bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li
v hng, tm cng bi q:
Phng php:
C nng ban u(cung cp cho dao ng): E
0
= E
t(max)
=
1
2
kA
2
1
(1)
Cng ca lc masat (ti lc dng li): [A
ms
[ = F
ms
s = mgs (2), vi s l
on ng i ti lc dng li.
p dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng: A
ms
= E
0
s
Cng bi q: v bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hn nn:
q =
A
2
A
1
=
A
3
A
2
= =
A
n
A
(n1)
A
2
= qA
1
, A
3
= q
2
A
1
, A
n
= q
n1
A
1
(viq < 1)
ng i tng cng ti lc dng li:
s = 2A
1
+ 2A
2
+ + 2A
n
= 2A
1
(1 +q +q
2
+ +q
n1
) = 2A
1
S
Vi: S = (1 +q +q
2
+ +q
n1
) =
1
1 q
Vy: s =
2A
1
1 q
CH 2.Con lc l n ng tt dn: bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li
v hng, tm cng bi q. Nng lng cung cp duy tr dao ng:
Phng php:
Cng bi q: v bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hn nn:
q =

2

1
=

3

2
= =

n

(n1)

2
= q
1
,
3
= q
2

1
,
n
= q
n1

1
(viq < 1)
Vy: q =
n1
_

1
Nng lng cung cp ( nh ln dy ct) trong thi gian t duy tr dao ng:
C nng chu k 1: E
1
= E
tB
1
max
= mgh
1
, hay E
1
=
1
2
mgl
2
1
C nng chu k 2: E
2
= E
tB
2
max
= mgh
1
, hay E
2
=
1
2
mgl
2
2
gim c nng sau 1 chu k: E =
1
2
mgl(
2
1

2
2
)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 33 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Hay : E =
1
2
mgl(
2
1
(1 q
2
), y chnh l nng lng cn cung cp duy tr dao
ng trong mt chu k.
Trong thi gian t, s dao ng: n =
t
T
. Nng lng cn cung cp duy tr sau n dao
ng: E = n.E.
Cng sut ca ng h: P =
E
t
CH 3.H dao ng cng bc b kch thch bi mt ngoi lc tun hon: tm
iu kin c hin tng cng hng:
Phng php:
iu kin c hin tng cng hng: f = f
0
, vi f
0
l tn s ring ca h.
i vi con lc l xo: f
0
=
1
T
0
=
1
2
_
k
m
i vi con lc n: f
0
=
1
T
0
=
1
2
_
g
l
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 34 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 4
PHNG PHP GII TON V S TRUYN SNG C HC
, GIAO THOA SNG, SNG DNG, SNG M
CH 1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn
sng? Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc
truyn sng). Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im :
Phng php:
1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng:
lch pha gia hai im hai thi im khc nhau:
=
2
T
t = t
lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng
=
2

d Vi
_
Hai dao ng cng pha = 2k; k Z
Hai dao ng ngc pha = (2k + 1); k Z
2.Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc truyn
sng):
Gi s xt hai dao ng cng pha = 2k , so snh vi cng thc v lch pha:
T suy ra c bc sng theo k: =
d
k
Nu cho gii hn ca : ta c:
1

d
k

2
, c bao gi tr nguyn ca k thay
vo ta suy ra c bc sng hay tn s, vn tc.
Nu bi ton cho gii hn ca tn s hay vn tc, p dng cng thc: = V.T =
V
f
.
T suy ra cc gi tr nguyn ca k, suy ra c i lng cn tm.
Ch : Nu bit lc cng dy F, v khi lng trn mi mt chiu di , ta c: V =
_
F

3.Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im trn phng truyn sng:


Gi s sng truyn t O n M:OM = d, gi s sng ti O c dng: u
O
= a sint (cm).
Sng ti M tr pha
2

d so vi O. Phng trnh sng ti M: u


M
= a sin(t
2

d) (cm)
vi t
d
V
4.Vn tc dao ng ca sng:
Vn tc dao ng: v =
du
M
dt
= a cos(t +
2

d) (cm/s)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 35 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 2.V th biu din qu trnh truyn sng theo thi gian v theo khng
gian:
Phng php:
1.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo thi gian:
Xem yu t khng gian l khng i.
Cch 1:( V trc tip)
gc O: u
O
= a sint = a sin
2
T
t
Xt im M(x
M
= OM = const): u
M
= a sin(t
2

x
M
) iu kin t
x
M
V
Lp bng bin thin:
t 0
T
4
T
2
3T
4
T
u
M
a sin
2

x
M
X 0 X X
V th biu din, ch ly phn biu din trong gii hn t
x
M
V
Cch 2:( V gin tip)
-V th : u
0
t 0
T
4
T
2
3T
4
T
u
0
0 A 0 A 0
Tnh tin th u
0
(t) theo chiu dng mt on =
x
M
V
ta
c th biu din ng sin thi gian.
Ch : Thng lp t s: k =

T
2.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo khng gian ( dng ca mi trng...):
Xem yu t thi gian l khng i.
Vi M thuc dy: OM = x
M
, t
0
l thi im ang xt t
0
= const
Biu thc sng:u
M
= a sin(t
2

x) (cm) , vi chu k:
ng sin khng gian l ng biu din u theo x. Gi s ti t
0
, sng truyn c mt
on x
M
= V.t
0
, iu kin x x
M
.Ch : Thng lp t s: k =
x
M

.
Lp bng bin thin:
x 0

4

2
3
4

u
a sint
0
X X X X
CH 3.Xc nh tnh cht sng ti mt im M trn min giao thoa:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 36 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
M : MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
Tm hiu ng i: = d
2
d
1
v tm bc sng: = V.T =
V
f
Lp t s:
k =

_
Nu p = k( nguyn) = k Mdao ng cc i
Nu p = k +
1
2
( bn nguyn) = (k +
1
2
) Mdao ng cc tiu
CH 4.Vit phng trnh sng ti im M trn min giao thoa:
Phng php:
Gi s:u
1
= u
2
= a sint (cm)
Sng tryn t S
1
n M:sng ti M tr pha
2

d
1
so vi S
1
:u
1
= a sin(t
2

d
1
) (cm)
Sng tryn t S
2
n M:sng ti M tr pha
2

d
2
so vi S
2
:u
2
= a sin(t
2

d
2
) (cm)
Sng ti M: u
M
= u
1
+u
2
, thay vo, p dng cng thc: sinp+sin q = 2 sin
p +q
2
cos
p q
2
Cui cng ta c: u
M
= 2a cos

(d
2
d
1
) sin
_
t

_
d
2
+d
1
_
_
(*)
Phng trnh (*) l mt phng trnh dao ng iu ha c dng: u
M
= Asin(t + )
Vi:
_

_
Bin dao dng: A = 2a

cos

(d
2
d
1
)

Pha ban u: =

_
d
2
+d
1
_
CH 5.Xc nh s ng dao ng cc i v cc tiu trn min giao thoa:
Phng php:
M : MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
, S
1
S
2
= l
Xt MS
1
S
2
: ta c: [d
2
d
1
[ l l d
2
d
1
l (*)
M dao ng vi bin cc i: = d
2
d
1
= k k Z
Thay vo (*),ta c:
l

k
l

, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu


ng dao ng vi bin cc i ( k c ng trung trc on S
1
S
2
ng vi k = 0)
M dao ng vi bin cc tiu: = d
2
d
1
=
_
k +
1
2
_
k Z
Thay vo (*),ta c:
l


1
2
k
l


1
2
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c
by nhiu ng dao ng vi bin cc tiu.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 37 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 6.Xc nh im dao ng vi bin cc i ( im bng) v s im
dao ng vi bin cc tiu ( im nt) trn on S
1
S
2
:
Phng php:
M S
1
S
2
: MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
, S
1
S
2
= l
Ta c: d
1
+d
2
= l (*)
M dao ng vi bin cc i: = d
2
d
1
= k k Z (1)
Cng (1) v (*) ta c: d
2
=
l
2
+k

2
, iu kin: 0 d
2
l
Vy ta c:
l

k
l

, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu im


bng ( k c im gia)
M dao ng vi bin cc tiu: = d
2
d
1
=
_
k +
1
2
_
k Z (2)
Cng (2) v (*) ta c: d
2
=
l
2
+
_
k +
1
2
_

2
, iu kin: 0 d
2
l
Vy ta c:
l


1
2
k
l


1
2
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by
nhiu im nt.
Ch : tm v tr cc im dao ng cc i ( hay cc tiu) ta thng lp bng:
k cc gi tr m -1 0 1 cc gi tr dng
d
2
d
2i


2
d
20
d
2i
+

2
CH 7.Tm qy tch nhng im dao ng cng pha (hay ngc pha) vi hai
ngun S
1
, S
2
:
Phng php:
Pha ban u sng ti M:
M
=

(d
2
+d
1
)
Pha ban u sng ti S
1
(hay S
2
): = 0
lch pha gia hai im: =
M
=

(d
2
+d
1
) (*)
hai im dao ng cng pha = 2k, so snh (*): d
2
+ d
1
= 2k. Vy tp hp
nhng im dao ng cng pha vi hai ngun S
1
, S
2
l h ng Ellip, nhn hai im S
1
, S
2
lm hai tiu im.
hai im dao ng ngc pha = (2k + 1), so snh (*):
d
2
+ d
1
= (2k + 1). Vy tp hp nhng im dao ng ngc
pha vi hai ngun S
1
, S
2
l h ng Ellip, nhn hai im S
1
, S
2
lm hai tiu im ( xen k vi h Ellip ni trn).
CH 8.Vit biu thc sng dng trn dy n hi:
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 38 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Gi: MC = d, AC = l th AM = l d. Cc bc thc hin:
1.Vit biu thc sng ti:
Sng ti A: u
A
= a sin t
Sng ti M:
Ti M sng tr pha
2

(l d) so vi A u
M
= a sin
_
t
2

(l d)
_
(1)
Ti C sng tr pha
2

l so vi A u
C
= a sin(t
2

l) (2)
2.Vit biu thc sng phn x:
Sng ti C:
_

_
Nu C c nh u

C
= u
C
= a sin(t
2

l) (3)
Nu C t do u

C
= u
C
= a sin(t
2

l) (4)
Sng ti M:
Ti M sng tr pha
2

d so vi C:
_

_
Nu C c nh u

M
= a sin(t
2

l
2

d) (5)
Nu C t do u

M
= a sin(t
2

l
2

d) (6)
3.Sng ti M: u = u
M
+ u

M
, dng cng thc lng gic suy ra c biu thc sng
dng.
CH 9.iu kin c hin tng sng dng, t suy ra s bng v s nt
sng:
Phng php:
1.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s nguyn ln mi sng: l = k

2
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f = k
V
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l

, s bng l k v s nt l k + 1.
2.Mt u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh, u kia t do:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s bn nguyn ln mi sng:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 39 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
l =
_
k +
1
2
_

2
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f =
_
k +
1
2
_
v
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l


1
2
, s bng l k + 1 v s nt l k + 1.
3.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l t do:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s nguyn ln mi sng: l = k

2
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f = k
v
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l

, s bng l k v s nt l k 1.
Ch : Cho bit lc cng dy F, mt chiu di : V =
_
F

Thay vo iu kin v tn s: F =
4l
2
f
2

k
2
CH 10.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im. Xc nh
cng sut ca ngun m? to ca m:
Phng php:
1.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im:
*Nu mc cng m tnh theo n v B: L = lg
I
I
0
T : I = I
0
.10
L
* Nu mc cng m tnh theo n v dB:L = 10lg
I
I
0
T : I = I
0
.10
L
10
Ch : Nu tn s m f = 1000Hz th I
0
= 10
12
Wm
2
2.Xc nh cng sut ca ngun m ti mt im:
Cng sut ca ngun m ti A l nng lng truyn qua mt cu tm N bn knh NA
trong 1 giy.
Ta c: I
A
=
W
S
W = I
A
.S
hay P
ngun
= I
A
.S
A
Nu ngun m l ng hng: S
A
= 4NA
2
Nu ngun m l loa hnh nn c na gc nh l :
Gi R l khong cch t loa n im m ta xt. Din tch ca chm cu bn knh R v
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 40 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
chiu cao h l S = 2Rh
Ta c: h = R Rcos , vy S = 2R
2
(1 cos )
Vy, cng sut ca ngun m:
P = I.2R
2
(1 cos )
3. to ca m:
Ty tn s, mi m c mt ngng nghe ng vi I
min
to ca m: I = I I
min
to ti thiu m tai phn bit c gi l 1 phn
Ta c: I = 1phn 10lg
I
2
I
1
= 1dB
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 41 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 5
PHNG PHP GII TON V MCH IN XOAY CHIU
KHNG PHN NHNH (RLC)
CH 1.To ra dng in xoay chiu bng cch cho khung dy quay u trong
t trng, xc nh sut in ng cm ng e(t)? Suy ra biu thc cng dng in
i(t) v hiu in th u(t):
Phng php:
1.Tm biu thc t thng (t):
(t) = NBS cos(t) hay (t) =
0
cos(t) vi
0
= NBS.
2. Tm biu thc ca s cm ng e(t):
e(t) =
d(t)
dt
= NBS sin(t) hay e(t) = E
0
sin(t) vi: E
0
= NBS
3.Tm biu thc cng dng in qua R: i =
e(t)
R
4.Tm biu thc ht tc thi u(t): u(t) = e(t) suy ra U
0
= E
0
hay U = E.
CH 2.on mch RLC: cho bit i(t) = I
0
sin(t), vit biu thc hiu in th
u(t). Tm cng sut P
mch
?
Phng php:
Nu i = I
0
sin(t) th u = U
0
sin(t +) (*)
Vi:
U
0
= I
0
.Z, tng tr: Z =
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
vi
_
_
_
Z
L
= L
Z
C
=
1
C
tg =
Z
L
Z
C
R
, vi l lch pha ca u so vi i.
Cng sut tiu th ca on mch:
Cch 1: Dng cng thc: P = UI cos , vi U =
U
0

2
, I =
I
0

2
, cos =
R
Z
Cch 2: Trong cc phn t in, ch c in tr R mi tiu th in nng di dng ta
nhit: P = RI
2
Ch :
1

= 0, 318
CH 3.on mch RLC: cho bit u(t) = U
0
sin(t), vit biu thc cng
dng in i(t). Suy ra biu thc u
R
(t)?u
L
(t)?u
C
(t)?
Phng php:
Nu u = U
0
sin(t) th i = I
0
sin(t ) (*)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 42 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
I
0
=
U
0
.
Z, tng tr: Z =
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
vi tg =
Z
L
Z
C
R

H qa:
Hiu in th hai u in tr R cng pha vi cd:
u
R
= U
0R
sin(t ). vi: U
0R
= I
0
.R.
Hiu in th hai u cun cm L nhanh pha

2
so vi cd:
u
L
= U
0L
sin(t +

2
). vi: U
0L
= I
0
.Z
L
.
Hiu in th hai u t in C chm pha

2
so vi cd:
u
C
= U
0C
sin(t

2
). vi: U
0C
= I
0
.Z
C
.
Ch : Nu phn t in no b on mch hoc khng c trong on mch th ta xem
in tr tng ng bng 0.
Nu bit: i = I
0
sin(t+
i
) v u = U
0
sin(t+
u
) th lch pha:
u/i
=
u

i
CH 4.Xc nh lch pha gia hai ht tc thi u
1
v u
2
ca hai on mch
khc nhau trn cng mt dng in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh? Cch vn dng?
Phng php:
Cch 1:(Dng i s)
lch pha ca u
1
so vi i: tg
1
=
Z
L
1
Z
C
1
R
1

1
lch pha ca u
2
so vi i: tg
2
=
Z
L
2
Z
C
2
R
2

2
Ta c:
u
1
/u
2
=
u
1

u
2
= (
u
1

i
) (
u
2

i
)
=
u
1
/i

u
2
/i
=
1

2
lch pha ca u
1
so vi u
2
: =
1

2
Cch 2:(Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
1
+u
2


U =

U
1
+

U
2
trc pha

I.

U
1
_
_
_
U
1
= I.Z
1
tg
1
=
Z
L
1
Z
C
1
R
1

1
;
_
_
_
U
2
= I.Z
2
tg
2
=
Z
L
2
Z
C
2
R
2

1
lch pha ca u
1
so vi u
2
: =
1

2
CH 5.on mch RLC, cho bit U, R: tm h thc L, C, : cng dng
in qua on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut
tiu th trn on mch t cc i.
Phng php:
1.Cng dng in qua on mch t cc i:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 43 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
p dng nh lut Ohm cho on mch: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
()
Ta c:
I = max M = R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= min Z
L
Z
C
= 0 L =
1
C
Hay LC
2
= 1 () I
max
=
U
R
2.Hiu in th cng pha vi cng dng in:
u v i cng pha: = 0
hay tg =
Z
L
Z
C
R
= 0Z
L
Z
C
= 0 L =
1
C
Hay LC
2
= 1
3.Cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
Ta c: P = UI cos , P = max cos = 1
Ta c: cos =
R
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= 1
Hay R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= R
2
Hay LC
2
= 1
4.Kt lun:
Hin tng cng hng in:
LC
2
= 1
_

_
I = max
u, i cng pha ( = 0)
cos = 1
H qa:
_

_
1.I
max
=
U
R
2.Do Z
L
= Z
C
U
L
= U
C
vi
L
=
C
=

2
nn

U
L
=

U
C
u
L
= u
C
CH 6.on mch RLC, ghp thm mt t C

:tm C

: cng dng in
qua on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut tiu th
trn on mch t cc i.
Phng php:
Gi C
b
l in dung tng ng ca b t, tng t ch 5, ta
c:
LC
b

2
= 1 C
b
=
1
L
2
Nu C ni tip vi C

:
1
C
b
=
1
C
+
1
C

Nu C song song vi C

: C
b
= C +C

Th.s Trn AnhTrung 44 Luyn thi i hc


Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 7.on mch RLC: Cho bit U
R
, U
L
, U
C
: tm U v lch pha
u/i
.
Phng php:
Cch 1:( Dng i s)
p dng cng thc: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
U = I
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
U =
_
U
2
R
+ (U
L
U
C
)
2
Cch 2:( Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
R
+u
L
+u
C


U =

U
R
+

U
L
+

U
C
trc pha

I
Da vo gin vect: ta c U =
_
U
2
R
+ (U
L
U
C
)
2
lch pha: tg =
Z
L
Z
C
R
=
IZ
L
IZ
C
IR
Hay tg =
U
L
U
C
U
R
CH 8.Cun dy (RL) mc ni tip vi t C: cho bit hiu in th U
1
( cun
dy) v U
C
. Tm U
mch
v .
Phng php:
Ta c: u = u
1
+u
C


U =

U
1
+

U
C
() trc pha

I
Vi
_

U
1
_

_
+U
1
= I.Z
1
= I.
_
R
2
+Z
2
L
+(

I,

U
1
) =
1
vi
_

_
tg
1
=
Z
L
R
cos
1
=
R
_
R
2
+Z
2
L

U
C
_
_
_
+U
C
= I.Z
C
vi Z
C
=
1
C
+(

I,

U
C
) =

2
Xt OAC: nh l hm cosin:
U
2
= U
2
1
+U
2
C
2U
1
U
C
cos(

2

1
) Hay U =
_
U
2
1
+U
2
C
+ 2U
1
U
C
sin
1
Vi: sin
1
= cos
1
.tg
1
=
Z
L
_
R
2
+Z
2
L
Chiu (*) ln

OI: U cos = U
1
cos
1
cos =
U
U
1
cos
1
CH 9.Cho mchRLC: Bit U, , tm L, hayC, hayR cng sut tiu th trn
on mch cc i.
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 45 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Trong cc phn t in, ch c in tr R mi tiu th in nng di dng ta nhit:
P = RI
2
Ta c: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
Vy: P =
RU
2
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
(*)
1.Tm L hay C cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
D P = max t (*) M = R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= min Z
L
Z
C
= 0
hay LC
2
= 1
_

_
C =
1

2
L
L =
1

2
C
() P
max
=
U
2
R
a. th L theo P:
L 0
1

2
C

P P
0
P
max
0
Vi P
0
=
RU
2
R
2
+Z
2
C
b. th C theo P:
C 0
1

2
L

P 0 P
max
P
1
Vi P
1
=
RU
2
R
2
+Z
2
L
2.Tm R cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
Chia t v mu ca (*) cho R: P =
U
2
R+
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
=
const
M
P = max khi v ch khi M = min. p dng bt ng thc Csin:
M = R +
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
2
_
R.
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
= 2[Z
L
Z
C
[
Du = xy ra khi: R =
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
hay R = [Z
L
Z
C
[
Vy: P
max
=
U
2
2[U
L
U
C
[
Bng bin thin R theo P:
R 0 [Z
L
Z
C
[
P 0 P
max
0
CH 10.on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
L
(hay U
C
) t
gi tr cc i?
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 46 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i:
Hiu in th hai u cun cm: U
L
= I.Z
L
=
U.Z
L
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
(*)
Cch 1:( Dng o hm)
o hm hai v ca (*) theo Z
L
:
U
L
Z
L
=
(R
2
+Z
2
C
Z
L
Z
C
)U
[R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
]
3
2
Ta c:
U
L
Z
L
= 0 Z
L
=
R
2
+Z
2
C
Z
C
, ta c bng bin thin:
Z
L
0
R
2
+Z
2
C
Z
C

U
L
Z
L
+ 0
U
L
U
Lmax

Vi U
Lmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
C
R
Cch 2:( Dng i s)
Chia t v mu ca (*) cho Z
L
, ta c: U
L
=
U

R
2
Z
2
L
+ (1
Z
C
Z
L
)
2
=
const

y
Vi y =
R
2
Z
2
L
+ (1
Z
C
Z
L
)
2
= (R
2
+Z
2
C
)
1
Z
2
L
2.Z
C
1
Z
L
+ 1 = (R
2
+Z
2
C
)x
2
2.Z
C
x +1
Trong : x =
1
Z
L
; Ta c: a = (R
2
+Z
2
C
) > 0
Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
Z
C
R
2
+Z
2
C
, y
min
=

4a
=
R
2
R
2
+Z
2
C
Vy: Z
L
=
R
2
+Z
2
C
Z
C
v U
Lmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
C
R
Cch 3:( Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
RC
+u
L


U =

U
RC
+

U
L
() trc pha

I ,
t

AOB =
Xt OAB: nh l hm sin:
U
L
sinAOB
=
U
sin OAB

U
L
sin
=
U
sin(

2

1
)
=
U
cos
1
Hay: U
L
=
U
cos
1
sin vy: U
L
= max
khi sin = 1 = 90
0
AOB O
T :
1
+[
u/i
[ =

2
, v
1
< 0,
u/i
> 0 nn: tg
1
= cotg
u/i
=
1
tg
u/i
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 47 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in

Z
C
R
=
R
Z
L
Z
C
hay Z
L
=
R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
C
, vi U
Lmax
=
U
cos
1
hay U
Lmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
C
R
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i:
Hiu in th hai u t in: U
C
= I.Z
C
=
U.Z
C
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
(**)
Cch 1:( Dng o hm)
o hm hai v ca (*) theo Z
C
:
U
C
Z
C
=
(R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
L
Z
C
)U
[R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
]
3
2
Ta c:
U
C
Z
C
= 0 Z
C
=
R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
L
, ta c bng bin thin:
Z
C
0
R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
L

U
C
Z
C
+ 0
U
C
U
Cmax

Vi U
Cmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
L
R
Cch 2:( Dng i s)
Chia t v mu ca (*) cho Z
C
, ta c: U
C
=
U

R
2
Z
2
C
+ (
Z
L
Z
C
1)
2
=
const

y
Vi y =
R
2
Z
2
C
+ (
Z
L
Z
C
1)
2
= (R
2
+Z
2
L
)
1
Z
2
C
2.Z
L
1
Z
C
+1 = (R
2
+Z
2
L
)x
2
2.Z
L
x +1
Trong : x =
1
Z
C
; Ta c: a = (R
2
+Z
2
L
) > 0
Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
Z
L
R
2
+Z
2
L
, y
min
=

4a
=
R
2
R
2
+Z
2
L
Vy: Z
C
=
R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
L
v U
Cmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
L
R
Cch 3:( Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
RL
+ u
C


U =

U
RL
+

U
C
() trc pha

I , t

AOB = Xt OAB:
nh l hm sin:
U
C
sin AOB
=
U
sinOAB

U
C
sin
=
U
sin(

2

1
)
=
U
cos
1
Hay: U
C
=
U
cos
1
sin vy: U
C
= max
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 48 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
khi sin = 1 = 90
0
AOB O
T :
1
+[
u/i
[ =

2
, v
1
> 0,
u/i
< 0 nn: tg
1
= cotg
u/i
=
1
tg
u/i

Z
L
R
=
R
Z
L
Z
C
hay Z
C
=
R
2
+Z
2
L
Z
L
,
vi U
Cmax
=
U
cos
1
hay U
Cmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
L
R
CH 11.on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, L, C: tm f ( hay ) U
R
, U
L
hay U
C
t gi tr cc i?
Phng php:
1.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u in tr cc i:
Hiu in th hai u in tr R: U
R
= I.R =
UR
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
const
M
U
R
= max M = min Z
L
Z
C
= 0 hay
0
=
1

LC
(1)( Vi
0
= 2f )
Vy U
Rmax
= U
2.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i:
Hiu in th hai u in tr L:
U
L
= I.Z
L
=
UZ
L
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
UL

R
2
+
_
L
1
C
_
2
=
U

R
2

2
L
2
+
_
1
1

2
CL
_
2
Hay U
L
=
const

y
, U
L
cc i khi y = min.
Ta c: y =
R
2

2
L
2
+ (1
1

2
CL
)
2
=
1
C
2
L
2
1

4
+
_
R
2
L
2
2
1
CL
_
1

2
+ 1
Hay: y =
1
C
2
L
2
x
2
+
_
R
2
L
2
2
1
CL
_
x + 1 vi x =
1

2
Ta c: a =
1
C
2
L
2
> 0
Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
_
2
CL

R
2
L
2
_
.
L
2
C
2
2
=
2LC R
2
C
2
2
Vy
1
=
_
2
2LC R
2
C
2
(2)
3.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 49 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Hiu in th hai u in tr C:
U
C
= I.Z
C
=
UZ
C
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
U
1
C

R
2
+
_
L
1
C
_
2
=
U
_
R
2
C
2

2
+ (LC 1)
2
Hay U
L
=
const

y
, U
L
cc i khi y = min.
Ta c: y = R
2
C
2

2
+ (LC 1)
2
= C
2
L
2

4
+ (R
2
C
2
2CL)
2
+ 1
Hay: y = C
2
L
2
x
2
+ (R
2
L
2
2CL)x + 1 vi x =
2
Ta c: a = C
2
L
2
> 0 Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2C
2
L
2
_
Vy
2
=
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2C
2
L
2
_
Hay:
2
=
1
LC
.
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2
(3)
Ch : Ta c:
2
0
=
1
.
2
Hiu in th cc i hai u cun cm v t in u c dng
U
Cmax
= U
Lmax
=
2L
R
U

4LC R
2
C
2
CH 12.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t), hoc bit gin vect hiu in th: xc
nh cc t im ca mch in?
Phng php:
1.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t): tm lch pha
u/i
:
Gi l lch pha v thi gian gia u v i ( o bng
khong thi gian gia hai cc i lin tip ca u v i)
Lch thi gian T lch pha 2
Lch thi gian lch pha
u/i
Vy:
u/i
= 2

T
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 50 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Cho bit gin vect hiu in th: v s on mch? Tm U
mch
Quy tc:
_

U
R
nm ngang phn t R

U
L
thng ng hng ln phn t L

U
C
thng ng hng xung phn t C

U
mch
_

_
+gcO;
+ngn: cui

U
R
;

u/i
= (

I,

U)
CH 13.Tc dng nhit ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh nhit lng ta ra trn
on mch?
Phng php:
Bit I: p dng cng thc Q = RI
2
t
Bit U: T cng thc I =
U
Z
Q = R
U
2
Z
2
t
Nu cun dy (RL) hoc in tr dm trong cht lng: tm t
0
Ta c: Q
ta
= RI
2
t; Q
thu
= Cmt
0
t
0
=
RI
2
t
Cm
CH 14.Tc dng ha hc ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh in lng chuyn
qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu? Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in
cc?
Phng php:
1.Tnh in lng chuyn qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu ( trong 1 chu k T, trong
t):
Xt dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
sint(A) qua bnh in phn cha dung dch axit hay
baz long.
Trong thi gian dt ( b): in lng qua bnh in phn: dq = idt = I
0
sintdt
Trong 1 chu k T: dng in ch qua bnh in phn trong
T
2
theo mt chiu:
q
1
=
T
2
_
0
idt =
T
2
_
0
I
0
sin tdt =
1

I
0
cos t

T
2
0
hay q
1
=
2I
0

Vi =
2
T
do ta c: q
1
=
I
0
T

Trong thi gian t, s dao ng n =


t
T
, in lng qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu l:
q = nq
1
=
t
T
.q
1
, vy: q =
2I
0

t
T
=
I
0
t

Th.s Trn AnhTrung 51 Luyn thi i hc


Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc trong thi gian t(s):
C 96500C gii phng
A
n
= 1g tng ng 11, 2(l)H ktc.
Vy qC :th tch kh H: v
H
=
q
96500
.11, 2(l)
Th tch ca kh O: v
O
=
v
H
2
Vy mi in cc xut hin hn hp kh vi th tch v = v
O
+v
H
CH 15.Tc dng t ca dng in xoay chiu v tc dng ca t trng ln
dng in xoay chiu?
Phng php:
1.Nam chm in dng dng in xoay chiu ( tn s f) t gn dy thp cng ngang.
Xc nh tn s rung f

ca dy thp:
Trong mt chu k, dng in i chiu hai ln. Do nam chm
ht hay nh dy thp hai ln trong mt chu k. Nn tn s dao
ng ca dy thp bng hai ln tn s ca dng in: f

= 2f
2.Dy dn thng cng ngang mang dng in xoay chiu t trong t trng c cm
ng t

B khng i ( vung gc vi dy): xc nh tn s rung ca dy f

:
T trng khng i

B tc dng ln dy dn mang dng in mt
lc t F = Bil( c chiu tun theo quy tc bn tay tri ).
V F t l vi i , nn khi i i chiu hai ln trong mt chu k
th F i chiu hai ln trong mt chu k, do dy rung hai ln
trong mt chu k. f

= f
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 52 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 6
PHNG PHP GII TON V MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU,
BIN TH, TRUYN TI IN NNG
CH 1.Xc nh tn s f ca dng in xoay chiu to bi my pht in xoay
chiu 1 pha
Phng php:
1.Trng hp roto ca mp c p cp cc, tn s vng l n:
Nu n tnh bng ( vng/s) th: f = np
Nu n tnh bng ( vng/pht) th: f =
n
60
p
Ch : S cp cc: p =
s cc ( bc+ nam)
2
2.Trng hp bit sut in ng xoay chiu ( E hay E
o
):
p dng: E
o
= NBS vi = 2f , nn: f =
E
o
2NBS
=
E

2
2NBS
Ch :
Nu c k cun dy ( vi N
1
vng) th N = kN
1
Thng thng: my c k cc ( bc + nam) th phn ng c k cun dy mc ni tip.
CH 2. Nh my thy in: thc nc cao h, lm quay tuabin nc v roto ca
mp. Tm cng sut P ca my pht in?
Phng php:
Gi: H
T
l hiu sut ca tuabin nc;
H
M
l hiu sut ca my pht in;
m l khi lng nc ca thc nc trong thi gian t.
Cng sut ca thc nc: P
o
=
A
o
t
=
mgh
t
= gh; vi =
m
t
l lu lng nc ( tnh
theo khi lng)
Cng sut ca tuabin nc: P
T
= H
T
P
o
Cng sut ca my pht in: P
M
= H
M
P
T
= H
M
H
T
P
o
CH 3. Mch in xoay chiu ba pha mc theo s hnh : tm cng dng
trung ha khi ti i xng? Tnh hiu in th U
d
( theo U
p
)? Tnh P
t
(cc ti)
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 53 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Tm i
th
:
_

_
i
1
= I
0
sin t
i
2
= I
0
sin(t +
2
3
)
i
3
= I
0
sin(t
2
3
)
i
th
= i
1
+i
2
+i
3
= 0 Suy ra:

I
1
=

I
23


I
th
= 0
Tm U
d
: Ta c:
U
d
= U
A
1
A
2
= U
A
2
A
3
= U
A
3
A
1
: hiu in th gia hai dy pha
U
p
= U
A
1
O
= U
A
2
O
= U
A
3
O
: hiu in th gia dy pha v dy trung ha
Ta c:u
d
= u
A
1
A
2
= u
A
1
O
+u
OA
2
= u
A
1
O
u
A
2
O


U
A
1
A
2
=

U
A
1
O


U
A
1
O
T hnh ta c: U
d
= U
p

3
Tm P
ti
:
Do hiu in th ca cc ti bng nhau (U
p
) nn: I
ti
=
U
p
Z
ti
Cng sut tiu th ca mi ti: P
t
= U
p
I
t
cos
t
= R
t
I
2
t
CH 4. My bin th: cho U
1
, I
1
: tm U
2
, I
2
Phng php:
1.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp h:
Lc : I
2
= 0 p dng:
U
2
U
1
=
N
2
N
1
U
2
2.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp c ti:
a. Trng hp hiu sut MBT H = 1:
Ta c: P
1
= P
2
U
1
I
1
= U
2
I
2
Hay:
U
2
U
1
=
I
1
I
2
hay I
2
= I
1
N
1
N
2
b. Trng hp hiu sut MBT l H :
Ta c:
U
2
U
1
=
N
2
N
1
hay I
2
= HI
1
N
1
N
2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 54 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
3.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp khc 0:
Sut in ng qua cun s cp: e
1
= N
1
d
dt
(1);
Sut in ng qua cun th cp: e
2
= N
2
d
dt
(2);
Lp t:
e
1
e
2
=
N
1
N
2
k (3)
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my pht: u
1
= e
1
+r
1
i
1
e
1
= u
1
r
1
i
1
(4)
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my thu: u
2
= e
2
r
2
i
2
e
2
= u
2
+r
2
i
2
(5)
Lp t:
e
1
e
2
=
u
1
r
1
i
1
u
2
+r
2
i
2
k u
1
r
1
i
1
= ku
2
+kr
2
i
2
(6)
Ta c e
1
i
1
= e
2
i
2
hay
e
1
e
2
=
i
1
i
2
=
1
k
i
1
=
i
2
k
v i
2
=
u
2
R
(7)
Thay (7) vo (6), thc hin bin i ta c: u
2
=
kR
k
2
(R +r
2
) +r
1
u
1
Hay: U
2
=
kR
k
2
(R +r
2
) +r
1
U
1
CH 5. Truyn ti in nng trn dy dn: xc nh cc i lng trong qu
trnh truyn ti
Phng php:
Sn xut:
U
2A
U
1A
=
I
1A
I
2A
=
N
2A
N
1A
P
A
= U
1A
I
1A
= U
2A
I
2A
Tuyn ti:
Cng d.in : I = I
2A
= I
1B
in tr : R =
2l
S
(l = AB)
gim th : U
AB
= U
2B
U
2A
= IR
Cng sut hao ph : P = P
A
P
B
= RI
2
S dng:
U
2B
U
1B
=
I
1B
I
2B
=
N
2B
N
1B
P
B
= U
1B
I
1B
= U
2B
I
2B
CH 6. Xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in nng trn dy?
Phng php:
Cng thc nh ngha hiu sut: H =
P
B
P
A
;
Xc nh theo cng sut: H =
P
B
P
A
=
P
A
P
P
A
= 1
P
P
;
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 55 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Xc nh theo ht: H =
U
B
U
A
=
U
A
U
U
A
= 1
U
U
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 56 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 7
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IN T DO TRONG MCH LC
K hiu:
q
max
= Q
0
( bin in tch)
u
max
= U
0
( bin hiu in th)
i
max
= I
0
( bin dng in)
GHI NH Dao ng c hc ( con lc l xo) Dao ng in ( mch LC)
Li : x in tch : q
Vn tc: v =
dx
dt
= x

Cng dng in : i =
dq
dt
Cc i lng t trng Khi lng: m t cm : L
cng: k Nghch o in dung :
1
C
Lc tc dng : F Hiu in th : u
Phng trnh ng lc hc x +
k
m
x = 0 q +
1
LC
q = 0
x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
Nghim ca pt vi phn x = Asin(t +) q = Q
0
sin(t +)
Tn s gc ring =
_
k
m
=
_
1
LC
Chu k dao ng T = 2
_
m
k
T = 2

LC
Th nng n hi : Nng lng in trng :
E
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W

=
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
Cu
2
=
1
2
qu
ng nng : Nng lng t trng :
Nng lng dao ng E

=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
C nng : Nng lng in t :
E =
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
W =
1
2
Li
2
+
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
kA
2
=
1
2
m
2
A
2
=
1
2
Q
2
0
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
Bng so snh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo v dao ng in t do
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 57 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 1.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC: vit biu thc q(t)? Suy ra cng
dng in i(t)?
Phng php:
q(t) c dng tng qut: q = Q
0
sin(t +) vi: Q
0
= CU
0
=
1

LC
hoc =
2
T
= 2f
c xc nh nh iu kin ban u ( t = 0) ca q.
i(t) c xc nh: i =
dq
dt
= q

= Q
0
cos(t +) = I
0
cos(t +)
Vi I
0
= Q
0
=
Q
0

LC
CH 2.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit u
C
= U
0
sint, tm q(t)? Suy
ra i(t)?
Phng php:
Ta c: q = Cu = Q
0
sint viQ
0
= CU
0
i(t) c xc nh: i =
dq
dt
= q

= Q
0
cos t = I
0
cos t
hay i = I
0
sin
_
t +

2
_
CH 3.Cch p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng trong mch dao ng LC.
Phng php:
p dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng:
W = W

+W
t
= W
max
= W
tmax
= const
hay
1
2
Li
2
+
_

_
1
2
Cu
2
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
=
_

_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
()
1.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) tm bin I
0
:
T (*) ta c:
_

_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
Suy ra
_

_
I
0
=
Q
0

LC
I
0
= U
0
_
L
C
2.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) v q ( hay u), tm i lc :
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 58 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
T (*) ta c:
1
2
Li
2
+
_

_
1
2
Cu
2
1
2
q
2
C
=
_

_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
Suy ra
_

_
i =
_
Q
2
0
q
2
LC
i =
_
C
L
(U
2
0
u
2
)
CH 4.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit Q
0
v I
0
:tm chu k dao ng
ring ca mch LC.
Phng php:
p dng cng thc Thomson: T = 2

LC (1)
Ta c: I
0
=
Q
0

LC
LC =
Q
2
0
I
2
0
, thay vo (1): T = 2
Q
0
T
0
CH 5.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn in bt sng in t c tn s
f (hay bc sng ).Tm L( hay C)?
Phng php:
iu kin bt c sng in t l tn s ca sng phi bng tn s ring ca
mch dao ng LC:
f(sng) = f
0
(mch ) ()
1.Bit f( sng) tm L v C:
T (**) f =
1
2

LC

_
L =
1
4
2
f
2
C
C =
1
4
2
f
2
L
2.Bit ( sng) tm L v C:
T (**)
c

=
1
2

LC

_
L =

2
4
2
c
2
C
C =

2
4
2
c
2
L
CH 6.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t in c in dung bin
thin C
max
C
min
tng ng gc xoay bin thin 0
0
180
0
: xc nh gc xoay thu
c bc x c bc sng ?
Phng php:
Lp lun nh ch 5: C =

2
4
2
c
2
L
Khi C
0
= C
max
C
min

0
= 180
0
0 = 180
0
Khi C = C C
min

Vy: = 180
0
C C
min
C
max
C
min
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 59 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 7.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t xoay bin thin C
max

C
min
: tm di bc sng hay di tn s m my thu c?
Phng php:
Lp lun nh ch 5, ta c:
_

_
= 2c

LC
v

_

min
C
min

max
C
max

min

max
f =
1
2

LC
v

_
C
min
f
max
C
max
f
min
f
min
f f
max
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 60 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 8
PHNG PHP GII TON V PHN X NH SNG CA GNG PHNG
V GNG CU
CH 1.Cch v tia phn x trn gng phng ng vi mt tia ti cho ?
Phng php:
1.Cch 1:( p dng nh lut phn x nh sng)
+ V php tuyn IN ti im ti I, vi gc ti i =

SIN.
+ V tia phn x IR i xng vi SI: i

NIR = i
2.Cch 2:( Da vo mi lin h gia vt v nh)
+ Nu tia ti SI pht xut t im S th tia phn x c
phng qua nh o S

( i xng vi S qua gng).


+ Nu tia ti SI c phng qua vt o S ( sau gng) th
tia phn x trc tip qua nh tht ( trc gng).
CH 2.Cch nhn bit tnh cht "tht - o" ca vt hay nh( da vo cc chm
sng)
Phng php:
Nhn bit tnh cht "tht - o" ca vt: da vo tnh cht ca chm tia ti.
+ Chm tia ti phn k th vt tht.( vt trc gng).
+ Chm tia ti hi t th vt o.( vt sau gng).
Nhn bit tnh cht "tht - o" ca nh: da vo tnh cht
ca chm tia phn x.
+ Chm tia phn x hi t th nh tht.( nh trc gng).
+ Chm tia phn x phn k th nh o.( nh sau gng).
Ch : i vi gng phng, vt tht cho nh o v ngc li.
CH 3.Gng phng quay mt gc (quanh trc vung gc mt phng ti):
tm gc quay ca tia phn x?
Phng php:
nh l:( v gng quay):Khi gng quay mt gc quanh mt trc mp ti th tia
phn x quay mt gc = 2 cng chiu quay ca gng."
1.Cho tia ti c nh, xc nh chiu quay ca tia phn x:
Dng hnh hc: i

2
= i
2
= i
1
+
Suy ra, gc quay: =

RIR

= 2(i

2
i
1
) = 2
2.Cho bit SI = R, xc nh qung ng i ca nh S

:
ng i S

S, ng vi gc quay = 2 ca tia phn x.


Th.s Trn AnhTrung 61 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Vy: S

S = R
rad
= 2R
rad
3.Gng quay u vi vn tc gc : tm vn tc di ca nh?
v =
S

S
t
=
2R
rad
t
= 2R
CH 4.Xc nh nh to bi mt h gng c mt phn x hng vo nhau
Phng php:
Da vo hai nguyn tc:
1.Nguyn tc phn on: Chia qu trnh to nh thnh tng giai on, mi giai on
ch xt to nh trn mt gng.
2.Nguyn tc to nh lin tip: nh ca gng ny l vt ca gng kia.
C hai nhm lin tip
Nhm nh 1: S G
1

S
1
G
2

S
2
G
1

S
3

Nhm nh 2: S G
2

1
G
1

2
G
2

3

S nh l tng tt c cc nh ca hai h
H qa:
i vi h hai gng song song th s nh l v hn nu mt t ngoi hai gng v hu
hn nu mt t gia hai gng.
Nu hai gng hp nhau mt gc
Mi nhm nh, nu nh no nm sau gng th khng to nh na.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 62 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch : Ta chng minh c rng nu =
360
0
n
vi n l s nguyn dng th h c n 1 nh.
CH 5.Cch vn dng cng thc ca gng cu
Phng php:
Xt s to nh: AB
d=OA
G

=OA

p dng cc cng thc:


1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
(1) vi f =
R
2
Cng thc v phng i nh : k =
A

AB
=
d

d
(2)
Hay:
k =
f
d f
=
d

f
f
1.Cho bit d v AB: tm d

v cao nh A

T (1): d

=
df
d f
, nu d

> 0: nh tht; d

< 0 nh o.
T (2): ta suy ra c gi tr ca k, nu k > 0 nh vt cng chiu; k < 0 nh vt ngc
chiu.
cao ca nh: A

= [k[AB
2.Cho bit d

v A

: tm d v cao vt AB
T (1): d =
d

f
d

f
, nu d > 0: vt tht; d < 0 vt o.
cao ca vt: AB =
A

[k[
3.Cho bit v tr vt d v nh d

xc nh tiu c f:
T (1): f =
d

d
d +d

, nu f > 0: gng cu lm; f < 0 gng cu li.


4.Ch :
*i vi gng cu li: Vt tht lun cho nh o, cng chiu, nh hn vt, gn gng
hn vt.
*i vi gng cu lm: Vt tht nm trong OF lun cho nh o, cng chiu, nh hn
vt, xa gng hn vt.Vt tht nm ngoi OF lun cho nh tht, ngc chiu vi vt.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 63 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 6.Tm chiu v di ca mn nh khi bit chiu v di ca vt. H
qa?
Phng php:
1.Tm chiu v di ca mn nh khi bit chiu v di ca vt:
Cch 1:
Ta c:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
= const (*)
Do : khi d tng th d gim v ngc li.
Cch 2:
(*)d

=
df
d f
hay y =
ax
a x
o hm theo x: y

=
a
2
(a x)
2
< 0, vy hm s y = f(x) l hm nghch bin.
Kt lun:
Khi dch chuyn vt li gn gng cu mt on d = d
1
d
2
th dch chuyn m ra xa
gng cu mt on d

= d

2
d

1
, v ngc li.
2.H qa:
Ln 1: k
1
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
d
1
f
=
d

1
f
f
T ta suy ra d
1
( hay d

1
) theo k
1
v f
Ln 2: k
2
=
d

2
d
2
=
f
d
2
f
=
d

2
f
f
T ta suy ra d
2
( hay d

2
) theo k
2
v f
Thay vo dch chuyn ca vt ( hay dch chuyn ca nh) suy ra c f.
CH 7.Cho bit tiu c f v mt iu kin no v nh, vt: xc nh v tr
vt dv v tr nh d

Phng php:
1.Cho bit phng i k v f:
T (2) ta c: d

= kd,
thay vo (1):
1
d
+
1
kd
=
1
f
,
ta suy ra c phng trnh theo d, t suy ra d

.
2.Cho bit khong cch l = AA

:
Trong mi trng hp: l = AA

= [d

d[ d

= d l
Thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh:
1
d
+
1
d l
=
1
f
, ta suy ra c phng trnh theo d,
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 64 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
t suy ra d

.
Ch :nh trn mn l nh tht, nh nhn thy trong gng l nh o.
CH 8.Xc nh th trng ca gng ( gng cu li hay gng phng)
Phng php:
Gi M

l nh ca mt M qua gng, ta c s to nh:


M
d=OM
G

=OM

Th trng ca gng l phn khng gian trc gng, gii hn bi mt


phng gng v cc ng sinh v t M

ta ln chu vi ca gng.
1.i vi gng cu li:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
2. i vi gng phng: M

v M i xng nhau qua gng phng:


d

= d.
Gi l gc na hnh nn ca th trng: ta c : tg =
OM
[d

[
=
r
[d

[
, r
l bn knh ca gng.
Ch : 1

=
1
3500
rad
CH 9.Gng cu lm dng trong n chiu: tm h thc lin h gia vt sng
trn trn mn ( chn chm tia phn x) v kch thc ca mt gng
Phng php:
Gi S

l nh ca mt S( bng n) qua gng, ta c s to nh:


S
d=OS
G

=OS

1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
= OS

S dng hnh hc: xt cc tam gic ng dng suy ra mi quan h gia Dv D


0
Gi D
0
, D ln lt l ng knh ca gng v ca vc sng trn.
1.S

l nh o chm phn x l chm phn k.


D
D
0
=
[d

[ +L
[d

[
2.S

l nh tht chm phn x l chm hi t.


D
D
0
=
L d

3.Chm phn x l chm song song ( nh v cng)


D = D
0
CH 10.Xc nh nh ca vt to bi h "gng cu - gng phng"
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 65 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Xt 2 ln to nh:
AB
d
1
=O
1
A
G
1
( g.cu )

1
=O
1
A
1
A
1
B
1
d
2
=O
2
A
1
G
2
( g. phng )

A
2
B
2
d

2
=O
2
A
2
1.Trng hp gng phng vung gc vi trc chnh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
1
d
1
f
1
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
( lun nh vy)
Ln 2:
Ta c A
2
B
2
i xng vi A
1
B
1
qua gng phng, do d

2
= d
2
= d

1
+a
phng i k
2
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
2
=
d

2
d
2
= 1 (2) Vy: A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
2.Trng hp gng phng nghing mt gc 45
0
so vi trc chnh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
1
d
1
f
1
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
( lun nh vy)
Ln 2:
Ta c A
2
B
2
i xng vi A
1
B
1
qua gng phng, do : O
2
A
2
= O
2
A
1
;

A
1
O
2
A
2
=
2 45
0
= 90
0
Vy: A
2
B
2
song song vi trc chnh v A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
CH 11.Xc nh nh ca vt to bi h "gng cu - gng cu"
Phng php:
Xt 2 ln to nh:
AB
d
1
=O
1
A
1
G
1

1
=O
1
A
1
A
1
B
1
d
2
=O
2
A
1
G
2

A
2
B
2
d

2
=O
2
A
2
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
1
d
1
f
1
=
d

1
f
1
f
1
(1)
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
(2)( lun nh vy)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 66 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ln 2:
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
2
d

2
=
d
2
f
2
d
2
f
2
phng i: k
2
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
=
d

2
d
2
=
f
2
d
2
f
2
=
d

2
f
2
f
2
(3)
Ch : phng i nh cui cng:
k
h
=
A
2
B
2
AB
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
A
1
B
1
AB
= k
2
k
1
=
f
2
(d
2
f
2
)
f
1
(d
1
f
1
)
=
(d

2
f
2
)
f
2
(d

1
f
1
)
f
1
CH 12.Xc nh nh ca vt AB xa v cng to bi gng cu lm?
Phng php:
Xt s to nh:AB()
d=
O

V d = nn
1
d
= 0, t cng thc cart:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

= f
Vy nh A

nm trn mt phng tiu din ca gng cu lm. Gi


l gc trng ca vt qua gng.
Ta c: CA

: A

= CA

tg hay A

= f.tg f.
rad
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 67 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PH LC:
CCH XC NH TNH CHT NH CA VT QUA GNG CU
1.i vi gng cu lm:
2.i vi gng cu li:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 68 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 9
PHNG PHP GII TON V KHC X NH SNG, LNG CHT PHNG ( LCP)
BNG MT SONG SONG (BMSS), LNG KNH (LK)
CH 1. Kho st ng truyn ca tia sng n sc khi i t mi trng chit
quang km sang mi trng chit quang hn?
Phng php:
Lun c tia khc x gn php tuyn hn so vi tia ti
1.Mt phn cch l mt phng: p dng cng thc:
n
1
sin i = n
2
sinr sinr =
n
1
sini
n
2
Khi: i = 0th r = 0: Tia ti vung gc vi mt phn cch th tia l i thng.
2.Mt phn cch l mt cong: php tuyn ti im ti I l bn knh i qua im I.
CH 2. Kho st ng truyn ca tia sng n sc khi i t mi trng chit
quang hn sang mi trng chit quang km?
Phng php:
C th c tia khc x nhng cng c th c tia phn x tan phn
1.Mt phn cch l mt phng: p dng cng thc:
n
1
sin i = n
2
sinr sinr =
n
1
sini
n
2
Ta c: sini
gh
=
chit quang b
chit quang ln
=
n
1
n
2
Nu i < i
gh
th c hin tng khc x nh sng
Khi: i = 0th r = 0: Tia ti vung gc vi mt phn cch th tia l i thng.
Nu i i
gh
: Th c hin tng phn x ton phn : i = i

2.Mt phn cch l mt cong: php tuyn ti im ti I l bn knh i qua im I.


Th.s Trn AnhTrung 69 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 3. Cch v tia khc x ( ng vi tia ti cho) qua mt phng phn cch
gia hai mi trng bng phng php hnh hc?
Phng php:
1.Cch v tia khc x
a. V tia khc x thng :(n
1
< n
2
)
*Trong mi trng khc x (n
2
) v hai
na ng trn: (I, n
1
); (I, n
2
)
* Ni di SI ct vng trn (I, n
1
) ti J.
H JHmp(P), ct vng trn (I, n
2
)
K. Tia IK chnh l tia khc x,
Tht vy:
IJH : IH = IJ sini = n
1
sini
IKH : IH = IK sinr = n
2
sinr
Vy: n
1
sini = n
2
sin r
b. V tia khc x gii hn :
Ta c: IH
0
K
0
: sini
gh
=
IH
IK
0
=
n
1
n
2
2.Cch v tia ti gii hn ton phn
*Trong mi trng ti (n
1
) v hai na
ng trn: (I, n
1
); (I, n
2
)
* T H
0
v ng vung gc mp(P) , ct
(I, n
1
) S
0
*S
0
I chnh l tia ti gii hn ton phn(
ng vi tia l IK
0
l st mt phn cch)
Ta c: S
0
IH
0
: sini
gh
=
IH
0
IS
0
=
n
2
n
1
CH 4. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua LCP ?
Phng php:
Lng cht phng (LCP) l mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit
sut n
1
, n
2
t: d = SH: khong cch t mt phn cch n vt; d

=
S

H :khong cch t mt phn cch n nh.


Ta c:
_

_
SHI : tgi =
HI
SH
sin i =
HI
d
S

HI : tgr =
HI
S

H
sin r =
HI
d

Vy:
sini
sinr
=
d

d
Ta c: n
1
sini = n
2
sinr
sini
sinr
=
n
2
n
1
Vy ta c cng thc:
d

d
=
n
2
n
1
(*)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 70 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Nu n
1
> n
2
: nh sng i t mi trng chic quang hn sang mi trng chic quang
km: (*) d

< d , nh S

nm di vt S.
Nu n
1
< n
2
: nh sng i t mi trng chic quang km sang mi trng chic quang
hn: (*) d

> d , nh S

nm trn vt S.
CH 5. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua BMSS ?
Phng php:
Bn mng song song (BMSS) l h thng hai LCP.
1. di nh
Gi S

l nh ca S qua BMSS, di nh l : = SS

Ta c: = SS

= II

= IH I

H = e I

H
M: JH = I

Htgi = IHtgr hay I

H sin i = IH sinr

IH
I

H
=
sini
sinr
= n I

H =
IH
n
=
e
n
Vy: = SS

= e
_
1
1
n
_
Ch : Khong di nh khng ph thuc vo v tr t vt. nh lun di theo chiu
nh sang ti.
2. di ngang ca tia sng
Khi tia sng qua BMSS th khng i phng, nhng di ngang. di ngang ca tia
sng l khong cch gia tia ti v tia l: d = IM
Xt: IJM : d = IM = IJ sin(i r)
Ta c:IJN : cos r =
IN
IJ
IJ =
IN
cos r
=
e
cos r
Vy: d =
e sin(i r)
cos r
CH 6. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h LCP- gng phng ?
Phng php:
1.Vt A - LCP - Gng phng
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
HA
1
HA
=
n
n
0
= n HA
1
= nHA
Ln 2: A
2
i xng vi A
1
qua gng phng:
Ta c: KA
2
= KA
1
= KH +HA
1
= e +nHA
Ln 3:
HA
3
HA
2
=
n
0
n
=
1
n
Vi: HA
2
= HK +KA
2
= 2e +nHA HA
3
=
2e
n
+HA
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 71 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Vt A nm gia LCP- Gng phng
Xt hai kh nng to nh
nh A

: A qua LCP(nc-kk) cho nh l A

HA

HA
=
n
0
n
=
1
n
HA

=
HA
n
nh A

: A qua G
p
cho nh A
1
qua LCP(nc-kk) cho nh A
Ln 1: A
1
i xng vi A qua gng phng:
Ta c: KA
1
= KA
Ln 2:
HA
HA
1
=
n
0
n
=
1
n
HA
CH 7. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h LCP- gng cu ?
Phng php:
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
HA
1
HA
=
n
n
0
= n HA
1
= nHA
Ln 2: d
2
= OA
1
; d

2
= OA
2
= OH +HA
2
p dng cng thc:
1
d
2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
d

2
Ln 3:
HA
3
HA
2
=
n
0
n
=
1
n
HA
3
Ch : Trng hp cht lng rt mng: H O
Lc : d
2
= OA
1
= HA
1
= nHA = nOA;
d

2
= OA
2
1 = HA
2
= nHA

= nOA

Vy:
1
d
2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
=
1
nOA
+
1
nOA

=
1
f
Hay:
1
OA
+
1
OA

=
1
f
n
, c dng:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f

Vy h tng ng vi gng cu lm c tiu c: f

=
f
n
CH 8. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS ghp st nhau?
Phng php:
Khong di nh: = SS
i
= SS
1
+S
1
S
2
+S
2
S
3
+ +S
i1
S
i
=
1
+
2
+
3
+ +
i
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 72 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 9. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS - gng phng ghp song
song?
Phng php:
1.Vt S - BMSS - Gng phng
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1: Khong di nh: = SS
1
= e
_
1
1
n
_
Di theo chiu nh sng ti.
Ln 2: S
2
i xng vi S
1
qua gng phng:
Ta c: KS
2
= KS
1
= KS
Ln 3: Khong di nh: = S
2
S
3
= e
_
1
1
n
_
Di theo chiu nh sng phn x.
Vi: KS
3
= KS
2

2.Vt S nm gia BMSS - Gng phng


Xt hai kh nng to nh
nh S

: S qua BMSS cho nh l S

Khong di nh: = SS

= e
_
1
1
n
_
nh A

: S qua G
p
cho nh S
1
qua BMSS cho nh S
Ln 1: S
1
i xng vi S qua gng phng:
Ta c: KS
1
= KS
Ln 2: Khong di nh: = SS
1
= e
_
1
1
n
_
Do : KS = KS
CH 10. Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h nhiu BMSS - gng cu?
Phng php:
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1: Khong di nh: = AA
1
= e
_
1
1
n
_
Di theo chiu nh sng ti.
A
1
B
1
= AB
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 73 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ln 2: Ta c: d
2
= OA
p dng cng thc:
1
d
2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
Hay: d

2
=
d
2
f
d
2
f
phng i: k =
d

2
d
2
=
f
d
2
f
Ln 3: Khong di nh: = A
2
A
3
= e
_
1
1
n
_
Di theo chiu nh sng phn x. A
3
B
3
= A
2
B
2
CH 11. Cho lng knh (A,n) v gc ti i
1
ca chm sng: xc nh gc lch D?
Phng php:
1.Tm r
1
: sinr
1
= nsini
1
2.Tm r
2
: A = r
1
+r
2
3.Tm i
2
: sini
2
= nsinr
2
4.Tm D: D = i
1
+i
2
A
Ch : Nu lng knh c gc chit quang A v gc ti i b: D = (n 1)A
rad
CH 12. Cho lng knh (A,n) xc nh i
1
D = min?
Phng php:
1.Cho A,n: xc nh i
1
D = min, D
min
?
Da vo tnh cht:Gc lch D= min khi tia ti v tia l i xng nhau qua phn gic ca
gc A.
Lc o: i
1
= i
2
= i; r
1
= r
2
= r
Thay vo Ch 11 ta c: D
min
= 2i A
2.Cho Av D
min
: xc nh n?
Lc ny ta c: r
1
=
A
2
; i
1
=
D
min
+A
2
Thay vo: n =
sin
D
min
+A
2
sin
A
2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 74 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
3.Ch :
Trng hp lng knh c D = min. Nu gi tia ti SI c nh, quay
lng knh mt gc quanh mt trc vi gc nh: tm chiu quay ca tia
l ( theo chiu quay ca LK)
V: D = (SI, JR) vi SI c nh, vy D thay i th tia l JR thay
i.
V D = min nn gc D khng th gim, m ch tng. Vy tia l JR
lun quay theo chiu kim ng h ( v pha y BC D tng) d quay
LK bt k hng no.
CH 13. Xc nh iu kin c tia l ra khi LK?
Phng php:
1.iu kin v gc chic quang
Ta c: A = r
1
+r
2
(1)
Do i
1
90
0
nn: sinr
1
=
sini
1
n

1
n
sini
gh
r
1
i
gh
khng c tia l ra AC: r
2
i
gh
Vy:(1) A 2i
gh
2.iu kin v gc ti
Mun tia l khng ra khi AC ta c r
2
i
gh
(1) r
2
= Ar
1
i
gh
r
1
Ai
gh
Ta c : sin i
1
= nsinr
1
nsin (Ai
gh
) = sin vi sin = nsin (Ai
gh
)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 75 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 10
PHNG PHP GII TON V THU KNH
V H QUANG HC NG TRC VI THU KNH
CH 1.Xc nh loi thu knh ?
Phng php:
1.Cn c vo s lin h v tnh cht, v tr, ln gia vt - nh:
. i vi thu knh hi t
+ Vt tht, ngoi OF nh tht, ngoi OF

, ngc chiu vi vt.


+ Vt tht, trong OF nh o, xa thu knh, ln hn vt, cng chiu vi vt.
+ Vt onh tht, trong OF

, nh hn vt, ngc chiu vi vt.


. i vi thu knh phn k
+ Vt thtnh o, gn thu knh, nh hn vt, cng chiu vi vt.
+ Vt o, trong OF nh tht, xa thu knh, ln hn vt, cng chiu vi vt.
+ Vt o,ngoi OF nh o, ngc chiu vi vt.
2.Cn c vo ng truyn ca tia sng qua thu knh:
Nu tia l lch gn trc chnh so vi tia ti th thu knh l hi t.
Nu tia l lch xa trc chnh so vi tia ti th thu knh l phn k.
3.Cn c vo cng thc ca thu knh:
p dng cng thc:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
f =
dd

d +d

Nu f > 0 th thu knh hi t, nu f < 0 th thu knh phn k.


CH 2.Xc nh t ca thu knh khi bit tiu c, hay chic sut ca mi
trng lm thu knh v bn knh ca cc mt cong.
Phng php:
1.Khi bit tiu c f
p dng cng thc: D =
1
f
Nu thu knh hi t: D > 0, thu knh phn k: D < 0
2.Khi bit chic sut ca mi trng lm thu knh v bn knh ca cc mt cong
a. Nu thu knh t trong mi trng khng kh:
D =
1
f
= (n 1)
_
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
_
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 76 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
b. Nu thu knh t trong mi trng c chic sut n

:
D

=
1
f
=
_
n
n

1
__
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
_
Ch :
_

_
R > 0 mt li
R < 0 mt lm
R = mt phng
CH 3.Cho bit tiu c f v mt iu kin no v nh, vt: xc nh v tr
vt d v v tr nh d

Phng php:
p dng cng thc:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
(1) v k =
d

d
(2)
1.Cho bit phng i k v f:
T (2) ta c: d

= kd, thay vo (1):


1
d
+
1
kd
=
1
f
, ta suy ra c
phng trnh theo d, t suy ra d

.
2.Cho bit khong cch l = AA

:
Trong mi trng hp: l = AA

= [d

+d[ d

+d = l
Thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh:
1
d
+
1
d l
=
1
f
, ta suy ra c
phng trnh theo d, t suy ra d

.
CH 4.Xc nh nh ca mt vt AB xa v cc
Phng php:
Xt s to nh:
V d = nn
1
d
= 0, t cng thc cart:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

= f
Vy nh A

nm trn mt phng tiu din ca thu knh. Gi l


gc trng ca vt qua thu knh.
Ta c: OA

: A

= OA

tg hay A

= [f[.tg [f[.
rad
Nu f > 0 d

> 0 nh tht. Nu f < 0 d

< 0 nh o.
CH 5.Trng hp hai v tr thu knh hi t cho t mt vt AB, hai nh trn
cng mt mn chn.
Phng php:
Xt s to nh:
Ta c: L = d +d

= L d, thay vo cng thc:


1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 77 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ta c phng trnh: d
2
Ld +Lf = 0 ()
1.Cho bit khong cch "vt - nh" L, xc nh hai v tr t thu knh:
T (*): = L
2
4Lf = L(L 4f) , iu kin phng trnh (*) c nghim:
0 L 4f
Nghim c dng:
_

_
d
1
=
L
_
L
2
4Lf
2
d

1
=
L +
_
L
2
4Lf
2
d
2
=
L +
_
L
2
4Lf
2
d

2
=
L
_
L
2
4Lf
2
Ch : Ta thy d
1
= d

2
; d

1
= d
2
do hai v tr t thu knh i xng
nhau qua trung im I ca khong cch t vt n mn.
2.Cho bit khong cch "vt - nh" L, v khong cch gia hai v
tr, tm f:
Ta c: l = O
1
O
2
= d

1
d

2
, l =
_
L
2
4Lf hay f =
L
2
l
2
4L
CH 6.Vt hay thu knh di chuyn, tm chiu di chuyn ca nh?
Phng php:
1.Thu knh (O) c nh: di vt gn ( hay xa) thu knh, tm chiu chuyn di ca
nh:
p dng cng thc:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
Ly o hm hai v theo d:
d

d
=
f
2
(d f)
2
< 0, do d v d

l nghch bin.
a. Vt tht (d > 0) cho nh tht(d

> 0):
Khi AB di chuyn gn thu knh (d gim) th nh di chuyn ra xa thu knh (d

tng).
Vy nh di cng chiu vi vt.
b. Vt tht cho nh o:
Khi AB di chuyn di gn thu knh (d gim) th nh di chuyn xa thu knh (d

tng),
m d

< 0 nn [d

[ tng.
Vy: nh o di cng chiu vt.
2.Vt AB c nh, cho nh A

trn mn, di thu knh


hi t, tm chiu chuyn di ca mn:
S dch chuyn ca mn nh ty thuc vo s bin thin
ca L = d +d

= d +
df
d f
hay L =
d
2
d f
, ly o hm
theo d:
L
d
=
d(d 2f)
(d f)
2
Kho st s bin thin L theo d suy ra chiu chuyn di ca m ( theo chiu chuyn di
ca thu knh).
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 78 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 8.Lin h gia kch thc vt sng trn trn mn( chn chm l) v kch
thc ca mt thu knh.
Phng php:
Gi S

l nh im sng S qua thu knh, ta c s to nh:


1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
= OS

S dng hnh hc: xt cc tam gic ng dng suy ra mi quan h gia Dv D


0
Vi D
0
, D ln lt l ng knh ca thu knh v ca vt sng trn.
1.Vt tht S cho nh S

l nh tht chm l l chm hi t.


D
D
0
=
d

l
d

2.Vt tht S cho nh S

l nh o chm l l chm phn k.


D
D
0
=
[d

[ +l
[d

[
3.Vt o S cho nh S

l nh tht chm ti, chm l l chm hi t.


D
D
0
=
l d

CH 9.H nhiu thu knh mng ghp ng trc vi nhau, tm tiu c ca h.


Phng php:
H nhiu thu knh mng ghp st nhau, nn c xem l c cng quang tm O. p
dng nh l v t: " t ca h nhiu thu knh mng ghp st nhau ( ng trc) bng
tng i s t ca cc thu knh thnh phn"
D
h
= D
1
+D
2
+ +D
n

1
f
h
=
1
f
1
+
1
f
2
+ +
1
f
n
Nu f
h
> 0 th h thu knh l hi t. Nu f
h
< 0 th h thu knh l phn k.
CH 10.Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h " thu knh- LCP".
Phng php: Phn bit hai trng hp
1.Trng hp: AB - TK - LCP
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 79 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k =
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
A
1
B
1
= [k[AB.
Ln 2:
HA
2
HA
1
=
n
n
0
= n vi HA
1
= OA
1
OH v A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
2.Trng hp: AB - LCP - TK
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
HA
1
HA
=
1
n
HA
1
=
HA
n
v AB = A
1
B
1
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= OA
1
= OH +HA
1
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
d

2
=
d
2
f
d
2
f
phng i: k =
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
=
d

2
d
2
A
2
B
2
= [k[A
1
B
1
.
CH 11.Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h " thu knh- BMSS".
Phng php: Phn bit hai trng hp
1.Trng hp: AB - TK - BMSS
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k =
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
A
1
B
1
= [k[AB.
Ln 2:
Khong di nh: A
1
A
2
= B
1
B
2
= = e
_
1
1
n
_
, theo chiu nh sng.
Do :OA
2
= OA
1
+A
1
A
2
, hay OA
2
= d

1
+ v A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 80 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Trng hp: AB - LCP - TK
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
Khong di nh: AA
1
= BB
1
= = e
_
1
1
n
_
, theo chiu nh sng. V A
1
B
1
= AB
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= OA
1
= OA
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
d

2
=
d
2
f
d
2
1 f
phng i: k =
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
=
d

2
d
2
Vy A
2
B
2
= [k[A
1
B
1
.
CH 12.Xc nh nh ca mt vt qua h hai thu knh ghp ng trc.
Phng php:
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
(1)
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
1
d
1
f
1
=
d

1
f
1
f
1
(2)
Ln 2:
Ta lun c: d
2
= a d

1
(3)
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
2
d

2
=
d
2
f
2
d
2
f
2
(4)
phng i: k
2
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
=
d

2
d
2
=
f
2
d
2
f
2
=
d

2
f
2
f
2
(5)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 81 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ch : phng i nh ca h:
k
h
=
A
2
B
2
AB
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
A
1
B
1
AB
= k
2
.k
1
=
d

2
d
2
d

1
d
1
=
f
2
(d
2
f
2
)
f
1
(d
1
f
1
)
=
(d

2
f
2
)
f
2
(d

1
f
1
)
f
1
CH 13.Hai thu knh ng trc tch ri nhau: xc nh gii hn ca a = O
1
O
2
(
hoc d
1
= O
1
A) nh A
2
B
2
nghim ng mt iu kin no ( nh nh tht, nh o,
cng chu hay ngc chiu vi vt AB).
Phng php:
1.Trng hp A
2
B
2
l tht ( hay o )
Xt hai ln to nh nh ch 12
a. Nu A
1
B
1
c nh, (O
2
) di ng:
T phng trnh (1), (3), (4) ta thit lp c biu thc d

2
theo a
Lp bng xt du d

2
theo a, A
2
B
2
l nh tht th d

2
> 0 , nu A
2
B
2
l nh o d

2
< 0,
t suy ra gii hn ca a.
b. Nu (O
1
, O
2
) c nh,AB di ng:
T phng trnh (1), (3), (4) ta thit lp c biu thc d

2
theo d
1
.
Lp bng xt du d

2
theo d
1
, A
2
B
2
l nh tht th d

2
> 0 , nu A
2
B
2
l nh o d

2
< 0,
t suy ra gii hn ca d
1
.
2.Trng hp A
2
B
2
cng chiu hay ngc chiu vi vt
Xt hai ln to nh nh ch 12
T phng trnh (2), (5) ta thit lp c biu thc k
h
theo a hoc d
1
.
Nu A
2
B
2
cng chiu vi AB th k
h
> 0.
Nu A
2
B
2
ngc chiu vi AB th k
h
< 0
CH 14.Hai thu knh ng trc tch ri nhau: xc nh khong cch a = O
1
O
2
nh cui cng khng ph thuc vo v tr vt AB.
Phng php:
T ch 12 ta thit lp biu thc k
h
theo d
1
v theo a
k
h
=
f
1
f
2
d
1
[a (f
1
+f
2
)] f
1
(a f
2
)
k
h
khng ph thuc vo d
1
th h s ng vi d
1
phi trit tiu.
Ta c iu kin: a (f
1
+f
2
) = 0 hay a = f
1
+f
2
Ch : C th nhn c kt qa bng cch xem h thu knh l v tiu, ngha l F

1
F
2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 82 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 15.Xc nh nh ca vt cho bi h "thu knh - gng phng".
Phng php:
1.Trng hp gng phng vung gc vi trc chnh:
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
d

1
=
d
1
f
d
1
f
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
d
1
f
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
( lun nh vy)
Ta c A
2
B
2
i xng vi A
1
B
1
qua gng phng, do d

2
= d
2
= d

1
a
phng i k
2
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
2
=
d

2
d
2
= 1 Vy: A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
Ln 3:
Ta c: d
3
= a d

2
1
d3
+
1
d

3
=
1
f
d

3
=
d
3
f
d
3
f
phng i: k
3
=
A
3
B
3
A
2
B
2
=
d

3
d
3
=
f
d
3
f
Ch : phng i nh ca h:
k
h
=
A
3
B
3
AB
=
A
3
B
3
A
2
B
2
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
A
1
B
1
AB
= k
3
.k
2
.k
1
=
d

3
d
3
d

1
d
1
2.Trng hp gng phng nghing mt gc 45
0
so vi trc chnh:
Xt 2 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d

1
=
d
1
f
1
d
1
f
1
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
1
d
1
f
1
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
( lun nh vy)
Ln 2:
Ta c A
2
B
2
i xng vi A
1
B
1
qua gng phng, do : O
2
A
2
= O
2
A
1
;

A
1
O
2
A
2
=
2 45
0
= 90
0
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 83 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Vy: A
2
B
2
song song vi trc chnh v A
2
B
2
= A
1
B
1
3.Trng hp gng phng ghp xc thu knh ( hay thu knh m bc):
Thc hin nh trng hp 1
Nhng ch :
a = 0. Lc : d
2
= d

1
; d

2
= d
2
; d
3
= d

2
d
3
= d

1
Vy:
1
d
1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
(1)
v
1
d
3
+
1
d

3
=
1
f
hay
1
d
3

1
d

1
=
1
f
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v ta c phng trnh:
1
d
1
+
1
d

3
=
2
f
=
1
f
h
y l cng thc ca gng cu li ( hay lm): f
h
=
f
2
4.Trng hp vt AB t trong khong gia thu knh v gng phng:
Phn bit hai trng hp:
a. nh A

cho bi thu knh:


xt mt ln to nh
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
phng i: k =
A

AB
=
d

d
=
f
d f
b. nh A

cho bi gng- thu knh: xt hai ln to nh


Ln 1:
Ta c A
1
B
1
i xng vi AB qua gng phng, do :
d
1
= O

A = a OA; d

1
= d
1
= d a; A
1
B
1
= AB
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
= 2a d
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
d

2
=
d
2
f
d
2
f
phng i: k
2
=
d

2
d
2
=
AB
A
1
B
1
CH 16.Xc nh nh ca vt cho bi h "thu knh - gng cu".
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 84 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
1.Trng hp vt AB t trc h " thu knh- gng cu":
Xt 3 ln to nh:
Ln 1:
1
d1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
d

1
=
d
1
f
d
1
f
(1) phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
=
f
d
1
f
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
( lun nh vy)
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
c
(2) d

2
=
d
2
f
c
d
2
f
c
phng i: k
2
=
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
=
d

2
d
2
=
f
c
d
2
f
c
Ln 3:
Ta c: d
3
= a d

2
1
d3
+
1
d

3
=
1
f
(3) d

3
=
d
3
f
d
3
f
phng i: k
3
=
A
3
B
3
A
2
B
2
=
d

3
d
3
=
f
d
3
f
Ch : phng i nh ca h:
k
h
=
A
3
B
3
AB
=
A
3
B
3
A
2
B
2
A
2
B
2
A
1
B
1
A
1
B
1
AB
= k
3
.k
2
.k
1
=
_
d

3
d
3
d

2
d
2
d

1
d
1
_
2.Trng hp h "thu knh- gng cu" ghp st nhau:
Ta c: a = O
1
O
2
= 0, do : ta c: d

2
= d
1
; d

3
= d
2
T (1), (2), (3) ta c h phng trnh:
_

_
1
d
1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f
1
d
2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
c
1
d
3
+
1
d

3
=
1
f

_
1
d
1
+
1
d

1
=
1
f

1
d

1
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
c

1
d

2
+
1
d

3
=
1
f
Cng v theo v, ta c:
1
d
1
+
1
d

3
=
2
f
+
1
f
c
t :
1
f
h
=
2
f
+
1
f
c
, ta c:
1
d
1
+
1
d

3
=
1
f
h
Vy: h cho tng ng vi thu knh, c tiu c f
h
.
3.Trng hp vt AB t gia thu knh v gng cu:
Phn bit hai trng hp:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 85 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
a. nh A

cho bi thu knh:


xt mt ln to nh
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d

=
df
d f
phng i: k =
A

AB
=
d

d
=
f
d f
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 86 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
b. nh A

cho bi gng- thu knh: xt hai ln to nh


Ln 1:
d
1
= a d
d

1
=
d
1
f
c
d
1
f
c
phng i: k
1
=
A
1
B
1
AB
=
d

1
d
1
Ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
1
d2
+
1
d

2
=
1
f
d

2
=
d
2
f
d
2
f
phng i: k
2
=
d

2
d
2
=
AB
A
1
B
1
Ch :Nu nh cui cng c cao khng i khi dch chuyn dc theo trc chnh: tc
l nh B
3
chy trn tia phn x cui cng song song vi trc chnh khi vt B chy trn tia ti
song song vi trc chnh. Bi ton quy v: Mt vt v cng qua h cho nh v cng
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 87 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PH LC:
CCH XC NH TNH CHT NH CA VT QUA THU KNH
1.i vi thu knh hi t:
2.i vi thu knh phn k:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 88 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 11
PHNG PHP GII TON V MT
V CC DNG C QUANG HC B TR CHO MT
CH 1.My nh: cho bit gii hn khong t phim, tm gii hn t vt?
Phng php:
Xt s to nh:
p dng cng thc:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d =
d

f
Khi: d

min
d

max
thay vo trn ta c d
min
d d
max
CH 2.My nh chp nh ca mt vt chuyn ng vung gc vi trc chnh.
Tnh khong thi gian ti a m ca sp ca ng knh nh khng b nho.
Phng php:
Gi t l thi gian m ca sp.Vt A di c mt an s = v.t. nh di c mt on
s

= A

1
.
Ta c: k =
s

s
=
d

d
=
f
d f
s

= [k[.s = [k[.v.t
Gi e l nhe cho php trn phim. iu kin cho nh r :
s

e [k[.v.t e hay: t
max
=
e
v.[k[
CH 3.Mt cn th: xc nh t ca knh cha mt? Tm im cc cn mi

c
khi eo knh cha?
Phng php:
a.Cch cha: Ngi phi eo thu knh phn k c t thch hp sao cho nhn r
vt v cng khng iu tit.
S to nh:
Ta c:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
k
hay f
k
= d

= OC
v
t: D
k
=
1
f
k
b.im cc cn mi:
im cc cn c C
c
l nh o ca im cc cn mi
c
khi eo knh.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 89 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Xt s to nh:
Ta c: d = OA = O
c
; d

= OA

= OC
c
, vy: d =
d

f
d

f
CH 4.Mt vin th: xc nh t ca knh cha mt? Tm im cc cn mi

c
khi eo knh cha?
Phng php:
a.Cch cha: Ngi phi eo thu knh hi t c t thch hp sao cho nhn r vt
gn nh mt ngi bnh thng.
S to nh:
Ta c:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
k
f
k
=
dd

d +d

t: D
k
=
1
f
k
b.im cc cn mi: im cc cn c C
c
l nh o ca im cc cn mi
c
khi eo
knh.
Ta c: d = OA = O
c
; d

= OA

= OC
c
, vy: d =
d

f
d

f
CH 5.Knh lp: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic. Xc nh kch
thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh lp
Phng php:
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh lp:
Xt s to nh:
Ta c: d = OA; d

= OA

Th.s Trn AnhTrung 90 Luyn thi i hc


Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
p dng:
1
d
+
1
d

=
1
f
d =
d

f
d

f
(1)
phng i: k =
d

d
(2)
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: cho A

C
c
nn d

c
= O
L
C
c
= (OC
c
l);
(1) d
c
=
d

c
f
d

c
f
*Khi ngm chng cc vin: cho A

C
v
nn d

v
= O
L
C
v
= (OC
v
l);
(1) d
v
=
d

v
f
d

v
f
Vy: Phm vi ngm chng ca knh lp: d
c
d d
v
; hay khong ngm chng:
d = d
v
d
c
Ch : Nu mt khng tt th C
v
= d
v
= f
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh lp:
Ta c, bi gic tng qut: G =

tg
tg
0
(2)
Vi tg
0
=
AB
OC
c
=
AB

; tg =
A

OA

=
A

[d

[ +l
Thay vo (2): G =
A

AB

[d

[ +l
= [k[.

[d

[ +l
(3)
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: [d

[ +l = ; (3) G
c
= [k
c
[ =

c
d
c

*Khi ngm chng cc vin: [d

[ +l = OC
v
; (3) G
v
= [k
v
[.

OC
v
vi [k
v
[ =

v
d
v

*Khi ngm chng v cng: G

=

f
*Ch :Nu mt t ti tiu im nh F

ca knh lp th:
Ta c: l = f; [d

[ =
df
d f
hay d

=
df
f d
k =
d

d
=
f
f d
, thay vo (3) ta c:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 91 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
G =
f
(f d)
_
fd
f d
+f
_ =

f
Vy: khi mt t ti tiu im ca knh lp, bi gic ca knh lp khng ph thuc
vo v tr t vt.
3.Xc nh kch thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh lp:
Gi l gc trng nh qua knh lp (L).
Ta c: tg =
A

[d

[ +l
=
k.AB
[d

[ +l

rad
(4)
iu kin mt c th phn bit c vt AB l:
min
( nng sut phn ly ca
mt).
(4)
k.AB
[d

[ +l

min
AB
[d

[ +l
k

min
Hay AB
min
[d

[ +l
k

min
*Khi ngm chng v cc: tg =
AB
f
AB
min
= f.
min
CH 6.Knh hin vi: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic. Xc nh
kch thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh hin vi
Phng php:
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh hin vi:
Xt s to nh:
Xt ln 2:
Ta c: d
2
=
d

2
f
2
d

2
f
2
(1)
Xt ln 1:
Ta c: d
2
= a d

1
d

1
= a d
2
(2)
Ta c: d
1
=
d

1
f
1
d

1
f
1
(3)
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: cho A

C
c
nn d

2c
= O
2
C
c
;
(1) d
2c
(2) d

1c
; (3) d
1c
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 92 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: cho A

C
v
nn d

2v
= O
2
C
v
;
(1) d
2v
(2) d

1v
; (3) d
1v
Vy: Phm vi ngm chng ca knh hin vi: d
1c
d
1
d
1v
; hay khong ngm chng:
d
1
= d
1v
d
1c
Ch : Nu mt khng tt th C
v
=
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh hin vi:
Ta c, bi gic tng qut: G =

tg
tg
0
(2)
Vi tg
0
=
AB
OC
c
=
AB

; tg =
A
2
B
2
OA
2
=
A
2
B
2
[d

2
[
Thay vo (2): G =
A
2
B
2
AB

[d

2
[
= [k
1
.k
2
[.

[d

2
[
(3)
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: [d

2
[ = ; (3) G
c
= [k
1c
k
2c
[ .
Vi: k
1c
=
d

1c
d
1c
; k
2c
=
d

2c
d
2c
*Khi ngm chng cc vin: [d

2
[ = OC
v
; (3) G
v
= [k
1v
k
2v
[.

OC
v
Vi: k
1v
=
d

1v
d
1v
; k
2v
=
d

2v
d
2v
*Khi ngm chng v cng: G

=

f
1
.f
2
hoc G

= [k
1
[G
2
.
Trong : = a (f
1
+f
2
)
3.Xc nh kch thc nh nht ca vt AB
min
m mt phn bit c qua knh hin
vi:
Gi l gc trng nh qua knh hin vi .
Ta c: tg =
A
1
B
1
d
2
=
k
1
.AB
d
2
=
d

1
d
1
.
AB
d
2

rad
(4)
iu kin mt c th phn bit c vt AB l:
min
( nng sut phn ly ca
mt).
(4)
d

1
d
1
.
AB
d
2

min
AB
d
1
d
2
d

min
Hay AB
min
=
d
1
d
2
d

min
*Khi ngm chng v cc: tg =
A
1
B
1
f
2
=
k
1
.AB
f
2
AB
min
=
f
2
k
1
.
min
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 93 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 7.Knh thin vn: xc nh phm vi ngm chng v bi gic?
Phng php:
1.Xc nh phm vi ngm chng ca knh thin vn:
Phm vi ngm chng l khong di ca th knh O
2
a nh o A
2
B
2
vo gii hn
nhn r ca mt.
Xt s to nh:
V : d
1
= nn d

1
= f
1
; m d
2
= a d

1
nn:
a = f
1
+d
2
(1)
*Khi ngm chng cc cn:
cho A

C
c
nn d

2c
= OC
c
;
d
2c
=
d

2c
f
2
d

2c
f
2
(1) a
c
= f
1
+d
2c
*Khi ngm chng cc cn: cho A

C
v
nn d

2v
= OC
v
;
d
2v
=
d

2v
f
2
d

2v
f
2
(1) a
v
= f
1
+d
2v
Vy: Phm vi ngm chng ca knh hin vi: a
c
a a
v
; hay khong ngm chng:
a = a
v
a
c
Ch : Nu mt khng tt th C
v
=
2.Xc nh bi gic ca knh thin vn:
Ta c: G =

tg
tg
0
Vi: tg =
A
1
B
1
d
2
; tg
0
=
A
1
B
1
f
1
Vy: G =
f
1
d
2
* Khi ngm chng cc cn: G
c
=
f
1
d
2c
* Khi ngm chng cc vin: G
v
=
f
1
d
2v
*Khi ngm chng v cng: G

=
f
1
f
2
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 94 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 12
PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG
CH 1.S tn sc chm sng trng qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng:
kho st chm khc x? Tnh gc lch bi hai tia khc x n sc?
Phng php:
Ta c: n

n n
tm
M : =
c
n
do :


tm
Ta c: sini = nsin r do : sinr =
sini
n
Vy: r

r r
tm
Vy: Chm khc x c mu cu vng xe ra: tia lch t nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht.
Gc lch bi hai tia: r = r

r
tm
CH 2.Chm sng trng qua LK: kho st chm tia l?
Phng php:
Ta c: sini
1
= nsinr
1
sin r
1
=
sini
1
n
Vy: r
1
r
1
r
1tm
M: A = r
1
+r
2
r
2
= Ar
1
r
2
r
2
r
2tm
Qua AC: ta c: nsin r
2
= sini
2
vy: i
2
i i
2tm
Vy: Chm khc x c mu cu vng xe ra: tia lch t nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht
CH 3.Xc nh gc hp bi hai tia l ( , tm)ca chm cu vng ra khi
LK. Tnh b rng quang ph trn mn?
Phng php: Da vo gc lch: D = D
tm
D

1.Trng hp LK c gc chit quang nh: D = (n 1)A


rad
Vy: D = (n
tm
n

)
2.Trng hp A ln: D = i
1
+i
2
A
Vy: D = (i
2tm
i
2
)
3.B rng quang ph: D = tgD =
l
d
Vy: l = d.D
CH 4.Chm tia ti song song c b rng a cha hai bt x truyn qua BMSS:
kho st chm tia l? Tnh b rng cc i a
max
hai chm tia l tch ri nhau?
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 95 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Do tnh cht BMSS: hai chm tia l l hai chm song song. Mun hai chm tia l tch
ri nhau ta c:I
1
J
1
I
1
I
2
= HI
2
HI
1
Hay:
a
cos i
e(tgr
2
tgr
1
) a
max
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 96 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 13
PHNG PHP GII TON V GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG
CH 1.Xc nh bc sng khi bit khong vn i, a,, D
Phng php:
p dng cng thc: i =
D
a
=
a.i
D
Ch :
1m = 10
6
m = 10
3
mm
1nm = 10
9
m = 10
6
mm
1pm = 10
12
m = 10
9
mm
1A
0
= 10
10
m = 10
7
mm
Ch : Cho n khong vn trn chiu di l: Ta c: n =
l
i
+ 1 i =
l
n 1
CH 2.Xc nh tnh cht sng (ti) v tm bc giao thoa ng vi mi im trn
mn?
Phng php:
*Tnh khong vn i: i =
D
a
*Lp t: p =
x
M
i
Nu: p = k( nguyn) th: x
M
= ki: M l vn sng bc k.
Nu: p = k +
1
2
(bn nguyn) th: x
M
=
_
k +
1
2
_
i: M l vn ti th k 1.
CH 3.Tm s vn sng v vn ti quang st c trn min giao thoa
Phng php:
*Tnh khong vn i: i =
D
a
; Chia na min giao thao: l = OP =
PQ
2
*Lp t: p =
OP
i
= k(nguyn) +m(l)
Kt lun:
Na min giao thoa c k vn sng th c min giao thoa c 2.k + 1 vn sng.
Nu m < 0, 5: Na min giao thoa c k vn ti th c min giao thoa c 2.k vn ti.
Nu m 0, 5: Na min giao thoa c k + 1 vn ti th c min giao thoa c 2(k + 1)
vn ti.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 97 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 4.Trng hp ngun pht hai nh sng n sc. Tm v tr trn mn
c s trng nhau ca hai vn sng thuc hai h n sc?
Phng php:
i vi bc x
1
: to vn sng: x
1
= k
1

1
D
a
.
i vi bc x
2
: to vn sng: x
2
= k
2

2
D
a
.
h hai vn trng nhau: x
1
= x
2
hay : k
1

1
= k
2

2
k Z
Suy ra cc cp gi tr ca k
1
, k
2
tng ng, thay vo ta c cc v tr trng nhau.
Ch : Ch chn nhng v tr sao cho: [x[ OP
CH 5.Trng hp giao thoa nh sng trng: tm rng quang ph, xc nh
nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) ?
Phng php:
1.Xc nh rng quang ph:
To vn sng: x = k
D
a
; Bc x : x

= k

D
a
; Bc x tm: x
t
= k
t

t
D
a
rng quang ph: = x

x
t
= (k

k
t

t
)
D
a
Quang ph bc 1: k

= k
t
= 1 nn
1
= (

t
)
D
a
;
Quang ph bc 2:k

= k
t
= 2 nn
2
= 2(

t
)
D
a
= 2
1

2.Xc nh nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
):
Ta vn ti: x =
_
k +
1
2
_
D
a
=
a.x
D
_
k +
1
2
_
(*)
Ta c:
t

, t (*) ta c k
min
k k
max
Kt lun: C bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu nh sng b "thiu"( ti)
M.
CH 6.Th nghim giao thoa vi nh sng thc hin trong mi trng c chic
sut n > 1. Tm khong vn mi i

? H vn thay i th no?
Phng php:
Trong mi trng khng kh: i =
D
a
; Trong mi trng chic sut n: i

D
a
Lp t:
i

i
=

=
v
c
=
1
n
i

=
i
n
Vy: Khong vn gim, nn s vn tng, do h vn st li.
CH 7.Th nghim Young: t bn mt song song (e,n) trc khe S
1
( hoc S
2
).
Tm chiu v dch chuyn ca h vn trung tm.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 98 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
Trong BMSS: thi gian nh sng truyn qua BMSS l: t =
e
v
. Vi thi gian ny, nh
sng truyn trong mi trng khng kh mt on e

= t.c =
e
v
.c = n.e. Vy e

= ne gi l
quang trnh ca nh sng trong mi trng chic sut n. K hiu: [e] = n.e
Hiu quang trnh:

= [S
2
O

] [S
1
O

] = d
2
d
1
(n 1)e
ti O

l vn trung tm:

= 0, vy: d
2
d
1
= (n 1)e
Ta c: d
2
d
1
=
ax
D
, vy: x =
(n 1)eD
a
Kt lun:Vy, h vn dch chuyn mt on x v pha BMSS ( v x > 0).
CH 8.Th nghim Young: Khi ngun sng di chuyn mt on y = SS

. Tm
chiu, chuyn di ca h vn( vn trung tm)?
Phng php:
Hiu quang trnh:

= [S

S
2
O

] [S

S
1
O

] = ([S

S
2
] [S

S
1
]) +
([S
2
O

] [S
1
O

]) = (S

S
2
S

S
1
) + (d
2
d
1
)
O

l vn trung tm:

= 0 hay: (S

S
2
S

S
1
)+(d
2
d
1
) = 0
Ta c: d
2
d
1
=
ax
D
; S

S
2
S

S
1
=
ay
D

, thay vo trn ta c:
x =
D
D

y. Vy: H vn dch chuyn ngc chiu dch chuyn


ca ngun sng S, dch chuyn mt on: x =
D
D

y
CH 9. Ngun sng S chuyn ng vi vn tc v theo phng song song vi
S
1
S
2
: tm tn s sut hin vn sng ti vn trung tm O?
Phng php:
Hiu quang trnh: = [S

S
2
O] [S

S
1
O] = ([S

S
2
] [S

S
1
]) +
([S
2
O] [S
1
O]) = (S

S
2
S

S
1
) =
ay
D

Ta c: O l vn sng: = k k Z
Vy:
ay
D

= k
av.t
D

= k
Tn s sut hin vn sng ti O: f =
k
t
=
av
.D

CH 10. Tm khong cch a = S


1
S
2
v b rng min giao thoa trn mt s dng
c giao thoa?
Phng php:
1.Khe Young:
a = S
1
S
2
PQ: rng min giao thoa thng cho bit.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 99 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
2.Lng lng knh Frexnen:
S qua lng knh th nht cho nh o S
1
. S qua lng knh th hai
cho nh o S
2
.
Khong di nh: SS
1
= SS
2
= 2SItg 2SI(n 1)A
rad
S dng tam gic ng dng:
PQ
S
1
S
2
=
IO
IS
PQ
3.Hai na thu knh Billet
S
1
, S
2
l nhng nh tht.
Vi: d

=
df
d f
Ta c:
S
1
S
2
O
1
O
2
=
d +d

d
S
1
S
2
PQ
O
1
O
2
=
SO
d
PQ
4.Gng Frexnen
S
1
, S
2
l nhng nh o.
Ta c: a = S
1
S
2
= R.2
rad
PQ
S
1
S
2
=
IO
IS

PQ
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 100 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 14
PHNG PHP GII TON V TIA RNGHEN
CH 1.Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm
U
AK
?
Phng php:
"Cng ca lc in trng ( th nng ca in trng) chuyn thnh ng nng ca
electron ti i catot"
1
2
mv
2
= eU
AK
nn: v =
_
2eU
AK
m
U
AK
=
mv
2
2e
CH 2.Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot hot
U
AK
: tm tn s cc i F
max
hay bc sng
min
?
Phng php:
"ng nng ca electron chuyn thnh nng lng ca tia X v nhit nng nung nng
Catt"
1
2
mv
2
= hf +W
t
(*)
1. Cho v: tm f
max
hay
min
?
(*)
1
2
mv
2
hf hay f
max
=
mv
2
2h
(*)
1
2
mv
2

hc

hay
min
=
2hc
mv
2
2. Cho U: tm f
max
hay
min
?
Ta c:
1
2
mv
2
= eU , nn phng trnh (*) vit li: eU = hf +W
t
(**)
(**)eU hf hay f
max
=
eU
h
(**)eU
hc

hay
min
=
hc
eU
CH 3.Tnh lu lng dng nc lm ngui i catot ca ng Rnghen:
Phng php: Phn bit hai trng hp
1. Khi bit ng nng E

ca electron ( hay vn tc v): B qua nng lng ca lng t


so vi nhit nng.
Ta c: W
t
= nE

= n
1
2
mv
2
m W
t
= Q = MC(t
2
t
1
)
Suy ra khi lng ca dng nc khi c n electron p vo i catt:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 101 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
M =
nmv
2
2C(t
2
t
1
)
Suy ra lu lng nc ( tnh theo khi lng): =
M
t
; tnh theo th tch: L =

D
( D:
khi lng ring ca nc)
2. Khi bit cng sut P hay hiu in th U:
Ta c: W = Pt = UIt W
t
= UIt m W
t
= Q = MCt
Suy ra khi lng ca dng nc, suy ra lu lng nc ( tnh theo khi lng): =
M
t
;
tnh theo th tch: L =

D
( D: khi lng ring ca nc)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 102 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 15
PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG QUANG IN
CH 1.Cho bit gii hn quang in (
0
). Tm cng thot A ( theo n v eV )?
Phng php:
p dng cng thc:
0
=
hc
A
A =
hc

0
Vi: h = 6, 625.10
34
J.s; c = 3.10
8
m/s
i ra n v: eV : 1eV = 1, 6.10
19
J 1J =
1
1, 6.10
19
eV
CH 2.Cho bit hiu in th hm U
h
. Tm ng nng ban u cc i (E
max
)
hay vn tc ban u cc i( v
0max
),hay tm cng thot A?
Phng php:
1.Cho U
h
: tm E
max
hay v
0max
dng quang in trit tiu (I = 0) ( hay khng c electron no bc ra p v Ant l:
ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron bng cng ca lc in trng cn.
Ta c: E
max
= e[U
h
[ hay
1
2
mv
2
0max
= e[U
h
[
Vy: v
0max
=
_
2[U
h
[
m
2.Cho U
h
v (kch thch): tm cng thot A:
p dng phng trnh Einstein:
hc

= A+
1
2
mv
2
0max
= A+e[U
h
[
Vy: A =
hc

e[U
h
[
CH 3.Cho bit v
0max
ca electron quang in v ( kch thch): tm gii hn
quang in
0
?
Phng php:
p dng phng trnh Einstein:
hc

=
hc

0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
Vy:
0
=
hc
_
hc


1
2
mv
2
0max
_
CH 4.Cho bit cng thot A (hay gii hn quang in
0
) v ( kch thch):
Tm v
0max
?
Phng php:
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 103 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
p dng phng trnh Einstein:
hc

= A+
1
2
mv
2
0max
v
0max
=

2
m
_
hc

A
_
Hay:
hc

=
hc

0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
v
0max
=

2hc
m
_
1

0
_
CH 5.Cho bit U
AK
v v
0max
. Tnh vn tc ca electron khi ti Ant ?
Phng php:
p dng nh l v bin thin ng nng:
1
2
mv
2
A

1
2
mv
2
0max
= eU
AK
Vy: v
A
=
_
2e
m
U
AK
+v
2
0max
CH 6.Cho bit v
0max
v A.Tm iu kin ca hiu in th U
AK
khng c
dng quang in (I = 0) hoc khng c mt electron no ti Ant?
Phng php:
*Bc 1: Tm hiu in th hm U
h
( ch 2):
Ta c: U
h
=
1
e
_
hc

A
_
*Bc 2: iu kin I = 0 l : U
AK
< 0 v [U
AK
[ [U
h
[
Vy: U
AK

1
e
_
hc

A
_
CH 7.Cho bit cng dng quang in bo ho (I
bh
) v cng sut ca ngun
sng. Tnh hiu sut lng t?
Phng php:
1.Gi n l s electron bt ra khi K trong thi gian t:
Ta c: I
bh
=
q
t
=
n.e
t
Vy: n =
I
bh
e
.t (1).
2.Gi n

l s photon p vo K trong thi gian t:


Nng lng ca mt photon(lng t): = hf =
hc

Nng lng ca n

photon: E = n

. = n

.hf = n

.
hc

Cng sut ca ngun sng: P =


E
t
=
n

.hc
t
Vy: n

=
P
hc
t (2)
3.Hiu sut lng t: H =
S electron bc ra khi K
S photon p vo K
100% (3)
Thay (1)& (2) vo (3) ta c: H =
Pe
I
bh
hc
100%
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 104 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 8.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp
v in. Xc nh in th cc i ca qa cu. Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni
t. Xc nh cng dng qua R.
Phng php:
1.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v in. Xc
nh in th cc i ca qa cu:
Ban u in th ca qa cu c lp: V = 0.
Khi chiu chm sng kch thch, electron bc ra lm qa cu tch
in dng (+e) v in th V tng. Nhng in th V ny li
cn tr chuyn ng bt ra ca cc electron lm cho v
0max
gim,
nhng V tip tc tng.
V ngng tng khi V = max lc : ng nng ban u cc i
ca electron quang in bng th nng ca lc in trng.
Ta c:
1
2
mv
2
0max
= e.V
max
2.Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t. Xc nh cng dng qua R:
Cng dng in qua R: I =
U
R
hay I =
V
max
R
( v: V
t
= 0)
CH 9.Cho kch thch, in trng cn E
c
v bc sng gii hn
0
: tm on
ng i ti a m electron i c.
Phng php:
p dng nh l v bin thin ng nng:
1
2
mv
2
B

1
2
mv
2
0max
= E
c
= eEs (1)
s = max khi v
B
= 0 (1)
1
2
mv
2
0max
= eEs
max
(2)
p dng phng trnh Einstein:
hc

=
hc

0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
.
Thay vo (2) ta c: s
max
=
hc
eE
_
1

0
_
CH 10.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
v U
AK
: Tm bn knh ln nht
ca vng trn trn mt Ant m cc electron t Katt p vo?
Phng php:
Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
p dng nh lut II Newtn:

F = e

E = ma
Hay:
a =
e

E
m
()
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 105 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0, do trn Ox electron chuyn ng
thng u, vi phng trnh:
x = vt t =
x
v
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
y
=
eE
m
=
eU
md
, do trn Oy electron
chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, vi phng trnh:
y =
1
2
a
y
t
2
=
1
2
eU
md
t
2
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c phng trnh: y =
1
2
eU
md
x
2
v
2
(**) c
dng: y = Ax
2
Vy: qy o ca electron trong in trng l mt Parabolic.
Electron quang in bay ra theo mi hng. Electron p vo Ant vi bn knh qy o
ln nht khi vn tc ca electron bt ra khi Katt l cc i, c phng trng vi phng ca
Katt.
Vy: v = v
0max
r = r
max
, y = d, thay vo phng trnh (**):
d =
1
2
eU
md
r
2
max
v
2
0max
hay r
max
= d.v
0max
_
2m
eU
CH 11.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra
theo phng vung gc vi in trng (

E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ?


Phng php:
Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
p dng nh lut II Newtn:

F = e

E = ma
Hay:
a =
e

E
m
()
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0, do trn Ox electron chuyn ng
thng u, vi phng trnh:
x = v
0max
t t =
x
v
0max
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
y
=
eE
m
=
eU
md
, do trn Oy electron chuyn ng thng nhanh
dn u, vi phng trnh:
y =
1
2
a
y
t
2
=
1
2
eU
md
t
2
(2)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 106 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c phng trnh: y =
1
2
eU
md
x
2
v
2
0max
(**) c dng: y = Ax
2
Vy: qy o ca electron trong in trng l mt Parabol.
Ch : tg =
dy
dx

x=l
CH 12.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra
theo phng vung gc vi cm ng t ca tr trng u (

B). Kho st chuyn ng


ca electron ?
Phng php:
*Electron chuyn ng trong t trng chu tc dng ca lc Lorentz.

f
L
_

_
+Phng : mp(v,

B)
+Chiu : Tun theo quy tc bn tay tri.
+ ln : f
L
= B.v.e
V

f
L
v nn,

f
L
ng vai tr nh lc hng tm. Ta c:

f
L
=

f
ht
B.e.v = m
v
2
R
Hay:
R =
m.v
B.e
Khi v = v
0max
th R = R
max
do : R
max
=
m.v
0max
B.e
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 107 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 16
PHNG PHP GII TON V MU NGUYN T HIR THEO BO
Ch :Nng lng trng thi dng th n: E
n
=
13, 6eV
n
2
vi n N
CH 1.Xc nh vn tc v tn s f ca electron trng thi dng th n ca
nguyn t Hir?
Phng php:
V chuyn ng ca electron trng thi dng th n l qy o trn,
Ta c:

f
c
=

f
ht
f
c
= f
ht
hay: k
e
2
r
2
n
= m
v
2
n
r
n
Hay: v
n
= e
_
k
mr
n
, ta c: r
n
= n
2
.r
0
Vy: v
n
=
e
n
_
k
mr
0
, vi: r
0
= 5, 3.10
11
m
Tn s: f =

2
=
v
n
2r
n
CH 2.Xc nh bc sng ca photon do nguyn t Hir pht ra khi nguyn
t trng thi dng c mc nng lng E
m
sang E
n
( < E
m
)?
Phng php:
Theo tin Bo: = hf
mn
=
hc

mn
= E
m
E
n
Hay:
mn
=
hc
E
m
E
n
(*)
Vi dy Lyman: n = 1, m = 2, 3,
Vi dy Banme: n = 2, m = 3, 4,
Vi dy Pasen: n = 3, m = 4, 5,
CH 3.Tm bc sng ca cc vch quang ph khi bit cc bc sng ca cc
vch ln cn?
Phng php:
Ta c:
hc

mn
= E
m
E
n
= E
m
E
p
+E
p
E
n
=
hc

mp

hc

pn
Vy:
1

mn
=
1

mp
+
1

pn
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 108 Luyn thi i hc
Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2006
For Evaluation Only.
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
CH 4.Xc nh bc sng cc i (
max
) v cc tiu (
min
) ca cc dy Lyman,
Banme, Pasen?
Phng php:
T (*) ta thy: = max E
m
E
n
= min
hay = min E
m
E
n
= max
Vy:
Dy Lyman:
Lmin
=
1
;
Lmax
=
21
Dy Banme:
Bmin
=
2
;
Bmax
=
32
Dy Pasen:
Pmin
=
3
;
Pmax
=
43
CH 5.Xc nh qy o dng mi ca electron khi nguyn t nhn nng lng
kch thch = hf?
Phng php:
Theo tin Bo: hf = E
m
E
n
E
m
= hf +E
n
m
CH 6.Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy
o K ( ng vi nng lng E
1
)?
Phng php:
Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy o K tc l nng
lng in ho: Nng lng a elecctron t trng thi dng c mc nng lng E
1
ra v
cng
Ta c: W = E

E
1
, ta c: E

= 0; E
1
= 13, 6(eV )
Do : Nng lng in ha nguyn t Hir l: W = 13, 6(eV )
Ch :Khi bit bc sng ngn nht v di nht trong mt di no :
W = E

E
1
= E

E
p
+E
p
E
1
= hc
_
1

p
+
1

p1
_
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 109 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
PHN 17
PHNG PHP GII TON V PHNG X V PHN NG HT NHN
CH 1.Cht phng x
A
Z
X c s khi A: tm s nguyn t ( ht) c trong m(g)
ht nhn ?
Phng php:
C A(g) ht nhn th c N
A
= 6, 023.10
23
( nguyn t) ( S Avgar)
Vy: m(g) ht nhn th c: N =
m
A
.N
A
CH 2.Tm s nguyn t N( hay khi lng m) cn li, mt i ca cht phng
x sau thi gian t?
Phng php:
* S nguyn t ( hay khi lng) cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
e
t
; Hay m = m
0
e
t
* S nguyn t ( hay khi lng) cht phng x mt i sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
N = N
0
(1 e
t
); Hay m = m
0
m = m
0
(1 e
t
)
Trong : =
ln2
T
=
0, 693
T
*Ch :Nu k =
t
T
Z th: N =
N
0
2
k
; Hay m =
m
0
2
k
Nu: x 1 p dng cng thc: e
x
1 x.
Do : N = N
0
(1 t) hay m = m
0
(1 t)
CH 3.Tnh khi lng ca cht phng x khi bit phng x H?
Phng php:
Ta c: phng x: H = N hay N =
H

Da vo cng thc: m =
N
N
A
A (ch 1)
n v phng x: phn r/giy = 1Bq ; 1Ci = 3, 7.10
10
Bq
CH 4.Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l thc vt?
Phng php:
Khi sng: Thnh phn C14 khng i ( do lun hp th thc n).
Khi cht: Thnh phn C14 b phn r dn.
Gi N
0
l s C14 c trong mu sng, N l s nguyn t C14 c trong mu c.
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 110 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Ta c: N = N
0
e
t
e
t
=
N
0
N
Ly ln hai v: t = ln
N
0
N
hay t =
1

ln
N
0
N
Vi: =
ln2
T
=
0, 693
T
Ch :Nu tnh theo phng x: t =
1

ln
H
0
H
CH 5.Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l khong cht?
Phng php:
Xt chui phn ng:
A
Z
X chui

Z
X

, X

l ht nhn bn, khng b phn


r na.
*Bc 1:Tm s nguyn t ca X mt i:
p dng ch 2: N = N
0
(1 e
t
)
*Bc 2:S nguyn t ca ht nhn mt i chnh l s nguyn t ht nhn X

to thnh.
Ta c: N

= N = N
0
(1 e
t
) (*)
Gi m v m

ln lc l khi lng ht nhn X v X

ti thi im kho st.


T ch 1 ta c: m =
A
N
N
A
; m

=
A

N
A
, lp t s:
m
m

=
A
A

N
N

=
A
A

N
0
e
t
N
0
(1 e
t
)
=
A
A

e
t
(1 e
t
)
e
t
t
CH 6.Xc nh nng lng lin kt ht nhn( nng lng ta ra khi phn r
mt ht nhn)?
Phng php:
* Tm ht khi ht nhn:
A
Z
X,m = m
0
m = [Zm
p
+ (AZ)m
n
] m
*Nng lng lin kt ht nhn( chnh l nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt ht nhn):
E
1
= mc
2
Ch Ta c: 1u = 931MeV/c
2
Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng khi lin kt mt nuclon: =
E
1
A
CH 7.Xc nh nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn
A
Z
X?
Phng php:
* Tm s nguyn t c trong m(g) ht nhn X: ch 1: N =
m
A
N
A
*Tm nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt ht nhn nguyn t:E
1
= mc
2
*Nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn nguyn t: E = E
1
.N
CH 8.Xc nh nng lng ta ( hay thu vo ) ca phn ng ht nhn?
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 111 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
Phng php:
Xt phn ng ht nhn:
A
1
Z
1
X
1
+
A
2
Z
2
X
2

A
3
Z
3
X
3
+
A
4
Z
4
X
4
(*)
* ht khi ca phn ng ht nhn: m = m
0
m = (m
1
+m
2
) (m
3
+m
4
)
Nng lng ta ra ( hay thu vo) ca phn ng ht nhn:
E = [(m
1
+m
2
) (m
3
+m
4
)]c
2
(*)
Ch :
* Nu bit c nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn:
Ta c: =
E
A
=
[Zm
p
+ (AZ)m
n
m]c
2
A
Do : mc
2
= [Zm
p
+ (AZ)m
n
]c
2
A, thay va phng trnh (*) chng ta c:
E = (
4
A
4
+
3
A
3
) (
2
A
2
+
1
A
1
)
* Nu bit ht khi ca cc ht nhn:
Ta c: m = [Zm
p
+ (AZ)m
n
] m nn: mc
2
= [Zm
p
+ (AZ)m
n
]c
2
mc
2
T (*) ta c: E = [(m
4
+ m
3
) (m
1
+ m
2
)]c
2
Ghi nh:
*Nu m > 0 th phn ng ta nhit: E = m.c
2
.
*Nu m < 0 th phn ng thu nhit: E = [m[.c
2
.
CH 9.Xc nh nng lng ta khi tng hp m(g) ht nhn nh(t cc ht
nhn nh hn)?
Phng php:
Xt phn ng:
A
1
Z
1
X
1
+
A
2
Z
2
X
2

A
3
Z
3
X
3
+
A
4
Z
4
X
4
+ W
1
(*)
W
1
l nng lng ta ra ca phn ng.
Tng t ch 8: Ta c: W = N.W
1
CH 10.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, nng lng?
Phng php:
1.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng:
Ta c: p
1
+p
2
= p
3
+p
4
S dng cc gi thit biu din cc vecto ng lng bng hnh v, sau s dng
hnh hc suy ra c ln ca chng.
Ta c cng thc lin h gia ng lng v ng nng:
p = mv p
2
= 2m
1
2
mv
2
= 2mK
V d: Ht nhn A ng yn phng x ra ht nhn B v tia phng x C. Xc nh phng
chuyn ng ca hai ht nhn con sinh ra, v chng minh rng ng nng ca chng t l
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 112 Luyn thi i hc
Phng php gii ton Vt L 12 Trng THPT - Phong in
nghch vi khi lng.
A B +C
Ta c: p
A
= p
B
+ p
C
= 0 p
B
= p
C
, vy cc ht sinh ra c cng ng lng nhng
chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau.
ln: p
2
B
= p
2
C
hay 2m
B
K
B
= 2m
C
K
C
vy:
K
B
K
C
=
m
C
m
B
2.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton nng lng:
Ta c: m
1
c
2
+K
1
+m
2
c
2
+K
2
= m
3
c
2
+K
3
+m
4
c
2
+K
4
Hay: [(m
1
+m
2
) (m
3
+m
4
)]c
2
= (K
3
+K
4
) (K
1
+K
2
)
Hay: E = K, nng lng ta ra ca phn ng ht nhn chnh l bin thin ng
nng .
CH 11.Xc nh khi lng ring ca mt ht nhn nguyn t. Mt in
tch ca ht nhn nguyn t ?
Phng php:
Ht nhn
A
Z
X: bn knh ht nhn tun theo cng thc tnh gn ng:
R = R
0
A
1/3
, vi R
0
= 1, 2fm = 1, 2.10
15
m
Khi lng ca mt ht nhn nguyn t: m =
A
N
A
Th tch ca mt ht nhn nguyn t: V =
4
3
R
3
=
4
3
R
3
0
A
* Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t: D =
m
V
=
3
4R
3
0
N
A
* in tch ca ht nhn nguyn t: q = Ze vi e = 1, 6.10
19
C
Mt in tch: =
q
V
(C/m
3
)
Th.s Trn AnhTrung 113 Luyn thi i hc

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