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INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURE

Prepared by; Norashidah Abd Rahman

Steel structure
Engineering structure are required to support loads and resist force and to transfer these loads and forces to the foundations of the structure Structures are usually 3-D in their extent, but sometimes are 2-D (plates and shells)or even1-D (lines and cables) What is structural steel members? May consist of beam, column (1-D), plate (2-D)etc.

Reduction of a (3-D) to a simpler form

Type of structural steel members

Structural steel members maybe connected together at joints in a numbers of ways and by using a variety of connectors Pin, rivets, bolts and welds

Why steel? Economical for tall building and large span buildings and bridge due to its large strength to weight ratio Steel structure are ductile and robust (can withstand severe loading such as earthquake). Can easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads Steel structures, which have bolt connections, can also be reused to some extent after dismantling Higher reliability and safety (quality control in production)

Advantages High strength/weight ratio ductility Isotropic behaviour Rapid construction Repetitive use Easy to fabricate

Disadvantages General cost Fire General maintenance buckling

Steel productions
Steel production can be divided into three stage: 1) Iron production 2)Steel production 3)Rolling process Steel manufacturing

Steel section
Standard section Open section Identified by nominal size, depth x breadth x mass per unit length x shape.

Steel section
Hollow section i.e. circular, square, rectangle Efficient compression members Hot finished (Hot rolled section) Hot rolling done at recrystallization temperature, or the temperature at which the grain structure of the metal can be altered produce products like sheet metal or simple cross sections, such as rail tracks and I-beams. Cold formed (Cold formed section) Cold rolling, done often at room temperature, has the added effect of work hardening and strengthening the material thus further improving the materials mechanical properties cold-rolled products often include similar hot rolled products like sheets and bars, but are usually smaller

SHS

CHS

RHS

Mechanical properties Tensile test Modulus of elasticity = 205 000MPa Tangent modulus at the onset of Strain hardening roughly 1/30 of the value 6700Mpa For high strength steels, due to their specific microstructure, the stress-strain curve do not show a sharp yield point but rather they yield continuously

Stress strain curve for high strength steel

Tensile test of S355 steel grade

80

100

R2 0

300

Coupon test dimension (EN 10002-1:2001 Annex D )

60

Hollow section 200 x 200 x 12.5


600

500

400

Stress (N/mm2)

300

Hollow section 200 x 200 x


200

100

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Strain (mm) 12 14 16 18

Nominal yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu depend on the steel grade and thickness of the element of the section cross-section (Table 3.1 of BS EN1993-1-1) Material properties are taken from product standards (EN10025-2) Young modulus of steel ,E = 210 000N/mm2 Other steel material coefficient to be used in steel design (Clause 3.2.6 of EN 1993-1-1) E Shear modulus, G 81 000N / mm 2 2(1 v)

Poissons ratio, v = 0.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, = 12 x 10-6/0C ( for temperature below 1000C)

Extract from Table 3.1 of BS EN1993-1-1

Introduction to Eurocode 3 (EC3)



EC0 : EC1 : EC2 : EC3 : EC4 :


EC5 : EC6 : EC7 : EC8 : EC9 :

Basis of Structural Design Action on Structure Design of Concrete Design Design of Steel Structures Design of Composite Steel and Structures Design of Timber Structures Design of Masonry Structures Geotechnical Design Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Design of Aluminum Structures

Links between the Eurocode

Eurocode 3 comprises 6 parts;


EN 1993-1 EN 1993-2 EN 1993-3 EN 1993-4 EN 1993-5 EN 1993-6 EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-2 EN 1993-1-3 EN 1993-1-4 EN 1993-1-5 EN 1993-1-6 EN 1993-1-7 EN 1993-1-8 EN 1993-1-9 EN 1993-1-10 EN 1993-1-11 EN 1993-1-12 General Rules and Rules for buildings Steel Bridge Towers, Mast and Chimney Silos, Tanks and Pipelines Piling Crane Supporting Structures General Rules and Rules for Buildings Structural Fire Design Cold-Formed Members and Sheeting Stainless Steels Plated Structural Elements Strength and Stability of Shell Structures Strength and Stability of Planar Plated Structures Transversely Loaded Design of Joint Fatigue Strength of Steel Structures Selection of Steel for Fracture Toughness and through-thickness Properties Design of Structures with Tension Components Made of Steel Additional Rules for the Extension of EN 1993 up to Steel Grades S700

Part 1 itself consists of 12 sub-parts:


Terminology and symbols Common terms use in Eurocode: Action = loads, imposed displacement, thermal strains Effect = internal bending moments, axial forces etc Resistance = capacity of a structural element to resist bending moment Verification = check Execution = construction ( Fabrication, erection, etc ) Eurocode symbols
Eurocode Subscript Ed Rd El pl Definition Design value of an effect Design resistance Elastic property Plastic property Example MEd MRd Wel Wpl Design bending moment Design resistance for bending Elastic section modulus Plastic section modulus

Geometrical Axes
Major axis Minor axis Longitudinal axis of Element y-y z-z x-x

Types of actions Permanent Actions Variable Actions Accidental Actions

G,g Q,q A

Classification of Action

Basic of Structural Design


Limit state design To ensure that the probability of operating conditions reaching failure conditions is so low as to be negligible. Two type of limit state Ultimate limit state (ULS) load at which the structure will collapse and at which it can no longer serve its intended function Serviceability limit state (SLS)- load at which the structure is damage but can still accept additional load. Repaired is usually required to restore the structure to an acceptable state The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect does not exceed its design resistance.

Design load Probable maximum load Factoring the applied load upwards Design resistance represent a probable minimum resistance also estimated by factoring resistance downward. Dividing the characteristics resistances by appropriate partial safety factors The design value before factoring loading and resistance. Load obtained by multiplying the characteristic value by the appropriate partial safety factor Design value of an Action, Fd is defined in Clause 6.3 of BS EN 1990

Fd f Frep with Frep Fk

Fk Frep f

characteristic value of action relevant representative value of the action partial factor of action Either 1.00 or 0, 1 or 2

Recommended value of factors for buildings (Table A.1.1 of EN1990)

Combination of load
Must determined which combination is the most critical for the structure. Is discussed in clause 6.4.3 of EN 1990 (Combination of actions fatigue verifications exclude) a different and more logical method of combining loads is used in EC3 limit state method. Strength design is usually carried out for the most severe combination of action for normal ( termed persistent) or temporary (termed transition) conditions using

Approach is applied to the following forms of Ultimate limit state; EQU = loss of static equilibrium of the structure of any part of it STR = failure by excessive deformation, transformation of the structure or any part of it into a mechanism, rupture or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it GEO = failure of excessive deformation of the ground FAT = fatigue failure For the most common set of design situation is given in Table below
Ultimate limit state EQU STR/GEO Permanent actions G Unfavourable 1.1 1.35 Favourable 0.9 1.0 Variable actions Q Unfavourable 1.5 1.5 favourable 0 0

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