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2 Metals giant lattice positive ions with electrons moving around and between them in a sea of delocalised negative charge. The strong electrostatic attractions between the positive metal ions and the sea of delocalised electrons result in strong forces between the metal atoms. Lattice- a regular arrangement of atoms or ions in a crystal The properties of metals high melting and boiling temperatures - metal atoms are closely packed with strong forces of attraction between the positive ions and delocalised electrons takes a lot of energy to move positive ions away from their positions in the giant lattice and move around each other allowing the metal to melt. It takes even more energy to separate individual atoms in the metal at the boiling temperature. high densities good conductors of heat/electricity When a metal is heated energy is transferred to the electrons as they are delocalised they move around faster and conduct heat energy rapidly to other parts of the metal malleable bent into shapes the bonds between metal atoms are strong but they are not directional because the delocalised electrons can drift throughout the lattice and attract any of the positive ions. When a force is applied to a metal, lines or layers of atoms can slide over each other. This is known as a slip. After slipping the atoms settle into close-packed positions again. Delocalised electrons bonding electrons which are not fixed between two atoms in a bond they are free to move and shared by many more atoms. Metallic bonding strong attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons.
3 Properties of ionic compounds Strong ionic bonds hold the ions firmly together in ionic compounds hard crystalline substances high melting / boiling temperatures soluble in water/polar solvents but not non-polar solvents cant conduct electricity when solid as ions cant move from fixed positions in giant lattice conduct electricity when melted/dissolved charged ions are free to move Positive ions (cations) move towards the negative terminal (cathode) Negative ions (anions) move towards the positive terminal (anode) When the cations reach the cathode they gain electrons and return to atoms. When the anions reach the anode they lose electrons and become atoms. This process is described as electrolysis where it reverses the changes that happen when an ionic compound forms from its elements. Electrolysis decomposition of a compound by electricity the compound is usually decomposed into its constituent elements. The compound which is decomposed is called an electrolyte and we say that it has been electrolysed. Ionic radii X-ray diffraction methods are used to study ionic compounds and to measure the spacing between ions in crystals. The patterns allow the calculation of the radii of individual ions The radius of positive ion of an element is smaller that its atomic radius because it loses electrons from its outer shell when turning into an ion. The radius of a negative ion of an element is larger than its atomic radius because it gains electrons in its outer shell when turning into an ion.
The strength of ionic bonds, measured as lattice energies in kJ mol arises from the energy given out as millions of positive and negative ions come together to form a crystal lattice. The energy released is greater and the force of attraction between the ions is stronger if: the charges on the ions are large the ions are small allowing them to get closer to each other It is important to distinguish between the lattice energy of a compound and its standard enthalpy change of formation, which involves the formation of a compound from its elements.
First electron affinity energy change when each atom in mole of gaseous atoms gains one electron to form one mole of gaseous ions with a single negative charge. The gain of the first electron is exothermic, but adding the second electron to a negatively charged ion is endothermic. Lattice energy standard enthalpy change when one mole of the compound forms from free gaseous ions.
6 Polarisation of ions. In ionic compounds positive metal ions will attract the outermost electrons of negative ions, pulling electrons into the space between the ions. This distortion of the electron clouds around anions by positively charged cations is an example of polarisation. Polarisation of negative anions by positive metal ions gives rise to some electron sharing that is to a degree of covalent bonding. The polarising power of a cation depends on its charge and its radius. The polarisability of an anion depends on its size. The larger the negative ion and the larger its charge the more polarisable it becomes. The stability of ionic compounds Almost all the compounds of metals with non-metals are ionic these have standard enthalpy changes of formation which are exothermic. This means that the compounds are at a lower energy lower and therefore more stable than their constituent elements. An ionic compound will have an exothermic standard enthalpy of formation if its negative lattice energy can outweigh the total energy needed to produce gaseous ions from the elements.
Giant covalent structures A few non-metal elements including diamond, graphite and silicon consist of giant structures of atoms held together by covalent bonding. The covalent bonds in diamond are strong and point in a definite direction so diamonds are very hard and have very high melting temperatures. Diamond does not conduct electricity because the electrons in its covalent bonds are fixed localised between pairs of atoms. Some compounds of non-metals, such as silicon dioxide and boron nitride also have giant structures with covalent bonding. These compounds are also hard non-conductors