EFFECT OF FUEL AND EQUIVALENCE RATIOS ON THE EXERGY ANALYSIS OF STANDARD OTTO CYCLE

MUNAWAR NAWAB KARIMI1, SANDEEP KUMAR KAMBOJ2 & SURENDRA KUMAR3

1,2&3

Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamianagar, New Delhi 110025

Abstract- Ethanol, methanol is very different fuel from gasoline as it contains some amount of oxygen in it. An analytical examination of the destruction of exergy was completed for constant volume air fuel cycle for the iso- octane, ethanol, methanol, propane vapor and air mixture. The effect of equivalence ratios and fuels were considered on the variations of the percentage of destruction of availability and change in availability during compression and combustion. The lowest destruction of availability was for the mixtures near stoichiometric for the all selected fuels and the temperature at the end of combustion was maximum at the stoichiometric condition for the all selected fuels. The contribution of the chemical and thermo- mechanical of the mixture availability to the total availability was quantified. In addition to this, combustion efficiency and effect of change in specific heat was determined, the effect of equivalence ratios on the destruction of availability is significant and it depends upon the operating condition. Keywords- Exergy destruction, Compression ratio, Equivalence ratio, Irreversibility, Availability.

I. INTRODUCTION In actual cycle, various processes such as compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust are irreversible in actions and these processes are responsible for the destruction of availability. The reason of this destruction is examined and their effect on the internal combustion engines is discussed. A lot of work has been done by the researchers for the destruction of availability but very limited work available on the destruction of availability during compression, combustion, with the change in equivalence ratio.Many works are available in the literature advocating the importance of exergy based analysis for the performance evaluation of thermodynamic systems [1,2,3,4]. According to them, energy based performance are often misleading as they fail to identify deviation from reality. The practical processes generate thermodynamic irreversibilities internal to them and results in a loss of exergy even when there is no loss of energy external to the system. Although a large amount of work has been done on availability analysis of engines, turbines and power plants, relatively little work has been done towards the ideal combustion processes and a very less work has been done in finding out the exergy destruction during combustion of spark ignition engines by varying the compression ratio and fuels. Dunbar and lior[1] addressed the explicit subtopic of the destruction of availability by combustion process by considering an adiabatic, constant pressure combustion process and this analysis was useful for furnaces, gas turbines and other such devices. Caton [5] addressed destruction of availability during adiabatic constant volume combustion process. The destroyed availability ranged due to combustion process about 5 to 25% of the original reactant availability. Yuichi Goto [6] evaluated combustion stabilization of a spark ignition natural gas engine for natural gas. C. Stuart Daw et al [7] did a study of minimizing destruction of availability in hydrogen combustion. He supplied preheated air at a very high temperature and evaluated exergy destruction during combustion of hydrogen. Irreversibility was reduced because of the elimination of localized flame zone and associated high temperature gradients.KY The et al [8] evaluated the requirements of maximum internal combustion engine cycle efficiency. Caton [9] evaluated exergy destruction during eight fuels with the change in design and operating with special focus on combustion process. Chavannar [10] did an analytical examination of the destruction of availability for constant pressure, constant volume, and constant temperature combustion process. Heywood [11] also contributed to the combustion process analysis. He introduced a zero dimensional, quasi-dimensional and multidimensional model for a combustion process modeling and calculation and he focused especially on scavenging air inlet process and its effects on overall combustion process.Shapiro and Gerpen [12] extended their previous work introducing a two-zone combustion model and applied this model to both compression ignition and spark ignition engines. This new model also included chemical availability considerations and simplifications done in previous work as chemical availability increases in significance with increasing temperatures and richer equivalence ratios due to increased concentrations of

Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Economics (IJSDGE), ISSN No.: 2315-4721, V-2, I-1, 2, 2013 73

Effect of Fuel and Equivalence Ratios on the Exergy Analysis of Standard Otto Cycle

incomplete products of combustion such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen. S. K. Som et al [13] studied thermodynamic irreversibilities and exergy balance in combustion processes using solid, liquid, gaseous fuels. Different approaches were used for the entropy generation such as exergy balance approach and entropy generation approach in the combustor. The effect of inlet air temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio, influence of inlet swirl number, and influence of initial mean droplet diameter in injected spray, influence of spray cone angle on combustion and exergetic efficiency evaluated. Both lean and rich fuel increases the combustion irreversibilities because of reduced temperature. In this paper, author provides the ways to reduce the combustion irreversibilities. Thus literature survey shows that most of the work is related to the exergy destruction during combustion but very less work is being carried out for the exergy destruction during combustion and other processes with the change in equivalence ratio. One of the majorotivations for this study is that it would lead to identification and subsequent implementation of combustion strategies to reduce losses during various processes. II. CYCLE DESCRIPTION The cycle considered for analysis is a complete representation of the four stroke SI engine including the compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust processes and as shown in Figure.1. Process 1-2s is a reversible adiabatic compression, while process 1-2 is an irreversible adiabatic process that takes into account the internal irreversibilitys in the real compression process. The heat addition is a constant volume process 2-3 process 3-4s is a reversible adiabatic expansion, while 3-4 is an irreversible adiabatic process that takes into account the internal irreversibilities in real expansion process. The heat rejection is at a constant volume process 4-1.

(1) A completed mixed mixture of fuel and air is being considered. (2) Compression and expansion processes are polytropic. (3) Constant volume adiabatic combustion is being considered. (4) Ideal gas behavior of the gases (5) Combustion efficiency is calculated for each equivalence ratio. (6) Compression efficiency assumed 90%. III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL An entropy generation analysis was applied to SI engine and an entropy generation calculation model was developed. A. Combustion Equations for Various Fuels 1) Ethanol: 1.1C2H5OH + 3O2 + 11.28N2 = 1.6CO2 + 0.6CO +3.3H2O + 11.28N2 1.2C2H5OH + 3O2 + 11.28N2 = 1.2CO2 + 1.2CO +3.6H2O + 11.28N2 0.9C2H5OH + 3O2 + 11.28N2 = 1.8CO2 + 0.3O2 +2.7H2O + 11.28N2 0.8C2H5OH + 3O2 + 11.28N2 = 1.6CO2 + 0.6O2 +2.4H2O + 11.28N2 2) Methanol: 0.8CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 5.64N2 = 0.8CO2 + 0.3O2 + 1.6H2O + 5.64N2 0.9CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 5.64N2 = 0.9CO2 + 0.15O2 + 1.8H2O + 5.64N2 1.1CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 5.64N2 = 0.8CO2 + 0.3CO + 2.2H2O + 5.64N2 1.2CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 5.64N2 = 0.8CO2 + 0.3CO + 2.2H2O + 5.64N2 3) Iso- Octane : 0.8C8H18 + 12.5O2 + 47N2 = 6.4CO2 + 2.5O2 + 7.2H2O + 47N2 0.9C8H18 + 12.5O2 + 47N2 = 7.2CO2 + 1.25O2 + 8.1H2O + 47N2 1.1C8H18 + 12.5O2 + 47N2 = 6.3CO2 + 2.5CO + 9.9H2O + 47N2 1.2C8H18 + 12.5O2 + 47N2 = 4.6CO2 + 5CO + 10.8H2O + 47N2 4) Propane: 0.8C3H8 + 5O2 + 18.8N2 = 2.4CO2 + O2 + 3.2H2O + 18.8N2 0.9C3H8 + 5O2 + 18.8N2 = 2.7CO2 + 0.5O2 + 3.6H2O + 18.8N2 1.1C3H8 + 5O2 + 18.8N2 = 2.3CO2 + CO + 4.4H2O + 18.8N2 1.2C3H8 + 5O2 + 18.8N2 = 1.6CO2 + 2CO + 4.8H2O + 18.8N2 The fuel air equivalence ratio is a informative parameter for defining the composition and fuel air equivalence ratio and it is defined as

Fig. 1 SI Engine Cycle

A. Assumptions and Approximations

= (F/A) actual/(F/A)stoichiometric

(1)

Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Economics (IJSDGE), ISSN No.: 2315-4721, V-2, I-1, 2, 2013 74

Effect of Fuel and Equivalence Ratios on the Exergy Analysis of Standard Otto Cycle

The molecular weight of the products and the reactants were found by using the following relations MR = ni Mi /N (2)

Where ni is the number of moles of the species in the reactant or product per unit mass of the working fluid. Mi is the molecular mass of the species and N is the total number of moles.

TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS FUELS [14, 15, 16, 17] Property Chemical formula Molecular weight(Kg/kmol) oxyzen present (wt %) Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (AFR) Lower heating value of the fuel (KJ/Kg) Fuel exergy (KJ/Kg) The specific heat of the product and the reactant are found by using the relation Cp = ni Cpi / N Cv = ni Cvi / N R = Cp - Cv (3) (4) (5) Methanol CH3OH 32.04 49.9 6.47 20000 21100 Ethanol C2H5OH 46.07 34.8 9.0 26900 28400 Iso-octane C8H18 114.228 15.2 44300 45500 Propane C3H8 44.14 15.6 46350 47100

The value of Cp and Cv were calculated at two points (1) At the beginning of the compression process (2) During combustion process at the average temperature ( temperature after compression + adiabatic flame temperature) / 2 Values of Cp and Cv of different fuels are calculated using the following equations. Specific heats as a function of temperature are represented as Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (6) ( T in K, Cp in kj / kmolk) TABLE 2 CONSTANT VALUES FOR EQN.( 6) Substance Methanol Ethanol Iso-octane Propane a 19.0 19.9 -0.053 -4.04 b10-3 91.52 209.6 6.75 304.8 c10-5 -1.22 -10.38 -0.367 -15.72 d 10-9 -8.039 20.05 -0.39 31.74

For the reversible adiabatic process 1- 2s, the compression efficiency can be defined as c = T2s T1/ T2- T1 (7) T2s/T1 = (V1/V2)-1 (8) Where is the adiabatic index and its value is Cp/Cv Now polytropic index is calculated by using the following equation

T2/T1 = (V1/V2)n-1 (9) Where V is the volume of the gas in the cylinder The change in availability of the mixture was computed using an availability balance equation during compression process (1- 2). a2 a1 =( u2 u1) + P0 (v2 v1) T0(s2 s1) (10) in this equation, second term represents the exergy with work transfer and third term represents the exergy destruction. Entropy generation during compression process is given by Sgen = (Cp ln T2/T1 R ln P2/P1 + Q/T0) (11) In this cycle, constant volume adiabatic combustion has been chosen so any change in availability can be attributed to the combustion process. There will not be any availability transfer due to heat loss through the cylinder wall as combustion is adiabatic. The maximum cycle temperature reaches undesirably high levels when the total energy of the fuel is utilized. Qin c LHV = mf Cv (T3 T2) (12) Where mf is the mass flow rate of the air fuel mixture B.Combustion efficiency Combustion efficiency is defined as the net chemical energy release to the total energy released by combustion. c = HR (TA) HP(TA) / mf LHV (13) where HR (TA) HP(TA) = m (nihfi) R - (nihfi) P (14) hfi is the standard enthalpy of formation of species I at ambient temperature TA. The entropy balance for any system (including reacting systems) undergoing any process is expressed as Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssys (15) Sin Sout is net entropy transfer by heat and mass. Sgen is entropy generation and Ssys is the change in entropy. Qk/Tk + Sgen = Sprod - Sreact (16) Where Tk is the temperature at the boundary where Qk crosses it.

Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Economics (IJSDGE), ISSN No.: 2315-4721, V-2, I-1, 2, 2013 75

Effect of Fuel and Equivalence Ratios on the Exergy Analysis of Standard Otto Cycle

B. Flow Chart

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Effect of Fuel and Equivalence Ratios on the Exergy Analysis of Standard Otto Cycle

But for an adiabatic process (Q = 0) so entropy generation for an adiabatic process is given by Sgen = Sprod - Sreact (17) Absolute entropy values at pressures other than 1 atm for any temperature T are obtained from the ideal gas entropy change relation. Figure 3 shows the change in availability during compression for the all selected fuels. It is shown that after the compression, availability increases for the all selected fuels and it is because of the reason that work is being supplied during this process. Further it is shown that iso octane and propane shows the same trends where as methanol and ethanol shows different trends.

Where Pi is the partial pressure, yi is the mole fraction of the component, and Pm is the total pressure of the mixture. Exergy destruction during combustion process is given by Edest = T0Sgen (20) Percentage of exergy destruction is defined as Exergy destruction during combustion/ Chemical exergy of the fuel (21) IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 2 shows that the exergy destruction during compression with the change in equivalence ratio for the ethanol, methanol, iso-octane and propane. It is shown that Exergy destruction during compression decreases up to the stoichiometric condition( = 1) and it is because of the reason that temperature after compression decreases up to a equivalence ratio of 0.8 to 1which results in less quantity of heat transfer through the wall for the all selected fuels. Exergy destruction during compression increases during rich conditions up to a equivalence ratio of 1.1 and it decreases further for the all the all selected fuels as shown in figure 2. It is because of the reason that temperature at a equivalence ratio of 1.1 is higher than the temperature at a equivalence ratio of 1.2. Exergy destruction during compression is minimum at stoichiometric condition because temperature is minimum at this condition.

Figure 4 shows the percentage exergy destroyed due to combustion process with the change in an equivalence ratio for the ethanol, methanol, propane and Iso-octane. Further it is shown that exergy destruction during combustion increases for the ethanol and methanol up to a equivalence ratio of 1.1. It is because of the reason that highest temperature decreases due to the combustion of leaner mixture and exergy destruction during combustion increases. It is also shown that exergy destruction during combustion is minimum at the stoichiometric conditions and it is because of the reason that all the fuels gets burned and maximum temperature occurs corresponding to an equivalence ratio one. Further percentage availability destroyed increases with increasing equivalence ratios and it is because of the reason that some quantity of fuels remains unburned and that exergy goes waste with the exhaust gases. That means reactive availability component for the products is not included in the availability balance. If this exergy of the unburned fuels is taken into account, then exergy destruction during combustion decreases significantly. Exergy destruction during combustion is minimum for the propane and maximum for the methanol.

Fig. 2 Exergy destruction during compression Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Economics (IJSDGE), ISSN No.: 2315-4721, V-2, I-1, 2, 2013 77

Effect of Fuel and Equivalence Ratios on the Exergy Analysis of Standard Otto Cycle

Figure 5 shows the change in availability during combustion with the change in equivalence ratio. It is shown that change in availability increases with the increase in equivalence ratio for propane fuels. But for iso octane and ethanol, change in availability shows wavy pattern and it is because of the reason that during this process, change in availability is a function of air fuel ratio and combustion efficiency. When equivalence ratio increases, air fuel ratio decreases and combustion efficiency also decreases. It is further shown that for the lean conditions ( = 0.8 and 0.9), Change in availability increases with the increase in equivalence ratio for the ethanol, methanol and propane.

methanol, propane, and iso-octane. It is shown that combustion efficiency decreases with the increase in equivalence ratio for the all selected fuels and it is because of the reason that with the increase in equivalence ratio, fuel does not get sufficient oxygen to get burned and some quantity of fuel remains unburned. It is further shown that combustion efficiency is maximum for the ethanol and minimum for the methanol. It is further observed that the variation in combustion efficiency is maximum for iso-octane (23.04%) and minimum for propane (17.99%).

Figure 6 shows the change in temperature with the change in equivalence ratio for the ethanol, methanol, iso-octane and propane. It is shown that maximum product temperature after the combustion was found to occur corresponding to an equivalence ratio of one and it is because of the reason that all the fuels gets burned at the stoichiometric conditions and maximum temperature for the richer fuels reduces because richer fuels will not get sufficient oxyzen to burn. Leaner fuels have sufficient oxyzen to burn but they have lesser quantity of fuels so lesser quantity of heat would be libreated during combustion which resuts in lesser maximum product temperature than the stochiometric conditions.It is also observed that maximum temperature is for the iso-octane at the stoichiometric condition and it is minimum for the methanol corresponding to an equivalence ratio of 0.8.

Figure 8 shows the variation in specific heat with the change in equivalence ratio for the for the ethanol, methanol, iso-octane and propane fuels during combustion process. It is observed that specific heat for the ethanol is maximum and for the iso-octane is minimum among all the selected fuels V. CONCLUSION The effect of the reactant mixture equivalence ratios on the percentage of exergy destroyed due to combustion and compression is being evaluated for a constant volume process for the ethanol, methanol, iso-octane and propane with the change in equivalence ratio. The change in availability during compression, combustion are also examined with the change in equivalence ratio. The effect of the change in equivalence ratio is evaluated on the combustion efficiency and maximum temperature as they have impact on the performance of the engine. It is concluded that exergy destruction during combustion is minimum at the stoichiometric condition for the all selected fuels.Exergy destruction during combustion was 20.8 to 30.1% for ethanol, 21.2 to 25.05% for iso-octane, 19.54 to 25.1% for propane, and 14.07 to 29.6% for methanol. Combustion efficiency decreased with the increase in equivalence ratio and it was maximum for ethanol (94.66 to 73.54%), minimum for methanol (92.38 to 73.05%), in between for iso- octane (93.92 to 72.28%) and propane(92.63 to 75.96). REFERENCES

Figure 7 shows the variation in combustion efficiency with the change in equivalence ratio for the ethanol,

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