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Chapter 4
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
List the four components of all interface standards Discuss the basic operations of the EIA-232F and USB interface standards Recognize the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex connections Cite the advantages of FireWire, Universal Serial Bus, SCSI, iSCSI, InfiniBand, and Fibre Channel interface standards Outline the characteristics of asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous data link interfaces Identify the operating characteristics of terminal to mainframe connections and why they are unique from other types of computer connections
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction 2. Interfacing a Computer to Peripheral Devices a. Data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment b. Two important interface standards RS-232 and EIA-232E Universal Serial Bus (USB) c. Other interface standards 3. Data Link Connections a. Asynchronous connections b. Synchronous connections c. Isochronous connections 4. Terminal-to-Mainframe Computer Connections 5. Making Computer Connections In Action 6. Summary
Lecture Notes
Introduction
To better understand the interconnection between a computer and a device such as a modem requires you to understand the concept of interfacing. Interfacing a device to a computer is considered a physical layer activity since it deals directly with analog signals, digital signals, and hardware components. We will examine the four basic components of an interfaceelectrical, mechanical, functional, and proceduraland then introduce several of the more common interface standards.
transfer operations. The operations performed by the mainframe computer depend upon the type of physical connection between a terminal and mainframe.
Quick Quiz
1. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of EIA-232F and USB. Not sure there are any advantages of EIA-232F; USB is simpler for the user, faster, and provides its own source of power. 2. Why do we need interface standards? To allow multiple devices to interconnect; this avoids mayhem in the industry. 3. How do synchronous transmission and asynchronous transmission maintain synchronization? Asynchronous: small package and start bit; Synchronous: uses a separate clock signal or a selfclocking code
Discussion Topics
1. Will something eventually displace USB? 2. Why is it so difficult to design a good interface standard? 3. Are there any advantages to using asynchronous transmission?
Teaching Tips
1. Dont forget to emphasize that interface standards occur at the physical layer, while asynchronous and synchronous transmission techniques occur at the data link layer. 2. Use some of the Internet services, such as www.telcoexchange.com to see if you have access to some of the more advanced telecommunication services.
10. In asynchronous connections, what additional bits are added to a character to prepare it for transfer? Start, stop, parity (optional) 11. In asynchronous connections, how many characters are placed into one frame? One 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of asynchronous communication? Advantage: simple; Disadvantage: slow, inefficient, poor error checking 13. What is the basic block diagram of a synchronous frame? Answer should look like Figure 4-5 on page 128. 14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous communication? Advantage: fast, efficient, good error checking; Disadvantage: a little more complex 15. What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex communications? Half-duplex: both sides can talk, but only one at a time; full-duplex: both sides can talk and at the same time. 16. What is the difference between a point-to-point connection and a multipoint connection? Point-to-point: each terminal has its own connection to the mainframe; multipoint: terminals share a connection. 17. How does a mainframe computer ask a terminal to send it data? Poll
2. Who issues the Request to Send signal (local DTE or local DCE)? For whom is the signal intended? Local DTE issues, intended for local DCE; local DCE responds with Clear to Send. 3. Which EIA-232F signals must be active before actual data transfer can take place? It depends upon the type of connection, but it is usually RTS, CTS, DCE Ready, DTE Ready, and Received Line Signal Detectors. 4. What function does the Receive Line Signal Detector perform? It indicates to the DCE/DTE that a carrier signal has been received from the other side. 5. What is the major advantage of the FireWire interface over the Universal Serial Bus 1.1 interface? FireWire is faster. 6. If I have a device that has a Universal Serial Bus 2.0 interface, but my computer only has a Universal Serial Bus 1.1 connector, is my device going to work? Explain. Yes, but the 2.0 interface will drop back to the slower 1.1 interface speed. 7. Create a table that compares the advantages and disadvantages of the Universal Serial Bus to those of the RS-232/EIA-232F interface. USB is faster, simpler, and easier to install. 8. Show the sequence of start, data, and stop bits that are generated during asynchronous transmission of the character string LUNCH. Start, L, stop, start, U, stop, start, N, stop, start, C, stop, start, H, stop 9. List two examples each of simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex connections not mentioned in the book. Simplex: broadcast TV, cable TV, radio, most pagers, telegraph Half-duplex: walkie-talkies, CB radio, ham radio, local area networks Full-duplex: telephone system, cable modems 10. Terminals A, B, and C are connected to a mainframe computer. Only terminal C has data to transmit. Show the sequence of messages sent between the mainframe and the three terminals using roll call polling.
Mainframe polls A. A responds NO. Mainframe polls B. B responds NO. Mainframe polls C. C responds with data. Mainframe acknowledges data. 11. Using the same scenario as the previous problem, show the sequence of messages exchanged using hub polling. Mainframe polls A. A passes poll onto B. B passes poll onto C. C responds with data. Mainframe acknowledges data. 12. Suppose you want to send 1000 characters of data. How many check bits will you need using asynchronous transmission? How many check bits will you need using synchronous transmission? Assume that all 1000 characters will fit within one synchronous transmission frame. Asynchronous: 1000 characters * 3 check bits per character (start, stop, parity) = 3000 check bits Synchronous: Start flag (8 bits) + Address (8 bits) + Control (8 bits) + CRC (16 bits) + End flag (8 bits) = 48 check bits 13. List two features of the asynchronous connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the incoming data stream. The start bit and a short frame 14. How does the receiver in a synchronous connection stay in sync with the incoming data stream? A separate clock signal, use of a Manchester type code, or some form of internal analog signaling with a built-in sync pattern 15. What types of devices are best served with an isochronous connection? Real-time devices such as video cameras 16. In what type of situation might hub polling be preferable to roll-call polling? If there is a long distance between mainframe and terminals
17. A company has a very powerful computer and it wants to connect the computer to a large number of high-speed disk storage devices. Which protocol(s) introduced in this chapter would provide a good interface for this scenario? Fibre channel or InfiniBand