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ee Gelaeca: Technology Ne EOP Ill 33 _—~ Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engincering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. INI F ISZ1 Copyright © 2004, 1995, 1986, by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Sixth reprint 2006 RZLLCDRKRCQBZ Tata McGraw-Hill No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored ina database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 0-07-058374-9 Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, typeset in Times at Tej Composers, WZ- 391, Madipur Village, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at Ram Book Binding House, C-114, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 020 Cover Design: Mudrak The McGraw Hill Comp Contents Preface to the Third Edition a Preface to the First Edition xiii 1._CONCRETE AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL —CiS L1_Introduction J 13 Properties of Concrete _4 14 Grades of Concrete 5 15 Advantages of Concrete 5 1.6 Disadvantages of Concrete 6 1.7 Concept of Quality Control _ 6 18 Concrete Industry 7 1.9 Challenges Faced by the Concrete Industry 8 2. CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS-I: CEMENT == 13 23 Types of Cements 25 2a REM CMRI 25 StorageofCement 43 2.6 Rejection 44 32 Classification of Aggregates 45 3.3. Characteristics of Aggregates 52 34 Deleterious Substances in Aggregates 53° 35 Soundness of Aggregate 59 3.6_Alkali-aggregate Reaction(AAR) 60 Obras protegidas por direitos de autor et Contents 3.7. Thermal Properties of Aggregates 61 3.9 Maximum Size of Aggregate 63 3.10 Grading and Surface Area of Aggregate 63 311 Testing of Aggregates 71 42 Quality of Mixing Water 73 43 Curing Water 77, 62 Workability 125 63 Measurement of Workability 127, ig ity 131 65 Requirements of Workability 134 Ua Satan 72. Representation. of Rheological Behaviour 140 73_Factors Affecting Rheo logical Properties 142. 74 Mixture Sasieioac 146 82 Strengths of Concrete _147 84. Shrinkage and Temperature Bifects 159 85 Creep of Concrete 163 86 Permeability of Concrete 163 87 Dursbility of Concrete: 164 Obras protegidas por direitas de autor Contents ‘810 Efflorescence J7/ 8.12_Thermal Properties of Concrete _174 813 Microcrackingof Concrete 175 9. QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE 177 91 Introduction 177 92 Factors Causing Variations in the Quality of Concrete_178 94 Advantages of Quality Control /80 95 Statistical QualityControl_ 181 96 Measure of Variability 183 97 Application 184 98 Quality Management in Concrete Construction 190 10. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MIXES i198 10.1_Introduction 196 102 Basic Considerations for Concrete Mix Design _197 103 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mix Proportions 198 104 Methods of Concrete Mix Design for Medium Strength Concretes 2/3 105 Concrete Mix Design 236 106 Computer-aided Concrete Mix Design 243 10.7_Design of Concrete MixasaSystem 245 108 Design of High Strength Concrete Mixes 248 : 109 Mix Proportioning for High Performance Concrete 248 10.10 TrialMixes 263 10.11 Conversion of Mix Proportions from Mass to Volume Basis 264 10.12 Quantities of Materials to Make Specified Volume of Concrete 264 10.13, Acceptance Criteria for Concrete 265 10.14 Field Adjustments 266 10.15 Generalized Format for Concrete Mix Design 268 1L_ PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE TD 1L1_ Introduction 271 11.2 Batching of Materials 27! 11.3. Mixing of Concrete Materials 273 114 Transportation of Concrete 277 1L5 Placing of Concrete 285 116 Compaction of Concrete 288 117 Curing of Concrete 296 118 Formwork 308 Contents 12. CONCRETING UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 312 12.1 Introduction 31/2 12.2 Concreting inHot Weather 3/2 12.3 Cold Weather Concreting 315 124 Underwater Concreting 3/7 13. INSPECTION AND TESTING —CCC‘“C~*i ZZ; 13.1 Introduction 323 13.2 Inspection Testing of Fresh Concrete 324 13.3. Acceptance Testing of Hardened Concrete_327 14, SPECIAL CONCRETES AND CONCRETING TECHNIQUES 352 14.1 Introduction 352 142 Light-Weight Concrete 354 143 Ultra-Light-Weight Concrete 365 144 VacuumConcrete 366 145 Mass Concrete 367 14.6 Roller-Compacted Concrete 368 14.7 Waste Material Based Concrete 373 148 Shotcrete or Guniting 379 149 Ferrocement 386 14.10 Fibre-ReinforcedConcrete 396 14.11 Polymer Concrete Composites (PCCs) 422 14.12 Sulphur Concrete and Sulphur-Infiltrated Concrete 431 14.13 Jet (Ultra-Rapid Hardening) CementConcrete 436 14.14 Gap-Graded Concrete 439 14.15 No-Fines Concrete 440 15. DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE AND ITS PREVENTION 442 15.1 Introduction _442 15.2_Corrosion of Concrete _442 15.3 Corrosion of Reinforcement 448 16, HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETES CC‘ 16.1 Introduction 456 16.2 High Performance Concrete 458 163 Classification 459 164 GeneralFieldEnvironment 463 16.5 Durability-Performance Grades 466 16.6 Standard Test Procedures 470 Contents 167 Performance Enhancement 472 169 Application of High Performance Concrete 507 17, REPAIR TECHNOLOGY FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES 509 17.1 Introduction 509 17,.2_Symptoms and Diagnosis of Distress 512 17.3 EvaluationofCracks 520 174 Selection of Repair Procedure 524 175 RepairofCracks 525 17.6 Common Types of Repairs 545 17.7 Typical Examples of Concrete Repair 55/ 17.8 Leak Sealing 557 17.9 UnderwaterRepairs 559 17.10 Distress in Fire Damaged Structures 562 17.11 Strengthening with Composite Laminates 565 17.12 Strengthening of Deficient Structures 569 Index Preface to the Third Edition Encouraged with the universal acceptance of the second edition by the engineering community, and excellent positive feedback from the readers, the author has endeavoured to revise the book. The book has been completely rewritten and updated in the light of the latest Indian Standards Codal provisions. The aim has been to bring it to conformity with the rapidly changing field of concrete technology and to attain a state-of-the-art status. The long-awaited and much-demanded new chapter on High Performance Concrete has now been added. In the chapter on Special Concretes, detailed information on roller com- pacted, and slurry infiltrated fibre concretes have been provided. In the chapter on Admixtures and Mineral Additives emphasis is placed on superplasticizers, fly ash and silica fume. The present day methods of production of concrete namely pumped and ready-mixed concretes have been described in detail. Methods for proportioning of High Performance Concrete are also given. In the chapter on Properties of Hardened Concrete, more information is given on the durability aspects of hardened concrete whereas in the chapter on Inspection and Testing of concrete structures, testing of the durability parameters of hardened concrete has been included. The ever-increasing need to strengthen the deficient, earthquake-devasted and fire-damaged structures has prompted the author to include the state-of-the-art technologies of strengthening with composite laminates. To help the readers gain an in-depth understanding of the principles of concrete technology, the objective-type question bank has been enlarged. A model question paper has been added for the students preparing for competitive examinations. It is hoped that this enlarged edition will be as acceptable to the engineering fratemity as its previous editions have been. The author feels that the book will serve as a standard text for the graduate and postgraduate engineering students and as an essential source of reference material to the researchers and practising engineers.

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