Cu to cc cm bin nhit thng dng trong HVAC

Th by, 20 Thng 12 2008 02:55 nc...) canon HVACR - Bi vit k thut khc (in,

Mt bi vit c p t lu nhng n gi mi rnh vit cho anh em. Mnh xin m chuyn mc ny cc anh em cng nhau ng gp hiu nhiu hn v CM BIN c dng nhiu trong lnh vc HVAC. Nhng kin thc ny nu i vi cc anh em chuyn v in-in t s khng l lm g. Nhng mc ch ca mnh l c kt li nhng kin thc CN NGHIN cu thi, khng i qu su v chuyn in ( cng thc, mch, .) nhm mc ch cho cc anh em chuyn ngnh khc vn c th tham gia. V sn y xin mi cc anh em bn HVAC cng tham gia- cng kt hp th mnh ca 2 chuyn ngnh. Trc tin, cm bin l g: Cm bin l thit b dng o, m, cm nhn,cc i lng vt l khng in thnh cc tn hiu in. V d: Nhit l 1 i lng khng lin quan n in chng ta phi chuyn n v 1 i lng khc ( in tr, in p ) ph hp vi cc c cu in t. Cc cm bin thng dng trong HVAC: Cm bin nhit, p sut, m, mc nc, lu lng gi, lu lng kh, o nng ha cht trong nc, CO2, khi, . Phn I: CM BIN O NHIT . Nhit t mi trng s c cm bin hp thu, ti y ty theo c cu ca cm bin s bin i lng nhit ny thnh mt i lng in no . Nh th mt yu t ht sc quan trng l nhit mi trng cn o v nhit cm nhn ca cm bin. C th iu ny l: Cc loi cm bin m cc bn trng thy n u l ci v bo v, phn t cm bin nm bn trong ci v ny ( bn dn, lng kim.) do vic o c chnh xc hay khng ty thuc vo vic truyn nhit t mi trng vo n phn t cm bin tn tht bao nhiu ( 1 trong nhng yu t quyt nh gi cm bin nhit ). Mt nguyn tc t ra l: Tng cng trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng cn o.

A. PHN LOI CM BIN NHIT. Cp nhit in ( Thermocouple ). Nhit in tr ( RTD-resitance temperature detector ). Thermistor. Bn dn ( Diode, IC ,.). Ngoi ra cn c loi o nhit khng tip xc ( ha k- Pyrometer ). Dng hng ngoi hay lazer.

A.1. CP NHIT IN ( Thermocouples ). - Cu to: Gm 2 cht liu kim loi khc nhau, hn dnh mt u. - Nguyn l: Nhit thay i cho ra sc in ng thay i ( mV). - u im: Bn, o nhit cao. - Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai s. nhy khng cao. - Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng kht nghit, o nhit nht my nn, - Tm o: -100 D.C <1400 D.C

Gm 2 dy kim loi khc nhau c hn dnh 1 u gi l u nng ( hay u o), hai u cn li gi l u lnh ( hay l u chun ). Khi c s chnh lch nhit gia u nng v u lnh th s pht sinh 1 sc in ng V ti u lnh. Mt vn t ra l phi n nh v o c nhit u lnh, iu ny ty thuc rt ln vo cht liu. Do vy mi cho ra cc chng loi cp nhit , mi loi cho ra 1 sc in ng khc nhau: E, J, K, R, S, T. Cc bn lu iu ny chn u d v b iu khin cho thch hp. Dy ca cp nhit in th khng di ni n b iu khin, yu t dn n khng chnh xc l ch ny, gii quyt iu ny chng ta phi b tr cho n ( offset trn b iu khin ). Lu khi s dng: T nhng yu t trn khi s dng loi cm bin ny chng ta lu l khng nn ni thm dy ( v tn hiu cho ra l mV ni s suy hao rt nhiu ). Cng dy ca cm bin nn thng thong ( ng cho cng dy ny dnh vo mi trng o ). Cui cng l nn kim tra cn thn vic Offset thit b. Lu : V tn hiu cho ra l in p ( c cc m v dng ) do vy cn ch k hiu lp t vo b khuch i cho ng.

Hnh cp nhit in A.1. CP NHIT IN ( Thermocouples ). - Cu to: Gm 2 cht liu kim loi khc nhau, hn dnh mt u. - Nguyn l: Nhit thay i cho ra sc in ng thay i ( mV). - u im: Bn, o nhit cao. - Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai s. nhy khng cao. - Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng kht nghit, o nhit nht my nn, - Tm o: -100 D.C <1400 D.C

Cu to ca nhit in tr RTD

Cu to ca RTD gm c dy kim loi lm t: ng, Nikel, Platinum,c qun ty theo hnh dng ca u o. Khi nhit thay i in tr gia hai u dy kim loi ny s thay i, v ty cht liu kim loi s c tuyn tnh trong mt khong nhit nht nh.Ph bin nht ca RTD l loi cm bin Pt, c lm t Platinum. Platinum c in tr sut cao, chng oxy ha, nhy cao, di nhit o c di. Thng c cc loi: 100, 200, 500, 1000 ohm ti 0 D.C. in tr cng cao th nhy nhit cng cao. RTD thng c loi 2 dy, 3 dy v 4 dy. Lu khi s dng: Loi RTD 4 dy gim in tr dy dn i 1/2, gip hn ch sai s. Cch s dng ca RTD kh d chu hn so vi Thermocouple. Chng ta c th ni thm dy cho loi cm bin ny ( hn k, cht lng dy tt, c chng nhiu ) v c th o test bng VOM c. V l bin thin in tr nn khng quan tm n chiu u dy.

Cm b in dng NTD

A.3. THERMISTOR - Cu to: Lm t hn hp cc oxid kim loi: mangan, nickel, cobalt, - Nguyn l: Thay i in tr khi nhit thay i. - u im: Bn, r tin, d ch to. - Khuyt im: Dy tuyn tnh hp. - Thng dng: Lm cc chc nng bo v, p vo cun dy ng c, mch in t. - Tm o: 50 <150 D.C.

Cu to Thermistor. Thermistor c cu to t hn hp cc bt ocid. Cc bt ny c ha trn theo t l v khi lng nht nh sau c nn cht v nung nhit cao. V mc dn in ca hn hp ny s thay i khi nhit thay i. C hai loi thermistor: H s nhit dng PTC- in tr tng theo nhit ; H s nhit m NTC in tr gim theo nhit . Thng dng nht l loi NTC. Thermistor ch tuyn tnh trong khong nhit nht nh 50-150D.C do vy ngi ta t dng dng lm cm bin o nhit. Ch s dng trong cc mc ch bo v, ngt nhit, cc bc nh ta thng gi l Tt-mt. Ci Block lnh

no cng c mt vi b gn cht vo cun dy ng c. Lu khi s dng: Ty vo nhit mi trng no m chn Thermistor cho thch hp, lu hai loi PTC v NTC ( gi nm na l thng ng/ thng h ) C th test d dng vi ng h VOM. Nn p cht vo b mt cn o. Trnh lm hng v bo v. V bin thin in tr nn khng quan tm chiu u dy.

Hnh thermistor. A.4. BN DN - Cu to: Lm t cc loi cht bn dn. - Nguyn l: S phn cc ca cc cht bn dn b nh hng bi nhit . - u im: R tin, d ch to, nhy cao, chng nhiu tt, mch x l n gin. - Khuyt im: Khng chu nhit cao, km bn. - Thng dng: o nhit khng kh, dng trong cc thit b o, bo v cc mch in t. - Tm o: -50 <150 D.C.

Cm bin nhit Bn Dn l nhng loi cm bin c ch to t nhng cht bn dn. C cc loi nh Diode, Transistor, IC. Nguyn l ca chng l da trn mc phn cc ca cc lp P-N tuyn tnh vi nhit mi trng. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh bn dn cho ra i rt nhiu loi cm bin nhit vi s tch hp ca nhiu u im: chnh xc cao, chng nhiu tt, hot ng n nh, mch in x l n gin, r tin,. Ta d dng bt gp cc cm bin loi ny di dng diode ( hnh dng tng t Pt100), cc loi IC nh: LM35, LM335, LM45. Nguyn l ca chng l nhit thay i s cho ra in p thay i. in p ny c phn p t mt in p chun c trong mch.

IC cm b in nhit LM35

Cm b in nhit dng Diode

Gn y c cho ra i IC cm bin nhit cao cp, chng h tr lun c chun truyn thng I2C ( DS18B20 ) m ra mt xu hng mi trong th gii cm bin.

IC cm b in nhit DS18B20 Lu khi s dng: V c ch to t cc thnh phn bn dn nn cm bin nhit Bn Dn km bn, khng chu nhit cao. Nu vt ngng bo v c th lm hng cm bin. Cm bin bn dn mi loi ch tuyn tnh trong mt gii hn no , ngoi di ny cm bin s mt tc dng. Ht sc quan tm n tm o ca loi cm bin ny t c s chnh xc. Loi cm bin ny km chu ng trong mi trng khc nghit: m cao, ha cht c tnh n mn, rung sc va chm mnh. A.5. NHIT K BC X ( cn gi l ha k- pyrometer ). - Cu to: Lm t mch in t, quang hc. - Nguyn l: o tnh cht bc x nng lng ca mi trng mang nhit. - u im: Dng trong mi trng khc nghit, khng cn tip xc vi mi trng o. - Khuyt im: chnh xc khng cao, t tin. - Thng dng: Lm cc thit b o cho l nung. - Tm o: -54 <1000 D.F.

Nhit k bc x ( ha k ) l loi thit b chuyn dng dng o nhit ca nhng mi trng m cc cm bin thng thng khng th tip xc c ( l nung thp, ha cht n mn mnh, kh t cm bin). Gm c cc loi: Ha k bc x, ha k cng sng, ha k mu sc. Chng hot ng da trn nguyn tc cc vt mang nhit s c hin tng bc x nng lng. V nng lng bc x s c mt bc sng nht nh. Ha k s thu nhn bc sng ny v phn tch cho ra nhit ca vt cn o. Lu khi s dng: Ty theo thng s ca nh sn xut m ha k c cc tm o khc nhau, tuy nhin a s ha k o khong nhit cao. V v c im khng tip xc trc tip vi vt cn o nn mc chnh xc ca ha k khng cao, chu nhiu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh ( gc o, rung tay, nh sng mi trng ).

Hnh ha k Xem v tho lun v ch ny ti Din n