V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

Phn I
Nguyn l hot ng ca CSMA/CD Ph-ng php pht hin xung t

Trong thi i cng ngh thng tin hin nay, vic chia s thng tin gia cc my tnh v cc thit b l rt cn thit v khng th thiu. Mng my tnh ra i gip vic ny tr nn d dng hn. Nh-ng cn c mt qui tc chung gia tt c cc trm ( my tnh v cc thit b khc ) ni vo mng m bo rng -ng truyn -c truy cp v s dng mt cch tt p. C nhiu cch truy cp -ng truyn : truy nhp ngu nhin (random access) v truy nhp c iu khin (controlled access). Giao thc n gin nht -c bit n l ALOHA (y l ting cho ca ng-i Ha-oai). Giao thc ALOHA cho php mi my trm c th ttuy nhp bus vo bt k thi im no, khng ch n vic cc trm khc c s dng -ng truyn hay khng, nh-ng n gn thm mt on m kim tra tng (checksum) vo cui on thng tin my trm nhn thng tin c th bit -c l n nhn ng thng tin hay sai.

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

Nh- vy ALOHA l mt giao thc khng m bo l khung d liu -c truyn i c gp xung t hay khng. N nh cy vo h thng ARQ pht hin xung t v gi li cc khung b li. Giao thc ALOHA ch hot ng tt trong mng c h s s dng -ng truyn thp v do nguy c gp xung t thp. Ng-i ta ci tin giao thc ALOHA thnh giao thc ALOHA phn khe (slotted ALOHA). Khi ny qu trnh pht d liu ch xy ra khi my trm gp khe thi gian ng b ( synchronized slotted times ).

Nh- vy kh nng xy ra xung t ch c trong mt khe, gim hn so vi giao thc ALOHA. Thng l-ng hiu qu (throughput efficiency) tng mt cch ng k ( xem hnh d-i).

Trong cc mng cc b hin nay mt trong nhng ph-ng php hay -c s dng l ph-ng php CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multi Access with Collision Detection) Ph-ng php truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t). y l giao thc ci

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

tin t ALOHA. Ta c th hiu mt cch n gin CSMA/CD nh- sau: 1. CS Carrier Sense (C ai ang ni chuyn khng?) 2. MA Multi Access (Ti cng c th nghe nhng g anh nghe thy) 3. CD Collision Detection (Chng ta ang cng ni ?) T- t-ng ca n l : khi mt my trm cn truyn d liu trc ht phi nghe xem ng truyn bn hay ri. Nu -ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i theo khun dng chun. Ng-c li, nu -ng truyn ang bn ( c my trm khc truyn d liu ri) th my trm i mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri bt u nghe li hoc tip tc nghe cho n khi -ng truyn ri th truyn i vi xc sut p (0<p 1). c th pht hin xung t, ng-i ta b sung thm qui tc : nghe trong khi ni tc l trong khi mt trm ang truyn n vn nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin xung t th n dng ngay vic truyn v pht i sng mang bo hiu c xung t cho cc my trm khc (jam signal). Vic pht hin xung t khin cho vic truyn dn thng tin trn cp -c bo m hn. Khi c mt my trm truyn thng tin, trn cp xut hin dng in. Dng in trong my trm ln gp hai ln dng o -c trn -ng cp truyn do cp truyn theo hai h-ng. pht hin xung t th IEEE -a ra ph-ng php pht hin ng-ng. Nu trn -ng truyn ch c duy nht mt my trm truy nhp th in p o -c trn -ng truyn s c mt gi tr max xc nh. Nu c thm mt my th hai tham gia truy nhp -ng truyn th gi tr in p o -c s tng ln. B pht hin xung t s nh s thay i ny ca in p m -a ra ch th -ng truyn bn ( b truy nhp). Gi tr ng-ng nh nht b pht hin xung t c th -a ra ch th

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

chnh xc v trng thi ca -ng truyn phi ln hn gi tr in p max khi ch c mt my trm tham gia truyn thng tin. Ta c th tham kho hot ng ca CSMA/CD bng s d-i y:

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

Ta c th tham kho mt v d v cc tn hiu -c o bng -xi-l sau.

A. Tn hiu cc my trm nhn -c (received packet signal) B. Tn hiu cm nhn sng mang (carriersense signal) C. Tn hiu pht hin xung t (collisiondetection signal) IEEE cng -a ra mt s cc s liu v d cho loi cp ng trc. B pht hin xung t phi c ng-ng trong khong t -1448 mV n -1590mV. Trn thc t, in p mt chiu trn cp trong qu trnh truyn khng c xung t c gi tr ln nht l 1293 mV. Gi tr ny chnh lch vi - 1448 mV l 55 mV. N l d tr cho vic gi xung kt thc tn hiu mo u preamble v p ng xung ca b lc trong phn cn li ca gi tin (khong 12% cho p ng xung ca b lc). Nu cn lp t mt b lc c gi tr p ng xung ln hn, ng-ng

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

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thp nht (1448 mV) -c thay th bng gi tr : 1293 mV x ( 1+ p ng xung). Ch : Cc gi tr trn u -c o trn dy trung tm ca cp ng trc so vi cng vo ca b kt ni ca my trm (the shield at MAU connector). Trong mt s ti liu khc, mt s tc gi khc c cp n vic dng ng-ng dng in pht hin xung t. C th l khi chi c mt my trm truy nhp -ng truyn th dng in o -c trn cp ng trc l 24 mA, trn ng-ng th c xung t. Cc gi tr ny khng thy ni n trong ti liu ca IEEE 802.3

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

Phn II
Th nghim v hot ng CSMA/CD (S-u tm)

A.Mc ch: y l mt th nghim ch nhm mc ch nghin cu mt mch in n gin cho php nhiu thit b gn vo mt bus truyn dn, v cung cp b cm nhn sng mang- carrier sense v b pht hin xung t-collistion detection. Chc nng ca mch l nghin cu nhng nguyn l c bn nh- iu khin truy nhp ph-ng tin (MAC) trong chun Ethernet mng LAN. B. Miu t mch in th nghim CSMA/CD: Nh- th hin trn hnh 1, mi thit b u cui c th truyn d liu u cui ra bus d liu thng qua mt b 3 trng thi ( tri-state driver ). Khi -c php truyn, d liu t ngun -c -a ra bus. Khi khng -c truyn, u ra ca b 3 trng thi hot ng nh- l mt mch h. Khi tt c cc thit b u cui khng hot ng, in tr u cui ca bus d liu s khin cho in th trn bus vo khong 2,5V. B pht hin xung t CD ca mi thit b u cui s dng mt b so snh amp dn sch in p trn bus ang -c cm nhn. n LED pht hin xung t ( CD Indicator ) s sng khi pht hin xung t. B cm nhn sng mang ca mi thit b u cui s lm cho n LED cm nhn sng mang ( CS indicator ) sng bt c khi no in p trn bus v-t qu mt ng-ng no . C. Thc hnh th nghim 1. Trong phng th nghim, h thng CSMA/CD trong hnh 1 s -c xy dng vi 2 thit b u cui. Tuy nhin, ch cn mt mch y chc

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V Khnh C-ng T4-C4-TVT-K43

CSMA/

nng ca CSMA/CD, ta s nghin cu cc chc nng CSMA/CD trn mch ny, thit b u cui th hai khng cn y chc nng. 2. Hai b to xung vung s -c dng nh- hai ngun d liu, -c t tn s 1000 Hz (t-ng -ng 2000 bps). B iu khin bin cho hai b to xung vung s iu chnh u ra hai mc 0 v 5 V. Cc cng lgc -c dng iu khin cho php truyn d liu ra bus. 3. S khi mch nh- sau :

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