You are on page 1of 5

BATTERY BASED HANDOVER BETWEEN WLAN AND WIMAX TECHNLOGIES (Malak,salwa ,Magdy,Hussein ) The paper proposes a methodology for

triggering between different wireless technologies based on the user terminal battery level status since different access technologies have different terminal battery power consumption during handover. This will save battery energy of user terminal. Assume user terminal equipped with both WLAN and Wimax access technologies and the user uses Wimax when there is WLAN in the same coverage. Also assume limited user mobility to have both networks in same coverage. The user terminal battery will become weak after using Wimax technology for some time and this will trigger a desire to handover to WLAN which consumes less energy. The triggering info is mapped into the battery based handover flag and its exchanged between the user terminal device and the network through the handover option IP header. The Network node reads the battery field information and makes the handover decision based on the battery level. The battery level indicator field consists of 3 bits hence enabling 8 levels of battery indicators. Level zero (000) is assigned the strongest battery level indicator while level 7 (111) is the weakest battery level indicator. The presence of this field depends on the value of the value of the battery based handover flag with a value of 1 indicating the presence of the battery level information in the handover IP header. The user can activate this field anytime he feels he needs to handover based on the terminal battery level. The flag triggering condition can be set at a specific terminal energy level that can be determined by the user required setting. This set level can be transferred to the network side using the field in the option IP header. The battery level for each wireless technology can be manually chosen by the user or the software can do it for him.

Under this state, handover is not only triggered due to user mobility but also depends on battery level hence handover can be forced by user. Simulations are made for the mathematical models which give energy consumption when user use only one access technology ie WLAN or Wimax and the battery energy gain when user equipment makes a battery based vertical handover from WiMAX to WLAN. Simulation results show that as the number of exchanged packets is increased, the battery energy consumption is increased and the battery level decreases. Also the energy degradation of WiMAX is higher than that of WLAN. -Using the WLAN instead of WiMAX at some times saves the battery energy levels of the terminal by more than 540.5 times. Simulations also that it is always better to handover to WLAN as long as there is coverage in cases of low mobility of user terminal. No Simulation tools mentioned

A SEAMLESS VHO APPROACH ( Rastin Pries, Dirk S, Thorsten Gutbrod) The paper Suggests use of VHO protocol based on tight coupled architecture so that handover is performed on link layer hence reducing handover delays. The tight coupled architecture has the WLAN APs integrated into the UMTS network architecture. Wireless technologies characteristics complement one another making their integration feasible and attractive. Existing mobile handover technologies are based on mobile IP which simulation have shown to be low in performance due to their operation on Network layer. Mobile IP sends out messages periodically to look for connection changes and handover will occur if 3 consecutive massages are lost which results into handover delays.

For handover from WLAN to UMTS; The WLAN AP is an integral part of UMTS connected directly to SGSN and the ME is equipped with two interfaces to WLAN and UMTS which are connected to each other and the network layer by the handover module.VHO is initiated whenever ME moves out of coverage for WLAN indicated by measurement reports to the SGSN.VHO occurs in 3 main phases/steps ie connection establishment, handover procedure and connection release. Its initiated by sending a UMTS device activation request from SGSN to theme using the existing WLAN connection. The ME then sends a packet data protocol context request over the UMTS shared channel back to the SGSN. Radio access bearer is set up and tunnel created between RNC and SGSN. When quality of service classes are active, ME is connected to both networks and transmits a positive UMTS device activation response to the SGSN. After successful connection establishment, the SGSN initiates the vertical handover and switching of the networks. The ME first switches to UMTS and indicates change of device to the SGSN through a handover response message. The SGSN then activates the IP-over IP tunnel to the RNC and updates its address of the ME so that all the traffic is forwarded to the RNC which is responsible for the ME. The old connection to WLAN is then deallocated hence releasing the tunnel between the SGSN and the AP and the ME disassociates itself. Handover protocol between WLAN and UMTS has been implemented and evaluated using OPNET Modeler. The simulation results indicate total handover delay for the two directions of less than 750ms which is less than that of mobile IP. Also the period with no connection at all lasts less than 100ms still out performing mobile IP. The simulations further show that connection establishment takes most of the time due to the complex radio access bearer and tunnel setup and unfortunately this connection establishment delay cannot be minimized.

VERTICAL HANDOVER IN B3G WIRELESS NETWORKS (Enrique S, Ulises Pineda, Jesus Acosta-Elias) Beyond 3G refers to the combination of the different several wireless technologies such as cellular, metropolitan, wireless and personal area networks. To guarantee ubiquitous coverage that will offer connectivity anytime, anywhere, there is need to integrate complimentary wireless technologies with overlapping coverage so that the user can use the best available wireless technology at any given time. This requires mobile terminals with multiple interfaces to access different networks. Users can then switch from one wireless technology to another without disruption in service thus from BS to AP and vice versa. This is termed vertical handover if the BS and AP are using different technologies. -Vertical handover can be classified depending on data rate and coverage into downward and upward VHO. Upward VHO occurs from a network with small coverage and high data rate to a network with wider coverage and lower date rate and vice versa for downward VHO. It can also be classified further according to received signal strength and performance into imperative and alternative VHO. -VHO decision is divided into 3 steps thus system discovery, handover decision and execution. During discovery phase, the mobile terminal identifies which networks can be used and the available services in the networks. During decision phase, depending on a number of metrics such as available bandwidth, delay, jitter, access cost, the mobile device determines the network to connect to. Handover execution involves rerouting connections and transfer of users context information from an existing network to the new network in a seamless manner. It also involves authentication and authorization.

The VHO decision mechanism is formulated as an optimization problem in which each candidate network is associated with accost function and the best network is the one with will minimal cost value. The cost function depends on parameters such as delay, bandwidth and power requirements and appropriate weights are associated to each parameter depending on its importance in the decision making. The VHO can be formulated as fuzzy MADM problem with two classical MADM methods in use is SAW and TOPSIS. The network selected is based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP)which decomposes network selection problem into several sub problems each with an assigned weight and also uses Grey relational analysis to rank the candidate network and select the one with the highest ranking. Comparison is made for performance of VHO, SAW, TOPSIS, GRA and MEW (multiplicative exponent weighting). A B3G network scenario with four wireless networks available for VHO is simulated using Stochastic models and several kinds of traffic such as conversational, streaming, interactive and background. Handover metrics such as available band width, jitter, packet delay, probability of error etc are considered. Results show close results in performance but GRA outcompetes the rest in terms of performance in some situations. Simulation results also show that MEW, SAW, TOPSIS select the same network for VHO for more than 90% of the time and the four algorithms select the same network more than 70% of the time. A mobile device in B3G wireless environment makes decisions about target network either periodically or each time new network is sensed. This sequential decision can be modeled as a markov decision process(MDP).Cost and reward functions are introduced to capture trade off among network resources utilized by the connection in terms in terms of available bandwidth and delay

and the signaling and processing load incurred by the network after VHO execution.The MDP formulation objective is to is to maximize the expected total reward per connection.

WLAN WIMAX VHO HYBRID SATIFACTION MECHANISM (Mohammed S,Nizar , Cosmas A,Chrsitos) The paper considers handover between two access technologies IEEE 802.16e Wimax and the IEEE 802.11n WLAN networks. The user benefit is in terms of improvement of the obtained quality of service and date rate and as long as user is satisfied with Q0S, he wont search for another access technology to perform handover which can even lead to a connection failure. The incentive for handover to Wimax is wider coverage and stricter control on delay. WLAN on the other hand, offer higher data rates with smaller coverage and lack of control on delay. Operator benefits entails load balancing among different cells/access technologies while the user is motivated by higher data rates or minimal delays. The Author considers metric to offer handover benefit to both operator and customer. The proposed metric tackles both user and operator satisfactions. The metric indicates VHO mechanism to start or not start providing the system designer with the ability to offer both advantages at the same time or modified to account for single objective. Focus is on downlink channel where N receivers each of them equipped with single antenna are being served by singe BS equipped with single transmitting antenna. Single access technology is considered between BS and user on each time and for each one of them, a channel h(t) is considered between users and BS with static block fading model being assumed which keeps constant through the coherence time and independently changes between consecutive time intervals with iid complex Gaussian distributions. Hence each user is

assumed to be fixed during each fading block where the duration of each symbol is 20ms to match with practical wireless systems. -Let si(t) denotes the uncorrelated data symbol to the ith user with E{ }=1. The received signal yi(t)=hi(t) si(t)+zi(t) where zi(t) is an additive iid complex noise component with zero mean and E{ }=2 Proposed Hybrid model; The switch between different technologies should be transparent and cause no disruption in the service. The handover should be seamless and this is facilitated by use of IP protocol standard where each user is assigned an IP that is fixed as the client moves within broadband wireless technology. The VHO is carried out on basis of hybrid satisfaction indicator given as Th=Sc +(1- )Sop Where Sc indicates customer satisfaction indicator and Sop indicates operator satisfaction metric. The importance of SC and Sop is determined by the optimization parameter . setting to zero or one gives a single objective metric for operator or customer satisfaction respectively. Varying between 1 and 0 gives degree of freedom depending on system conditions on load and customer requirements. Satisfaction indicator definition for both operator and customer are based on thresholds to guarantee a marginal increase in satisfaction if the performance is above threshold and a drastic decrease in the satisfaction indicator if the performance is below the demand. The customer satisfaction Sc has value less than one if the user is not satisfied and value above 1 for a satisfied user. Sc = if yob yth if yob < yth The decay below 1 is exponential while the increase above 1 is small. The performance is presented through the SNR as its metric as it links both the data rate and probability of error performance.

Due to economical considerations, the operator satisfaction doesnt follow exponential distribution. The formulated metric also shows a value less than 1 if the load is more than threshold hence customer is not satisfied and returns a value above one otherwise. The objective of the operator is to make load balancing. Sop = 1 +
1 +

if if

<

The proposed algorithms are tested using computer simulations considering one Wimax BS with 1km coverage and several WLAN BS each covering 30m diameter. Simulations are made under different conditions of by varying load Wimax and WLAN cell loads and changing SNR of user as he moves through the considered area. Tests are run for 50% of their maximum load conditions and simulations show an increase in threshold values for customer connected to WLAN for regions close to the WLAN BSs due to large data rate offered by WLAN and operator load remains the same for both access technologies under this condition. In the first extreme case when the Wimax if fully loaded and WLANs are not loaded, the operator desires customers to handover to WLAN to decrease Wimax congestion and the users also desire to go to WLAN due to larger data rate. In case Wimax system is not loaded and WLAN is fully loaded, the satisfaction indicator controlled by Wimax system leads to customers to desire to handover to Wimax system. The satisfaction remains high and stable as long as the received SNR is above the set threshold and it decreases dramatically when the received SNR drops below the threshold and this occurs at the cell edges due to path loss effect. -A plot of satisfaction indicator shows that satisfaction increases greatly in regions close to the BSs while it is below one in all other regions implying users in Wimax coverage regions alone are

not satisfied and hence they always desire to handover to WLAN if its in its coverage region to increase satisfaction. -Also the data rate for each user increases with increase in number of WLANs Bs.

You might also like