BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE IS THE BEST LANGUAGE If you want a decent return on your investment, says Helen Joyce, the

best language to learn is Brazilian Portuguese... Some lunatics learn languages for fun. The rest of us are looking for a decent return on our investment. That means choosing a language with plenty of native speakers. One spoken by people worth talking to, in a place worth visiting. One with close relatives, so you have a head start with your third language. One not so distant from English that you give up. There really is only one rational choice: Brazilian Portuguese. Brazil is big (190m residents; half a continent). Its economic prospects are bright. So Paulo is Latin Americas business capital. No other country has flora and fauna more varied and beautiful. It is home to the worlds largest standing forest, the Amazon. The weather is great and so are the beaches. The people are friendly, and shameless white liars. Youll be told Your Portuguese is wonderful! many times before it is true. You wont need a new alphabet or much new grammar, though you may find the language addicted to declensions and unduly fond of the subjunctive. Youll learn hundreds of words without effort (azul means blue, verde means green) and be able to guess entire sentences (O sistema bancrio muito forte: the banking system is very strong). With new pronunciation and a few new words youll get around in Portugal and parts of Africa. If you speak Spanish, French or Italian, youll find half the work is already done and if not, why not try? With Portuguese under your belt youll fly along. Best of all, youll stand out. Only about 10m Brazilians have reasonable English, and far more Anglophones speak French or Spanish than Portuguese, of any flavour. I did not choose this language; it was thrust on me by the offer of a job in So Paulo. But when I think of my sons, now ten and five, one day being able to write fluent Brazilian Portuguese on their CVs, I feel a little smug. Helen Joyce is The Economist's So Paulo correspondent Which do you think is the best language to learn? Have your say by voting in our online poll Editor's note: Thanks to our ever-alert readersthe first was Caio Capelarifor pointing out that the original illustration for this article featured a Portuguese newspaper and not a Brazilian one. We do appreciate that an ocean separates the newsstands of Rio from those in Lisbon. And thanks to Andrew Stickland for sending a new image from So Paulo this morning. TWO LANGUAGES, 99% THE SAME Posted by Robert Butler, March 7th 2012 The day after we published an article online saying that Brazilian Portuguese is the best language to learn Brazil overtook Britain as the sixth largest economy in the world. The economy was a key reason why Helen Joyce, The Economist's correspondent in So Paulo, had chosen Brazilian Portuguese. In the two days our article has been online the number of comments about Brazilian Portuguese has shot past the 250 mark. Quite a few of these raised the question: why is it called Brazilian Portuguese? As Lea Romano said, "We speak Portuguese and we are Brazilians!" But this is a two-way street: in Brazil, it's not uncommon to refer to British English and American English. An important reason, pointed out by Adelaide Bouchardet Davis, is that American companies have separate software for Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese. One

commenter, Laurence, said he once had to proofread a long Brazilian text with access only to a European Portuguese spell checker. "It was a nightmare." Another commenter, Niels, said the two languages were not 100% the same. "Probably more like 99.9%." But some words are different. Inglsno Supermercado explained that in Portugal, "rapariga" means "maid", in Brazil, "rapariga" means "bitch". The accent is different too. Tatiana Buzanelli said that Brazilians couldn't understand the Portuguese from Portugal because they have a strong accent and it looks like "they don't open their mouths to speak". But then people in the south find the regional accents in the north-east of Brazil hard to understand (and vice versa, presumably). Jorge Lopes said there were no reason to take offence. In America, they speak American English. "There is also Swiss German, Canadian French, and a lot more. So, we speak Brazilian Portuguese too, what's wrong with that?" Robert Butler is online editor of Intelligent Life WHICH IS THE BEST LANGUAGE TO LEARN? Once a mark of the cultured, language-learning is in retreat among English speakers. Its never too late, but where to start? Robert Lane Greene launches our latest Big Question ... From INTELLIGENT LIFE magazine, March/April 2012 For language lovers, the facts are grim: Anglophones simply arent learning them any more. In Britain, despite four decades in the European Union, the number of A-levels taken in French and German has fallen by half in the past 20 years, while what was a growing trend of Spanish-learning has stalled. In America, the numbers are equally sorry. One factor behind the 9/11 attacks was the fact that the CIA lacked the Arabic-speakers who might have translated available intelligence. But ten years on, English only campaigns appeal more successfully to American patriotism than campaigns that try to promote language-learning, as if the most successful language in history were threatened. Why learn a foreign language? After all, the one you already speak if you read this magazine is the worlds most useful and important language. English is not only the first language of the obvious countries, it is now the rest of the worlds second language: a Japanese tourist in Sweden or a Turk landing a plane in Spain will almost always speak English. Nonetheless, compelling reasons remain for learning other languages. They range from the intellectual to the economical to the practical. First of all, learning any foreign language helps you understand all language better many Anglophones first encounter the words past participle not in an English class, but in French. Second, there is the cultural broadening. Literature is always best read in the original. Poetry and lyrics suffer particularly badly in translation. And learning another tongue helps the student grasp another way of thinking. Though the notion that speakers of different languages think differently has been vastly exaggerated and misunderstood, there is a great deal to be learned from discovering what the different cultures call this, that or das oder. The practical reasons are just as compelling. In business, if the team on the other side of the table knows your language but you dont know theirs, they almost certainly know more about you and your company than you do about them and theirsa bad position to negotiate from. Many investors in China have made fatally stupid decisions about companies they could not understand. Diplomacy, war-waging and intelligence work are all weakened by a lack of capable linguists. Virtually any career, public or private, is given a boost with knowledge of a foreign language.

So which one should you, or your children, learn? If you take a glance at advertisements in New York or A-level options in Britain, an answer seems to leap out: Mandarin. Chinas economy continues to grow at a pace that will make it bigger than Americas within two decades at most. Chinas political clout is growing accordingly. Its businessmen are buying up everything from American brands to African minerals to Russian oil rights. If China is the country of the future, is Chinese the language of the future? Probably not. Remember Japans rise? Just as spectacular as Chinas, if on a smaller scale, Japans economic growth led many to think it would take over the world. It was the worlds second-largest economy for decades (before falling to third, recently, behind China). So is Japanese the worlds third-most useful language? Not even close. If you were to learn ten languages ranked by general usefulness, Japanese would probably not make the list. And the key reason for Japaneses limited spread will also put the brakes on Chinese. This factor is the Chinese writing system (which Japan borrowed and adapted centuries ago). The learner needs to know at least 3,000-4,000 characters to make sense of written Chinese, and thousands more to have a real feel for it. Chinese, with all its tones, is hard enough to speak. But the mammoth feat of memory required to be literate in Mandarin is harder still. It deters most foreigners from ever mastering the systemand increasingly trips up Chinese natives. A recent survey reported in the Peoples Daily found 84% of respondents agreeing that skill in Chinese is declining. If such gripes are common to most languages, there is something more to it in Chinese. Fewer and fewer native speakers learn to produce characters in traditional calligraphy. Instead, they write their language the same way we dowith a computer. And not only that, but they use the Roman alphabet to produce Chinese characters: type in wo and Chinese language-support software will offer a menu of characters pronounced wo; the user selects the one desired. (Or if the user types in wo shi zhongguo ren, I am Chinese, the software detects the meaning and picks the right characters.) With less and less need to recall the characters cold, the Chinese are forgetting them. David Moser, a Sinologist, recalls asking three native Chinese graduate students at Peking University how to write sneeze: To my surprise, all three of them simply shrugged in sheepish embarrassment. Not one of them could correctly produce the character. Now, Peking University is usually considered the Harvard of China. Can you imagine three phd students in English at Harvard forgetting how to write the English word sneeze? Yet this state of affairs is by no means uncommon in China. As long as China keeps the character-based systemwhich will probably be a long time, thanks to cultural attachment and practical concerns alikeChinese is very unlikely to become a true world language, an auxiliary language like English, the language a Brazilian chemist will publish papers in, hoping that they will be read in Finland and Canada. By all means, if China is your main interest, for business or pleasure, learn Chinese. It is fascinating, and learnablethough Mosers online essay, Why Chinese is so damn hard, might discourage the faint of heart and the short of time. But if I was asked what foreign language is the most useful, and given no more parameters (where? for what purpose?), my answer would be French. Whatever you think of France, the language is much less limited than many people realise. As their empire spun off and they became a medium-sized power after the second world war, the French, hoping to maintain some distance from America and to make the most of their former possessions, established La Francophonie. This club, bringing together all the countries with a French-speaking heritage, has 56 members, almost a third of the worlds countries. Hardly any of them are places where French is everyones native language. Instead, they include countries with Francophone minorities (Switzerland, Belgium); those where French is official and widespread among elites (much of western Africa); those where it is not official but still spoken by nearly all educated people (Morocco, Lebanon); and those where French ties remain despite the fading of the language

(Vietnam, Cambodia). It even has members with few ties to French or France, like Egypt, that simply want to associate themselves with the prestige of the French-speaking world. Another 19 countries are observer members. French ranks only 16th on the list of languages ranked by native speakers. But ranked above it are languages like Telegu and Javanese that no one would call world languages. Hindi does not even unite India. Also in the top 15 are Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese, major languages to be sure, but regionally concentrated. If your interest is the Middle East or Islam, by all means learn Arabic. If your interest is Latin America, Spanish or Portuguese is the way to go. Or both; learning one makes the second quite easy. If your interests span the globe, and youve read this far, you already know the most useful global language. But if you want another truly global language, there are surprisingly few candidates, and for me French is unquestionably top of the list. It can enhance your enjoyment of art, history, literature and food, while giving you an important tool in business and a useful one in diplomacy. It has native speakers in every region on earth. And lest we forget its heartland itself, France attracts more tourists than any other country76.8m in 2010, according to the World Tourism Organisation, leaving America a distant second with 59.7m. Any visit there is greatly enhanced by some grasp of the language. The French are nothing but welcoming when you show them and their country respect, and the occasional frost that can greet visitors melts when they come out with their first fully formed sentence. So although there are other great languages out there, dont forget an easy, common one, with far fewer words to learn than English, that is almost certainly taught in your town. With French, vous ne regretterez rien. Robert Lane Greene is a business correspondent for The Economist in New York and the author of "You Are What you Speak" Which do you think is the best language to learn? Have your say by voting in our online poll Photo illustration by Meeson Ideas Robert Lane Greene March/April 2012 THE BIG QUESTION