ARDOM TELECOM (To provide services with economy, efficiency and integrity)

This is certify that this report INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT Is a bonafide record of the work done by AKSHAY KUMAR BAJPAI Roll No. - 1005631009 In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from BABU BANARASI DAS NORTHERN INDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LUCKNOW.

Submitted to---

Mr. ALI ARDOM TELECOM

Mr. ABHISHEK KR. SINGH ARDOM TELECOM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Ali sir, Head of the Department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for the summer training.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Abhishek Kumar Singh, for his cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting this report.

I also extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Bhagirath (site-technician) and all other employees, members of ARDOM TELECOM and my friends for their support and encouragement.

AKSHAY KUMAR BAJPAI

ABOUT ARDOM TELECOM

Ardom Telecom is focused on providing reliable Operations and Manegement Services for both Active and Passive components of the Cellular Network and specializes in providing these solutions on a fixed cost basis. Ardom has been launched by a group of telecom professionals with proven competence and entrepreneurs with sound financial background. The service offering includes: Preventive and Breakdown Maintenance of Passive Equipments viz Air Conditioners, Diesel Generators, Battery Banks, Power Plants and other Power related equipment at the site, Energy Management through Optimization of Generator, Battery Bank and Grid Power Usage, Field Level Maintenance of Active Equipments and Sundry Site Up-Gradation Works, Radiation Measurement, RF Survey and Ardom is the first O & M Company in India to commence O & M services with a leading TowerCo's. on "Fixed Energy Cost Reimbursement" Model. With the top management of Ardom consisting of professionals who have worked at senior positions with Telecom Operators and/or TowerCo's, Ardom exactly understands its customers' pain areas and requirements. That's why Ardom offers various infrastructure support services as an add on along with the routine maintenance service product either at nominal costs or at no incremental costs to its Customers. At Ardom, the term "O & M" stands for "Operations and Management" rather than "Operations and Maintenance".

CONTENTS OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INDUSTRY IN INDIA MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION AN OVERVIEW OF THE GSM SUBSYSTEM THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM POWER INTERFACE UNIT TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE---Mobile Tower type TYPES OF SITE SURVEYS IN TELECOM INDUSTRY

PREFACE CONCLUSION REFERENCE REFERENCES

Overview of telecom industry Telecom Industry in India The telecom industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India. India has nearly more than 200 million telephone lines making it the third largest network in the world after China and USA. With a growth rate of 45%, Indian telecom Industry has the highest growth rate in the world. Much of the growth in Asia Pacific Wireless Telecommunication Market is spurred by the growth in demand in countries like India and China. Indias mobile phone subscriber bas e is growing at a rate of 82.2%. China is the biggest market in Asia Pacific. Compared to that Indias share in Asia Pacific Mobile Phone market is 6.4%. Considering the fact that India and China have almost comparable populations, Indias low mobile penetration offers huge scope for growth.

History of Indian Telecommunications Started in 1851 when the first operational land lines were laid by the government near Calcutta (seat of British power). Telephone services were introduced in India in 1881. In 1883 telephone services were merged with the postal system. Indian Radio Telegraph Company (IRT ) was formed in 1923. After independence in 1947, all the foreign telecommunication companies were nationalized to form the Posts, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), a monopoly run by the governments Ministry of Communications. Telecom sector was considered as a strategic service and the government considered it best to bring under states control. In 1990s telecommunications sector benefited from the general op ening up of the economy. Also examples o telecom revolution in many other countries, which resulted in better quality of service and lower tariffs, led Indian policy makers to initiate a change process finally resulting in opening up of telecom services sector for the private sector. National telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 was the first attempt to give a comprehensive roadmap for the Indian telecommunications sector. In 1997, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was created. TRAI was formed to act as a regulator to facilitate the growth of the telecom sector. Telecommunication sector in India can be divided into two segments: Fixed Service Provider (FSPs), and Cellular Services. Fixed line services consist of basic services, national or domestic long distance and international long distance services. The state operators (BSNL and MTNL), account for almost 90 percent of revenues from basic services. Private sector services are presently available in selective urban areas, and collectively account for less than 5 per cent of subscriptions. However, private services focus on the business/corporate sector, and offer reliable, high- end services, such as leased lines, ISDN, closed user group and videoconferencing. Cellular services can be further divided into two categories: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The GSM sector is dominated by Airtel, Vodafone-Hutch, and Idea Cellular, while the CDMA sector is dominated by Reliance and Tata Indicom. Opening up of international and domestic long distance telephony services are the major growth drivers for cellular industry. Cellular operators get substantial revenue from these services, and compensate them for reduction in tariffs on airtime, which along with rental was the main source of revenue. The reduction in tariffs for airtime, national long distance, international long distance, and handset prices has driven demand. India added 13.82 million new mobile subscribers in February 09, down from 15.41 million a month earlier, according to Indian telecom regulator TRAI. Indias total number of mobile subscribers rose to 376.12 million at end -February from

362.30 million at the end of January. While China added 18.55 million new mobile phone subscribers in the first two months of 2009 and total wireless subscriber base stood at 659.78 million as of end-February 2009. China Mobile subscribers sent 607.1 billion SMSs last year, up by over 100 billion from the last year, and downloaded more than 76 million full music Tracks. Indias GSM subscribers totaled 277.5 million by end-February, accounting for nearly 75% of total wireless market share. According to figures released by the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), GSM players added 10.84 million new subscribers in March, taking total GSM subscriptions for the fiscal year to 288.3 million. The numbers exclude subscriptions for Reliance Communications, the CDMA service provider that recently launched GSM services, because the company does not reveal GSM numbers separately. If the estimates of 2.5 million to 2.7 million GSM subscribers for Reliance Communications are added, the total monthly increase for GSM subscriptions will be 13.54 million. At this rate, Indias GSM subscriber base is growing at more than double the monthly growth rate of China, which is adding around 6 million customers every month. The recent data released by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) puts the total telecom subscriber base of India at 653.92 million by end of May 2010 increasing from 638.05 million total telephone subscribers recorded in April 2010. The growth registered accounts to be 2.49%, with the overall Tele-density in India being 55.38. As per the data provided by the telecom operators, the mobile subscribers in the country reached 617.53 million in May 2010 marking growth of 2.71% from the April 2010. The mobile subscriber base stood at 601.22 million in April.

Market share and revenue

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION Mobile telecommunication mainly can be divided in two parts 1- GSM & 2- CDMA

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) The task of GSM was to define a new standard for mobile communications in the 900 MHz range. It was decided to use digital technology. In the course of time, CEPT evolved into a new organization, the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). That, however, did not change the task of GSM. The goal of GSM was to replace the purely national, already overloaded, and thus expensive technologies of the member countries with an international standard. In 1991, the first GSM systems were ready to be brought into so-called friendly-user operation. The meaning of the acronym GSM was changed that same year to stand for Global System for Mobile Communications. The year 1991 also saw the definition of the first derivative of GSM, the Digital Cellular System 1800 (DCS 1800), which more or less translates the GSM system into the 1800 MHz frequency range. In the United States, DCS 1800 was adapted to the 1900 MHz band (Personal Communication System 1900, or PCS 1900). The next phase, GSM Phase 2, will provide even more end-user features than phase 1 of GSM did. In 1991, only insiders believed such a success would be possible because mobile communications could not be considered a mass market in most parts of Europe. By 1992, many European countries had operational networks, and GSM started to attract interest worldwide. Time has brought substantial technological progress to the GSM hardware. GSM has proved to be a major commercial success for system manufacturers as well as for network operators. Particularly today, where Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Personal Handy Phone System (PHS), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), and other systems try to mimic the success of GSM, that question comes to mind and is also discussed within the European standardization organizations. The following factors were major contributors to the success of GSM: The liberalization of the monopoly of telecommunications in Europe during the 1990s and the resulting competition, which consequently lead to lower prices and more market. The knowledge-base and professional approach within the Groupe Spciale Mobile, together with the active cooperation of the industry. The lack of competition: For example, in the United States and Japan, competitive standards for mobile services started bei ng defined only after GSM was already well established. The future will show which system will prevail as the next generation of mobile communications. ETSI and the Special Mobile Group (SMG), renamed GSM, are currently standardizing the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). Japan is currently improving PHS. The various satellite communications systems that now push into the market are another, possibly decisive, factor in providing mobile communications on a global basis.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by

various radio communication technologies. It

should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply CDMA), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is calledmultiple access. CDMA employs spreadspectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel.

By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrumsignalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate.

GSM VS CDMA

TDMA technology is the less used from the three main digital technologies (GSM,CDMA and TDMA) and we think it will gradually be replaced to CDMA or GSM. That's why the GSM vs CDMA war. At one corner, GSM operators say it is better "because it uses a SIM chip, it is the most used technology worldwide, it is more secure and it is more advanced". On the other corner, CDMA followers say it is better "because it is the 3G generation chosen technology and GSM will migrate to CDMA since CDMA is more advanced..." But which one of these statements are correct? Accordingly to many cellular company that, "this discussion is not about technology anymore, but about market". We think this is the best way to describe the war between these two cell phone technologies. In the beginning, GSM was in fact superior. It had more services and allowed more data transfer. But CDMA, facing the advantages of the competitor standard, soon delivered the same features found on GSM. Nowadays, it is not possible to say that GSM services are better than CDMA. Multimedia messages, video, high-speed Internet access, digital camera and even PDA function are some of the features we can found on both technologies. The new CDMA 1XRTT technology, which previews what G3 cell phones will bring, is more advanced than EDGE, technology from the beginning of 3G generation, allowing higher transfer rates.

Even the GSM SIM card advantage, that allows you to change your cell phone and keep your phone list, is being surplaced by some CDMA operators with a service that allows you to store your phone book on the operator's database, allowing you to recover your phone book even if your cell phone is stolen (which is not possible with GSM, since if your cell phone is stolen, your SIM card will be stolen together). Notice that recently a new accessory called SIM backup was released, which allows you to backup the data stored in your SIM card. Also some GSM operators are offering a similar backup service.

An Overview on the GSM Subsystems A GSM network comprises several elements: the mobile station (MS), the subscriber identity module (SIM), the base transceiver station (BTS), the base station controller (BSC), the trans coding rate and adaptation unit (TRAU), the mobile services switching center (MSC), the home location register (HLR),the visitor location register (VLR), and the equipment identity register (EIR). Together, they form a public land mobile network (PLMN). Figure, provides an overview of the GSM subsystems.

Figure:- The architecture of a PLMN.

Mobile Station

GSM-PLMN contains as many MSs as possible, available in various styles and power classes. In particular, the handheld and

portable stations need to be distinguished.

Subscriber Identity Module

GSM distinguishes between the identity of the subscriber and that of the mobile equipment. The SIM determines the directory number and the calls billed to a The SIM is a database on the user side. Physically, it consists of a chip, which the user must insert into the GSM telephone before it can be used. To make its handling easier, the SIM has the format of a credit card or is inserted as a plug-in SIM. The SIM communicates directly with the VLR and indirectly with the HLR.

Base Transceiver Station

A large number of BTSs take care of the radio-related tasks and provide the connectivity between the network and the mobile station via the Air-interface.

Base Station Controller

The BTSs of an area (e.g., the size of a medium-size town) are connected to the BSC via an interface called the Abis-interface. The BSC takes care of all the central functions and the control of the subsystem, referred to as the base station subsystem (BSS). The BSS comprises the BSC itself and the connected BTSs.

Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit

One of the most important aspects of a mobile network is the effectiveness with which it uses the available frequency resources. Effectiveness addresses how many calls can be made by using a certain bandwidth, which in turn translates into the necessity to compress data, at least over the Air-interface. In a GSM system, data compression is performed in both the MS and the TRAU. From the architecture perspective, the TRAU is part of the BSS.

Mobile Services Switching Center

A large number of BSCs- are connected to the MSC via the A-interface. The MSC is very similar to a regular digital telephone exchange and is accessed by external networks exactly the same way. The major tasks of an MSC are the routing of incoming and outgoing calls and the assignment of user channels on the A-interface.

Home Location Register

The MSC is only one subcenter of a GSM network. Another subcenter is the HLR, a repository that stores the data of a large number of subscribers. An HLR can be regarded as a large database that administers the data of literally hundreds of thousands of

subscribers. Every PLMN requires at least one HLR.

Visitor Location Register

The VLR was devised so that the HLR would not be overloaded with inquiries on data about its subscribers. Like the HLR, a VLR contains subscriber data, but only part of the data in the HLR and only while the particular subscriber roams in the area for which the VLR is responsible. When the subscriber moves out of the VLR area, the HLR requests removal of the data related to a subscriber from the VLR. The geographic area of the VLR consists of the total area covered by those BTSs that are related to the MSCs for which the VLR provides its services.

Equipment Identity Register The theft of GSM mobile telephones seems attractive, since the identities of subscribers and their mobile equipment are separate. Stolen equipment can be reused simply by using any valid SIM. Barring of a subscriber by the operator does not bar the mobile equipment. To prevent that kind of misuse, every GSM terminal equipment contains a unique identifier, the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI). It lies within the realm of responsibilities of a network operator to equip the PLNM with an additional database, the EIR, in which stolen equipment is registered and so can be used to bar fraudulent calls and even, theoretically, to track down a thief (by analyzing the related SIM data).

GSM Specifications Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the following basic terms:

bandwidth the range of a channel's limits; the broader the bandwidth, the faster data can be sent bits per second (bps) a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are equivalent to one byte frequency the number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) kilo (k) kilo is the designation for 1,000; the abbreviation kbps represents 1,000 bits per second megahertz (MHz) 1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second) milliseconds (ms) one-thousandth of a second watt (W) a measure of power of a transmitter

Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and characteristics for GSM.

Frequency band The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). Duplex distance The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. Channel separation The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. Modulation Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). Transmission rate GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. Access method GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different

Speech coder GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

The Base Station Subsystem Via the Air-interface, the BSS provides a connection between the MSs of a limited area and the network switching subsystem (NSS). The BSS consists of the following elements: One or more BTSs (base tranceiver station); One BSC (base station controller); One TRAU (transcoding rate and adaptation unit). The tasks and the structure of those elements or modules are described bellow. Base Transceiver Station The BTS provides the physical connection of an MS to the network in form of the Air-interface. On the other side, toward the NSS, the BTS is connected to the BSC via the Abis-interface. The manufacturers of BTS equipment have been able to reduce its size substantially. The typical size in 1991 was that of an armoire; today the size is comparable to that of a mailbox. The basic structure of the BTS, however, has not changed. The block diagram and the signal flow of a BTS with one TRX are shown in fig. The GSM Recommendations allow for one BTS to host up to 16 TRXs. In the field, the majority of the BTSs host between one and four TRXs.

Figure:- BTS

Architecture and Functionality of a Base Transceiver Station The TRX module is, from the perspective of signal processing, the most important part of a BTS. The TRX consists of a low-frequency part for digital signal processing and a high-frequency part for GMSK modulation and demodulation. Both parts are connected via a separate or an integrated frequency hopping unit. All other parts of the BTS are more or less associated with the TRXs and perform auxiliary or administrative tasks. Operations and Maintenance Module The operations and maintenance (O&M) module consists of at least one central unit, which administers all other parts of the BTS. For those purposes, it is connected directly to the BSC by means of a specifically assigned O&M channel. That allows the O&M module to process the commands from the BSC or the MSC directly into the BTS and to report the results.

Typically, the central unit also contains the system and operations software of the TRXs. That allows it to be reloaded when necessary, without the need to consult the BSC. Furthermore, the O&M module provides a human -machine interface (HMI), which allows for local control of the BTS. Sectorized (Collocated) Base Transceiver Stations The term sectorized, or collocated, BTSs refers to a configuration in which several BTSs are collocated at one site but their antennas cover only an area of 120 or 180 degrees. Figure illustrates the concept. Typically, it is implemented with BTSs with few TRXs and low transmission power. Like the umbrella cell configuration, this configuration is used mostly in highly populated areas. Apeculiarity is that it is fairly easy to fine-synchronize the cells with each other, which allows for synchronized handover between them.

Power Interface Unit - a brief description Power Interface Unit, which is commonly known as PIU, is the most modern electrical interface and control unit used for GSM / Telecom installation. The system is intended to be used for replacement of Servo Stabilizer, AMF Panel, Isolation Transformer, AC Distribution Panel, Lightning and Surge Arresters, Alarm Panel, Generator Battery Charger, etc. at telecommunication site. The advance feature of the unit provides input voltage correction in s to enable the user to utilize the mains even under extreme low voltage conditions which servo technology was not able to offer due to slow response. The input voltage is isolated completely. The unit has very fast true RMS measurement with High and Low voltages disconnect facility. The Power Interface Unit (PIU) has the following sub units:

1) Input Interface & Auto Phase Selector Panel The Generator & Mains Input Interface Panel provides the user termination for Mains, generator unit & power earthing. Auto phase selector is also provided in the system. If any phase is out of range from the specified range or during any phase failure, it will select another two healthy phase out of three phases. 2) AC Distribution Panel The AC Distribution panel is provided for load termination. There is group of MCBs provided with finger touch proof terminal of PE for safety and better connection. The SMPS, Air conditioners, Power Point, Tube Light, and Aviation Lamp etc shall be connected to the MCBs as per the marked stickers. A temperature sensor is also wired with the interface PCB. It is placed in the conduit. 3) AMF & Interlock Panel PIU is based on world most advance Micro Controller system with all True RMS measurement of voltages, to ensure correct analysis at right time for trouble free operation. The system is supported with its own charger and SMF battery to ensure further reliability in all possible condition.

Mechanical Interlock is also provided using best electromechanical assemblies to avoid any electrical fault during micro controller failure or mishandling of systems. Micro Controller provides complete DG controls & Monitors the DG activity depending upon various conditions. 4) Static Line Conditioner Acme Line Conditioner is one of the first of its kind of line regulator in world, using most advance semiconductor and Ferro resonance technology. The equipment facilitates the user to replace servo stabilizer as well isolation transformer. The equipment operates with microprocessor-based controller to provide correction of mains even in s. The design ensures the product utilization not only operating the SMPS as the load but most critical load like air conditioner etc. The system supports to operate on phase-to phase basis to get rid of neutral problem, as it is very common. The same provides mains utilization even at extreme low voltage 140V for air-condition operation, hence low utilization of generator which is costly. There are two line conditioner provided for Auxiliary electrical support system and SMPS load.

Figure:- PIU 5) Alarm Interface The DG controls shall be extended from CPU to DG battery charger unit to control the genset for all possible condition. Same provides controlled battery charging of genset. The potential free alarms shall be extended from CPU to alarm box for monitoring complete unit. 6) Central Supervisory Unit Central Supervisory Unit is designed to facilitate better interface of man and machine. The unit is provided with wide screen, glowing LCD to show the status supported with LED indication. The system can be operated in two modes automatic mode, DG manual mode. The detailed Usage of Keys / Switches are described below. i) Power ON/OFF The system operates in automatic mode when powered ON. The various electrical parameters like voltage, current, frequency, power plant voltage etc. & system states are displayed on the LCD, supported with corresponding LEDs. To set the various parameters refer for factory default setting sheet. ii) Generator (DG) Manual mode The system operates in manual mode if the manual mode switch is in ON position. The system state in this case is Manual mode.

Brief discussion about DG:In most regions, a standby power system configuration typically uses 3-phase AC output power, where the single-phase loads are balanced equally among the three phases. Most cell tower operators in North America and Europe use one diesel-fueled generator for emergency backup to the main utility power. But in developing countries and prime power markets, two generators are typically used: one running continuously and alternating with the other generator set weekly, or whatever interval the automatic transfer switch (ATS) is set to use.

The differences in the size of transceivers, ambient environmental conditions, type of rectifiers and inverters used in the switch mode power supply (SMPS), number and size of batteries, and other factors (such as maximum allowable fuel tank size limit or design for future load expansion) are the major variables that need to be considered when selecting the generator set and power system configuration for the cell tower. At the same time, there are certain loads that every base transceiver station (BTS) will use. These loads are pictured in Figure 2, which shows a typical one-line electrical layout for a base station employing a 12 kW (15 kVA) generator set that would meet the demands of a cell tower in most regions. Design factors: sizing the generator and alternator The first thing power system designers need to address is size. They need to know the total steady-state requirements of all the equipment on the cell tower that will be powered by the generator set, and then match it with the right alternator to supply the locked rotor amp (LRA) requirements for starting the air conditioning units in the BTS room (for indoor in stallations). Its important to note that the LRA could be as high as 6 times the rated full load amp (FLA) output of 3-phase motors, and up to 12 times the FLA for single-phase motors. Similarly, the alternator also needs to meet the steady state reactive power requirements of all other loads in the BTS. This requirement explains why the alternator is typically oversized by about 150 200% of the actual kW needed to power the cell tower. The over sizing of the alternator also improves the transient voltage dip that occurs when starting the air conditioning units and minimizes the total harmonic distortion (THD) on the voltage output of the generator set caused by the rectifiers in the SMPS. Keep in mind that over sizing the alternator may require a bigger engine or prime mover to drive it. This approach may be desirable because it allows for future growth on the tower if needed, but it might not be an energy-efficient solution. In addition to the higher capital cost, it will increase the operational costs to run the cell tower. A bigger engine will also have a higher fuel consumption rate, and mean additional maintenance and service costs.

Alarms There are shutdown alarms and warning alarms on the generator set. The shutdown alarms include over speed, overvoltage, over current, under voltage, high engine temperature, over crank, low oil pressure, and circuit breaker trip. The warning alarms notify the operator of the following: Low battery bus voltage Start switch not in auto Remote/manual start Engine oil temperature

iii) RS232 The settings in the menu can be down loaded or uploaded through RS232 cable. Features: Higher degree of Automation Microprocessor based Voltage Regulators with wide Working Range Better efficiency i.e. > 97% Longer MTBF i.e. 1,00000 hrs. Better Lightening & Surge Protections Better DG Control Management Inbuilt Network Management System (NMS) Better Input Voltage Correction Better Alarms & Securities Automation with remote control of sites with either SMS or GPRS Gateways Isolation Transformer, AC Distribution Board & Line Conditioning AMF Panel in a single rack Utilize Mains under extreme low voltage condition

Applications:

At any telecommuniction site as PIU is An all-in-one system A highly efficient system User friendly Specifically beneficial where input voltage varies tremendously Specifically beneficial where single-phasing is a frequent occurrence Specifically beneficial where fast roll out is require. TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE

MOBILE TOWER A cell tower, also known as a cell site, mounts an antennae atop a tall structure along with transceivers, digital signal processors and a GPS receiver. The working range of a mobile phone depends on a variety of factors such as the size of the structure's transmitter or adverse weather conditions. Though the placement of cell towers generally depends on zoning laws and population density, some tall buildings can have antennae attached to their roof.

Lattice Tower With three sides and a triangular base, a lattice tower supports heavy loading conditions and offers the most flexibility for different uses. Also known as a self-support tower, this structure's uses also include radio towers and electric pylons.

Monopole Tower Monopole Towers use minimal space and resemble a single tube. Supported by one foundation, these towers typically do not exceed 200 feet in height. The antennae is mounted on the exterior of the tower. Guyed Tower Named for the guy wires that anchor this straight tower, guyed towers often exceed 300 feet in height. Most radio and television towers use this structure due to its affordability to build. Stealth Tower Zoning laws typically require stealth towers due to their hidden, less cumbersome appearance. They can appear to resemble a tree, flagpole or even a church cross. Despite their high cost to build, they might not provide the best capacity for reception users.

TYPE OF SITE SERVEYS IN TELECOM INDUSTRY

RF site survey is carried out in the following steps

RF survey as par details provide from the customer. In case of new surveys where details are not provided, we will survey the whole place and provide a data for suitable site location Survey the site for RF suitability Record Latitude and Longitude, building height and other necessary information. Calculate and provide required GSM Antenna heights and orientation, also the proposed tower and pole location (s) will be marked on a rough sketch. Take site photographs (panorama view) Note down physical addresses of site and site owner / manager contact details. Complete the Site Survey evaluation report

LOS Survey The purpose of LOS survey is to have MW connectivity between the two sites to ascertain the Line of Site clearance. The LOS survey is carried out physically checking the terrain between the hop and selecting the sites for acquisition.

LOS SERVEY LOS survey is carried out in the following steps

Collecting details of proposed site and those of the nearest locations to which customer proposes the LOS connectivity & Verification. Record latitude, longitude, building data, obstruction data and surrounding terrain data on the LOS Survey template. Generate LOS Path Profile for the proposed Link. Generate LOS report for the proposed Link.

DRIVE TEST Drive Test is carried out for checking coverage criteria of a cell site with RF drive test tool. The data collected by drive test tool is analyzed to evaluate various RF parameters of the network.

Drive Route and Site Data for the sites to have drive test is taken from customer. Drive Test LOG File of the specified Drive Route / Site is saved and the same will be handed over to customer at the end of the day Optimization is carried out in the network to Minimize the call drop and RF interference in the network. Increase the indoor & outdoor coverage and better speech quality

PREFACE

Industrial training is must for every student perusing professional degree because the ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial training helps us to get an idea of things. We should known in order to get a good job i.e. have a good professional carrier. Industrial training teaches us a lot of things. It helps us to know the kind of environment we would be getting in an industry and help us to get with the kind of environment. Industrial training helps us to know what kind of grade an engineer of specific branch plays in an industry. It help us to get used to working in groups of known people in it teach us team work because my work in industrial is accomplished by a group and not an individual. In totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. Some advance technical knowledge how and help us to acquired with industrial working style.

CONCLUSION

I saw various division of ARDOM TELECOM and tried to group as much as I could, which switched my knowledge and logic. As a student of electronics & communication, I learned TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE, OPERATION & MAINTAINANCE which is mainly concerned with my focus area. At last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me through my training period.

THANKS!

AKSHAY KUMAR BAJPAI Final Year Electronics & Communication Engg. BBDNIIT, Lucknow

REFERENCE

GSM Book by Gunnar Heine www.wikipiedia.com http://www.mobilevce.com http://suppliers.jimtrade.com/142/141439/power interface unit piu.htm http://www.zicom.com http://ssinfrasystem.com/radionetworkplanning.htm