Fluid Statics

DEPARTMENT OF CI VI L ENGI NEERI NG
BI TS PI LANI , RAJASTHAN

BY
DR. SHI BANI KHANRA JHA
AUGUST 2013

Fluids at Rest:
Pressure and its Effect
Lectures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Course: CE F212 Transport Phenomena 3 0 3
1
Topics to be covered
Pressure at a Point
Basic Equation for Pressure
Field
Pressure Variation in a Fluid
at Rest
I ncompressible fluid
Compressible fluid
Standard Atmosphere
Measurement of Pressure
2
Manometry
Piezometer Tube
U-Tube Manometer
I nclined Tube Manometer
Hydrostatic force on a Plane
Surface
Buoyancy, Floatation and
Stability
Archimedes Principle
Stability
Pressure Variation in a Fluid
with Rigid-Body Motion
Linear Motion
Rigid-Body Rotation
Fluids at Rest - Pressure and its Effects
3
The study of fluids that are at rest or moving in such a
manner that there is no relative motion between adjacent
particles is what we are going to discuss in these lectures.

There will be no shearing stress in the fluid and the only
forces that develop on the surfaces of the particles will be
due to pressure.

Our first concern is to investigate pressure and its
variation throughout a fluid and the effect of pressure on
submerged surfaces.
Image of hot air balloon
An example1: use of fluid static
4
heated air, which is less
dense than the surrounding
air, is used in hot air balloon
to create an upward buoyant
force. According to
Archimedes Principle, the
buoyant force is equal to the
weight of the air displaced
by the balloon.
Image of hurricane Allen
An example2: use of fluid static
5
Although there is
considerable motion and
structure to a hurricane, the
pressure variation along
vertical plane is
approximated by pressure-
depth relationship for a
static fluid
Fluid Pressure
6
A liquid or gas cannot sustain a
shearing stress - it is only restrained
by a boundary. Thus, it will exert a
force against and perpendicular to
that boundary.
The force F exerted by a fluid on the
walls of its container always acts
perpendicular to the walls.

Water flow
shows F
Fluid Pressure
7
Fluid exerts forces in many
directions. Try to submerse
a rubber ball in water to see
that an upward force acts on
the float.

F
Fluids exert pressure in all
directions.
Common units used for Pressure (ML
-1
T
-2
)
8
2
5
5
2
1 1 / [SI]
1 1.01325 10
1 10 1
1 760 760
1 14.7 / .
pascal N m
atmosphere Pa
bar Pa atm
atm mm of Hg torr
atm lb in
=
=
= ~
= =
~
Pressure at a Point
The term pressure is used to indicate the normal
force per unit area at a given point acting on a
given plane within the fluid mass of interest.
(P=F/A)
There are no shearing stresses present in a fluid at rest
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest or in motion is
independent of direction as long as there are no shearing
stresses present
This important result is known as Pascals law named in
honor of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), a French mathematician
who made important contributions in the field of hydrostatics

9

Pressure at a Point (Pressure is a scalar quantity)
Force balance in the x-direction:
10
How the pressure at a point varies with the orientation of the plane
passing through the point?
Forces on arbitrary wedge
shaped element of fluid
Force balance in the z-direction:
Vertical force on AA
Vertical force on
lower boundary
Total weight of wedge element
= specific weight
11
From last slide:
Divide through by to get the following
Now reduce the element size to a point such that: which finally leads to
This can be done for any orientation , so that following mathematical statement can be given
12
0 sin
2
1
= A + o l p p
z n
This mathematical statement shows that the pressure is
independent of direction (or it is a scalar quantity)

Basic equation for pressure field
Consider a small rectangular element or differential fluid
element of size dxdydz
There are two types of forces acting on this element:

Surface forces due to the pressure
Body forces due to the weight of the element

Other possible body forces (like magnetic fields) are not
taken into consideration
Pressure may vary across a fluid particle
13

Body Force can be given as

Where
g=acceleration due to gravity
dm=differential mass
=density of fluid
=differential volume of fluid element of size

14
Objective is.
How does the pressure in a fluid in which there are no shearing
stresses vary from point to point?
d
dz dy dx

Surface Force can be given as
Force balance along y-direction

Force balance along y-direction

With
Substituting the above relations, we get the following
expression for force balance along y-direction

15
R R L L y
dA p dA p F d =
R L
dA dxdz dA = =
dxdydz
y
p
j F d
y
c
c
=

Surface Force can be given as
Similarly for x and z directions

Total surface force=
Or finally we can write the following

Total force=body force +surface force

OR
16
dxdydz
z
p
k F d
dxdydz
x
p
i F d
z
x
c
c
=
c
c
=
z y x S
F d F d F d F d

+ + =

Now applying Newtons Second Law
(for a fluid at rest a=0)
(equation of motion for fluid at rest)

For fluid in motion with acceleration a, general equation of
motion can be written as below

17
= V

p

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
We begin with general equation of motion
Or in component form we can write

I ndependent of x-y plane; so pressure in x-y plane remains same; it
only depends on z;
Thus the general motion of fluid now can be written as ordinary differential equation
as:

The above equation give the Pressure height relation

Pressure only depends on z and decreases as we move upward in a fluid at rest
For liquids or gases at rest the pressure gradient in the vertical direction at any
point in a fluid depends only on the specific weight of the fluid at that point

18
a k = V

p
, , 0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
z
p
y
p
x
p

I ncompressible Fluid- CONSTANT DENSI TY FLUI D

I ntegration the above equation between
two points 1 and 2

h= pressure head
Such distribution of pressure in space
is called hydrostatic distribution
I f reference pressure is pressure at free
surface (atmospheric pressure p
0
)

I ncompressible Fluid Manometers

19
h p p =
2 1
I ncompressible Fluid- CONSTANT DENSI TY FLUI D
20
The following figure helps us to understand how the pressure is the
same at all points along the line AB even though the container may
have a very irregular shape.

Thus, pressure only depends on depth h, surface pressure p
0
,
specific weight of the liquid in the container,
independent of size or shape of the container
21

Pressure in = Pressure out

Ideal mechanical advantage=

Transmission of Fluid Pressure: Pascals Law
F
out
F
in

A
out
A
in

in out
in out
F F
A A
=
Pascals Law: An external
pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted uniformly
throughout the volume of the
liquid.
in
out
A
A
Transmission of Fluid Pressure: Pascals Law
22
The transmission of pressure throughout a stationary fluid
is the principle upon which many hydraulic devices are
based
Operation of hydraulic jacks
Lifts and presses
Hydraulic controls on aircraft
Other types of heavy machinery

HYDRAULIC JACKS OR COMPRESSED AIR IS USED ON THE LIQUID
SURFACE DIRECTLY AS IS DONE IN HYDRAULIC LIFTS COMMONLY
FOUND IN SERVICE STATIONS
Compressible Fluid-VARYI NG DENSI TY FLUI D
23
A compressible fluid is one in which the fluid density changes
accompanied by changes in pressure and temperature.
We mostly think of gases as being compressible; the specific
weights of gases are small so the pressure gradient in the vertical
direction is small and even over greater distances the pressure
remains constant.
This way, attention must be given to the variation in specific
weight.
In order to analyze compressible fluids we use the equation of
state for an ideal gas and combine it with the equation for
pressure variation in fluids at rest:

Compressible Fluid-VARYI NG DENSI TY FLUI D
We begin with equation of motion

Since, density is varying; we use ideal gas law

Using ideal gas law in equation of motion

Need additional information, e.g., T(z) for atmosphere
For isothermal condition (T constant over z1 to z2)

This equation provides the desired pressure elevation relationship for an
isothermal layer

} }
= =
2
1
2
1
1
2
ln
z
z
p
p
T
dz
R
g
p
p
p
dp
( )
(

=
0
1 2
1 2
exp
RT
z z g
p p
24
Standard Atmosphere
Standard atmosphere is an idealized representation of
mean conditions in the earths atmosphere
For measurement of pressure we need pressure versus
altitude over the specific range for the specific conditions
(temperature, reference pressure). However, this type of
information is not available
Thus, a standard atmosphere has been determined that can
be used in the design of aircraft, missiles and spacecraft
and in comparing their performance under standard
conditions
Currently accepted U.S Standard atmosphere is: Idealized
representation of middle-latitude, year round mean
conditions of the earths atmosphere
25
Standard Atmosphere
Several important properties of standard atmospheric
conditions at sea level are listed
26
Standard Atmosphere
Temperature decreases with altitude in the region nearest the
earths surface (troposphere), then becomes essentially
constant in the next layer (stratosphere) and subsequently
starts to increase in the next layer
27
Measurement of Pressure
Pressure at a point in the fluid mass is designated as either
absolute pressure or gage pressure
Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum
(absolute zero pressure)
Gage pressure is measured relative to the local atmospheric
pressure
Zero gage pressure corresponds to local atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressures are always positive
Gage pressure can be either positive or negative depending on
whether the pressure is above atmospheric pressure (a positive
value) or below atmospheric pressure (a negative value)
A negative gage pressure is also referred to as a suction or
vacuum pressure
28
Measurement of Pressure:
gage pressure and absolute pressure
29
Measurement of Pressure:
how to measure pressure - mercury barometer
A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric
pressure
The column of mercury will come to an equilibrium position
where its weight plus the force due to the vapor pressure
(which develops in the space above the column) balances the
force due to the atmospheric pressure.

For most practical purposes the contribution of the vapor
pressure (0.000023 lb/in
2
)can be neglected since it is very
small

30
31
2013/8/11
http://zimp.zju.edu.cn/~xinwan/
Mercury Barometer
E. Torricelli (1608-47)
How high will water rise?
No more than h = p
atm
/g = 10.3 m
atm
atm
P
P gh h
g
= =
If water was used in place of mercury, the
height of column would have to be
approximately 34 ft rather than 29.9 in
(760 mm Hg or 1 atm) mercury for an
atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi
For mercury, h = 760 mm.
C atm
atm
P gh P
P gh
+ =
=
Manometry
The standard techniques are to use Manometers which are
vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure pressure
The mercury barometer is an example of one type of
manometer, but there are many other possible
configurations
Three common types of manometers include:
The Piezometer tube
The U-tube manometer
The inclined-tube manometer

The Mercury Barometric is mostly used to measure
atmospheric pressure

32
Piezometer Tube
To determine pressure from a manometer, simply
use the fact that the pressure in the liquid columns
will vary hydrostatically
The simplest manometer consists of a vertical tube,
open at the top and attached to the container in
which the pressure is desired
Since manometers involve columns of fluids at rest,
the fundamental equation describing their use is as
follows

This gives the pressure at any elevation within a
homogeneous fluid in terms of a reference pressure
and the vertical distance h between p and .
In a fluid at rest, pressure will increase as we move
downward and will decrease as we move upward.

Manometry:
Piezometer or Simple Manometer
0
p h p + =
0
p
0
p
33
Piezometer Tube - Limitations
It is only suitable, if the pressure in the container is greater
than atmospheric pressure, otherwise air would be sucked
into the system
The pressure to be measured must be relatively small so the
required height of the column is reasonable
Also, the fluid in the container in which the pressure is to be
measured must be a liquid rather than a gas
Manometry:
Piezometer or Simple Manometer
34
U-Tube Manometer
To overcome the difficulties
arised in the Piezometer, another
type of manometer consisting of
U shaped tube is widely used
The fluid in the manometer is
called the gage fluid
Better for higher pressures.
Possible to measure pressure in
gases.

Manometry:
U-Tube Manometer
35
Manometry:
U-Tube Manometer
36
Find pressure at center of pipe:
Can start either at open end or inside
pipe.
Here we start at open end:

If the fluid in the pipe is gas, the
contribution due to the gas column is
almost negligible and we get the
pressure at 4 as

p at open
end
Change in p
from 1 to 2
Change in p
from 3 to 4
p in pipe
h p
m p
A =
Manometry:
U-Tube Manometer
37
The U-tube manometer is also
widely used to measure the
difference in pressure
between two containers or
two points in a given system.

Consider a manometer
connected between containers
A and B as is shown in Fig.

The difference in pressure
between A and B can be found
by again starting at one end of
the system and working around
to the other end.
Differential U-tube manometer
Differential Manometer is
Used for measuring pressure differences between desired
points along a pipe

Manometry:
Differential U-Tube Manometer
38
I nclined-Tube Manometer
I nclined-Tube manometers can
be used to measure small
pressure variation accurately

or

Manometry:
Inclined-Tube Manometer
B A
p h l h p = +
3 3 2 2 1 1
sin u
1 1 3 3 2 2
sin h h l p p
B A
u + =
39
I f the container A and B
contains the gas, then

or

u sin
2 2
l p p
B A
=
u sin
2
2
B A
p p
l

=
Fluid statics: Hydrostatic Force
40
The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure
Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid fluid
statics is only relevant in presence of gravity fields.
Applications: Floating or submerged bodies, water dams
and gates, liquid storage tanks, etc.

Example of elevation
head z converted to
velocity head V
2
/2g.
We'll discuss this in
more detail in coming
lectures (22-25)
Significance of Hydrostatic Pressure in
Scuba Diving
41
100 ft
1
2
Pressure on diver at 100 ft?

Danger of emergency ascent?

( )
,2 3 2
,2 ,2
1
998 9.81 100
3.28
1
298.5 2.95
101.325
2.95 1 3.95
gage
abs gage atm
kg m m
P gz ft
m s ft
atm
kPa atm
kPa
P P P atm atm atm
| |
| || |
= =
| | |
\ .\ .
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
= + = + =
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 1
3.95
4
1
PV PV
V P atm
V P atm
=
= = ~
Boyles law
If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung
volume would increase by a factor of 4, which
would result in embolism and/or death.

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
In the determination of the resultant force on an area, the effect
of atmospheric pressure often cancels
For a submerged surface in a fluid, forces develop on the
surface due to the fluid

Pressure and resultant hydrostatic force developed on the bottom
of an open tank
42

Determination of these forces is important in the design of
storage tanks, ships, dams and other hydraulic structures
For fluids at rest, the force must be perpendicular to the
surface since there are no shearing stresses present
Also pressure vary linearly with depth, if the fluid is
incompressible
43
Pressure and resultant hydrostatic force
developed on the bottom of an open tank

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface-
Analysing forces on different surfaces
For a horizontal surface
such as the bottom of a liquid filled tank, the
magnitude of the resultant force is simply

Where p is the uniform pressure on the bottom and
A is the area of the bottom
For the open tank ,

If atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the
bottom, the resultant force on the bottom is simply
due to the liquid in the tank
Since the pressure is constant and uniformly
distributed over the bottom, the resultant force acts
through the centroid of the area
Pressure on the ends of the tank is not uniformly
distributed

pA F
R
=
h p =
44
Pressure and resultant
hydrostatic force developed
on the bottom of an open
tank
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface-
Analysing forces on different surfaces
45
Pressure on the ends of the
tank is not uniformly
distributed
CP
C
Pressure distribution on the ends
of an open tank

For inclined submerged plane surface:
We assume that the fluid surface is open to the atmosphere
Let the plane in which the surface lies intersect the free surface at 0
and make an angle with this surface
The x-y coordinate is defined so that 0 is the origin and y is directed
along the surface
46

For inclined submerged plane surface:
The area can have an arbitrary shape
We need to determine the direction, location and magnitude of the
resultant force acting on one side of this area due to the liquid in
contact with the area
47

At any depth, h, the force acting on dA (the differential area) is

Thus, the magnitude of the resultant force can be found by summing
these differential forces over the entire surface as given below

Where
For constant and

The integral appearing in above equation, is the first moment of the
area with respect to the x-axis, so we can write
hdA dF =
} } }
= = =
A A
R
dA y hdA dF F u sin
u sin y h =
u
}
=
A
R
ydA F u sin
A y ydA
c
A
=
}
48

Where is the y coordinate of the centroid of area A measured from the
x-axis which passes through 0. Thus the resultant force can be written
as

or more simply as

Where is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of
the area
Note:
The magnitude of the force is independent of angle of inclination and
depends only on the specific weight of the fluid, the total area, and the
depth of the centroid of the area below the surface
The magnitude of the resultant force is the pressure at the centroid
multiplied by the total area
c
y
u sin
c R
Ay F =
A h F
c R
=
49
c
h

The y coordinate, , of the resultant force can be determined by
summation of moments around the x-axis. That is the moment of the
resultant force must equal the moment of the distributed pressure
force, or

And ,therefore, since

The integral in the numerator is the second moment of the area
(moment of inertia), I
x
, with respect to an axis formed by the
intersection of the plane containing the surface and the free surface (x-
axis). Thus, we can write
dA y ydF y F
A A
R R
2
sin
} }
= = u
R
y
u sin
c R
Ay F =
A y
dA y
y
c
A
R
}
=
2
A y
I
y
c
x
R
=
50

Use can now use the parallel axis theorem to express I
x
as

Where , is the second moment of the area with respect to an axis
passing through its centroid (C) and parallel to the x-axis. Thus,

The above relation shows that the resultant force does not pass
through the centroid but is always below it, since .
The x coordinate, , for the resultant force can be determined in a
similar manner by summing moments about the y-axis. Thus,

and, therefore, where is the product of inertia with
respect to the x and y axes
2
c xc x
Ay I I + =
xc
I
c
c
xc
R
y
A y
I
y + =
0 / > A y I
c xc
R
x
xydA x F
A
R R
}
= u sin
A y
I
A y
xydA
x
c
xy
c
A
R
= =
}
xy
I
51

Using the parallel axis theorem, we can write

where is the product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal
coordinate system passing through the centroid of the area and formed
by a translation of the x-y coordinate system
The point through which the resultant force acts is called the center of
pressure (CP) (x
R
, y
R
)

c
c
xyc
R
x
A y
I
x + =
xyc
I
52

53
The following diagram shows
the geometric properties of
some common shapes:

Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability

In the figure, we see that the
difference between the weight in AIR
and the weight in WATER is 3 lbs.
This is the buoyant force that acts
upward to cancel out part of the
force. If you were to weigh the water
displaced; it also would weigh 3 lbs.
54
B fluid fluid
object
F Vg m g
mg Vg
= =
=
55
Buoyant force: A resultant
body force that is generated
when a stationary body is
completely or partially
submerged in a fluid.

Archimedes principle: A
body wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid is buoyed
up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces.
The buoyant force can be
considered to act vertically
upward through the center of
gravity of the displaced fluid.
FB = buoyant force = weight of
displaced fluid

A net upward vertical force results because pressure
increases with depth and the pressure forces acting from
below are larger than the pressure forces acting from
above
Consider the forces F
1
, F
2
, F
3
and F
4
are simply the forces
exerted on the plane surfaces of the parallelepiped, W is
the weight of the shaded fluid volume, and F
B
is the force
the body is exerting on the fluid.
The forces on the vertical surfaces, such as F
3
and F
4
are
all equal and cancel, so the equilibrium equation of
interest is in the z direction and can be expressed as
W F F F
B
=
1 2
56

If the specific weight of the fluid is constant, then

Where A is the horizontal area of the upper (or lower) surface of the parallelepiped, can be
written as

Simplifying, we arrive at the desired expression for the buoyant force

Where is the specific weight of the fluid and is the volume of the body.

The direction of the buoyant force is directed vertically upward and the
magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body

This result is commonly referred as Archimedes principle in honour of
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), a Greek mechanician and mathematician who first
enunciated the basic ideas associated with hydrostatics

( )A h h F F
1 2 1 2
=
( ) ( ) | | = A h h A h h F
B 1 2 1 2

=
B
F

57

The location of the line of action of the buoyant force can be
determined by summing moments of the forces shown on the free
body diagram wrt some convenient axis

And on substitution for the various forces

Where is the total volume
The right hand side of above equation, is the first moment of the
displaced volume w r t x-z plane so that is equal to the y
coordinate of the centroid of the volume
Buoyant force passes through the centroid of the displaced
volume. The point through which the buoyant force acts is called
the center of buoyancy

2 1 1 1 2
Wy y F y F y F
c B
=
T
( )A h h
1 2

c
y

58
( )
2 1
y y y
T T c
=

Stability
The stability of a body can be determined by considering
what happens when it is displaced from its equilibrium
position
A body is said to be in a stable equilibrium position if when
displaced it returns to its equilibrium position
It is said to be in unstable equilibrium position if when
displaced, even slightly, it moves to a new equilibrium
position
Stability considerations are particularly important for
submerged or floating bodies since the centers of buoyancy
and gravity do not necessarily coincide.

59

Stability
A small rotation can result in either a restoring or
overturning couple
For the completely submerged body, which has a center of
gravity below the center of buoyancy, a rotation from its
equilibrium position will create a restoring couple formed
by the weight W and the buoyant force F
B
, which causes
the body to rotate back to its original position
If center of gravity falls below the center of buoyancy, the
body is in stable equilibrium position
If center of gravity falls above the center of buoyancy, the
body is in unstable equilibrium position

60

Stability
For floating bodies the stability problem is more
complicated, since as the body rotates the location of the
center of buoyancy (which passes through the centroid of the
displaced volume) may change.

61

Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion
Even though a fluid may be in motion,
if it moves as a rigid body there will be
no shearing stresses present
The general equation of motion
(discussed earlier)

A general class of problems involving
fluid motion in which there are no
shearing stresses occurs when a mass
of fluid undergoes rigid body motion

a k = V
p
z
y
x
a
z
p
a
y
p
a
x
p

+ =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c

62

Linear Motion
We first consider an open
container of a liquid that is
translating along a straight path
with a constant acceleration
Since , it follows that the
pressure gradient in the x-
direction is zero .

( )
z
y
a g
z
p
a
y
p
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
a
0 =
x
a
( ) 0 / = c c x p
63
Linear acceleration
of a liquid
With free surface

Linear Motion: I n the y and z directions
The change in pressure between two closely spaced points
located at y, z and y+dy, z+dz can be expressed as

or in terms of acceleration

Along a line of constant pressure, , and therefore
from the above equation it follows that the slope of this line
is given by the relationship

dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dp
c
c
+
c
c
=
( )dz a g dy a dp
z y
+ =
0 = dp
z
y
a g
a
dy
dz
+
=
64

Linear Motion
Along a free surface the pressure is constant, so that for
the accelerating mass, the free surface will be inclined if
Additionally, all lines of constant pressure will be parallel
to the free surface
For the special circumstances in which ,
which corresponds to the mass of fluid accelerating in the
vertical direction
indicates that the fluid surface will be
horizontal
The pressure distribution is not hydrostatic, but is given by
the equation
( )
z
a g
dz
dp
+ =
z
y
a g
a
dy
dz
+
=
0 =
y
a
0 , 0 = =
z y
a a
65

Linear Motion
For fluids of constant density this equation shows that the
pressure will vary linearly with depth, but the variation is
due to the combined effects of gravity and the externally
induced acceleration
What is the pressure gradient for a freely falling fluid
mass???
Example: the pressure throughout a blob of a juice
floating in an orbiting space shuttle (a free fall) is ???
The only force holding the liquid together is ???

66
( )
z
a g
dz
dp
+ =

Rigid-Body Rotation of a
liquid in a tank
A fluid contained in a tank that is
rotating with a constant angular
velocity about an axis will rotate
as a rigid body
In terms of cylindrical coordinates
the pressure gradient can be
expressed as

Thus, in terms of this coordinate system

67
p V
z r
z
p p
r r
p
p e e e

1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
u
u
0
0
2
=
=
=
z
r r
r
a
a
e a
u
e

Rigid-Body Rotation
Thus,

This type of rigid body rotation shows that the pressure is a
function of two variables r and z and therefore differential
pressure is

or

68
u
e
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
z
p
p
r
r
p
0
2
dz dr r dp e =
2
dz
z
p
dr
r
p
dp
c
c
+
c
c
=
It is greater than ZERO.
Thus, the pressure increases in
the radial direction because of
centrifugal acceleration.

Rigid-Body Rotation
Along a surface of constant pressure, such as the free surface,
, so that we can write

The equation for surface of constant pressure is
Integrating the pressure equation, we get

or Surfaces of constant pressure
are parabolic.
They are curved rather than flat.

This result shows that the pressure varies with the distance from
the axis of rotation, but at a fixed radius, the pressure varies
hydrostatically in the vertical direction

69
0 = dp
t cons
g
r
z tan
2
2 2
+ =
e
} } }
= dz rdr dp e
2
t cons z
r
p tan
2
2 2
+ =
e
g
r
dr
dz
2
e
=
Examples of Rigid Body Motion
70

Summary of the lectures 3-7
Pascals law
Surface force
Body force
I ncompressible fluid
Hydrostatic pressure
distribution
Pressure head
Compressible fluid
U.S standard atmosphere
Absolute pressure
Gage pressure
71
Vacuum pressure
Barometer
Manometer
Centre of pressure
Buoyant force
Archimedes principle
Centre of buoyancy

Fluid Statics

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DEPARTMENT OF CI VI L ENGI NEERI NG

Course: CE F212 Transport Phenomena 3 0 3

Course: CE F212 Transport Phenomena 3 0 3

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