50 TH THUT TRONG XY DNG

1.Xc nh gi ni v gi ngoi khc nhau nh th no ? Gi ni : L gi sinh ra trong lng cng trnh do s chnh lch p lc nhit v p lc kh ng bc ln mi. Gi ngoi : L gi t bn ngoi tc ng trc tip ln b mt ngoi kt cu moment cho khung lm un ct.

2.Khi tnh ti gi c cn tnh gi ng khng ? (c hai thnh phn gi tnh v gi ng) Tnh gi ng khi tnh cc cng trnh tr, thp, ng khi, ct in, thit b dng ct, hnh lang bng ti, cc gin gi l thin, cc nhf nhiu tng trn 40m, cc khung nh cng nghip mt tng mt nhp c cao trn 36m t s cao trn nhp ln hn 1,5 (iu 6.11 tiu chun VN 2737 1995)

3.Phng php kim tra thng ng ca nh khi thi cng ? C ba phng php kim tra Kim tra bng my kinh v, my dc quang hc : My kinh v : Sai s cho php l : 0.8 (mm/m) trong phm vi = 50 grad My dc quang hc : Sai s cho php l : 0.5 (mm/m) trong phm vi < 100m Thc o nghing : Sai s cho php l : 3(mm) < 2 (m)

Qu di : Sai s cho php l : 3 (mm), cao t 2-6 (m)

4.u, khuyt im ca sn gch bng & sn panen ? u im : -Tho mn mt phn yu cu cng nghip ho sn xut & c gii ho thi cng, ch to, sn xut. -Nng cao c hiu sut lao ng, tng tc thi cng. -Tit kim c vn khun, nng cao cht lng cu kin, ci thin c iu kin lao ng ca cng nhn. -i vi sn gch bng c th m bo c cng ln v lin kt tt cho sn. Khuyt im : - cng khng bng sn ton khi, cho nn i vi sn panen cn c bin php gia c, nht l v tr gip ni. -i vi sn gch bng vn cn qu trnh thi cng t nn vn b hn ch v thi tit.

5.Hy nu cch chng nt vng ? Dng ho cht si ka dn kn khe nt, xy tay vng, p ra li nu khng x l c v khng cn kh nng lm vic.

6.Khi no dng sn panen, khi no dng sn ton kh i ?

Sn panen c dng cho mt bng c kch thc chun, c iu kin thi cng c gii thng dng trong cc nh cng nghip. Sn ton khi c dng cho cc loi nh c mt bng khng theo mt quy tc nht nh, nh hoc nh c yu cu c bit dng cho nh dn dng.

7.Trong nh lm vic 1 phng v 2 phng, kch thc ct lm vic th no cho hp l ? Chn kch thc ch nht, hnh vung, kch thc cnh ln theo phng c moment ln nht, hoc an ton ta c th chn ct vung kch thc ly theo moment ln nht. 8.Ti sao khi tnh ton phi tnh gi theo phng vung gc vi trc nh ? Khi tnh vung gc vi trc nh ti gi s ln nht, nu tnh nghing 1 gc th ti gi q phi nhn thm cho cos ( m cos < 1) p lc gi s nh i so vi gi tr ln nht.

9.Khi tnh ton nh cao tng trn nn t yu trnh dao ng bng cch no ? Ch yu l do ti trng ngang gy ra, v a cht cc l khoan phi dy c hn, d liu a cht ca tng h khoan phi y v chi tit hn. V vt liu nn s dng b tng mc cao, ct thp c cng cao. V kt cu : s dng cc kt cu chu lc nh khung vch cng, khung hp, li cng nhm gim bt dao ng ca cng trnh.

10.Khung thp cc nhi t n u th : (2/3; 1/5) ? Nu xt n kh nng chu un ca cc th khung thp ca cc ch cn t trong 2/3 chiu di trn mi cc v moment un gim dn, n 2/3 thn cc th moment ny tt dn. Nh vy vi kt cu ny khung thp ch t 2/3 thn cc trn th . Tuy nhin nu tnh n kh nng chu lc ca b tng trong cc th phn mi cc rt km ly do : -V b tng khng m c -B tng trn ln nhiu cn lng -Cn nhiu dung dch pentonie ng li trong cc. V nhng l do trn m ta a khung thp n tn mi cc ly cng ct thp b sung cho cng b tng v mi cc.

11.Hy nu quan nim cu to dm mng ? Quan nim tnh ton nh dm t trn nn n hi, ch yu l chu un cho nn dm c cu to nh cu kin chu un. Thng l tit din ch nht, ch T hoc ch T ngc. Nu dm ch T th ct dc c t 70% cho sn & 30% cho cnh ch T

Thng b tr gn nm trn do : -iu kin thi cng -iu kin chu lc

12.Hy nu u khuyt im ca sn nm ? u im : Ch yu li dng c th tch gian phng tt hn, chiu cao cu to ca sn b, gim c chiu cao ca nh nhiu tng v vt liu lm tng kinh t hn Khuyt im : Tnh ton tng i phc tp.

13.Ti sao phi khng ch (min, max) ca dm & ct ? V nu t thp d ( tt > max) b tng ph hoi trc Ph hoi gin. V nu t thp d ( tt min), b tng & ct thp cng b ph hoi ph hoi do.

14.Tng chn chen kn trong khung c phi l vch cng khng ? Ti sao ? Tng chn chen kn trong khung khng phi l vch cng. V vch cng chu c cc ti trng ngang (do gi hoc cc chn ng), cn tng chn chen trong khung l bao che, khi tnh ton ta khng cn k n, n khng chu lc gi cng nh chn ng. Theo tiu chun ca mt s nc th nhng cu kin chu ti c xem l vch cng nu tho mn iu kin l v l 5t Trong : ht : Chiu cao ca tm ang xt t : Chiu dy ca tm ang xt l : Chiu di ca tm ang xt Vch cng ch chu ti trng ngang tc ng song song vi mt phng ca n. Nu tho mn c hai iu kin trn th vch c xem l vch cng.

15. cng ca sn c nh hng n s lm vic ca khung khng ? C nh hng ln n khung, v sn ngoi chc nng chu ti trng thng ng cn chc nng chu ti trng gi vo dm khung, lm gim moment, chuyn v ngang ca ct khung di tc dng ca ti trng gi, phn b li ti trng gia kt cu chu lc thng ng.

16.Hy nu cch chn ct bin so vi ct trong ? L dn ti tnh ton li, sau tng tit din ln 5% (Trong khi tit din ct gia tng 10%) v t cnh ln theo phng chu moment. Xc nh s b kch thc tit din F = i vi ct bin khi chn kch thc tit din cn ch n mnh ca ct.

17.Hy nu s khc nhau gia vch cng chu lc v vch cng cu to ? Nhn xt g v vic s dng vch cng ? Vch cng chu lc l vch cng tham gia chu lc nhng khng thay i c v tr vch cng khng m rng c hoc thay i din tch phng. Vch cng cu to c th thay i c v tr m khng nh hng n s chu lc chung ca h thay i c din tch phng. Khi s dng vch cng th chu ti trng ngang tt (gi).

18.S n c nh hng th no n ni lc ca khung ? Gii quyt console nh th no khi gii khung bng my ? S n lm cho moment trong khung tng ln (moment m ngay gi & moment ct) Khi gii khung bng my console trong khung ta quy v moment t ti nt khung ca console hoc c th xem console l mt phn t gii hn gia hai nt. (Cch khc) S n ch nh hng n kt cu mang s n. Khi tnh bng my b qua ti s n truyn vo kt cu, sau khi gii ni lc bng my xong, tch kt cu mang s n ra gii ring nh mt cu kin chu un xon vi ti trng l moment phn b do s n gy ra.

19.Hy nu cch tnh cu thang xon (c ct gia) ? Bc thang tnh theo console (Bc c ring); Ct tnh theo cu kin chu nn un.

20.Cch thi cng sn gch bng ? Khi no nn lm sn nm ? B , y sn, Its gch bng, b st ph sau b tng. Khi cn khng gian th tch phng ln hn nh cng trnh cng cng.

21.Ti sao phi phn khi tnh h nc ?

Nhm tnh ton phn ti trng truyn ln thnh (p lc gy ra trn thnh h) phn ti trng truyn thng xung y (Nu phn l a v mt phng tnh cho an ton v n gin).

22.Nh 15 tng c nn lm vch cng khng ? Ti sao ? Nh 15 tng nn lm vch cng, nu lm khung th khng c li bng vch cng (Tit din khung rt ln) gim din tch s dng, c chuyn v ln. V vch cng l vch chu ti trng, khung cng cng l khung chu ti trng. Lin kt gia chiu ngh v vch cng l lin kt khp. Vch cng thng c s dng cho cc cng trnh c chiu cao 20 tng. Nh cao 15 tng lm vch cng vn c, n s dng lm vch bung thang my.

23.Khong cch khe ln quy phm l bao nhiu ? Khong cch khe ln quy phm l > 24 (m).

24.Hy nu l do thay i kch thc ct ? L nhm mc ch tit kim vt liu, tit din hp l vi ti trng.

25.C th thay i mc b tng m vn gi nguyn kch thc ct c khng ? Trn l thuyt th c th nhng thc t th phi tnh ton li, thay i mc trong cng mt kt cu th thi cng phc tp.

26.Khi xc nh tim ct trn cao th ta phi lm g ? Khi xc nh tim ct trn cao th ta dng my, dy di & thc.

27.Khi tnh gi nu mt n gi so le th c nn xem l phng c khng ? Ta nn xem l phng v ta ch quan tm n mt cn gi vi p lc gi c vung gc hay khng.

28.Khi thay i tit din dm, nu tnh theo trc ca dm chnh (ln) th dm no khng an ton ? Dm nh, console.

29.Khi lin kt gia mng & kt cu bn trn th ta dng lin kt g ? V sao ? Khi lin kt gia mng & kt cu bn trn th ta dng lin kt ngm l lin kt ti mng (Chn c ct).

30.Hy cho bit s khc nhau gia khung cng v vch cng ? Phng php tnh khung v vch cng ? Quan nim tnh ? Ti sao chn phng php khanzi ? Khung l mt h dm ct chu ni lc do ti trng cng trnh v ti gi gy ra Vch cng l vch chu ni lc do ti trng gy ra. Phng php chuyn v : phng php tnh bng my. Phng php lc. Tnh theo s n hi (trng thi 1).

Chn phng php khanzi v tnh ton n gin, n c kh nng loi b c nhng sai lm trong tnh ton (Thc hin php lp) N l phng php chuyn v 31.Lm sao nhn bit c tit din c kh nng chu lc hay khng ? Khi gii bng my ? (Phn mm Steel) Khi tnh ton bng my ra thp nu c : -Du t thp theo cu to -Du (!) Lng thp qu ln ( > 3%) -Du (!!) Phn t khng n nh Ta phi chn li tit din.

32.Ti sao ch giao nhau gia dm dc v dm ngang khng gia cng thp ? Ti sao phi t ai dy ? V ch giao nhau gia dm dc & dm ngang chu lc cc b ln do dm ph truyn vo dm chnh. trnh s ph hoi ca b tng t gc di y dm ph tr xung theo tit din nghing, ta thng s dng ct treo hoc c th t ct ai dy 2 bn dm ph. Nu ct ai c kh nng chu lc ct do ti trng dm ph truyn vo th ta khng cn t ct treo. t ai dy v trnh ph hoi theo tit din nghing (Hay cn gi l chng ct). ai gia cng t gi n lc tp trung u tin t trong khong

33.Hy nu phng php tnh cu thang ? Khi tnh cu thang tnh theo dm n gin (Hai u khp). Quan nim tnh theo s n hi (Phng php tnh cu thang theo kt cu h tnh nh). Ni lc ln.

H siu tnh tnh theo s do B tr ni lc s khc.

34.Nu cc loi khe bin dng trong cng trnh & s lm vic ca n ? C hai loi khe l khe nhit & khe ln. Khe nhit : S chnh lch nhit ca cc kt cu cng cao th ni lc pht sinh cng ln. trnh s pht sinh ni lc do nhit gy nn ta phi lm khe nhit . Khe nhit tch ri cng trnh t mi n g mng, b rng khe t 2-3 cm; khong cch gia cc khe > 35m. Khe ln : -Cng trnh qu di, ti trng cng trnh phn b tng i khc nhau, chnh lch v chiu cao > 10m. -Gii php mng trong mt cng trnh buc phi chn khc nhau v tnh cht ca t nn thay i qu nhiu hoc t nn chu ti khng u. -V tr tip gip gia nh c v nh mi Khe cu to. Tch ring cng trnh t mng n mi thnh cc phn ring bit; B rng khe ln t 2-3 cm, khe ln thng nm ch tip gip ca hai ngi nh c s tng khc nhau, nhng ch c s thay i r rt v a tng.

35.Khi no dng lin kt cng ? khi no dng lin kt khp ? Dng lin kt cng khi kt cu l mt h siu tnh. Dng lin kt khp khi kt cu l mt h tnh nh.

36.Ti sao dng cc nhi m khng dng cc p ? V cc nhi s dng c tt cho cng trnh chu ti trng ln ng thi s dng tt cho cng trnh c nn t yu.

37.Dng mng cc gii quyt vn g ch yu ? Hn ch c bin dng ln c tr s ln, bin dng khng ng u ca t nn, m bo n nh khi c ti trng ngang tc dng, rt ngn thi gian thi cng, gim bt vt liu xy dng.

38.Ep cc khi no khng cn p tnh ? Khi cng trnh ngoi vi thnh ph khng nh hng n xung quanh.

39.Xc nh mng trn nn t, khc nhau nh th no ? Khi no phi thit k mng bng theo hai phng ? Xc nh mng trn nn t l da vo ti tiu chun tnh ton, theo trng thi gii hn II Bin dng ln. Xc nh mng trn nn t l da vo ti tnh ton, kim tra theo trng thi gii hn I Cng (Khng cn tnh ln) Khi ti trng ln, nn t yu th ta thit k mng bng theo hai phng.

40.Nh nhiu tng trn nn t yu trnh giao ng bng cch no ? Khi tnh ton ta chn trng hp bt li nht, h s an ton cao Khng kinh t.

Cch ly cng trnh vi nhng dao ng do tc ng ngoi. Khi tnh theo s phng th ta chn phng no c dao ng ln tnh. 41.Khi tnh mng hp th da vo vn g ? Khi tnh mng hp th da vo biu ni lc ca kt cu m tnh.

42.Cc nhi khc vi cc khoan nhi nh th no ? Cch xc nh sc chu ti ca mi cc ? Lm sao kim tra cht lng cc nhi v cc khoan nhi ? Cc nhi l cc BTCT c vo mt ng thp bt y t ti ch bng cch ng (p t) v thu li c sau khi b tng. Cc khoan nhi l cc c thi cng bng cch khoan ly t ra sau t lng thp v b tng chim ch t ly ra. - Cc nhi th xc nh sc chu ti theo cng ca t v vt liu - Cc khoan nhi th xc nh sc chu ti theo cng ca vt liu. kim tra ta thng s dng : -Thm d ng cht lng cc mng bng phng php ting vng m (di m) -Thm d cc v vch cc bng phng php siu m truyn qua -Thm d cc v vch cc bng phng php tia Gamma truyn qua (Phng php ni tri hn cc phng php khc) -Cn mt vi phng php khc nh phng php tr khng c hc

43.Khi chn tit din cc da trn c s no ? Ti sao ? Trnh t thit k cc ?

Chn tit din cc da trn chiu su chn cc (Chiu di cc), cng sut, thit b vn chuyn v ng cc. Ngoi ra chiu di tit din, cng vt liu & ct thp dc c quan h cht ch vi nhau. Trnh t thit k cc sau khi xc nh ti trng truyn xung mng : -Chn vt liu lm cc v kt cu cc. -Chn chiu su t i cc da vo iu kin a cht. -Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc. -Xc nh s b kch thc i cc -Xc nh s lng cc (Ti trng k thm t ph trn i v i cc) -Cu to & tnh ton i cc -Kim tra lc tc dng ln cc phi < sc chu ti ca cc. -Kim tra lc tc dng ln nn t. -Kim tra ln ca mng cc. -Xc nh chi thit k ca cc. -Kim tra cc khi vn chuyn v cu lp.

44.Phng php ng cc & ng cc khoan nhi khc nhau nh th no ? ng cc l dng my p hoc ng xung nn t. Khoan nhi l khoan ly t ln to l, sau t ct thp & b tng.

45.Th no l nn Winkler ? u v khuyt im ?

Nn Winkler gi thit l ti mi im ( mt y) ca dm trn nn n hi, cng ca ti trng (R) t l bc nht vi ln (S) ca nn ( ln n y bng vng ca dm s = y) Vy R, C, Y (X) vi C l h s nn. -Nn Winkler cn gi l nn n hi bin dng cc b. -M hnh l dy v s l xo lm vic c lp vi nhau. u im :n gin, tin dng trong tnh ton, thit k gn ng vi thc t c dng nhng nn t yu, rt yu. Nhc im : -Khng phn nh c tnh phn b hay lin h c ca t nn v t c tnh ma st trong nn khi chu ti trng cc b th t c th li ko hay gy ra nh hng cc vng ln cn (ngoi phm vi t ti) cng lm vic chung. -Khi nn ng nht th ti trng phn b u lin tc trn dm, th theo m hnh ny dm s ln u v khng bin dng, nhng thc ra khi ti trng tc dng phn b u th dm vn b un (vng) gia nn nh hng xung quanh nhiu hn ln nhiu hn nhng u dm. -Khi mng tuyt i cng, ti trng t i xng th mng s ln u theo m hnh ny ng sut y mng s phn b u nhng theo o c thc t th ng sut cng phn b khng u. -H s nn C c tnh cht quy c khng r rng, C khng l mt hng s.

46.Hy nu trnh t thi cng cc nhi ? Khi no khng cn kim tra xuyn thng ? nh v tr ng, cao .

Chun b my p. Tin hnh nhi b tng. Rt ng ln Khong cch gia hai cc l 3d & 6d; vi d l ng knh ln nht ca cc. Nu b tr b hn th biu p lc mt phng mi cc gia cc mi cc chng ln nhau v sc chu ti ca nhm cc s nh hn tng sc chu ti ca mi cc Neo cc vo i cc : -Chiu su cc ngm trong i 15cm -Thp neo vo i cc : 25cm 30 thp chu lc (thp gn) 40 thp chu lc (thp trn) Cc cch qu xa vi mp i khng c nh hn 0,7d v 25cm v nh th n s xy ra hin tng xuyn thng i. Khng cn kim tra m thng khi gc gia cc bin (mp ngoi cc) vi cnh ct < 45o hay ni cch khc thp chc thng ph ngo i cc bin

47.Dng cch no kim tra su cc ? Trc khi ng cc ta vch nhng mc thc sn, khi ng nhn vo kim tra.

48.Cc BTCT ng t trong ra ngoi hay t ngoi vo trong ? Khi ng th ta ng theo hnh xon c t trong ra ngoi.

49.Khi no cn tnh chi ? Khi cn kim tra kh nng chu tc dng ca ti trng cng trnh (Nu chi thc t < chi thit k th cc c kh nng chu c tc dng ca ti trng; Nu chi thc t > chi thit k th cn b sung hoc thit k li cc trong mng) Lu : chi thit k v cao trnh thit k

50.Cc di vch cng & di mng c khc nhau khng ? Mng nh th no c xem l mng tuyt i cng ? Khng khc nhau v cch lm vic ca cc nh nhau Mng c xem l tuyt i cng l khi mng khng hon ton chu un (mng cng l mng chu un rt t hay ni cch khc l rt nh)