ANTEN

TRUYN SNG
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TRUYN SNG V ANTEN L TIN THNG, TRN VN S
2. L THUYT V K THUT ANTEN PHAN ANH
3. ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CONSTANTINE A.
BALANIS
Phn 1 Anten
Chng 1 Gii Thiu V Anten
Chng 2 Cc c Tnh Ca Anten
Chng 3 L Thuyt Anten
Chng 4 H Bc X (Dy anten)
Chng 5 Gii thiu mt s loi anten

Phn 2 Truyn Sng
Chng 6 ng dn Sng
Chng 7 Truyn Sng Qua Cp Quang
Chng 8 Truyn Sng V Tuyn
Phn 1 Anten
Chng 1 Gii Thiu V Anten
I. GII THIU LCH S PHT TRIN CA ANTEN
nh ngha Anten:
Anten l thit b dng bc x v (hoc) thu nhn nng lng in t.
Anten l thit b dng truyn nng lung in t gia my pht v my
thu m khng cn phng tin truyn dn tp trung.
Lch s pht trin ca anten:
1886 Heinrich Hertz (c) kim tra s tn ti ca sng in t. ng
pht trin cc dipole n gin, cc anten vng v cc anten c thanh phn
x n gin.
1897 Alexader Popov (Nga) thit lp tuyn anten tht u tin vi
khong cch 3 dm.
1901 Marconi thc hin thng tin v tuyn xuyn i ty dng (tn s
60KHz).
1916 ln u tin ting ni c truyn i bng v tuyn (iu bin).
1920 cc h thng c th t c n tn s 1MHz, do kch thc
anten c gim nh.
1930 cc ngun pht dao ng c th t n tn s hng GHz (Klistron,
magnetron).
1934 h thng v tuyn thng mi u tin gia Php v Anh c thit
lp (1,8GHz).
1940-1945 nhm phc v th chin th 2 nhiu pht minh trong vic pht
trin Rada, cc anten phn x, cc anten thu knh.
1945- nay: k nguyn ca anten hin i, vi nhiu cng ngh v k thut
mi p ng cho Mng li thng tin v tuyn c tnh ton cu v tc
cao, bng thng rng : (GPS, GSM, CDMA, WiFi, WiMax, UWB,
MIMO).

II. CC LOI ANTEN
Anten dy (thanh):

Dipole Anten vng : trn, vung
Anten Helix
Anten khe
Anten dng loa kn hnh chp
Anten dng loa kn hnh nn (cone)
ng dn sng vi u cui h
Anten vi di (patch - microstrip antennas):
Anten vi di vung, kch thch bng ng truyn vi di
Anten vi di trn, kch thch bng cp ng trc
Anten phn x
Mt phn x parabol vi ngun
kch thch t pha trc
2 Mt phn x parabol vi ngun
kch thch t pha sau
Mt phn x phng
Anten thu knh
H s khc x n>1
H s khc x n<1
li phng li li li lm
Lm phng Lm lm Lm li
H thng bc x (array antenna)
Anten Yagi Mng cc khe bc x
Mng anten vi di Mng cc khe trn ng dn sng
Hnh minh ha c tnh bc x ca mt s loi anten
Anten dipole na bc
sng (/2=5mm)
f=29,9GHz
Cng in trng o ti mt cu cch anten 100m
Anten Yagi
Vi chn t kch
thch l= /2=5mm
f=29,9GHz
Cng trng in o ti mt cu cch anten 100m
Anten Helix
D=4mm, f=1GHz
Cng in trng o ti mt cu cch anten 100m
III. MT S H THC GII TCH VETOR
3 3 2 2 1 1
. . . i A i A i A A

+ + = Vector:
r
H to cu:
M
r
i
i
|
i
u
H to cu:
Ta im M xc nh bi: ) , , ( | u r M
Cc vector n v:
u | | u | u
i i i i i i i i i
r r r

= = = , ,
| u = = =
3 2 1
, , u u r u
.sin .cos ,
.sin .sin ,
.cos
x r
y r
z r
u |
u |
u
=
=
=
Cc h s Larmor (metric):
u sin . , , 1
3 2 1
r h r h h = = =
Vector dch chuyn:
| u
| u u i d r i d r i dr dl
r

. . sin . . . . + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
. .sin . dl dr r d r d u u | = + +
Vi phn din tch:
| |
u u
u
| u
| u u
i d r dr dS
i d r dr dS
i d r d r dS
r r

). . )( (
). . sin . )( (
). . sin . )( . (
=
=
=
Vi phn th tch:
) . sin . )( . )( ( | u u d r d r dr dV =
Mt s h thc vector
Tch v hng 2 vector:
3 3 2 2 1 1
. . . . B A B A B A B A + + =

Tch vector:
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
B B B
A A A
i i i
B A


=
Gradient: (tc ng ln v hng):
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
.
1
.
1
.
1
. i
u
f
h
i
u
f
h
i
u
f
h
f f grad

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V =
Divergence:
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V = ) ( ) ( ) (
1
.
3 2 1
3
2 1 3
2
1 3 2
1 3 2 1
A h h
u
A h h
u
A h h
u h h h
A A div

0
.
lim
S
V
AdS
divA
V
A
A
=
A
}
Ton t Laplace:
Tc ng ln v hng:
2
. . f f f div grad f A =VV =V =
Tc ng ln vector:
A A A

V V V V = A ) . .(
Curl:
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
1
A h A h A h
u u u
i h i h i h
h h h
A A rot A curl
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V = =


( )
0
.
. lim
l
n
S
Adl
curlA i
S
A
A
=
A
}
IV.BC X IN T
T nhng vng c in tch hay dng in bin thin c th bc x sng
in t lan truyn trong khng gian. Cc vng c in tch hay dng in
bin thin gi l ngun bc x.
Chng ta ch xt trng in t bin thin iu ho vi tn s . Cc i
lng ca trng c biu din bng cc bin phc.
Thng thng, xc nh trng bc x, chng ta phi gii phng trnh
sng tm th vector A . Cc vector in trng v t trng c suy ra
t th vector nay.
Phng trnh sng:
2
A k A J A + =
2
k
v
e t

= =
Vi:
c
1
= v
Nghim phng trnh ny:
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4
jkR
V
J r e
A r dv
R t

=
}}}
V
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4
jkR
V
J r e
A r dv
R t

=
}}}
'
',
1
( , ) '
4
V
R
J r t
v
A r t dv
R t
| |

|
\ .
=
}}}
1,
',
1
( , ) .
4
i
i N
i
R
J r t
v
A r t v
R t
=
| |

|
\ .
A

( )
1
' J r
( )
2
' J r
( )
3
' J r
1
' r
2
' r
3
' r
r
M
y
x
z
1
R
2
R
3
R
C
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4
jkR
C
I r e
A r dl
R t

=
}
Nu ngun l dng in phn b di trn mt on cong C, vi dng
in th nghim tr thnh:
) ' (r I

Bc x in t ca nguyn t anten thng
'
1 .
'.
4
jkR
z
C
I e
A dl i
R t

=
}
. .
'
. .
1 .
'.
4
.
. . .
4 .
j k r
z
C
j k r
z z z
I e
A dl i
r
l I
e i A i
r
t
t

=
= =
}
u u
i A i A A
r r

. . + =
. .
. .
.
.cos . .cos
4 .
.
.sin . .sin
4 .
j k r
r z
j k r
z
l I
A A e
r
l I
A A e
r
u
u u
t
u u
t

= =

= =

H A rotA = V =
| |
i H H

. =
Cng sut bc x:
Mt s nhn xt:
1) T biu thc: vi
r r
i t P t P

. ) ( ) ( =
0 ) ( > t P
r
Nh vy min xa nng lng in t lun lun
truyn t ngun ra khng gian chung quanh
theo hng vector .
r
i

2) T biu thc:
2
. . . .
. . . . .sin
sin . .
4 . 2. .
j k r j k r
I l k j j I l
H e e
k r r
|
u
u
t

| |
~ =
|
\ .
| u
u
t=c
H z e
r
k l I j
E
C
r k j
. . sin .
. 4
. . .
. .
2
= ~

Suy ra : cc vector E, H cng pha, vung
gc vi nhau v vung gc vi
phng truyn
r
i

3) Bin ca E, H t l nghch vi khong cch r. Cn mt

cng sut bc x t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r.
Suy ra Cc mt ng pha E, H l cc mt cu c bn knh r=const
5) T biu thc:
2
2
3
. .
|
.
|

\
|
=

t l I z
P
m C
bx
Cng sut bc x t l nghch vi bnh phng bc sng (tc t l thun vi
bnh phng tn s f. Cng sut bc x cng ln khi tn s cng cao.
4) T biu thc:
)
2
. . cos(
. 2
sin . .
) (
t
=

u
|
+ + = r k t
r
l I
t H
m
) ( . ) ( t H z t E
C | u
=
6) T biu thc:
2
. . . .
. . . . .sin
sin . .
4 . 2. .
j k r j k r
I l k j j I l
H e e
k r r
|
u
u
t

| |
~ =
|
\ .
| u
u
t=c
H z e
r
k l I j
E
C
r k j
. . sin .
. 4
. . .
. .
2
= ~

Cc nhn xt 1, 2, 3, 4 c rt ra i vi nguyn t anten thng , nhng c
th chng minh rng chng cng ng vi ngun bc x phn b bt k.