The Sacrament of the Altar and
Its Relationship to Justification
Scorr R. Murray
~ Logte D3 .thie
Secale: The ford's Supper 6.
[7TH END OF Tab TWENTIETH CENTURY, while the church
‘may sillbe wrangling about the doctrine of church and min-
istry (and that doctrinal issue is stil worth wrangling over),
the doctrine ofthe Lord’s Supper isthe watershed doctrinal sue in
the twenty-fst century. Luther said of the Lord’s Supper, “The
sacraments the gospel” Luthe’s most significant (not to mention
long-winded) writings were directly about the sacrament of the
altar But what ofthe much-prased but often ignored Hauptartike
the doctrine of justification? Could Luther possibly have been guilty
of ignoring his favorite doctrine? Did Luther stray from the center
ofthe Bible in an attempt to develop a polemical case against Bucer,
‘wing, Occolompadins, Caristadt, and others? Theoretically itis
possible Ofcourse, the questions remain rhetorical
‘Any gift of God brings with it the whole of the faith, the whole
gospel, all given in the triune Name as at haptism.* This isthe
import of Luther's statement “the sacrament isthe gospel.” Luther
say have been able to say the same for any article ofthe faith. Our
generous God grants all gifs in abundance end at once, Martin
Chemnitz wrote, “the whole treasury ofall the benefits which
(Christ the Mediator procured by the offering up of his body ..
{are] certainly communicated to [the believer} and fismly given
and pledged to him." The sacrament ofthe alla isand isabout the
gospel, and the gospel is and is about the sacrament. Thus a crisis
of understanding in the doctrine ofthe holy sacrament of Christs
body and blood isa crisis of the doctrine of justification and the
sospelitsel.
‘Thisis Lather’s Houptatikel at work Luther made justification
central to the whole Lutheran theological program: “The article of
justification is master and prince, lord, president and judge above
allkinds of doctrine. It preserves and guides every churchly doc-
trine and cheers our consciences before God. In the Smalcald
Articles, Luther identified the article of justification as the
Hauprarttel slong with the article ofthe person of Christ (SA,
151, 25). Lather used the doctrine of justification asa critical
tool to repulse every false practice and every human pretense
before God (SA mt, xtv 1 1G Preface)
“True Lutheranism, guided by the doctrine of justification, will
take a certain doctrinal stand on the teaching ofthe Lords Supper.
‘While the Lutheran teaching of the Lor’s Supper has been shame-
fally abandoned by the ELCA, we too ought to beware of the
Scorr R. Musnay, a Loox contributing eit, s pastor of Memorial
Latheran Church, Houston, Texas,
n
Thaolgy ¢ Wadn Chena
by Blu. Ter igen. A«é.
plague of purely formal confesllonaism, Perkape we are gully of
‘aypto-Calvinism, all the while congratulating ourselves for and
‘rowing loudly about how deeply Lutheran we are, Now; Ido not
‘mean to sey that we are intentionally crypto-Calvinistic, as was the
faculty majority at the Univesity of Wittenberg in the 1560s.
"Nevertheless, we may be guilty ofthe theological laziness tha leads
to mouthing oft-repeated truisms, for which there may be little
basis in our Lutheran confessional witness. So we may be “crypto”
of a different and far worse kind: our theological failure may be
hidden from ourselves.
‘THE PROBLEM OF RECEPTIONISM
‘The long-ingering doctrine of receptionism among conservative
Lutherans is the exypto-Calvinistic Trojan horse in American
Lutheranism. Receptionism is the doctrine that the presence of the
‘body and blood ofthe Lord Jesus Christ finaly produced only at
the reception of the elements themsdves. Receptionists belive that
the bread remains bread untill three pars of the Lutheran sacra-
‘mental action are actually completed, In this way my eating ofthe
bread makes it the body of Christ. My drinking ofthe wine makes
itthe blood of Christ. The bread on the altar remains bread until
catit. The wine onthe altar remains wine until drink it
‘The doctrine of receptionism isin conflict with the doctzine of
justification and is tantamount to a denial ofit The words of insti-
tution, which are the word of God, solely and entirely cause the
presence, so that the bread and wine become the body and blood
‘of our Lord Jesus Christ and the body and blood of the Lord Jesus
(Christies upon our altars. Thisis the tral Latheran position held
by Lather and repeated by the Formola of Concord
‘We come tothe holy ofolies of our faith when we come tothe
altar to receive Chriss body and blood, We have said a great deal
‘when we have said thatthe receptionistic view of the sacrament
conflicts with the doctrine of justification. This is especially trou-
bling since our theological hero, Francis Pieper was a defender of
this doctrine. At one time, following Pieper, 1 myself adhered
{aithfally to this understanding of the cause of the presence in the
sacrament of the alta.
Pieper inherited this doctrine from a long line of seventeenth-
century theologians, beginning with Aegidius Hunnius (d. 1603)
and including the great John Gerhard, as well as John Andrew
Quenstedt. Hunnius wrote 2 book published in 1590 Gust ten
years aftr the publication of the Book of Concord) in which he
specially denies that the word of God brings about the ral pres-
ence “No union of the bread and the body of Christ takes place2